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2000 United States census

January 19, 2024

The 2000 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2 percent over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 census.[1] This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States.[2]

Twenty-second census of the United States
← 1990 April 1, 2000 2010 →
U.S. Census Bureau seal
2000 U.S. census logo
General information
CountryUnited States
Results
Total population281,421,906 ( 13.2%)
Most populous ​stateCalifornia (33,871,648)
Least populous ​stateWyoming (493,782)

Approximately 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 2000 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.

This was the first census in which a state—California—recorded a population of over 30 million, as well as the first in which two states—California and Texas—recorded populations of more than 20 million.

Data availability edit

Microdata from the 2000 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2072.[3]

State rankings edit

 
A map showing the population change of each US State by percentage.
Rank State Population as of
2000 census[4]		 Population as of
1990 census[4]		 Change Percent
change
1   California 33,871,648 29,760,021   4,111,627   13.8%
2   Texas 20,851,820 16,986,510   3,865,510   22.8%
3   New York 18,976,457 17,990,455   986,002   5.5%
4   Florida 15,982,378 12,937,926   3,044,452   23.5%
5   Illinois 12,419,293 11,430,602   988,691   8.6%
6   Pennsylvania 12,281,054 11,881,643   399,411   3.4%
7   Ohio 11,353,140 10,847,115   506,025   4.7%
8   Michigan 9,938,444 9,295,297   643,147   6.9%
9   New Jersey 8,414,350 7,730,188   684,162   8.9%
10   Georgia 8,186,453 6,478,216   1,708,237   26.4%
11   North Carolina 8,049,313 6,628,637   1,420,676   21.4%
12   Virginia 7,078,515 6,187,358   891,157   14.4%
13   Massachusetts 6,349,097 6,016,425   332,672   5.5%
14   Indiana 6,080,485 5,544,159   536,326   9.7%
15   Washington 5,894,121 4,866,692   1,027,429   21.1%
16   Tennessee 5,689,283 4,877,185   812,098   16.7%
17   Missouri 5,595,211 5,117,073   478,138   9.3%
18   Wisconsin 5,363,675 4,891,769   471,906   9.6%
19   Maryland 5,296,486 4,781,468   515,018   10.8%
20   Arizona 5,130,632 3,665,228   1,465,404   40.0%
21   Minnesota 4,919,479 4,375,099   544,380   12.4%
22   Louisiana 4,468,976 4,219,973   249,003   5.9%
23   Alabama 4,447,100 4,040,587   406,513   10.1%
24   Colorado 4,301,261 3,294,394   1,006,867   30.6%
25   Kentucky 4,041,769 3,685,296   356,473   9.7%
26   South Carolina 4,012,012 3,486,703   525,309   15.1%
27   Oklahoma 3,450,654 3,145,585   305,069   9.7%
28   Oregon 3,421,399 2,842,321   579,078   20.4%
29   Connecticut 3,405,565 3,287,116   118,449   3.6%
30   Iowa 2,926,324 2,776,755   149,569   5.4%
31   Mississippi 2,844,658 2,573,216   271,442   10.5%
32   Kansas 2,688,418 2,477,574   210,844   8.5%
33   Arkansas 2,673,400 2,350,725   322,675   13.7%
34   Utah 2,233,169 1,722,850   510,319   29.6%
35   Nevada 1,998,257 1,201,833   796,424   66.3%
36   New Mexico 1,819,046 1,515,069   303,977   20.1%
37   West Virginia 1,808,344 1,793,477   14,867   0.8%
38   Nebraska 1,711,263 1,578,385   132,878   8.4%
39   Idaho 1,293,953 1,006,749   287,204   28.5%
40   Maine 1,274,923 1,227,928   46,995   3.8%
41   New Hampshire 1,235,786 1,109,252   126,534   11.4%
42   Hawaii 1,211,537 1,108,229   103,308   9.3%
43   Rhode Island 1,048,319 1,003,464   44,855   4.5%
44   Montana 902,195 799,065   103,130   12.9%
45   Delaware 783,600 666,168   117,432   17.6%
46   South Dakota 754,844 696,004   58,840   8.5%
47   North Dakota 642,200 638,800   3,400   0.5%
48   Alaska 626,932 550,043   76,889   14.0%
49   Vermont 608,827 562,758   46,069   8.2%
–   District of Columbia 572,059 606,900   -34,841   -5.7%
50   Wyoming 493,782 453,588   40,194   8.9%
    United States 281,421,906 248,709,873 32,712,033 13.2%

City rankings edit

Top 100 edit

Rank City State Population[5] Region
1 New York NY 8,008,278 Northeast
2 Los Angeles CA 3,694,820 West
3 Chicago IL 2,896,016 Midwest
4 Houston TX 1,953,631 South
5 Philadelphia PA 1,517,550 Northeast
6 Phoenix AZ 1,321,045 West
7 San Diego CA 1,223,400 West
8 Dallas TX 1,188,580 South
9 San Antonio TX 1,144,646 South
10 Detroit MI 951,270 Midwest
11 San Jose CA 894,943 West
12 Indianapolis IN 791,926 Midwest
13 San Francisco CA 776,733 West
14 Jacksonville FL 735,617 South
15 Columbus OH 711,470 Midwest
16 Austin TX 656,562 South
17 Baltimore MD 651,154 South
18 Memphis TN 650,100 South
19 Milwaukee WI 596,974 Midwest
20 Boston MA 589,141 Northeast
21 Washington DC 572,059 South
22 Nashville-Davidson TN 569,891 South
23 El Paso TX 563,662 South
24 Seattle WA 563,374 West
25 Denver CO 554,636 West
26 Charlotte NC 540,828 South
27 Fort Worth TX 534,694 South
28 Portland OR 529,121 West
29 Oklahoma City OK 506,132 South
30 Tucson AZ 486,699 West
31 New Orleans LA 484,674 South
32 Las Vegas NV 478,434 West
33 Cleveland OH 478,403 Midwest
34 Long Beach CA 461,522 West
35 Albuquerque NM 448,607 West
36 Kansas City MO 441,545 Midwest
37 Fresno CA 427,652 West
38 Virginia Beach VA 425,257 South
39 San Juan PR 421,958
40 Atlanta GA 416,474 South
41 Sacramento CA 407,018 West
42 Oakland CA 399,484 West
43 Mesa AZ 396,375 West
44 Tulsa OK 393,049 South
45 Omaha NE 390,007 Midwest
46 Minneapolis MN 382,618 Midwest
47 Honolulu HI 371,657 West
48 Miami FL 362,470 South
49 Colorado Springs CO 360,890 West
50 St. Louis MO 348,189 Midwest
51 Wichita KS 344,284 Midwest
52 Santa Ana CA 337,977 West
53 Pittsburgh PA 334,563 Northeast
54 Arlington TX 332,969 South
55 Cincinnati OH 331,285 Midwest
56 Anaheim CA 328,014 West
57 Toledo OH 313,619 Midwest
58 Tampa FL 303,447 South
59 Buffalo NY 292,648 Northeast
60 St. Paul MN 287,151 Midwest
61 Corpus Christi TX 277,454 South
62 Aurora CO 276,393 West
63 Raleigh NC 276,093 South
64 Newark NJ 273,546 Northeast
65 Lexington-Fayette KY 260,512 South
66 Anchorage AK 260,283 West
67 Louisville KY 256,231 South
68 Riverside CA 255,166 West
69 St. Petersburg FL 248,232 South
70 Bakersfield CA 247,057 West
71 Stockton CA 243,771 West
72 Birmingham AL 242,820 South
73 Jersey City NJ 240,055 Northeast
74 Norfolk VA 234,403 South
75 Baton Rouge LA 227,818 South
76 Hialeah FL 226,419 South
77 Lincoln NE 225,581 Midwest
78 Greensboro NC 223,891 South
79 Plano TX 222,030 South
80 Rochester NY 219,773 Northeast
81 Glendale AZ 218,812 West
82 Akron OH 217,074 Midwest
83 Garland TX 215,768 South
84 Madison WI 208,054 Midwest
85 Fort Wayne IN 205,727 Midwest
86 Bayamon PR 203,499
87 Fremont CA 203,413 West
88 Scottsdale AZ 202,705 West
89 Montgomery AL 201,568 South
90 Shreveport LA 200,145 South
91 Augusta-Richmond County GA 199,775 South
92 Lubbock TX 199,564 South
93 Chesapeake VA 199,184 South
94 Mobile AL 198,915 South
95 Des Moines IA 198,682 Midwest
96 Grand Rapids MI 197,800 Midwest
97 Richmond VA 197,790 South
98 Yonkers NY 196,086 Northeast
99 Spokane WA 195,629 West
100 Glendale CA 194,973 West

Locations of 50 most populous cities edit

class=notpageimage|
Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States in 2000

Population profile edit

See also: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census

The U.S. resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico; its population was 3,808,610, an 8.1% increase over the number from a decade earlier.

In an introduction to a more detailed population profile (see references below), the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U.S. population dynamics:

  • 75% of respondents said they were White or Caucasian and no other race;
  • Hispanics accounted for 12.5% of the U.S. population, up from 9% in 1990;
  • 12.4% (34.5 million Americans) were of German descent;
  • 12.3% were of Black or African American descent;
  • 3.6% of respondents were Asian;
  • 2.4% (6.8 million Americans)[6] of respondents were multiracial (2 or more races). The 2000 census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided.
  • Between 1990 and 2000, the population aged 45 to 54 grew by 49% and those aged 85 and older grew 38%;
  • Women outnumbered men two to one among those aged 85 and older;
  • Almost one in five adults had some type of disability in 1997 and the likelihood of having a disability increased with age;
  • Families (as opposed to men or women living alone) still dominated American households, but less so than they did thirty years ago;
  • Since 1993, both families and non-families have seen median household incomes rise, with "households headed by a woman without a spouse present" growing the fastest;
  • People in married-couple families had the lowest poverty rates;
  • The poor of any age were more likely than others to lack health insurance coverage;
  • The number of elementary and high school students in 2000 fell just short of the all-time high of 49 million reached in 1970;
  • Improvements in educational attainment cross racial and ethnic lines; and
  • The majority (51%) of U.S. households had access to computers; 42% had Internet access.[7]

Changes in population edit

Regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nation's population increase: 14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the mean center of U.S. population moved to Phelps County, Missouri. The Northeastern United States grew by 2,785,149; the Midwest by 4,724,144.

 

 

(maps not to scale)

Reapportionment edit

 

The results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U.S. Code, to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states, plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state. Each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S. House of Representatives.

Since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." In 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, and in 1911 the number of representatives was fixed at 435. Today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents.

Adjustment controversy edit

In the years leading up to the 2000 census, there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow-up survey, called the post-enumeration survey, of a sample of blocks. (In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes, but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible.) The controversy was partly technical, but also partly political, since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect, after redistricting, of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies, but would also give Utah an additional, probably Republican, representative to Congress.[8][9]

Following the census, discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data, and the Census Bureau therefore recommended that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose.[10] This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce (the official in charge of making the determination).

Utah controversy edit

After the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat, falling 857 people short, which in turn was allocated to North Carolina. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the federal government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents.[11] The Census Bureau counted members of the military and other federal civilian employees serving abroad as residents of their home state but did not count other people living outside the United States. Utah claimed that people traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents and that the failure to do so imposed a burden on Mormon religious practice. Almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 people, were from Utah; only 102 came from North Carolina. If this policy were changed, then Utah would have received an additional seat instead of North Carolina. On November 26, 2002, the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that rejected Utah's efforts to have Mormon missionaries counted.[12]

The state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat. The Bureau uses a method called imputation to assign a number of residents to addresses where residents cannot be reached after multiple efforts. While nationwide the imputation method added 0.4% to the population, the rate in Utah was 0.2%. The state challenged that the use of imputation violates the Census Act of 1957 and that it also fails the Constitution's requirement in Article I, Section 2 that an "actual enumeration" be used for apportionment.[13] This case, Utah v. Evans, made it to the Supreme Court, but Utah was again defeated.[14]

Gay and lesbian controversy edit

 
Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire showing the Person 2 section including questions 2 and 3 which allow data to be compiled regarding same-sex partners

The census forms did not include any questions regarding sexual orientation, making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations. However, two questions were asked that allowed same-sex partnerships to be counted. The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household. Respondents could check "Husband/wife" or "unmarried partner" or a number of other relationships.[15][16] Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658,000 same-sex couples heading households in the United States. However, only about 25% of gay men and 40% of lesbians are in shared-household partnerships at any one time, according to non-census surveys.[17] For every same-sex couple tallied in the census, there could be three to six more homosexual un-partnered individuals who would not be counted as gay. The census reported that same-sex male couples numbered 336,001 and female same-sex couples numbered 329,522.[18] Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals, as many as 4.3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U.S. in 2000. The exact number cannot be known because the census did not count them specifically. Bisexual and transgender populations were not counted, either, because there were no questions regarding this information. Also unavailable is the number of additional same-sex couples living under the same roof as the first, though this applies to additional heterosexual couples as well. The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children.[19] It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population.[20]

Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process. This automatic software data compiling method, called allocation, was designed to counteract mistakes and discrepancies in returned questionnaires. Forms that were filled out by two same-sex persons who checked the "Husband/wife" relationship box were treated as a discrepancy. The Census Bureau explained that same-sex "Husband/wife" data samples were changed to "unmarried partner" by computer processing methods in 99% of the cases. In the remaining 1%, computer systems used one of two possibilities: a) one of the two listed sexes was changed, making the partnership appear heterosexual, or b) if the two partners were more than 15 years apart in age, they might have been reassigned into a familial parent/child relationship.[21] The process of automatic reassignment of same-sex marriage data was initiated so that the Census Bureau would not contravene the Defense of Marriage Act passed in 1996. The Act states:

In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word 'marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word 'spouse' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife.[21]

With allocation moving married same-sex couples to the unmarried partner category, social scientists lost information that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same-gender couple who identify themselves as married.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ "Population and Area (Historical Censuses)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
  2. ^ "Introduction to Census 2000 Data Products" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. June 2001. (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  3. ^ "The "72-Year Rule" – History". US Census Bureau. from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  4. ^ a b . United States Census Bureau. December 28, 2000. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  5. ^ , Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, 2001, archived from the original on December 10, 2019, retrieved April 11, 2017
  6. ^ Jayson, Sharon. "'Colorblind' Generation Doesn't Blink at interracial Relationships". USA Today. February 7, 2006: n.p. SIRS Researcher. Web. October 25, 2010.
  7. ^ Newburger, Eric (September 2001). (PDF). Current Population Reports. U.S. Census Bureau: 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  8. ^ Anderson, Margo; Fienberg, Stephen E. (2000). "Partisan Politics at Work:Sampling and the 2000 Census". PS: Political Science and Politics. American Political Science Association. 33 (4): 795–799. doi:10.1017/S1049096500062016. JSTOR 420917.
  9. ^ [1] January 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Census 2000 ESCAP". Census.gov. from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  11. ^ . The Salt Lake Tribune. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
  12. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "Justices Deal Utah a Setback In Its Bid to Gain a House Seat" July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 27, 2001. Accessed July 16, 2008.
  13. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "Supreme Court Roundup; Justices to Hear Utah's Challenge to Procedure in 2000 Census" July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, January 23, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2008.
  14. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "The Supreme Court: Right to Privacy; Supreme Court Finds Law On Educational Privacy Isn't Meant for Individuals" July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, June 21, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2008.
  15. ^ "Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire" (PDF). Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  16. ^ "Census 2000 Short Form Questionnaire" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  17. ^ . Urban.org. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  18. ^ . Gaydemographics.org. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  19. ^ Ly, Phuong (March 12, 2000). . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  20. ^ a b "Unbinding the Ties: Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples". Census.gov. January 7, 2009. from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  21. ^ a b "Technical Note on Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Data From the 1990 and 2000 Censuses". Census.gov. January 7, 2009. from the original on April 11, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.

Sources

  • Constitution Article I Section II re Enumeration and Apportionment February 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading edit

  • Anderson, Margo; Fienberg, Stephen E. (1999). "To Sample or Not to Sample? The 2000 Census Controversy". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 30 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1162/002219599551895. S2CID 145745786..

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2000 United States Census.

United States Census Bureau edit

  • Census 2000 gateway
  • Population Profile Introductory slide show, in MS Powerpoint format
  • , the most requested information
  • American FactFinder, for population, housing, economic, and geographic data
  • 2000 United States Census Form
  • 2001 U.S Census Report[permanent dead link] Contains 2000 census results

Other 2000 census websites edit

January 19, 2024
2000, united, states, census, conducted, census, bureau, determined, resident, population, united, states, april, 2000, increase, percent, over, people, enumerated, during, 1990, census, this, twenty, second, federal, census, time, largest, civilly, administer. The 2000 United States census conducted by the Census Bureau determined the resident population of the United States on April 1 2000 to be 281 421 906 an increase of 13 2 percent over the 248 709 873 people enumerated during the 1990 census 1 This was the twenty second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States 2 Twenty second census of the United States 1990 April 1 2000 2010 U S Census Bureau seal2000 U S census logoGeneral informationCountryUnited StatesResultsTotal population281 421 906 13 2 Most populous wbr stateCalifornia 33 871 648 Least populous wbr stateWyoming 493 782 Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 2000 census which contained over 100 questions Full documentation on the 2000 census including census forms and a procedural history is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series This was the first census in which a state California recorded a population of over 30 million as well as the first in which two states California and Texas recorded populations of more than 20 million Contents 1 Data availability 2 State rankings 3 City rankings 3 1 Top 100 4 Locations of 50 most populous cities 5 Population profile 6 Changes in population 7 Reapportionment 8 Adjustment controversy 9 Utah controversy 10 Gay and lesbian controversy 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13 1 United States Census Bureau 13 2 Other 2000 census websitesData availability editMicrodata from the 2000 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series Aggregate data for small areas together with electronic boundary files can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System Personally identifiable information will be available in 2072 3 State rankings edit nbsp A map showing the population change of each US State by percentage Rank State Population as of2000 census 4 Population as of1990 census 4 Change Percentchange1 nbsp California 33 871 648 29 760 021 nbsp 4 111 627 nbsp 13 8 2 nbsp Texas 20 851 820 16 986 510 nbsp 3 865 510 nbsp 22 8 3 nbsp New York 18 976 457 17 990 455 nbsp 986 002 nbsp 5 5 4 nbsp Florida 15 982 378 12 937 926 nbsp 3 044 452 nbsp 23 5 5 nbsp Illinois 12 419 293 11 430 602 nbsp 988 691 nbsp 8 6 6 nbsp Pennsylvania 12 281 054 11 881 643 nbsp 399 411 nbsp 3 4 7 nbsp Ohio 11 353 140 10 847 115 nbsp 506 025 nbsp 4 7 8 nbsp Michigan 9 938 444 9 295 297 nbsp 643 147 nbsp 6 9 9 nbsp New Jersey 8 414 350 7 730 188 nbsp 684 162 nbsp 8 9 10 nbsp Georgia 8 186 453 6 478 216 nbsp 1 708 237 nbsp 26 4 11 nbsp North Carolina 8 049 313 6 628 637 nbsp 1 420 676 nbsp 21 4 12 nbsp Virginia 7 078 515 6 187 358 nbsp 891 157 nbsp 14 4 13 nbsp Massachusetts 6 349 097 6 016 425 nbsp 332 672 nbsp 5 5 14 nbsp Indiana 6 080 485 5 544 159 nbsp 536 326 nbsp 9 7 15 nbsp Washington 5 894 121 4 866 692 nbsp 1 027 429 nbsp 21 1 16 nbsp Tennessee 5 689 283 4 877 185 nbsp 812 098 nbsp 16 7 17 nbsp Missouri 5 595 211 5 117 073 nbsp 478 138 nbsp 9 3 18 nbsp Wisconsin 5 363 675 4 891 769 nbsp 471 906 nbsp 9 6 19 nbsp Maryland 5 296 486 4 781 468 nbsp 515 018 nbsp 10 8 20 nbsp Arizona 5 130 632 3 665 228 nbsp 1 465 404 nbsp 40 0 21 nbsp Minnesota 4 919 479 4 375 099 nbsp 544 380 nbsp 12 4 22 nbsp Louisiana 4 468 976 4 219 973 nbsp 249 003 nbsp 5 9 23 nbsp Alabama 4 447 100 4 040 587 nbsp 406 513 nbsp 10 1 24 nbsp Colorado 4 301 261 3 294 394 nbsp 1 006 867 nbsp 30 6 25 nbsp Kentucky 4 041 769 3 685 296 nbsp 356 473 nbsp 9 7 26 nbsp South Carolina 4 012 012 3 486 703 nbsp 525 309 nbsp 15 1 27 nbsp Oklahoma 3 450 654 3 145 585 nbsp 305 069 nbsp 9 7 28 nbsp Oregon 3 421 399 2 842 321 nbsp 579 078 nbsp 20 4 29 nbsp Connecticut 3 405 565 3 287 116 nbsp 118 449 nbsp 3 6 30 nbsp Iowa 2 926 324 2 776 755 nbsp 149 569 nbsp 5 4 31 nbsp Mississippi 2 844 658 2 573 216 nbsp 271 442 nbsp 10 5 32 nbsp Kansas 2 688 418 2 477 574 nbsp 210 844 nbsp 8 5 33 nbsp Arkansas 2 673 400 2 350 725 nbsp 322 675 nbsp 13 7 34 nbsp Utah 2 233 169 1 722 850 nbsp 510 319 nbsp 29 6 35 nbsp Nevada 1 998 257 1 201 833 nbsp 796 424 nbsp 66 3 36 nbsp New Mexico 1 819 046 1 515 069 nbsp 303 977 nbsp 20 1 37 nbsp West Virginia 1 808 344 1 793 477 nbsp 14 867 nbsp 0 8 38 nbsp Nebraska 1 711 263 1 578 385 nbsp 132 878 nbsp 8 4 39 nbsp Idaho 1 293 953 1 006 749 nbsp 287 204 nbsp 28 5 40 nbsp Maine 1 274 923 1 227 928 nbsp 46 995 nbsp 3 8 41 nbsp New Hampshire 1 235 786 1 109 252 nbsp 126 534 nbsp 11 4 42 nbsp Hawaii 1 211 537 1 108 229 nbsp 103 308 nbsp 9 3 43 nbsp Rhode Island 1 048 319 1 003 464 nbsp 44 855 nbsp 4 5 44 nbsp Montana 902 195 799 065 nbsp 103 130 nbsp 12 9 45 nbsp Delaware 783 600 666 168 nbsp 117 432 nbsp 17 6 46 nbsp South Dakota 754 844 696 004 nbsp 58 840 nbsp 8 5 47 nbsp North Dakota 642 200 638 800 nbsp 3 400 nbsp 0 5 48 nbsp Alaska 626 932 550 043 nbsp 76 889 nbsp 14 0 49 nbsp Vermont 608 827 562 758 nbsp 46 069 nbsp 8 2 nbsp District of Columbia 572 059 606 900 nbsp 34 841 nbsp 5 7 50 nbsp Wyoming 493 782 453 588 nbsp 40 194 nbsp 8 9 nbsp United States 281 421 906 248 709 873 32 712 033 13 2 City rankings editTop 100 edit Rank City State Population 5 Region1 New York NY 8 008 278 Northeast2 Los Angeles CA 3 694 820 West3 Chicago IL 2 896 016 Midwest4 Houston TX 1 953 631 South5 Philadelphia PA 1 517 550 Northeast6 Phoenix AZ 1 321 045 West7 San Diego CA 1 223 400 West8 Dallas TX 1 188 580 South9 San Antonio TX 1 144 646 South10 Detroit MI 951 270 Midwest11 San Jose CA 894 943 West12 Indianapolis IN 791 926 Midwest13 San Francisco CA 776 733 West14 Jacksonville FL 735 617 South15 Columbus OH 711 470 Midwest16 Austin TX 656 562 South17 Baltimore MD 651 154 South18 Memphis TN 650 100 South19 Milwaukee WI 596 974 Midwest20 Boston MA 589 141 Northeast21 Washington DC 572 059 South22 Nashville Davidson TN 569 891 South23 El Paso TX 563 662 South24 Seattle WA 563 374 West25 Denver CO 554 636 West26 Charlotte NC 540 828 South27 Fort Worth TX 534 694 South28 Portland OR 529 121 West29 Oklahoma City OK 506 132 South30 Tucson AZ 486 699 West31 New Orleans LA 484 674 South32 Las Vegas NV 478 434 West33 Cleveland OH 478 403 Midwest34 Long Beach CA 461 522 West35 Albuquerque NM 448 607 West36 Kansas City MO 441 545 Midwest37 Fresno CA 427 652 West38 Virginia Beach VA 425 257 South39 San Juan PR 421 95840 Atlanta GA 416 474 South41 Sacramento CA 407 018 West42 Oakland CA 399 484 West43 Mesa AZ 396 375 West44 Tulsa OK 393 049 South45 Omaha NE 390 007 Midwest46 Minneapolis MN 382 618 Midwest47 Honolulu HI 371 657 West48 Miami FL 362 470 South49 Colorado Springs CO 360 890 West50 St Louis MO 348 189 Midwest51 Wichita KS 344 284 Midwest52 Santa Ana CA 337 977 West53 Pittsburgh PA 334 563 Northeast54 Arlington TX 332 969 South55 Cincinnati OH 331 285 Midwest56 Anaheim CA 328 014 West57 Toledo OH 313 619 Midwest58 Tampa FL 303 447 South59 Buffalo NY 292 648 Northeast60 St Paul MN 287 151 Midwest61 Corpus Christi TX 277 454 South62 Aurora CO 276 393 West63 Raleigh NC 276 093 South64 Newark NJ 273 546 Northeast65 Lexington Fayette KY 260 512 South66 Anchorage AK 260 283 West67 Louisville KY 256 231 South68 Riverside CA 255 166 West69 St Petersburg FL 248 232 South70 Bakersfield CA 247 057 West71 Stockton CA 243 771 West72 Birmingham AL 242 820 South73 Jersey City NJ 240 055 Northeast74 Norfolk VA 234 403 South75 Baton Rouge LA 227 818 South76 Hialeah FL 226 419 South77 Lincoln NE 225 581 Midwest78 Greensboro NC 223 891 South79 Plano TX 222 030 South80 Rochester NY 219 773 Northeast81 Glendale AZ 218 812 West82 Akron OH 217 074 Midwest83 Garland TX 215 768 South84 Madison WI 208 054 Midwest85 Fort Wayne IN 205 727 Midwest86 Bayamon PR 203 49987 Fremont CA 203 413 West88 Scottsdale AZ 202 705 West89 Montgomery AL 201 568 South90 Shreveport LA 200 145 South91 Augusta Richmond County GA 199 775 South92 Lubbock TX 199 564 South93 Chesapeake VA 199 184 South94 Mobile AL 198 915 South95 Des Moines IA 198 682 Midwest96 Grand Rapids MI 197 800 Midwest97 Richmond VA 197 790 South98 Yonkers NY 196 086 Northeast99 Spokane WA 195 629 West100 Glendale CA 194 973 WestLocations of 50 most populous cities edit nbsp nbsp New York nbsp Los Angeles nbsp Chicago nbsp Houston nbsp Philadelphia nbsp Phoenix nbsp San Diego nbsp Dallas nbsp San Antonio nbsp Detroit nbsp San Jose nbsp Indianapolis nbsp San Francisco nbsp Jacksonville nbsp Columbus nbsp Austin nbsp Baltimore nbsp Memphis nbsp Milwaukee nbsp Boston nbsp Washington nbsp Nashville nbsp El Paso nbsp Seattle nbsp Denver nbsp Charlotte nbsp Fort Worth nbsp Portland nbsp Oklahoma City nbsp Tucson nbsp New Orleans nbsp Las Vegas nbsp Cleveland nbsp Long Beach nbsp Albuquerque nbsp Kansas City nbsp Fresno nbsp Virginia Beach nbsp San Juan nbsp Atlanta nbsp Sacramento nbsp Oakland nbsp Mesa nbsp Tulsa nbsp Omaha nbsp Minneapolis nbsp Honolulu nbsp Miami nbsp Colorado Springs nbsp St Louisclass notpageimage Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States in 2000Population profile editSee also Race and ethnicity in the United States Census The U S resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U S territory of Puerto Rico its population was 3 808 610 an 8 1 increase over the number from a decade earlier In an introduction to a more detailed population profile see references below the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U S population dynamics 75 of respondents said they were White or Caucasian and no other race Hispanics accounted for 12 5 of the U S population up from 9 in 1990 12 4 34 5 million Americans were of German descent 12 3 were of Black or African American descent 3 6 of respondents were Asian 2 4 6 8 million Americans 6 of respondents were multiracial 2 or more races The 2000 census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided Between 1990 and 2000 the population aged 45 to 54 grew by 49 and those aged 85 and older grew 38 Women outnumbered men two to one among those aged 85 and older Almost one in five adults had some type of disability in 1997 and the likelihood of having a disability increased with age Families as opposed to men or women living alone still dominated American households but less so than they did thirty years ago Since 1993 both families and non families have seen median household incomes rise with households headed by a woman without a spouse present growing the fastest People in married couple families had the lowest poverty rates The poor of any age were more likely than others to lack health insurance coverage The number of elementary and high school students in 2000 fell just short of the all time high of 49 million reached in 1970 Improvements in educational attainment cross racial and ethnic lines and The majority 51 of U S households had access to computers 42 had Internet access 7 Changes in population editRegionally the South and West experienced the bulk of the nation s population increase 14 790 890 and 10 411 850 respectively This meant that the mean center of U S population moved to Phelps County Missouri The Northeastern United States grew by 2 785 149 the Midwest by 4 724 144 nbsp nbsp maps not to scale Reapportionment edit nbsp The results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned Congress defines the formula in accordance with Title 2 of the U S Code to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state Each member of the House represents a population of about 647 000 The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U S House of Representatives Since the first census in 1790 the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government Article I Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand but each State shall have at Least one Representative In 1790 each member of the House represented about 34 000 residents Since then the House more than quadrupled in size and in 1911 the number of representatives was fixed at 435 Today each member represents about 20 times as many constituents Adjustment controversy editIn the years leading up to the 2000 census there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow up survey called the post enumeration survey of a sample of blocks In 1999 the Supreme Court ruled 5 4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible The controversy was partly technical but also partly political since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect after redistricting of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies but would also give Utah an additional probably Republican representative to Congress 8 9 Following the census discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data and the Census Bureau therefore recommended that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose 10 This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce the official in charge of making the determination Utah controversy editAfter the census was tabulated Utah challenged the results in two different ways Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat falling 857 people short which in turn was allocated to North Carolina The margin was later shortened to 80 people after the federal government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2 673 residents 11 The Census Bureau counted members of the military and other federal civilian employees serving abroad as residents of their home state but did not count other people living outside the United States Utah claimed that people traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents and that the failure to do so imposed a burden on Mormon religious practice Almost half of all Mormon missionaries more than 11 000 people were from Utah only 102 came from North Carolina If this policy were changed then Utah would have received an additional seat instead of North Carolina On November 26 2002 the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that rejected Utah s efforts to have Mormon missionaries counted 12 The state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat The Bureau uses a method called imputation to assign a number of residents to addresses where residents cannot be reached after multiple efforts While nationwide the imputation method added 0 4 to the population the rate in Utah was 0 2 The state challenged that the use of imputation violates the Census Act of 1957 and that it also fails the Constitution s requirement in Article I Section 2 that an actual enumeration be used for apportionment 13 This case Utah v Evans made it to the Supreme Court but Utah was again defeated 14 Gay and lesbian controversy edit nbsp Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire showing the Person 2 section including questions 2 and 3 which allow data to be compiled regarding same sex partnersThe census forms did not include any questions regarding sexual orientation making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations However two questions were asked that allowed same sex partnerships to be counted The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household Respondents could check Husband wife or unmarried partner or a number of other relationships 15 16 Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658 000 same sex couples heading households in the United States However only about 25 of gay men and 40 of lesbians are in shared household partnerships at any one time according to non census surveys 17 For every same sex couple tallied in the census there could be three to six more homosexual un partnered individuals who would not be counted as gay The census reported that same sex male couples numbered 336 001 and female same sex couples numbered 329 522 18 Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals as many as 4 3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U S in 2000 The exact number cannot be known because the census did not count them specifically Bisexual and transgender populations were not counted either because there were no questions regarding this information Also unavailable is the number of additional same sex couples living under the same roof as the first though this applies to additional heterosexual couples as well The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children 19 It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population 20 Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process This automatic software data compiling method called allocation was designed to counteract mistakes and discrepancies in returned questionnaires Forms that were filled out by two same sex persons who checked the Husband wife relationship box were treated as a discrepancy The Census Bureau explained that same sex Husband wife data samples were changed to unmarried partner by computer processing methods in 99 of the cases In the remaining 1 computer systems used one of two possibilities a one of the two listed sexes was changed making the partnership appear heterosexual or b if the two partners were more than 15 years apart in age they might have been reassigned into a familial parent child relationship 21 The process of automatic reassignment of same sex marriage data was initiated so that the Census Bureau would not contravene the Defense of Marriage Act passed in 1996 The Act states In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress or of any ruling regulation or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States the word marriage means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife and the word spouse refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife 21 With allocation moving married same sex couples to the unmarried partner category social scientists lost information that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same gender couple who identify themselves as married 20 References edit Population and Area Historical Censuses PDF United States Census Bureau Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2008 Retrieved June 20 2008 Introduction to Census 2000 Data Products PDF U S Census Bureau June 2001 Archived PDF from the original on October 5 2011 Retrieved April 25 2011 The 72 Year Rule History US Census Bureau Archived from the original on April 16 2019 Retrieved October 26 2015 a b Resident Population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia April 1 2000 Census 2000 and April 1 1990 1990 Census United States Census Bureau December 28 2000 Archived from the original on June 13 2018 Retrieved August 24 2012 Ranking Tables for Incorporated Places of 100 000 or More Census 2000 U S Census Bureau 2001 archived from the original on December 10 2019 retrieved April 11 2017 Jayson Sharon Colorblind Generation Doesn t Blink at interracial Relationships USA Today February 7 2006 n p SIRS Researcher Web October 25 2010 Newburger Eric September 2001 Home Computers and Internet Use in the United States August 2000 PDF Current Population Reports U S Census Bureau 1 2 Archived from the original PDF on January 3 2011 Retrieved December 5 2014 Anderson Margo Fienberg Stephen E 2000 Partisan Politics at Work Sampling and the 2000 Census PS Political Science and Politics American Political Science Association 33 4 795 799 doi 10 1017 S1049096500062016 JSTOR 420917 1 Archived January 22 2006 at the Wayback Machine Census 2000 ESCAP Census gov Archived from the original on January 4 2011 Retrieved April 25 2011 Census Blooper Costly for Utah Error May Have Resulted in Loss of House Seat The Salt Lake Tribune October 1 2003 Archived from the original on March 15 2009 Retrieved February 25 2009 Greenhouse Linda Justices Deal Utah a Setback In Its Bid to Gain a House Seat Archived July 27 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times November 27 2001 Accessed July 16 2008 Greenhouse Linda Supreme Court Roundup Justices to Hear Utah s Challenge to Procedure in 2000 Census Archived July 27 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times January 23 2002 Accessed July 16 2008 Greenhouse Linda The Supreme Court Right to Privacy Supreme Court Finds Law On Educational Privacy Isn t Meant for Individuals Archived July 27 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times June 21 2002 Accessed July 16 2008 Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire PDF Archived from the original on October 15 2010 Retrieved April 25 2011 Census 2000 Short Form Questionnaire PDF Archived PDF from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved April 25 2011 Gay and Lesbian Demographics Urban org Archived from the original on April 28 2011 Retrieved April 25 2011 US Census unmarried couple data listed by state Gaydemographics org Archived from the original on August 18 2009 Retrieved April 25 2011 Ly Phuong March 12 2000 The Washington Post March 12 2000 Be Counted In Census Groups Urge Gay Live Ins Pqasb pqarchiver com Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved April 25 2011 a b Unbinding the Ties Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples Census gov January 7 2009 Archived from the original on September 17 2011 Retrieved April 25 2011 a b Technical Note on Same Sex Unmarried Partner Data From the 1990 and 2000 Censuses Census gov January 7 2009 Archived from the original on April 11 2011 Retrieved April 25 2011 Sources Constitution Article I Section II re Enumeration and Apportionment Archived February 10 2014 at the Wayback MachineFurther reading editAnderson Margo Fienberg Stephen E 1999 To Sample or Not to Sample The 2000 Census Controversy The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30 1 1 36 doi 10 1162 002219599551895 S2CID 145745786 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2000 United States Census United States Census Bureau edit Census 2000 gateway Population Profile of the United States 2000 Population Profile Introductory slide show in MS Powerpoint format State and County QuickFacts the most requested information American FactFinder for population housing economic and geographic data 2000 United States Census Form 2001 U S Census Report permanent dead link Contains 2000 census resultsOther 2000 census websites edit MLA Language Map from the Modern Language Association How the Census Works via Howstuffworks com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2000 United States census amp oldid 1194386435, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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