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2000 Summer Olympics

The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 (Dharug: Gadigal 2000), the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium, was an international multi-sport event held from 15 September to 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It marked the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and in the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, in 1956.

Games of the XXVII Olympiad
Emblem of the 2000 Summer Olympics[a]
Host citySydney, Australia
MottoShare the Spirit - Dare to Dream
Nations199
Athletes10,651 (6,582 men, 4,069 women)[1]
Events300 in 28 sports (40 disciplines)
Opening15 September 2000
Closing1 October 2000
Opened by
Cauldron
StadiumStadium Australia
Summer
Winter
2000 Summer Paralympics

Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 Games in 1993. Teams from 199 countries participated in the 2000 Games, which were the first to feature at least 300 events in its official sports programme. The Games' cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch before the arrival of his successor Jacques Rogge. The 2000 Games were the last of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English-speaking country following the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.

The final medal tally at the 2000 Summer Olympics was led by the United States, followed by Russia and China with host Australia at fourth place overall. Cameroon, Colombia, Latvia, Mozambique and Slovenia won a gold medal for the first time in their Olympic histories, while Barbados, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam won their first ever Olympic medals. Australia will host the Summer Olympics again in 2032 at Brisbane, Queensland making it the first Oceanian country to host the Olympics three times.

The 2000 Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship, and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson of The Times called the Sydney Games "one of the most successful events on the world stage", saying that they "couldn't be better".[3] James Mossop of the Electronic Telegraph called the Games "such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney",[4] while Jack Todd of the Montreal Gazette suggested that the "IOC should quit while it's ahead. Admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it," as "Sydney was both exceptional and the best".[3] These games would provide the inspiration for London's winning bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in 2005; in preparing for the 2012 Games, Lord Coe declared the 2000 Games the "benchmark for the spirit of the Games, unquestionably", admitting that the London organising committee "attempted in a number of ways to emulate what the Sydney Organising Committee did."[5]

Host city selection

Sydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993, after being selected over Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting, at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The Australian city of Melbourne who also hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics three years earlier.[6] Beijing would later be selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics eight years later on 13 July 2001 and the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty-two years later on 31 July 2015. Beijing's loss to Sydney was seen as a "significant blow" to an "urgent political priority" of the Chinese Communist Party leadership having mounted the most intense and expensive candidacy campaign at the date so far(this include the Summer and Winter Games). Although it is unknown as two members of the International Olympic Committee voted for Sydney over Beijing in 1993, it appears that an important role was played by Human Rights Watch's campaign to "stop Beijing" because of China's human rights record and international isolation following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[7] Many in China were angry at what they saw as U.S.-led interference in the vote, and the outcome contributed to rising anti-Western sentiment in China and a new phase at the tensions in Sino-American relations.[8]

2000 Summer Olympics bidding results[9]
City NOC Name Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4
Sydney   Australia 30 30 37 45
Beijing   China 32 37 40 43
Manchester   Great Britain 11 13 11
Berlin   Germany 9 9
Istanbul   Turkey 7

Costs

The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at US$5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms.[10] This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organising committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast centre, and media and press centre, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%.

In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, with a net cost to the public between A$1.7 and A$2.4 billion.[11][12] In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses.[13]

It has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole. A "multiplier" effect on broader economic development was not realised, as a simple "multiplier" analysis fails to capture is that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere: the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals. Building sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games: "Equestrian centres, softball compounds and man-made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function."[14]

Many venues that were constructed in Sydney Olympic Park failed financially in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. It was only the 2003 Rugby World Cup which reconnected the park back to citizens.[15] In recent years, infrastructure costs for some facilities have been of growing concern to the NSW Government, especially facilities in Western Sydney.[15] Proposed metro and light rail links from Olympic Park to Parramatta have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games.[16][citation needed] Stadium Australia had been considered for demolition in 2017 by then NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian, citing that the stadium was "built for an Olympics" but not for modern spectators.[17] The plan was scrapped in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.[18] The Dunc Gray Velodrome has also struggled to keep up its $500,000 per year maintenance costs,[16] although it is still used for track cycling events.[19]

Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics

Preliminary matches

Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, the football competitions began with preliminary matches on 13 September. Among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.

Day 1: 15 September

Cultural display highlights

The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and the importance of the stock horse in Australia's heritage. It was produced and filmed by the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster Channel 7.[20] This was introduced by lone rider Steve Jefferys and his rearing Australian Stock Horse Ammo. At the cracking of Jefferys' stockwhip, a further 120 riders entered the stadium, their stock horses performing intricate steps, including forming the five Olympic Rings, to a special Olympics version of the theme, which Bruce Rowland had previously composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.

The Australian National Anthem was sung, the first verse by Human Nature and the second by Julie Anthony.

The ceremony continued, showing many aspects of the land and its people: the affinity of the mainly coastal-dwelling Australians with the sea that surrounds the "Island Continent". The indigenous occupation of the land, the coming of the First Fleet, the continued immigration from many nations and the rural industry on which the economy of the nation was built, including a display representing the harshness of rural life based on the paintings of Sir Sidney Nolan. Two memorable scenes were the representation of the "Heart" of the country by 200 Aboriginal women from Central Australia who danced up "the mighty spirit of God to protect the Games" and the overwhelmingly noisy representation of the construction industry by hundreds of tap-dancing teenagers.

Because Bibi Salisachs (the wife of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch) was seriously ill and unable to accompany her husband to the Olympics, Dawn Fraser, former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer and member of the Parliament of New South Wales, accompanied Samaranch during the Australian cultural display, explaining to him some of the cultural references that are unfamiliar to non-Australians.

Formal presentation

A record 199 nations entered the stadium, with a record 80 of them winning at least one medal. The only missing IOC member was Afghanistan, who was banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression of women and its prohibition of sports.[21] The ceremony featured a unified entrance by the athletes of North and South Korea,[b] using a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean Peninsula. Four athletes from East Timor also marched in the parade of nations as individual Olympic athletes and marched directly before the host country. Although the country-to-be had no National Olympic Committee then, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag with country code IOA. The Governor-General, Sir William Deane, opened the games.

The Olympic Flag was carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green. During the raising of the Olympics Flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek. Following this, Tina Arena sang a purpose-written pop song, The Flame.[22]

The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame, which was brought into the stadium by former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott. Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic medalists Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman, who lit the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire. The choice of Freeman, an Aboriginal woman, to light the flame was notable given the history of human rights abuses against Aboriginal people in Australia.[23] Following her lighting, Freeman was the subject of racial abuse from some Australians.[24] The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned, causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading. This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes rather than immediately rising up a water-covered ramp to the top of the stadium. When the cause of the problem was discovered, the program was overridden and the cauldron continued its course, and the ceremony concluded with a fireworks display.[25]

Day 2: 16 September

 
Gold medallist Nancy Johnson (centre) of the U.S., raises her hands with silver medallist Cho-Hyun Kang (left), of South Korea, and bronze winner Gao Jing (right), of China, during the first medal ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games.

The first medals of the Games were awarded in the women's 10 metre air rifle competition, which was won by Nancy Johnson of the United States.

The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race. Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House, Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport, beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver. McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line.

The first star of the Games was 17-year-old Australian Ian Thorpe, who first set a new world record in the 400-metre freestyle final before competing in an exciting 4 × 100 m freestyle final. Swimming the last leg, Thorpe passed the leading American team and arrived in a new world record time, two-tenths of a second ahead of the Americans. In the same event for women, the Americans also broke the world record, finishing ahead of the Netherlands and Sweden.

Samaranch had to leave for home, as his wife was severely ill. Upon arrival, his wife had already died. Samaranch returned to Sydney four days later. The Olympic flag was flown at half-staff during the period as a sign of respect to Samaranch's wife.

Day 3: 17 September

Canadian Simon Whitfield sprinted away in the last 100 metres of the men's triathlon, becoming the inaugural winner in the event.

On the cycling track, Robert Bartko beat fellow German Jens Lehmann in the individual pursuit, setting a new Olympic Record. Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel set a world record in the semi-finals the same event for women.

In the swimming pool, American Tom Dolan beat the world record in the 400-metre medley, successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior. Dutchwoman Inge de Bruijn also clocked a new world record, beating her own time in the 100 m butterfly final to win by more than a second.

Day 4: 18 September

The main event for the Australians on the fourth day of the Games was the 200 m freestyle. Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband had broken the world record in the semi-finals, taking it from the new Australian hero Ian Thorpe, who came close to the world record in his semi-final heat. As the final race finished, Van den Hoogenband's time was exactly the same as in the semi-finals, finishing ahead of Thorpe by half a second.

China won the gold medal in the men's team all-around gymnastics competition after being the runner-up in the previous two Olympics. The other medals were taken by Ukraine and Russia, respectively.

Zijlaard-van Moorsel lived up to the expectations set by her world record in cycling in the semis by winning the gold medal.

Day 7: 21 September

During the Women's Gymnastics All-Around, female athletes suffered damning scores and injuries due to improperly installed gymnastics equipment. Gymnasts performing on the vault gave uncharacteristically poor performances and fell. Officials blamed the series of falls and low scores on performance anxiety. It wasn't until Australian gymnast Allana Slater and her coach, Peggy Liddick, voiced concerns about the equipment that officials discovered the apparatus was five centimetres, or almost two inches, lower than it should've been. While athletes were given the opportunity to perform again, for some of them, the damage to their mental or physical health caused by the vault was irreparable. Chinese gymnast Kui Yuanyuan and American gymnast Kristen Maloney both injured their legs while attempting to stick their landings, with Kui needing to be carried to an examination area and Maloney damaging a titanium rod that had recently been implanted in her shin. Romanian gymnast Andreea Răducan ultimately took gold while her teammates, Simona Amânar and Maria Olaru took silver and bronze, respectively.

Day 9: 23 September

By rowing in the winning coxless four, Steve Redgrave of Great Britain became a member of a select group who had won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics.

The swimming 4 x 100-metre medley relay of B.J. Bedford, Megan Quann (Jendrick), Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres became the first women's relay under 4-minutes, swimming 3:58 and setting a world record, claiming the gold medal for the United States.

Day 10: 24 September

Rulon Gardner, never an NCAA champion or a world medalist, beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class, Greco-Roman wrestling. Karelin had won gold in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta. Before this fight, he had never lost in international competition, had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years, and had not surrendered a point in a decade.

Day 11: 25 September

 
Cathy Freeman after the 400-metre final

Australian Cathy Freeman won the 400-metre final in front of a jubilant Sydney crowd at the Olympic Stadium, ahead of Lorraine Graham of Jamaica and Katharine Merry of Great Britain. Freeman's win made her the first competitor in Olympic Games history to light the Olympic Flame and then go on to win a Gold Medal. The attendance at the stadium was 112,524 – the largest attendance for any sport in Olympic Games history.

In a men's basketball pool match between the United States and France, the USA's Vince Carter made one of the most famous dunks in basketball history. After getting the ball off a steal, the 6'6"/1.98 m Carter drove to the basket, with 7'2"/2.18 m centre Frédéric Weis in his way. Carter jumped, spread his legs in midair, scraped Weis' head on the way up, and dunked. The French media dubbed the feat le dunk de la mort ("the dunk of death").

Day 14: 28 September

The Canadian flag at the athletes' village was lowered to half-mast as Canadian athletes paid tribute to the former prime minister Pierre Trudeau after hearing of his death in Montreal (because of the time zone difference, it was 29 September in Sydney when Trudeau died). The Canadian flag was flown at half-mast for the remainder of the Olympics, on orders from both IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy, as the state funeral did not take place until 3 October, two days after the closing ceremony, and the Canadian athletes subsequently rushed back to attend his funeral after 1 October. 

Day 16: 30 September

Cameroon won a historic gold medal over Spain in the Men's Olympic Football Final at the Olympic Stadium. The game went to a penalty shootout, which was won by Cameroon 5–3.[26]

Day 17: 1 October

 
Olympic colours on the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

The last event of the games was the Men's Marathon, contested on a course that started in North Sydney. The event was won by Ethiopian Gezahegne Abera, with Kenyan Erick Wainaina second, and Tesfaye Tola, also of Ethiopia, third. It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian won the gold medal in this event.

The closing ceremony commenced with Christine Anu performing her version of the Warumpi Band's song "My Island Home", with several Aboriginal dancers atop the Geodome Stage in the middle of the stadium, around which several hundred umbrella and lamp box kids created an image of Aboriginal Dreamtime. The Geodome Stage was used throughout the ceremony, which was a flat stage mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode.

IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,[27]

"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever."

Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor Jacques Rogge as "unforgettable, dream Games", "truly exceptional" and "happy and glorious games" respectively – the practice of declaring games the "best ever" having been retired after the 2000 Games.

Sports

The 2000 Summer Olympic programme featured 300 events in the following 28 sports:

2000 Summer Olympics Sports Programme

Although demonstration sports were abolished following the 1992 Summer Olympics, the Sydney Olympics featured wheelchair racing as exhibition events on the athletics schedule.[28]

Special quarantine conditions were introduced to allow entry of horses into Australia to participate in equestrian events,[29] avoiding the need for such events to take place elsewhere as had happened at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

Calendar

All dates are in AEDST (UTC+11); the other two cities, Adelaide uses ACST (UTC+9:30) and Brisbane uses AEST (UTC+10)
OC Opening ceremony Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
September/October 2000 September Oct Events
13th
Wed
14th
Thu
15th
Fri
16th
Sat
17th
Sun
18th
Mon
19th
Tue
20th
Wed
21st
Thu
22nd
Fri
23rd
Sat
24th
Sun
25th
Mon
26th
Tue
27th
Wed
28th
Thu
29th
Fri
30th
Sat
1st
Sun
  Ceremonies OC CC
Aquatics   Diving 2 1 1 3 1 44
  Swimming 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
  Synchronized swimming 1 1
  Water polo 1 1
  Archery 1 1 1 1 4
  Athletics 2 3 5 9 7 6 5 8 1 46
  Badminton 2 1 2 5
Baseball/Softball
  Baseball 1 2
  Softball 1
  Basketball 1 1 2
  Boxing 6 6 12
Canoeing   Slalom 2 2 16
  Sprint 6 6
Cycling   Road cycling 1 1 2 18
  Track cycling 2 2 1 1 3 3
  Mountain biking 1 1
  Equestrian 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
  Fencing 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 10
  Field hockey 1 1 2
  Football 1 1 2
Gymnastics   Artistic 1 1 1 1 5 5 18
  Rhythmic 1 1
  Trampolining 1 1
  Handball 1 1 2
  Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 14
  Modern pentathlon 1 1 2
  Rowing 7 7 14
  Sailing 3 1 2 2 3 11
  Shooting 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 17
  Table tennis 1 1 1 1 4
  Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8
  Tennis 2 2 4
  Triathlon 1 1 2
Volleyball   Beach volleyball 1 1 4
  Indoor volleyball 1 1
  Weightlifting 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 15
  Wrestling 4 4 4 4 16
Daily medal events 13 14 15 15 18 18 18 26 25 18 11 17 17 11 40 24 300
Cumulative total 13 27 42 57 75 93 111 137 162 180 191 208 225 236 276 300
September/October 2000 13th
Wed
14th
Thu
15th
Fri
16th
Sat
17th
Sun
18th
Mon
19th
Tue
20th
Wed
21st
Thu
22nd
Fri
23rd
Sat
24th
Sun
25th
Mon
26th
Tue
27th
Wed
28th
Thu
29th
Fri
30th
Sat
1st
Sun
Total events
September Oct

Medal count

These are the top ten nations that won medals in the 2000 Games.

The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee.[30] Some other sources[31] may be inconsistent due to not taking into account all later doping cases.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States37243293
2  Russia32282989
3  China28161559
4  Australia*16251758
5  Germany13172656
6  France13141138
7  Italy1381334
8  Netherlands129425
9  Cuba1111729
10  Great Britain1110728
Totals (10 entries)186162161509

  *   Host nation (Australia)

Participating National Olympic Committees

 
Participating countries
 
Number of athletes

199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Sydney Games, two more than in the 1996 Summer Olympics; in addition, there were four Timorese Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Eritrea, the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau made their Olympic debut this year.

Democratic Republic of the Congo was once again designated under that name, after it participated as Zaire from 1984 to 1996.

Afghanistan was the only 1996 participant (and the only existing NOC) that did not participate in the 2000 Olympics, having been banned due to the Taliban's totalitarian rule in Afghanistan, their oppression of women, and its prohibition of sports.

Participating National Olympic Committees

Venues

Sydney Olympic Park

Sydney

Outside Sydney

Organisation

 
SOCOG organisational structure circa 1998 – five groups and 33 divisions reporting to the CEO are organised primarily along functional lines with only a limited number of divisions (e.g. Interstate Football and Villages) anticipating a venue focussed design.
 
SOCOG organisational structure circa 1999 – functional divisions and precinct/venue streams are organised in a matrix structure linked to the Main Operations Centre (MOC). Some functions such as Project Management (in the Games Coordination group) continue to exist largely outside this matrix structure.

Organisations responsible for the Olympics

A number of quasi-government bodies were responsible for the construction, organisation and execution of the Sydney Games. These included:

  • the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG), primarily responsible for the staging of the Games
  • Olympic Coordination Authority (OCA), primarily responsible for construction and oversight
  • Olympic Roads & Transport Authority (ORTA)
  • Olympic Security Command Centre (OSCC)
  • Olympic Intelligence Centre (OIC)
  • JTF Gold the Australian Defence Force Joint Taskforce Gold
  • Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation (nominally part of SOCOG)
  • IBM, provider of technology and the Technical Command Centre
  • Telstra, provider of telecommunications
  • Great Big Events, event management and marketing

These organisations worked closely together and with other bodies such as:

These bodies are often collectively referred to as the "Olympic Family".

Organisation of the Paralympics

The organisation of the 2000 Summer Paralympics was the responsibility of the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC). However, much of the planning and operation of the Paralympic Games was outsourced to SOCOG such that most operational programmes planned both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Other Olympic events

The organisation of the Games included not only the actual sporting events, but also the management (and sometimes construction) of the sporting venues and surrounding precincts, the organisation of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival, and the Olympic torch relay, which began in Greece and travelled to Australia via numerous Oceania island nations.

Phases of the Olympic project

The staging of the Olympics were treated as a project on a vast scale, broken into several broad phases:

  • 1993 to 1996 – positioning
  • 1997 – going operational
  • 1998 – procurement/venuisation
  • 1999 – testing/refinement
  • 2000 – implementation
  • 2001 – post-implementation and wind-down

SOCOG organisational design

The internal organisation of SOCOG evolved over the phases of the project and changed, sometimes radically, several times.

In late 1998, the design was principally functional. The top two tiers below the CEO Sandy Hollway consisted of five groups (managed by Group General Managers and the Deputy CEO) and twenty divisions (managed by divisional General Managers), which in turn were further broken up into programmes and sub-programmes or projects.

In 1999, functional areas (FAs) broke up into geographic precinct and venue teams (managed by Precinct Managers and Venue Managers) with functional area staff reporting to both the FA manager and the venue manager. SOCOG moved to a matrix structure. The Interstate Football division extant in 1998 was the first of these geographically based venue teams.

Volunteer program

The origins of the volunteer program for Sydney 2000 dates back to the bid, as early as 1992.

On 17 December 1992, a group of Sydney citizens interested in the prospect of hosting the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games gathered for a meeting at Sports House at Wentworth Park in Sydney.

In the period leading up to 1999, after Sydney had won the bid, the small group of volunteers grew from approximately 42 to around 500. These volunteers became known as Pioneer Volunteers. The Pioneer Volunteer program was managed internally by SOCOG's Volunteer Services Department in consultation with prominent peak groups like The Centre for Volunteering (Volunteering and TAFE. Some of the Pioneer Volunteers still meet every four months, an unseen legacy of the games which brought together a community spirit not seen before.

During the Olympic games, tens of thousands of volunteers (the official figure placed at 46,967)[32] helped everywhere at the Olympic venues and elsewhere in the city. They were honoured with a parade like the athletes had a few days before.[33]

Marketing

The bid logo, created by architect and designer Michael Bryce,[34] featured a colourful, stylised image of the Sydney Opera House.Some people see the clear reference to the beliefs of traditional peoples, as a clear image of the rainbow serpent.Beliefs in this mythological figure is common to all the original peoples of Australia,as due your gigantic size,your moviment causes drastic changes in geographic space and around. These peoples believed that every time the snake came out of the depths of bodies of water, its movement dissipated so much energy and related them to the phenomena of nature such as rains, storms and waterspouts,wherever it passed, everything around her changed.They also believed that the serpent was related to the cycle of life and death, recycling and the occupation of empty spaces and some other beliefs connect it with the ancestral sky with views of and the Southern Hemisphere night skies as main sight of the Southern Cross.

The official logo revealed in 1996,is also referred to as the "Millennium Man",[35] took the some curves of the bid logo and combined it with a stylised image of a runner to form a torchbearer in motion, formed by two small yellow boomerangs for arms and a larger red boomerang for legs.Now, the Olympic torch is represented through a blue smoke trail, which draws the iconic peaks of the Sydney Opera House and the serpent.

The design process of the official logo, as well as all other aspects of the Olympic Games' visual design identity, was awarded to Melbourne design studio FHA Image Design.[36] The Sydney Olympics brand identity project officially started in 1993,and lasted 7 years. It was also up to FHA Design to prepare the visual identity of the Paralympic Games and this also absorbed some elements as the identification signals and the pictograms.

Mascots

The official mascots chosen for the 2000 Summer Olympics were Syd the platypus, Millie the echidna, and Olly the kookaburra,[37] designed by Matthew Hattan and Jozef Szekeres and named by Philip Sheldon of agency Weekes Morris Osborn in response to the original SOCOG recommendation of Murray, Margery and Dawn after famous Australian athletes.

There was also Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot popularised by comedy team Roy Slaven and HG Nelson on the TV series The Dream with Roy and HG. Roy and HG also frequently disparaged the official mascots on their television program.[38][39][40]

Sponsors

Sponsors of the 2000 Summer Olympics
Global Olympic Partners
Australian Partners
Supporters
Providers

Medals and bouquets

A total of 750 gold, 750 silver and 780 bronze medals were minted for the Games. The gold and silver medals contained 99.99 percent of pure silver. The bronze medals were 99 percent bronze with one percent silver, they were made by melting down Australian one-cent and two-cent coins,[41][42][43] which had been removed from circulation from 1992 onward.

The bouquets handed to medal recipients incorporated foliage from the Grevillea baileyana, also known as the white oak.[44]

Awards and commendations

The International Olympic Committee awarded Sydney and its inhabitants with the "Pierre de Coubertin Trophy" in recognition of the collaboration and happiness shown by the people of Sydney during the event to all the athletes and visitors around the world.[45]

After the games' end, the New South Wales Police Force was granted use of the Olympic Rings in a new commendation and citation as the IOC consideration after having staged the "safest" games ever.

Mo Awards

The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016.[46]

Year Nominee / work Award Result (wins only)
2000 Sunmer Olympic Games Opening Ceremony Special Event of the Year Won

In popular culture

In F.J. Campbell's 2018 novel No Number Nine, the last part of the book is set at the Sydney 2000 Olympics.[citation needed]

In Tom Clancy's thriller Rainbow Six and its video game adaptation, the 2000 Olympic Games are the setting of a plot by eco-terrorists, who plan to use the games in order to spread a terrible new plague throughout the world.[47]

In Morris Gleitzman's children's book Toad Rage, a cane toad travels to Sydney in a bid to become the Olympic mascot.[48]

The Games was a mockumentary television series run on the ABC network, with two seasons that ran in 1998 and 2000. The series satirized corruption and cronyism in the Olympic movement, bureaucratic ineptness in the New South Wales public service, and unethical behaviour within politics and the media. An unusual feature of the show was that the characters shared the same name as the actors who played them.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The logo is a stylised image of a torchbearer; the top part, in blue, represents the smoke from the Olympic torch, which draws the outline of the Sydney Opera House; the middle part, in yellow, represents the head and arms of a torchbearer, the arms symbolised by two boomerangs; the bottom part, in red, depicts the torchbearer's legs, also symbolised by a boomerang.
  2. ^ The national teams of North Korea and South Korea competed separately in the Olympic events, even though they marched together as a unified Korean team in the opening ceremony.

References

  1. ^ "The Olympic Summer Games Factsheet" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
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External links

External video
  The Sydney 2000 Olympics - The official Film on YouTube
  • "Sydney 2000". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
  • Official Report , , Vol. 3
  • . Archived from the original on 9 November 2000. Retrieved 13 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  • 2000 Summer Olympics – collection of archived websites
  • Sydney Olympic Park
  • Sydney 2000 Games Collection at the Powerhouse Museum 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine – information and audio files
  • . Archived from the original on 18 April 2004.
  •  – Website maintained by and for Sydney 2000 Volunteer Alumni
  • Official 10th Anniversary Volunteers Website – Official 10th Anniversary Volunteers Website
Summer Olympics
Preceded by XXVII Olympiad
Sydney

2000
Succeeded by

2000, summer, olympics, sydney, 2000, redirects, here, summer, paralympics, 2000, summer, paralympics, video, game, sydney, 2000, video, game, officially, games, xxvii, olympiad, also, known, sydney, 2000, dharug, gadigal, 2000, millennium, olympic, games, gam. Sydney 2000 redirects here For the Summer Paralympics see 2000 Summer Paralympics For the video game see Sydney 2000 video game The 2000 Summer Olympics officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 Dharug Gadigal 2000 the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium was an international multi sport event held from 15 September to 1 October 2000 in Sydney New South Wales Australia It marked the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia and in the Southern Hemisphere the first being in Melbourne in 1956 Games of the XXVII OlympiadEmblem of the 2000 Summer Olympics a Host citySydney AustraliaMottoShare the Spirit Dare to DreamNations199Athletes10 651 6 582 men 4 069 women 1 Events300 in 28 sports 40 disciplines Opening15 September 2000Closing1 October 2000Opened byGovernor General Sir William Deane 2 CauldronCathy Freeman 2 StadiumStadium AustraliaSummer Atlanta 1996Athens 2004 Winter Nagano 1998Salt Lake 2002 2000 Summer ParalympicsSydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 Games in 1993 Teams from 199 countries participated in the 2000 Games which were the first to feature at least 300 events in its official sports programme The Games cost was estimated to be A 6 6 billion These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch before the arrival of his successor Jacques Rogge The 2000 Games were the last of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English speaking country following the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta United States The final medal tally at the 2000 Summer Olympics was led by the United States followed by Russia and China with host Australia at fourth place overall Cameroon Colombia Latvia Mozambique and Slovenia won a gold medal for the first time in their Olympic histories while Barbados Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Saudi Arabia and Vietnam won their first ever Olympic medals Australia will host the Summer Olympics again in 2032 at Brisbane Queensland making it the first Oceanian country to host the Olympics three times The 2000 Games received universal acclaim with the organisation volunteers sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media Bill Bryson of The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage saying that they couldn t be better 3 James Mossop of the Electronic Telegraph called the Games such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney 4 while Jack Todd of the Montreal Gazette suggested that the IOC should quit while it s ahead Admit there can never be a better Olympic Games and be done with it as Sydney was both exceptional and the best 3 These games would provide the inspiration for London s winning bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in 2005 in preparing for the 2012 Games Lord Coe declared the 2000 Games the benchmark for the spirit of the Games unquestionably admitting that the London organising committee attempted in a number of ways to emulate what the Sydney Organising Committee did 5 Contents 1 Host city selection 2 Costs 3 Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics 3 1 Preliminary matches 3 2 Day 1 15 September 3 2 1 Cultural display highlights 3 2 2 Formal presentation 3 3 Day 2 16 September 3 4 Day 3 17 September 3 5 Day 4 18 September 3 6 Day 7 21 September 3 7 Day 9 23 September 3 8 Day 10 24 September 3 9 Day 11 25 September 3 10 Day 14 28 September 3 11 Day 16 30 September 3 12 Day 17 1 October 4 Sports 5 Calendar 6 Medal count 7 Participating National Olympic Committees 8 Venues 8 1 Sydney Olympic Park 8 2 Sydney 8 3 Outside Sydney 9 Organisation 9 1 Organisations responsible for the Olympics 9 2 Organisation of the Paralympics 9 3 Other Olympic events 9 4 Phases of the Olympic project 9 5 SOCOG organisational design 9 6 Volunteer program 10 Marketing 10 1 Official logo 10 2 Mascots 10 3 Sponsors 11 Medals and bouquets 12 Awards and commendations 12 1 Mo Awards 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External linksHost city selection EditMain article Bids for the 2000 Summer Olympics Sydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993 after being selected over Beijing Berlin Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo Monaco The Australian city of Melbourne who also hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics three years earlier 6 Beijing would later be selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics eight years later on 13 July 2001 and the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty two years later on 31 July 2015 Beijing s loss to Sydney was seen as a significant blow to an urgent political priority of the Chinese Communist Party leadership having mounted the most intense and expensive candidacy campaign at the date so far this include the Summer and Winter Games Although it is unknown as two members of the International Olympic Committee voted for Sydney over Beijing in 1993 it appears that an important role was played by Human Rights Watch s campaign to stop Beijing because of China s human rights record and international isolation following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests 7 Many in China were angry at what they saw as U S led interference in the vote and the outcome contributed to rising anti Western sentiment in China and a new phase at the tensions in Sino American relations 8 2000 Summer Olympics bidding results 9 City NOC Name Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4Sydney Australia 30 30 37 45Beijing China 32 37 40 43Manchester Great Britain 11 13 11 Berlin Germany 9 9 Istanbul Turkey 7 Costs EditThe Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at US 5 billion in 2015 dollars and cost overrun at 90 in real terms 10 This includes sports related costs only that is i operational costs incurred by the organising committee for the purpose of staging the Games e g expenditures for technology transportation workforce administration security catering ceremonies and medical services and ii direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build e g the competition venues the Olympic village international broadcast centre and media and press centre which are required to host the Games Indirect capital costs are not included such as for road rail or airport infrastructure or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of US 4 6 billion for Rio 2016 US 40 44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US 51 billion for Sochi 2014 the most expensive Olympics in history The average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US 5 2 billion average cost overrun is 176 In 2000 the Auditor General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A 6 6 billion with a net cost to the public between A 1 7 and A 2 4 billion 11 12 In the years leading up to the games funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses 13 It has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A 2 1 billion has been shaved from public consumption Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000 foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole A multiplier effect on broader economic development was not realised as a simple multiplier analysis fails to capture is that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals Building sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games Equestrian centres softball compounds and man made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function 14 Many venues that were constructed in Sydney Olympic Park failed financially in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses It was only the 2003 Rugby World Cup which reconnected the park back to citizens 15 In recent years infrastructure costs for some facilities have been of growing concern to the NSW Government especially facilities in Western Sydney 15 Proposed metro and light rail links from Olympic Park to Parramatta have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games 16 citation needed Stadium Australia had been considered for demolition in 2017 by then NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian citing that the stadium was built for an Olympics but not for modern spectators 17 The plan was scrapped in 2020 during the COVID 19 pandemic 18 The Dunc Gray Velodrome has also struggled to keep up its 500 000 per year maintenance costs 16 although it is still used for track cycling events 19 Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics EditPreliminary matches Edit Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September the football competitions began with preliminary matches on 13 September Among the pre ceremony fixtures host nation Australia lost 1 0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics Day 1 15 September Edit Cultural display highlights Edit See also 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The 2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony at Stadium Australia on 15 September 2000 The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and the importance of the stock horse in Australia s heritage It was produced and filmed by the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster Channel 7 20 This was introduced by lone rider Steve Jefferys and his rearing Australian Stock Horse Ammo At the cracking of Jefferys stockwhip a further 120 riders entered the stadium their stock horses performing intricate steps including forming the five Olympic Rings to a special Olympics version of the theme which Bruce Rowland had previously composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River The Australian National Anthem was sung the first verse by Human Nature and the second by Julie Anthony The ceremony continued showing many aspects of the land and its people the affinity of the mainly coastal dwelling Australians with the sea that surrounds the Island Continent The indigenous occupation of the land the coming of the First Fleet the continued immigration from many nations and the rural industry on which the economy of the nation was built including a display representing the harshness of rural life based on the paintings of Sir Sidney Nolan Two memorable scenes were the representation of the Heart of the country by 200 Aboriginal women from Central Australia who danced up the mighty spirit of God to protect the Games and the overwhelmingly noisy representation of the construction industry by hundreds of tap dancing teenagers Because Bibi Salisachs the wife of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch was seriously ill and unable to accompany her husband to the Olympics Dawn Fraser former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer and member of the Parliament of New South Wales accompanied Samaranch during the Australian cultural display explaining to him some of the cultural references that are unfamiliar to non Australians Formal presentation Edit A record 199 nations entered the stadium with a record 80 of them winning at least one medal The only missing IOC member was Afghanistan who was banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban s oppression of women and its prohibition of sports 21 The ceremony featured a unified entrance by the athletes of North and South Korea b using a specially designed unification flag a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean Peninsula Four athletes from East Timor also marched in the parade of nations as individual Olympic athletes and marched directly before the host country Although the country to be had no National Olympic Committee then they were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag with country code IOA The Governor General Sir William Deane opened the games The Olympic Flag was carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions Bill Roycroft Murray Rose Liane Tooth Gillian Rolton Marjorie Jackson Lorraine Crapp Michael Wenden and Nick Green During the raising of the Olympics Flag the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek Following this Tina Arena sang a purpose written pop song The Flame 22 The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame which was brought into the stadium by former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott Then celebrating 100 years of women s participation in the Olympic Games former Australian women Olympic medalists Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle Dawn Fraser Shirley Strickland later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff King brought the torch through the stadium handing it over to Cathy Freeman who lit the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire The choice of Freeman an Aboriginal woman to light the flame was notable given the history of human rights abuses against Aboriginal people in Australia 23 Following her lighting Freeman was the subject of racial abuse from some Australians 24 The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid air for about four minutes rather than immediately rising up a water covered ramp to the top of the stadium When the cause of the problem was discovered the program was overridden and the cauldron continued its course and the ceremony concluded with a fireworks display 25 Day 2 16 September Edit Gold medallist Nancy Johnson centre of the U S raises her hands with silver medallist Cho Hyun Kang left of South Korea and bronze winner Gao Jing right of China during the first medal ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games The first medals of the Games were awarded in the women s 10 metre air rifle competition which was won by Nancy Johnson of the United States The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women s race Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line The first star of the Games was 17 year old Australian Ian Thorpe who first set a new world record in the 400 metre freestyle final before competing in an exciting 4 100 m freestyle final Swimming the last leg Thorpe passed the leading American team and arrived in a new world record time two tenths of a second ahead of the Americans In the same event for women the Americans also broke the world record finishing ahead of the Netherlands and Sweden Samaranch had to leave for home as his wife was severely ill Upon arrival his wife had already died Samaranch returned to Sydney four days later The Olympic flag was flown at half staff during the period as a sign of respect to Samaranch s wife Day 3 17 September Edit Canadian Simon Whitfield sprinted away in the last 100 metres of the men s triathlon becoming the inaugural winner in the event On the cycling track Robert Bartko beat fellow German Jens Lehmann in the individual pursuit setting a new Olympic Record Leontien Zijlaard van Moorsel set a world record in the semi finals the same event for women In the swimming pool American Tom Dolan beat the world record in the 400 metre medley successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior Dutchwoman Inge de Bruijn also clocked a new world record beating her own time in the 100 m butterfly final to win by more than a second Day 4 18 September Edit The main event for the Australians on the fourth day of the Games was the 200 m freestyle Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband had broken the world record in the semi finals taking it from the new Australian hero Ian Thorpe who came close to the world record in his semi final heat As the final race finished Van den Hoogenband s time was exactly the same as in the semi finals finishing ahead of Thorpe by half a second China won the gold medal in the men s team all around gymnastics competition after being the runner up in the previous two Olympics The other medals were taken by Ukraine and Russia respectively Zijlaard van Moorsel lived up to the expectations set by her world record in cycling in the semis by winning the gold medal Day 7 21 September Edit During the Women s Gymnastics All Around female athletes suffered damning scores and injuries due to improperly installed gymnastics equipment Gymnasts performing on the vault gave uncharacteristically poor performances and fell Officials blamed the series of falls and low scores on performance anxiety It wasn t until Australian gymnast Allana Slater and her coach Peggy Liddick voiced concerns about the equipment that officials discovered the apparatus was five centimetres or almost two inches lower than it should ve been While athletes were given the opportunity to perform again for some of them the damage to their mental or physical health caused by the vault was irreparable Chinese gymnast Kui Yuanyuan and American gymnast Kristen Maloney both injured their legs while attempting to stick their landings with Kui needing to be carried to an examination area and Maloney damaging a titanium rod that had recently been implanted in her shin Romanian gymnast Andreea Răducan ultimately took gold while her teammates Simona Amanar and Maria Olaru took silver and bronze respectively Day 9 23 September Edit By rowing in the winning coxless four Steve Redgrave of Great Britain became a member of a select group who had won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics The swimming 4 x 100 metre medley relay of B J Bedford Megan Quann Jendrick Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres became the first women s relay under 4 minutes swimming 3 58 and setting a world record claiming the gold medal for the United States Day 10 24 September Edit Rulon Gardner never an NCAA champion or a world medalist beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class Greco Roman wrestling Karelin had won gold in Seoul Barcelona and Atlanta Before this fight he had never lost in international competition had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years and had not surrendered a point in a decade Day 11 25 September Edit Cathy Freeman after the 400 metre final Australian Cathy Freeman won the 400 metre final in front of a jubilant Sydney crowd at the Olympic Stadium ahead of Lorraine Graham of Jamaica and Katharine Merry of Great Britain Freeman s win made her the first competitor in Olympic Games history to light the Olympic Flame and then go on to win a Gold Medal The attendance at the stadium was 112 524 the largest attendance for any sport in Olympic Games history In a men s basketball pool match between the United States and France the USA s Vince Carter made one of the most famous dunks in basketball history After getting the ball off a steal the 6 6 1 98 m Carter drove to the basket with 7 2 2 18 m centre Frederic Weis in his way Carter jumped spread his legs in midair scraped Weis head on the way up and dunked The French media dubbed the feat le dunk de la mort the dunk of death Day 14 28 September Edit The Canadian flag at the athletes village was lowered to half mast as Canadian athletes paid tribute to the former prime minister Pierre Trudeau after hearing of his death in Montreal because of the time zone difference it was 29 September in Sydney when Trudeau died The Canadian flag was flown at half mast for the remainder of the Olympics on orders from both IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy as the state funeral did not take place until 3 October two days after the closing ceremony and the Canadian athletes subsequently rushed back to attend his funeral after 1 October Day 16 30 September Edit Cameroon won a historic gold medal over Spain in the Men s Olympic Football Final at the Olympic Stadium The game went to a penalty shootout which was won by Cameroon 5 3 26 Day 17 1 October Edit See also 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony Olympic colours on the Sydney Harbour Bridge The last event of the games was the Men s Marathon contested on a course that started in North Sydney The event was won by Ethiopian Gezahegne Abera with Kenyan Erick Wainaina second and Tesfaye Tola also of Ethiopia third It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian won the gold medal in this event The closing ceremony commenced with Christine Anu performing her version of the Warumpi Band s song My Island Home with several Aboriginal dancers atop the Geodome Stage in the middle of the stadium around which several hundred umbrella and lamp box kids created an image of Aboriginal Dreamtime The Geodome Stage was used throughout the ceremony which was a flat stage mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony 27 I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch s successor Jacques Rogge as unforgettable dream Games truly exceptional and happy and glorious games respectively the practice of declaring games the best ever having been retired after the 2000 Games Sports EditThe 2000 Summer Olympic programme featured 300 events in the following 28 sports 2000 Summer Olympics Sports ProgrammeAquatics Diving 8 Swimming 32 Synchronized swimming 2 Water polo 2 Archery 4 Athletics 46 Badminton 5 Baseball 1 Basketball 2 Boxing 12 Canoeing Sprint 12 Slalom 4 Cycling Road 4 Track 12 Mountain biking 2 Equestrian Dressage 2 Eventing 2 Show jumping 2 Fencing 10 Field hockey 2 Football 2 Gymnastics Artistic 14 Rhythmic 2 Trampoline 2 Handball 2 Judo 14 Modern pentathlon 2 Rowing 14 Sailing 11 Shooting 17 Softball 1 Table tennis 4 Taekwondo 8 Tennis 4 Triathlon 2 Volleyball Volleyball 2 Beach volleyball 2 Weightlifting 15 Wrestling Freestyle 8 Greco Roman 8 Although demonstration sports were abolished following the 1992 Summer Olympics the Sydney Olympics featured wheelchair racing as exhibition events on the athletics schedule 28 Special quarantine conditions were introduced to allow entry of horses into Australia to participate in equestrian events 29 avoiding the need for such events to take place elsewhere as had happened at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne Calendar EditAll dates are in AEDST UTC 11 the other two cities Adelaide uses ACST UTC 9 30 and Brisbane uses AEST UTC 10 OC Opening ceremony Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremonySeptember October 2000 September Oct Events13thWed 14thThu 15thFri 16thSat 17thSun 18thMon 19thTue 20thWed 21stThu 22ndFri 23rdSat 24thSun 25thMon 26thTue 27thWed 28thThu 29thFri 30thSat 1stSun Ceremonies OC CC Aquatics Diving 2 1 1 3 1 44 Swimming 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Synchronized swimming 1 1 Water polo 1 1 Archery 1 1 1 1 4 Athletics 2 3 5 9 7 6 5 8 1 46 Badminton 2 1 2 5Baseball Softball Baseball 1 2 Softball 1 Basketball 1 1 2 Boxing 6 6 12Canoeing Slalom 2 2 16 Sprint 6 6Cycling Road cycling 1 1 2 18 Track cycling 2 2 1 1 3 3 Mountain biking 1 1 Equestrian 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Fencing 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 10 Field hockey 1 1 2 Football 1 1 2Gymnastics Artistic 1 1 1 1 5 5 18 Rhythmic 1 1 Trampolining 1 1 Handball 1 1 2 Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 14 Modern pentathlon 1 1 2 Rowing 7 7 14 Sailing 3 1 2 2 3 11 Shooting 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 17 Table tennis 1 1 1 1 4 Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8 Tennis 2 2 4 Triathlon 1 1 2Volleyball Beach volleyball 1 1 4 Indoor volleyball 1 1 Weightlifting 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 15 Wrestling 4 4 4 4 16Daily medal events 13 14 15 15 18 18 18 26 25 18 11 17 17 11 40 24 300Cumulative total 13 27 42 57 75 93 111 137 162 180 191 208 225 236 276 300September October 2000 13thWed 14thThu 15thFri 16thSat 17thSun 18thMon 19thTue 20thWed 21stThu 22ndFri 23rdSat 24thSun 25thMon 26thTue 27thWed 28thThu 29thFri 30thSat 1stSun Total eventsSeptember OctMedal count EditMain article 2000 Summer Olympics medal table These are the top ten nations that won medals in the 2000 Games The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee 30 Some other sources 31 may be inconsistent due to not taking into account all later doping cases RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States372432932 Russia322829893 China281615594 Australia 162517585 Germany131726566 France131411387 Italy13813348 Netherlands1294259 Cuba111172910 Great Britain1110728Totals 10 entries 186162161509 Host nation Australia Participating National Olympic Committees Edit Participating countries Number of athletes 199 National Olympic Committees NOCs participated in the Sydney Games two more than in the 1996 Summer Olympics in addition there were four Timorese Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics Eritrea the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau made their Olympic debut this year Democratic Republic of the Congo was once again designated under that name after it participated as Zaire from 1984 to 1996 Afghanistan was the only 1996 participant and the only existing NOC that did not participate in the 2000 Olympics having been banned due to the Taliban s totalitarian rule in Afghanistan their oppression of women and its prohibition of sports Participating National Olympic Committees Albania 5 athletes Algeria 47 American Samoa 5 Andorra 5 Angola 30 Antigua and Barbuda 3 Argentina 143 Armenia 25 Aruba 5 Australia 632 host Austria 92 Azerbaijan 29 Bahamas 25 Bahrain 4 Bangladesh 4 Barbados 18 Belarus 139 Belgium 68 Belize 2 Benin 4 Bermuda 6 Bhutan 2 Bolivia 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 9 Botswana 7 Brazil 205 British Virgin Islands 1 Brunei 1 Bulgaria 91 Burkina Faso 2 Burundi 6 Cambodia 4 Cameroon 34 Canada 294 Cape Verde 2 Cayman Islands 3 Central African Republic 3 Chad 2 Chile 50 China 271 Colombia 44 Comoros 2 Republic of the Congo 4 Cook Islands 3 Costa Rica 7 Croatia 88 Cuba 229 Cyprus 22 Czech Republic 119 Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 Denmark 97 Djibouti 2 Dominica 4 Dominican Republic 13 Ecuador 10 Egypt 89 El Salvador 8 Equatorial Guinea 4 Eritrea 3 Estonia 33 Ethiopia 26 Federated States of Micronesia 5 Fiji 7 Finland 70 France 336 Gabon 5 The Gambia 2 Georgia 36 Germany 422 Ghana 22 Great Britain 332 Greece 140 Grenada 3 Guam 7 Guatemala 15 Guinea 6 Guinea Bissau 3 Guyana 4 Haiti 5 Honduras 20 Hong Kong 31 Hungary 178 Iceland 18 India 65 Individual Olympic Athletes 4 Indonesia 47 Iran 35 Iraq 4 Ireland 64 Israel 39 Italy 361 Ivory Coast 14 Jamaica 48 Japan 266 Jordan 8 Kazakhstan 130 Kenya 56 Kuwait 29 Kyrgyzstan 18 Laos 3 Latvia 45 Lebanon 6 Lesotho 6 Liberia 8 Libya 3 Liechtenstein 2 Lithuania 61 Luxembourg 7 Macedonia 10 Madagascar 11 Malawi 2 Malaysia 40 Maldives 4 Mali 5 Malta 7 Mauritania 2 Mauritius 20 Mexico 78 Moldova 34 Monaco 4 Mongolia 20 Morocco 55 Mozambique 5 Myanmar 7 Namibia 12 Nauru 2 Nepal 5 Netherlands 243 Netherlands Antilles 7 New Zealand 151 Nicaragua 6 Niger 4 Nigeria 83 North Korea 31 Norway 95 Oman 6 Pakistan 26 Palau 5 Palestine 2 Panama 6 Papua New Guinea 5 Paraguay 5 Peru 21 Philippines 21 Poland 187 Portugal 62 Puerto Rico 29 Qatar 17 Romania 145 Russia 435 Rwanda 5 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 Saint Lucia 5 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4 Samoa 5 San Marino 4 Sao Tome and Principe 2 Saudi Arabia 77 Senegal 26 Seychelles 9 Sierra Leone 3 Singapore 14 Slovakia 114 Slovenia 74 Solomon Islands 2 Somalia 2 South Africa 127 South Korea 281 Spain 326 Sri Lanka 18 Sudan 3 Suriname 4 Swaziland 6 Sweden 149 Switzerland 105 Syria 8 Chinese Taipei 74 Tajikistan 4 Tanzania 4 Thailand 52 Togo 3 Tonga 3 Trinidad and Tobago 19 Tunisia 47 Turkey 57 Turkmenistan 8 Uganda 13 Ukraine 230 United Arab Emirates 4 United States 586 Uruguay 14 Uzbekistan 70 Vanuatu 3 Venezuela 50 Vietnam 7 Virgin Islands 9 Yemen 2 FR Yugoslavia 109 Zambia 8 Zimbabwe 16 Venues EditMain article 2000 Summer Olympics venues Sydney Olympic Park Edit Main article Sydney Olympic Park Stadium Australia Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre State Hockey Centre Stadium Australia Ceremonies opening closing Athletics Football final Sydney International Aquatic Centre Diving Modern Pentathlon swimming Swimming Synchronised Swimming Water Polo medal events State Sports Centre Table Tennis Taekwondo NSW Tennis Centre Tennis State Hockey Centre Field Hockey The Dome and Exhibition Complex Badminton Basketball Gymnastics rhythmic Handball final Modern Pentathlon fencing shooting Volleyball indoor Sydney SuperDome Gymnastics artistic trampoline Basketball final Sydney Baseball Stadium Baseball Modern Pentathlon riding running Sydney International Archery Park ArcherySydney Edit Dunc Gray Velodrome Sydney Convention amp Exhibition Centre Boxing Fencing Judo Weightlifting Wrestling Sydney Entertainment Centre Volleyball indoor final Dunc Gray Velodrome Cycling track Sydney International Shooting Centre Shooting Sydney International Equestrian Centre Equestrian Sydney International Regatta Centre Rowing Canoeing sprint Blacktown Olympic Centre Baseball Softball Western Sydney Parklands Cycling mountain biking Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre Water Polo Penrith Whitewater Stadium Canoeing slalom Bondi Beach Volleyball beach Sydney Football Stadium Football Olympic Sailing Shore Base Sailing Centennial Parklands Cycling road Marathon course Athletics marathon North Sydney Athletics marathon start Sydney Opera House Triathlon Outside Sydney Edit Canberra Stadium Canberra Football Hindmarsh Stadium Adelaide Football Melbourne Cricket Ground Football The Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground Brisbane FootballOrganisation Edit SOCOG organisational structure circa 1998 five groups and 33 divisions reporting to the CEO are organised primarily along functional lines with only a limited number of divisions e g Interstate Football and Villages anticipating a venue focussed design SOCOG organisational structure circa 1999 functional divisions and precinct venue streams are organised in a matrix structure linked to the Main Operations Centre MOC Some functions such as Project Management in the Games Coordination group continue to exist largely outside this matrix structure Organisations responsible for the Olympics Edit A number of quasi government bodies were responsible for the construction organisation and execution of the Sydney Games These included the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games SOCOG primarily responsible for the staging of the Games Olympic Coordination Authority OCA primarily responsible for construction and oversight Olympic Roads amp Transport Authority ORTA Olympic Security Command Centre OSCC Olympic Intelligence Centre OIC JTF Gold the Australian Defence Force Joint Taskforce Gold Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation nominally part of SOCOG IBM provider of technology and the Technical Command Centre Telstra provider of telecommunications Great Big Events event management and marketingThese organisations worked closely together and with other bodies such as the International Olympic Committee IOC the Australian Olympic Committee AOC the other 197 National Olympic Committees NOCs the 33 International Sports Federations IFs all three levels of Australian government federal state and local dozens of official sponsor and hundreds of official supplier companiesThese bodies are often collectively referred to as the Olympic Family Organisation of the Paralympics Edit The organisation of the 2000 Summer Paralympics was the responsibility of the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee SPOC However much of the planning and operation of the Paralympic Games was outsourced to SOCOG such that most operational programmes planned both the Olympic and Paralympic Games Other Olympic events Edit The organisation of the Games included not only the actual sporting events but also the management and sometimes construction of the sporting venues and surrounding precincts the organisation of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival and the Olympic torch relay which began in Greece and travelled to Australia via numerous Oceania island nations Phases of the Olympic project Edit The staging of the Olympics were treated as a project on a vast scale broken into several broad phases 1993 to 1996 positioning 1997 going operational 1998 procurement venuisation 1999 testing refinement 2000 implementation 2001 post implementation and wind downSOCOG organisational design Edit The internal organisation of SOCOG evolved over the phases of the project and changed sometimes radically several times In late 1998 the design was principally functional The top two tiers below the CEO Sandy Hollway consisted of five groups managed by Group General Managers and the Deputy CEO and twenty divisions managed by divisional General Managers which in turn were further broken up into programmes and sub programmes or projects In 1999 functional areas FAs broke up into geographic precinct and venue teams managed by Precinct Managers and Venue Managers with functional area staff reporting to both the FA manager and the venue manager SOCOG moved to a matrix structure The Interstate Football division extant in 1998 was the first of these geographically based venue teams Volunteer program Edit The origins of the volunteer program for Sydney 2000 dates back to the bid as early as 1992 On 17 December 1992 a group of Sydney citizens interested in the prospect of hosting the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games gathered for a meeting at Sports House at Wentworth Park in Sydney In the period leading up to 1999 after Sydney had won the bid the small group of volunteers grew from approximately 42 to around 500 These volunteers became known as Pioneer Volunteers The Pioneer Volunteer program was managed internally by SOCOG s Volunteer Services Department in consultation with prominent peak groups like The Centre for Volunteering Volunteering and TAFE Some of the Pioneer Volunteers still meet every four months an unseen legacy of the games which brought together a community spirit not seen before During the Olympic games tens of thousands of volunteers the official figure placed at 46 967 32 helped everywhere at the Olympic venues and elsewhere in the city They were honoured with a parade like the athletes had a few days before 33 Marketing EditOfficial logo Edit The bid logo created by architect and designer Michael Bryce 34 featured a colourful stylised image of the Sydney Opera House Some people see the clear reference to the beliefs of traditional peoples as a clear image of the rainbow serpent Beliefs in this mythological figure is common to all the original peoples of Australia as due your gigantic size your moviment causes drastic changes in geographic space and around These peoples believed that every time the snake came out of the depths of bodies of water its movement dissipated so much energy and related them to the phenomena of nature such as rains storms and waterspouts wherever it passed everything around her changed They also believed that the serpent was related to the cycle of life and death recycling and the occupation of empty spaces and some other beliefs connect it with the ancestral sky with views of and the Southern Hemisphere night skies as main sight of the Southern Cross The official logo revealed in 1996 is also referred to as the Millennium Man 35 took the some curves of the bid logo and combined it with a stylised image of a runner to form a torchbearer in motion formed by two small yellow boomerangs for arms and a larger red boomerang for legs Now the Olympic torch is represented through a blue smoke trail which draws the iconic peaks of the Sydney Opera House and the serpent The design process of the official logo as well as all other aspects of the Olympic Games visual design identity was awarded to Melbourne design studio FHA Image Design 36 The Sydney Olympics brand identity project officially started in 1993 and lasted 7 years It was also up to FHA Design to prepare the visual identity of the Paralympic Games and this also absorbed some elements as the identification signals and the pictograms Mascots Edit Main article Olly Syd and Millie The official mascots chosen for the 2000 Summer Olympics were Syd the platypus Millie the echidna and Olly the kookaburra 37 designed by Matthew Hattan and Jozef Szekeres and named by Philip Sheldon of agency Weekes Morris Osborn in response to the original SOCOG recommendation of Murray Margery and Dawn after famous Australian athletes There was also Fatso the Fat Arsed Wombat an unofficial mascot popularised by comedy team Roy Slaven and HG Nelson on the TV series The Dream with Roy and HG Roy and HG also frequently disparaged the official mascots on their television program 38 39 40 Sponsors Edit Sponsors of the 2000 Summer OlympicsGlobal Olympic Partners Atos Origin The Coca Cola Company IBM John Hancock Kodak McDonald s Panasonic Samsung Electronics Sports Illustrated Swatch Visa XeroxAustralian Partners AMP Ansett Australia BHP EnergyAustralia Holden News Limited Pacific Dunlop Westfield Seven Network Swatch Telstra University of Fairfax WestpacSupporters 2UE Adecco Bonds Bonlac Boral Carlton amp United Breweries ClubsNSW Goodman Fielder Nike Olex Cables Perth Mint Robert Timms Royal Australian Mint Shell Sleepmaker TAFE NSW Traveland Tyco InternationalProviders Avis Berkley Challenge Housekeeping Services Buspak Cadbury Citysearch com au Cleanevent Clipsal Crown Lift Trucks Deutsche Bahn DB Schenker Diamond Press Frazer Nash Garret Metal Detectors General Electric Generale Location George Weston Foods Great White Shark Enterprises Hamiltons Laboratories Harley Davidson Lifeminders com Lindeman s Linfox Looksmart Mistral New South Wales Department of Information Technology amp Management Pacific Waste Management Ramler Furniture Rogen Salomon Smith Barney Saunders Design Showpower Sonic Healthcare Speedo Val Morgan Visy Waste Services NSW Woolcott Research WoolmarkMedals and bouquets EditA total of 750 gold 750 silver and 780 bronze medals were minted for the Games The gold and silver medals contained 99 99 percent of pure silver The bronze medals were 99 percent bronze with one percent silver they were made by melting down Australian one cent and two cent coins 41 42 43 which had been removed from circulation from 1992 onward The bouquets handed to medal recipients incorporated foliage from the Grevillea baileyana also known as the white oak 44 Awards and commendations EditThe International Olympic Committee awarded Sydney and its inhabitants with the Pierre de Coubertin Trophy in recognition of the collaboration and happiness shown by the people of Sydney during the event to all the athletes and visitors around the world 45 After the games end the New South Wales Police Force was granted use of the Olympic Rings in a new commendation and citation as the IOC consideration after having staged the safest games ever Mo Awards Edit The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards commonly known informally as the Mo Awards were annual Australian entertainment industry awards They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016 46 Year Nominee work Award Result wins only 2000 Sunmer Olympic Games Opening Ceremony Special Event of the Year WonIn popular culture EditIn F J Campbell s 2018 novel No Number Nine the last part of the book is set at the Sydney 2000 Olympics citation needed In Tom Clancy s thriller Rainbow Six and its video game adaptation the 2000 Olympic Games are the setting of a plot by eco terrorists who plan to use the games in order to spread a terrible new plague throughout the world 47 In Morris Gleitzman s children s book Toad Rage a cane toad travels to Sydney in a bid to become the Olympic mascot 48 The Games was a mockumentary television series run on the ABC network with two seasons that ran in 1998 and 2000 The series satirized corruption and cronyism in the Olympic movement bureaucratic ineptness in the New South Wales public service and unethical behaviour within politics and the media An unusual feature of the show was that the characters shared the same name as the actors who played them See also Edit Olympic Games portal2000 Summer Paralympics Olympic Games celebrated in Australia 1956 Summer Olympics Melbourne 2000 Summer Olympics Sydney 2032 Summer Olympics BrisbaneList of IOC country codes The Games of the XXVII Olympiad 2000 Music from the Opening Ceremony Aussie Aussie Aussie Oi Oi Oi John Coates Use of performance enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games Sydney 2000Notes Edit The logo is a stylised image of a torchbearer the top part in blue represents the smoke from the Olympic torch which draws the outline of the Sydney Opera House the middle part in yellow represents the head and arms of a torchbearer the arms symbolised by two boomerangs the bottom part in red depicts the torchbearer s legs also symbolised by a boomerang The national teams of North Korea and South Korea competed separately in the Olympic events even though they marched together as a unified Korean team in the opening ceremony References Edit The Olympic Summer Games Factsheet PDF International Olympic Committee Archived PDF from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved 5 August 2012 a b Factsheet Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad PDF Press release International Olympic Committee 9 October 2014 Archived PDF from the original on 14 August 2016 Retrieved 22 December 2018 a b How the media viewed the Sydney Olympics CoolRunning Australia 20 March 2010 Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 Retrieved 19 April 2015 Mossop James 1 October 2000 Sydney has set the highest standards for future hosts The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2013 Sydney 2000 the Olympic Games benchmark Sebastian Coe says The Australian 25 July 2012 Archived from the original on 26 July 2012 Retrieved 13 August 2012 IOC VOTE HISTORY www aldaver com Archived from the original on 25 May 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2011 Tyler Patrick E 24 September 1993 OLYMPICS There s No Joy in Beijing as Sydney Gets Olympics The New York Times Archived from the original on 5 October 2009 Retrieved 22 August 2021 Keys Barbara 2018 Harnessing Human Rights to the Olympic Games Human Rights Watch and the 1993 Stop Beijing Campaign PDF Journal of Contemporary History 53 2 415 438 doi 10 1177 0022009416667791 hdl 11343 217038 S2CID 159945661 Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2019 Past Olympic Host Cities List GamesBids com Archived from the original on 24 January 2011 Flyvbjerg Bent Stewart Allison Budzier Alexander 2016 The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games Oxford Said Business School Working Papers Oxford University of Oxford pp 9 13 SSRN 2804554 Sydney 2000 Auditor Slams Costs liebreich com 23 April 2003 Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 Cost of the Olympic and Paralympic Games PDF pp 10 11 Archived from the original PDF on 20 June 2005 Olympic Co ordination Authority OCA s current report on the actual result Total net impact in A million 1 326 1 Findling John E Pelle Kimberly D 2004 Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement Greenwood Publishing Group p 252 ISBN 9780313322785 Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 12 October 2015 Saulwick Jacob 12 April 2008 No medals for economic benefits of the Games Business Day Archived from the original on 8 August 2012 Retrieved 16 April 2008 The article is based largely on a recent study by James Giesecke and John Madden from the Centre of Policy Studies at Monash University a b Poynter Gavin MacRury Iain 6 October 2009 Olympic Cities 2012 and the Remaking of London Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 137 ISBN 9780754671008 Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 12 October 2015 a b Saulwick Jacob 9 December 2016 Prospect of demolishing Dunc Gray Velodrome threatens NSW Cycling The Sydney Morning Herald Nine Retrieved 17 February 2022 Macmillan Jade 24 November 2017 The demolition and redesign of Sydney s Olympic Stadium explained ABC News Retrieved 17 February 2022 Pavitt Michael 31 May 2020 Plans to redevelop Sydney Olympic Stadium scrapped over COVID 19 economic impact Inside the Games Retrieved 17 February 2022 Veage John 23 February 2021 Clarence St Cup carnival St George amp Sutherland Shire Leader Retrieved 17 February 2022 Commentary on the official DVD of the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics Clark Kate 27 July 2012 Flash from the Past Afghans Shattered 2000 Olympic Dreams Afghanistan Analysts Network Archived from the original on 28 November 2020 Retrieved 19 April 2015 11 Olympic Theme Songs Dissected Archived 16 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Time 26 July 2012 Retrieved 3 May 2014 Murray Oli Cathy Freeman Sydney Olympics Sad moment behind iconic moment News com au Archived from the original on 5 February 2022 Retrieved 13 February 2022 Bruce T amp Wensing E 2009 She s not one of us Cathy Freeman and the place of Aboriginal people in Australian national culture Australian Aboriginal Studies 2 90 100 Information given by Ric Birch Director of Ceremonies during an interview at the end of the official DVD of the 2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony Patrick Mboma Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 9 July 2010 Longman Jere 2 October 2000 Sydney 2000 Closing Ceremony A fond farewell from Australia The New York Times Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 Retrieved 12 May 2010 Reflections on the Olympic Wheelchair Racing Exhibition Races Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Strict quarantine conditions for overseas horses competing in the Sydney 2000 Games Department of Agriculture 26 November 1999 Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 Retrieved 23 December 2014 Sydney 2000 International Olympic Committee Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 17 January 2013 2000 Summer Games Database Olympics Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 Retrieved 17 January 2013 Sydney 2000 International Olympic Committee Archived from the original on 29 May 2009 Retrieved 8 July 2009 Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume One Preparing for the Games PDF Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games 2001 p 178 ISBN 978 0 9579616 0 9 Archived from the original PDF on 25 August 2016 Retrieved 19 February 2018 Architect Michael Bryce ABC Queensland 19 October 2005 Archived from the original on 1 November 2007 White Leanne 9 June 2011 The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Bid Marketing Indigenous Australia for the Millennium Games The International Journal of the History of Sport 28 10 1455 doi 10 1080 09523367 2011 578341 S2CID 144221442 Archived from the original on 15 August 2021 Retrieved 17 August 2014 Desktop 27 September 2012 Top Ten Australian Logos 8th Desktop Desktop The Culture of Design Desktop Magazine Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 Retrieved 26 November 2014 Syd Olly and Millie mascots of the 2000 Olympic Summer Games Beijing2008 5 August 2004 Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 25 October 2006 The Rise of Fatso The Fat Arsed Sydney Olympics Wombat Strategic Resources International February 2001 Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 Retrieved 10 October 2008 Marr Jim 8 December 2000 Satire Roy Slaven on the Rampage Workers Online 81 Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 Retrieved 30 June 2006 Amply rumped wombat was real darling of the Games Sports Illustrated 1 October 2000 Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 Retrieved 10 October 2008 Griffiths Nick 8 November 2001 Gold Corporation 2001 Annual Report PDF parliament wa gov au p 17 Archived PDF from the original on 26 October 2020 Retrieved 2 May 2007 in section Other Olympic and Paralympic Products Vyver James 19 July 2012 Treasure Trove medals from the Sydney Olympics ABC Online Archived from the original on 27 July 2016 Retrieved 16 December 2020 The Secret of the Medal Royal Australian Mint 8 February 2016 Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 Retrieved 16 December 2020 Olde Peter 2000 The Olympic Bouquets PDF Grevillea Study Group Newsletter 57 8 ISSN 0725 8755 Archived PDF from the original on 18 January 2012 Retrieved 14 November 2011 Olympic History Archived from the original on 21 July 2009 Retrieved 8 July 2009 MO Award Winners Mo Awards Retrieved 16 March 2022 John Dugdale 3 October 2013 Tom Clancy The top five novels The Guardian Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 Retrieved 27 March 2018 Second Grade Rules Amber Brown By Paula Danziger Chicago Tribune 8 August 2004 Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 Retrieved 27 March 2018 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2000 Summer Olympics External video The Sydney 2000 Olympics The official Film on YouTube Sydney 2000 Olympics com International Olympic Committee 2000 Summer Olympics Official site Official Report Vol 1 Vol 2 Vol 3 2000 Summer Olympics Official Site Archived from the original on 9 November 2000 Retrieved 13 September 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link 2000 Summer Olympics collection of archived websites Sydney Olympic Games Information Sydney Olympic Park Sydney Olympic Games 2000 Australian Government Sydney 2000 Games Collection at the Powerhouse Museum Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine information and audio files Satellite view of 2000 Sydney Olympics sites Archived from the original on 18 April 2004 Spirit of Sydney Volunteers Website Website maintained by and for Sydney 2000 Volunteer Alumni Official 10th Anniversary Volunteers Website Official 10th Anniversary Volunteers WebsiteSummer OlympicsPreceded byAtlanta XXVII OlympiadSydney2000 Succeeded byAthens Portals Olympics Australia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2000 Summer Olympics amp oldid 1128736423, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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