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Continental climate

January 13, 2023

For the influence of continental climates on viticulture, see continental climate (wine).

Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 north), within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing some precipitation, and temperatures are not moderated by oceans. Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere due to the large landmasses found there. Most of northern and northeastern China, eastern and southeastern Europe, Western and north western Iran, central and southeastern Canada, and the central and northeastern United States have this type of climate.[1] Continentality is a measure of the degree to which a region experiences this type of climate.[1]

Areas of the world that feature a continental climate, according to Köppen

In continental climates, precipitation tends to be moderate in amount, concentrated mostly in the warmer months. Only a few areas—in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest of North America and in Iran, northern Iraq, adjacent Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia—show a winter maximum in precipitation. A portion of the annual precipitation falls as snowfall, and snow often remains on the ground for more than a month. Summers in continental climates can feature thunderstorms and frequent hot temperatures; however, summer weather is somewhat more stable than winter weather. In Köppen climate classification it is identified with the letter D.

Seasons

Annual precipitation in this zone is usually between 600 millimetres (24 in) and 1,200 millimetres (47 in), The timing of intermediate spring-like or autumn-like temperatures in this zone vary depending on latitude and/or elevation. For example, spring may arrive as soon as March in the southern parts of this zone or as late as May in the north. Summers are warm or hot while winters are below freezing and sustain frost.

Köppen climate classification

Most such areas fit Köppen climate classifications of Dfa having hot summers (mean temperature above 22 °C/71.6 °F) or Dfb with warm summers (mean temperature below 22 °C/71.6 °F).[2] Dry-summer continental climates (Dsa and Dsb) exist in high altitude areas near Mediterranean climates (Csa/Csb). Dry-winter continental climates (Dwa and Dwb) exist in high altitude areas near humid subtropical climates (Cwa) or subtropical highland climates (Cwb). In some cases, the semi-arid climate classification of BSk and the arid climate of BWk can also be considered to be continental as long as it has cold winters, though it isn't by the Köppen classification. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below -3 C (26.6 F) and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 °C (50 °F).[3]

Climatology

Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter from shorter days and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and longer days. Places with continental climates are as a rule are either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that prevailing winds tend to head offshore.[4] Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter.

Neighboring climates

In the Köppen climate system, these climates grade off toward temperate climates equator-ward where winters are less severe and semi-arid climates or arid climates where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass prairies and shrublands. In Europe these climates may grade off into oceanic climates (Cfb) or subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) in which the influence of cool oceanic air masses is more marked toward the west. In eastern Asia and the eastern and central United States these climates grade off toward humid subtropical climates (Cfa/Cwa) or subtropical highland climates (Cwb) to the south. The subarctic climate (Dfc/Dwc/Dsc), with very cold, long and dry winters, but with at least one month above 10 °C (50 °F), might be considered a sub-type of the continental climate.

List of locations with a continental climate

^1 The climate is continental if the 0°C coldest-month isotherm is used, but it is temperate if the -3°C isotherm is used.

Eurasia

Asia

 
The snowy city of Sapporo

Europe

 
Aker Brygge in Oslo
 
Spassky Cathedral in Moscow

Russia

North America

 
Ice skaters on the frozen Rideau Canal, looking south from Laurier Avenue Bridge in Ottawa

Canada

United States

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

  • Bordering Dfc1

Oceania

Australia

See also

References

  1. ^ a b . Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment. Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27.
  2. ^ "Continental Climate: What Is & Definition". Tomorrow.io Weather Blog. 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  3. ^ "Continental Climate and Oceanic Climate". astroedu.iau.org. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  4. ^ "What Is a Continental Climate?". WorldAtlas. 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2022-04-04.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Continental climate.

January 13, 2023
continental, climate, influence, continental, climates, viticulture, continental, climate, wine, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challen. For the influence of continental climates on viticulture see continental climate wine This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Continental climate news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature warm summers and cold winters They tend to occur in the middle latitudes 40 to 55 north within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing some precipitation and temperatures are not moderated by oceans Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere due to the large landmasses found there Most of northern and northeastern China eastern and southeastern Europe Western and north western Iran central and southeastern Canada and the central and northeastern United States have this type of climate 1 Continentality is a measure of the degree to which a region experiences this type of climate 1 Areas of the world that feature a continental climate according to Koppen In continental climates precipitation tends to be moderate in amount concentrated mostly in the warmer months Only a few areas in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest of North America and in Iran northern Iraq adjacent Turkey Afghanistan Pakistan and Central Asia show a winter maximum in precipitation A portion of the annual precipitation falls as snowfall and snow often remains on the ground for more than a month Summers in continental climates can feature thunderstorms and frequent hot temperatures however summer weather is somewhat more stable than winter weather In Koppen climate classification it is identified with the letter D Contents 1 Seasons 2 Koppen climate classification 3 Climatology 4 Neighboring climates 5 List of locations with a continental climate 5 1 Eurasia 5 1 1 Asia 5 1 2 Europe 5 1 3 Russia 5 2 North America 5 2 1 Canada 5 2 2 United States 5 2 3 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5 3 Oceania 5 3 1 Australia 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksSeasons EditAnnual precipitation in this zone is usually between 600 millimetres 24 in and 1 200 millimetres 47 in The timing of intermediate spring like or autumn like temperatures in this zone vary depending on latitude and or elevation For example spring may arrive as soon as March in the southern parts of this zone or as late as May in the north Summers are warm or hot while winters are below freezing and sustain frost Koppen climate classification EditMost such areas fit Koppen climate classifications of Dfa having hot summers mean temperature above 22 C 71 6 F or Dfb with warm summers mean temperature below 22 C 71 6 F 2 Dry summer continental climates Dsa and Dsb exist in high altitude areas near Mediterranean climates Csa Csb Dry winter continental climates Dwa and Dwb exist in high altitude areas near humid subtropical climates Cwa or subtropical highland climates Cwb In some cases the semi arid climate classification of BSk and the arid climate of BWk can also be considered to be continental as long as it has cold winters though it isn t by the Koppen classification The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below 3 C 26 6 F and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 C 50 F 3 Climatology EditContinental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter from shorter days and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and longer days Places with continental climates are as a rule are either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that prevailing winds tend to head offshore 4 Such regions get quite warm in the summer achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter Neighboring climates EditIn the Koppen climate system these climates grade off toward temperate climates equator ward where winters are less severe and semi arid climates or arid climates where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall grass prairies and shrublands In Europe these climates may grade off into oceanic climates Cfb or subpolar oceanic climates Cfc in which the influence of cool oceanic air masses is more marked toward the west In eastern Asia and the eastern and central United States these climates grade off toward humid subtropical climates Cfa Cwa or subtropical highland climates Cwb to the south The subarctic climate Dfc Dwc Dsc with very cold long and dry winters but with at least one month above 10 C 50 F might be considered a sub type of the continental climate List of locations with a continental climate Edit 1 The climate is continental if the 0 C coldest month isotherm is used but it is temperate if the 3 C isotherm is used Eurasia Edit Asia Edit The snowy city of Sapporo Armenia Yerevan Azerbaijan Qabala1 China Beijing1 Changchun Dalian Harbin Jinan1 bordering Cwa Lhasa1 bordering BSk Cwb Qingdao1 bordering Cwa Shenyang Shigatse1 Ulanhot Georgia Akhaltsikhe Iran Ardabil1 bordering BSk Hamadan1 Dsa bordering BSk Tabriz1 Dsa bordering BSk Urmia1 bordering BSk Japan Aomori1 Asahikawa Hakodate1 Kushiro Nagano1 Nichinan1 bordering Cfa Sapporo Kazakhstan Almaty Astana Shymkent1 Dsa Kyrgyzstan Bishkek1 Dsa Mongolia Baruunturuun bordering Dwc North Korea Haeju1 Pyongyang South Korea Chuncheon Daejeon1 Incheon1 Seoul1 South Ossetia Tskhinvali1 disputed with Georgia Turkey Ardahan Erzurum Hakkari Dsa Mus Dsa Europe Edit Aker Brygge in Oslo Spassky Cathedral in Moscow Austria Innsbruck1 Klagenfurt1 Salzburg1 Belarus Brest1 Gomel Minsk Pinsk Bosnia and Herzegovina Gorazde1 Istocno Sarajevo1 Livno1 Bulgaria Pazardzhik1 bordering Cfa Pernik1 Pleven1 Sofia1 bordering Cfb Veliko Tarnovo1 Croatia Gospic1 Czech Republic Brno1 Ostrava1 Plzen1 Estonia Hiiumaa1 Saaremaa1 Tallinn Finland Aland1 Helsinki Kouvola Lappeenranta Pori Turku France Chamonix1 Germany Augsburg1 bordering Cfb Erfurt1 Kempten1 Magdeburg1 bordering Cfb Potsdam1 bordering Cfb Greece Aetomilitsa1 Kato Vermio1 Samarina1 Hungary Debrecen1 Gyor1 bordering Cfb Kecskemet1 bordering Cfb Miskolc Pecs1 Szeged1 Szombathely1 Italy Cortina d Ampezzo Kosovo Pristina1 disputed with Serbia Latvia Liepaja1 Riga Liechtenstein Schaan1 bordering Cfb Lithuania Kaunas Klaipeda1 Vilnius Moldova Bălți Chișinău1 Comrat1 Montenegro Zabljak bordering Dfc Norway Bodo1 bordering Dfc Drammen Hamar Lillehammer bordering Dfc Oslo1 Steinkjer1 Trondheim1 Poland Bialystok1 Gdansk1 Katowice1 Krakow1 Lodz1 Lublin1 Poznan1 bordering Cfb Warsaw1 Romania Bucharest1 Cluj Napoca1 Iași1 Ploiești1 Sibiu1 Timișoara1 Serbia Nova Varos1 Subotica1 Slovakia Bratislava1 bordering Cfb Kosice1 Presov Slovenia Murska Sobota1 Sweden Halmstad1 bordering Cfb Norrkoping1 Stockholm1 Sundsvall Uppsala1 Visby1 bordering Cfb Switzerland Gstaad La Brevine bordering Dfc Poschiavo1 Transnistria Tiraspol1 disputed with Moldova Ukraine Dnipro Kharkiv Kherson1 Kryvyi Rih Kyiv Lviv1 Odesa1 bordering BSk Cfa Uzhhorod1Russia Edit Barnaul Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Kaliningrad1 Kazan Khabarovsk Kurilsk bordering Dfc Moscow Nizhny Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Perm Rostov on Don Saint Petersburg Samara Smolensk Tomsk Ufa Vladivostok Voronezh Yekaterinburg Yuzhno SakhalinskNorth America Edit Ice skaters on the frozen Rideau Canal looking south from Laurier Avenue Bridge in Ottawa Canada Edit Calgary higher areas are Dfc Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Goose Bay NL bordering Dfc Halifax Hamilton ON Kelowna1 Moncton Montreal Moose Factory Ottawa Prince George BC Quebec City Regina bordering BSk Sable Island1 bordering Cfb St John s NL Saskatoon bordering BSk Sudbury Toronto Windsor Winnipeg Yarmouth NS1 North Saskatchewan River valley in Edmonton The Forks with St Boniface Cathedral in the background in Winnipeg Toronto skyline taken from Colonel Samuel Smith Park in Etobicoke Downtown Calgary from Southern Alberta Institute of Technology SAIT campus Olympic Stadium in Montreal Quebec City shoreUnited States Edit Albany Allentown PA1 Billings MT1 bordering BSk Boone NC1 bordering Cfb Boston1 Bridgeport CT1 bordering Cfa Buffalo Cape Cod1 bordering Cfb Chicago Cincinnati1 downtown is Cfa Cleveland1 Columbus OH1 Detroit Fairbanks bordering Dfc Fargo ND Flagstaff AZ1 bordering BSk Grand Rapids MI Hartford1 Idaho Falls bordering BSk Indianapolis1 Juneau1 bordering Dfc Kansas City1 Kodiak AK1 Mammoth Lakes CA1 Dsb Milwaukee Minneapolis Omaha Pittsburgh1 Portland ME Providence RI1 Rochester Salt Lake City1 Dsa bordering Csa Spokane WA1 Dsa Taos NM bordering BSk Downtown Pittsburgh from Station Square Boston s skyline in the background with fall foliage in the foregroundSaint Pierre and Miquelon Edit Bordering Dfc1Oceania Edit Australia Edit Dinner Plain1 Victoria Kiandra1 New South Wales bordering Cfb See also EditHemiboreal climate Humid continental climate Microthermal climate Subarctic climateReferences Edit a b Continental Climate Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment Manchester Metropolitan University Archived from the original on 2009 04 27 Continental Climate What Is amp Definition Tomorrow io Weather Blog 2021 12 20 Retrieved 2022 04 04 Continental Climate and Oceanic Climate astroedu iau org Retrieved 2022 04 04 What Is a Continental Climate WorldAtlas 2019 05 21 Retrieved 2022 04 04 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Continental climate Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Continental climate amp oldid 1130415912, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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