Non-Hispanic whites

Non-Hispanic whites or Non-Latino whites are Americans who are classified as "white", and are not of Hispanic (also known as "Latino") heritage.^[4][5] The United States Census Bureau defines white to include European Americans, Middle Eastern Americans, and North African Americans.^[6] Americans of European ancestry represent ethnic groups and more than half of the white population are German, Irish, Scottish, English, Italian , French and Polish Americans. In the United States, this population was first derived from English (and, to a lesser degree, French) settlement of the America, as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century (see History of the United States). Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries, especially Germany, Ireland, England, Italy, Greece, the Netherlands, France and Wales, as well as Poland, Russia, and many more countries. It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in Mexico and the Southwestern states.^[7] In some parts of the country,^[where?] the term Anglo-American is used to refer to non-Hispanic white English speakers as distinct from Spanish and Portuguese speakers although the term is more frequently used to refer to people of British or English descent and might include white people of Hispanic descent who no longer speak Spanish.^[8][9][10]

Non-Hispanic whites

Total population
203,890,513 (total)^[1] 61.6% of the total U.S. population (2020)^[1] 191,697,647 (white alone)^[1] 59.03% of the total US population (2021)^[2] and 12,192,866 (mixed race)^[1] 3.67% of the total U.S. population (2020)^[1]
Regions with significant populations
Throughout the United States, less common in Hawaii, California, New Mexico, Texas, and most major cities
Languages
Predominantly American English, with local minorities who speak American French (Louisiana, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire), and immigrant languages (Russian, Italian, German, Polish, Greek, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, and Arabic^[3])
Related ethnic groups
European Americans European diaspora

History

The first Europeans who came to present United States or Canada were Norse explorers around the year 1000, however they ultimately were absorbed and killed off, leaving no permanent settlements behind.^[11] Later, Pilgrims and colonists came in the 1600s along the East Coast, mainly from England, in search of economic opportunities and religious freedom.^[12] Over time emigrants from Europe settled the coastal regions developing a commercial economy. Between one-half and two-thirds of white immigrants to the American colonies between the 1630s and American Revolution had come as indentured servants.^[13] The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000; of these 55,000 were involuntary prisoners. Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, an estimated 48% were indentured.^[14]

By the time of American Revolution there were about 2.5 million whites in the colonies.^[15] The white population was largely of English, Irish, Scotch-Irish, Scottish, German, Dutch and French Huguenot descent at the time.^[16] Between the revolution and the 1820s there was relatively little immigration to the United States. Starting after the 1820s large scale migration to the United States began and lasted until the 1920s.^[17] Many of the newcomers were Catholics of Irish,^[18] Italian,^[19] and Polish^[20] descent which lead to a nativist backlash. Some Americans worried about the growing Catholic population and wanted to maintain the United States as an Anglo Saxon Protestant nation.^[21][22] Over the course of the 19th and early 20th century European mass emigration to the United States and high birthrates grew the white population.^[23][24][25] After the American Revolution, white Americans settled the entire nation west of Appalachian Mountains, ultimately displacing the Natives and populating the entire country by the late 19th century. All immigration to the United States declined markedly between the mid 1920s until the 1960s due to a combination of immigration laws, The Great Depression, and The Second World War.^[26] Waves of Jewish, Syrian, and Lebanese immigration also occurred around this time.^[27][28][29]

Since 1965 white migration to the United States has been relatively minor compared to other racial and ethnic groups. During the 1990s there was a moderate increase from former communist countries in Eastern Europe.^[30] At the same time birthrates amongst whites have fallen below replacement level.^[31]

Culture

Main article: European Americans § Culture

White Americans have developed their own music, art, cuisine, fashion, and political economy largely based on a combination of traditional European ones.^[32][33] Most religious white Americans are Christian.^[34] Many Europeans often Anglicized their names and over time most Europeans adopted English as their primary language and intermarried with other white groups.^[35][36]

Population stagnation and decline

Further information: White demographic decline

The falling percentage of non-Latino/Hispanic white Americans is due to multiple factors:

1. Non-European Immigration. The United States has the largest number of immigrants in the world with the vast majority coming from countries where the population is of non-white and/or Latin American origin. Immigration to the United States from European countries has been in a steady decline since World War II averaging 56% of all immigrants in the 1950s and declining to 35% of all immigrants in the 1960s, 20% in the 1970s, 11% in the 1980s, 14% in the 1990s, and 13% in the 2000s. In 2009, approximately 90% of all immigrants came from non-European countries.^[37] The United States does receive a small number of non-Latino white immigrants, mainly from countries such as Canada, Poland, Russia, and the UK.^[38]

2. Intermarriage. The United States is seeing an unprecedented increase in intermarriage between the various racial and ethnic groups. In 2008, a record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. 9% of non-Latino whites who married in 2008 married either a non-white or Latino. Among all newlyweds in 2008, intermarried pairings were primarily white-Latino of any race (41%) as compared to white-Asian (15%), white-black (11%), and other combinations (33%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and Native Indigenous Americans.^[39] The children of such unions would not automatically be classified as white non-Latino. Note that one self-identifies his or her racial and/or ethnic category.

3. Methodology. In the 2000 Census, people were allowed to check more than one race in addition to choosing "Latino". There was strong opposition to this from some civil rights activists who feared that this would reduce the size of various racial minorities. The government responded by counting those who are white and of one minority race or ethnicity as minorities for the purposes of civil-rights monitoring and enforcement. Hence one could be 1/8th black and still be counted as a minority.^[40] Also, because this does not apply to Latino origin (one is either Latino or not, but cannot be both Latino and non-Latino), the offspring of Latinos and non-Latinos are usually counted as Latino.^[41] In 2017, the Pew Research Center reported that high intermarriage rates and declining Latin American immigration has led to 11% of US adults with Latino ancestry (5.0 million people) to no longer identify as Latino.^[42] First-generation immigrants from Latin America identify themselves as "Latino" at a very high rate (97%), which slowly falls in each succeeding generation (in the second generation, to 92%; in the third, to 77%; and in the fourth, to 50%).^[42]

4. Attrition. Minority populations are younger than non-Latino whites. The national median age in 2011 was 37.3 years, with non-Latino whites having the oldest median age (42.3); by contrast, Latinos had the youngest median age (27.6). Non-Latino blacks (32.9) and non-Latino Asians (35.9) also are younger than whites.^[43] In 2013, the Census Bureau reported that for the first time, due to the more advanced age profile of the non-Latino white population, non-Latino whites died at a faster rate than non-Latino white births.^[44]

Although non-Latino whites are declining as a percentage, in actual numbers they have still been growing. From 2000 - 2010 the non-Latino white population grew from 194,552,774 to 196,817,552. This was a growth of 1.2% over the 10-year period, due to residual population momentum.^[45]

In 2011, for the first time in American history, non-Hispanic whites accounted for fewer than half of the births in the country, with 49.6% of total births.^[46] This rebounded to over 50% by 2016 according to the NCHIS^[47] and was still over 50% as of 2019. In addition to this, between 2016-2019, the birthrate of Latinos dropped by exactly twice as much as that of non-Latino whites (0.7 vs. 0.14). Before 2016, at least, 50% of children under age one had at least one parent of color or at least one parent who is white Latino.^[48][49]

Population by settlement

White alone non-Latino population by state or territory (1990–2020)^{[50][51][52][53][54]}

State/Territory	Pop 1990	% pop 1990	Pop 2000	% pop 2000	Pop 2010	% pop 2010	Pop 2020	% pop 2020	% growth 2010-2020	% pop 1990-2020
Alabama	2,960,167	73.3%	3,125,819	70.3%	3,204,402	67.0%	3,171,351	63.1%	-1.0%	-11.0%
Alaska	406,722	73.9%	423,788	67.6%	455,320	64.1%	421,758	57.5%	-7.4%	-22.2%
Arizona	2,626,185	71.7%	3,274,258	63.8%	3,695,647	57.8%	3,816,547	53.4%	+3.3%	-25.5%
Arkansas	1,933,082	82.2%	2,100,135	78.6%	2,173,469	74.5%	2,063,550	68.5%	-5.0%	-16.7%
California	17,029,126	57.2%	15,816,790	46.7%	14,956,253	40.1%	13,714,587	34.7%	-8.3%	-39.3%
Colorado	2,658,945	80.7%	3,202,880	74.5%	3,520,793	70.0%	3,760,663	65.1%	+6.8%	-19.3%
Connecticut	2,754,184	83.8%	2,638,845	77.5%	2,546,262	71.2%	2,279,232	63.2%	-10.5%	-24.6%
Delaware	528,092	79.3%	567,973	72.5%	586,752	65.3%	579,851	58.6%	-1.2%	-26.1%
District of Columbia	166,131	27.4%	159,178	27.8%	209,464	34.8%	261,771	38.0%	+25.0%	+38.7%
Florida	9,475,326	73.2%	10,458,509	65.4%	10,884,722	57.9%	11,100,503	51.5%	+1.2%	-29.6%
Georgia	4,543,425	70.1%	5,128,661	62.6%	5,413,920	55.9%	5,362,156	50.1%	-1.0%	-28.5%
Hawaii	347,644	31.4%	277,091	22.9%	309,343	22.7%	314,365	21.6%	+1.6%	-31.2%
Idaho	928,661	92.2%	1,139,291	88.0%	1,316,243	84.0%	1,450,523	78.9%	+10.2%	-11.4%
Illinois	8,550,208	74.8%	8,424,140	67.8%	8,167,753	63.7%	7,472,751	58.3%	-8.5%	-22.1%
Indiana	4,965,242	89.6%	5,219,373	85.8%	5,286,453	81.5%	5,121,004	75.5%	-0.4%	-15.7%
Iowa	2,663,840	95.9%	2,710,344	92.6%	2,701,123	88.7%	2,638,201	82.7%	-6.8%	-10.9%
Kansas	2,190,524	88.4%	2,233,997	83.1%	2,230,539	78.2%	2,122,575	72.3%	-4.9%	-18.3%
Kentucky	3,378,022	91.7%	3,608,013	89.3%	3,745,655	86.3%	3,664,764	81.3%	-2.2%	-11.3%
Louisiana	2,776,022	65.8%	2,794,391	62.5%	2,734,884	60.3%	2,596,702	55.8%	-5.1%	-15.2%
Maine	1,203,357	98.0%	1,230,297	96.5%	1,254,297	94.4%	1,228,264	90.2%	-2.1%	-8.0%
Maryland	3,326,109	69.6%	3,286,547	62.1%	3,157,958	54.7%	2,913,782	47.2%	-7.7%	-32.2%
Massachusetts	5,280,292	87.8%	5,198,359	81.9%	4,984,800	76.1%	4,748,897	67.6%	-4.7%	-23.0%
Michigan	7,649,951	82.3%	7,806,691	78.6%	7,569,939	76.6%	7,295,651	72.4%	-3.6%	-12%
Minnesota	4,101,266	93.7%	4,337,143	88.2%	4,405,142	83.1%	4,353,880	76.3%	-1.2%	-15.3%
Mississippi	1,624,198	63.1%	1,727,908	60.7%	1,722,287	58.0%	1,639,077	55.4%	-4.8%	-12.2%
Missouri	4,448,465	86.9%	4,686,474	83.8%	4,850,748	81.0%	4,663,907	75.8%	-3.9%	-12.8%
Montana	733,878	91.8%	807,823	89.5%	868,628	87.8%	901,318	83.1%	+3.8%	-9.5%
Nebraska	1,460,095	92.5%	1,494,494	87.3%	1,499,753	82.1%	1,484,687	75.7%	-1.0%	-28.2%
Nevada	1,929,661	78.7%	1,303,001	65.2%	1,462,081	54.1%	1,425,952	45.9%	-3.5%	-41.7%
New Hampshire	1,079,484	97.3%	1,175,252	95.1%	1,215,050	92.3%	1,200,649	87.2%	-1.2%	-10.4%
New Jersey	5,718,966	74.0%	5,557,209	66.0%	5,214,878	59.3%	4,816,381	51.9%	-7.6%	-30%
New Mexico	764,164	50.4%	813,495	44.7%	833,810	40.5%	772,952	36.5%	-7.3%	-26.6%
New York	12,460,189	69.3%	11,760,981	62.0%	11,304,247	58.3%	10,598,907	52.5%	-6.4%	-24.2%
North Carolina	4,971,127	75.0%	5,647,155	70.2%	6,223,995	65.3%	6,312,148	60.5%	+1.4%	-19.3 pp
North Dakota	601,592	94.2%	589,149	91.7%	598,007	88.9%	636,160	81.7%	+6.4%	-13.1%
Ohio	9,444,622	87.1%	9,538,111	84.0%	9,359,263	81.1%	8,954,135	75.9%	-4.3%	-12.9%
Oklahoma	2,547,588	81.0%	2,556,368	74.1%	2,575,381	68.7%	2,407,188	60.8%	-6.5%	-25%
Oregon	2,579,732	90.8%	2,857,616	83.5%	3,005,848	78.5%	3,036,158	71.7%	+1.0%	-21.0%
Pennsylvania	10,422,058	87.7%	10,322,455	84.1%	10,094,652	79.5%	9,553,417	73.5%	-5.4%	-16.2%
Rhode Island	896,109	89.3%	858,433	81.9%	803,685	76.4%	754,050	68.7%	-6.2%	-23.1%
South Carolina	2,390,056	68.5%	2,652,291	66.1%	2,962,740	64.1%	3,178,552	62.1%	+7.3%	-9.3%
South Dakota	634,788	91.2%	664,585	88.0%	689,502	84.7%	705,583	79.6%	+2.3%	-12.7%
Tennessee	4,027,631	82.6%	4,505,930	79.2%	4,800,782	75.6%	4,900,246	70.9%	+2.1%	-14.2%
Texas	10,291,680	60.6%	10,933,313	52.4%	11,397,345	45.3%	11,584,597	39.8%	+1.6%	-34.5%
Utah	1,571,254	91.2%	1,904,265	85.3%	2,221,719	80.4%	2,465,355	75.4%	+11.0%	-17.3%
Vermont	552,184	98.1%	585,431	96.2%	590,223	94.3%	573,201	89.1%	-2.9%	-9.2%
Virginia	4,701,650	76.0%	4,965,637	70.2%	5,186,450	64.8%	5,058,363	58.6%	-2.5%	-29.9%
Washington	4,221,622	86.7%	4,652,490	78.9%	4,876,804	72.5%	4,918,820	63.8%	+0.9%	-26.4%
West Virginia	1,718,896	95.8%	1,709,966	94.6%	1,726,256	93.2%	1,598,834	89.1%	-7.4%	-7.0%
Wisconsin	4,464,677	91.3%	4,681,630	87.3%	4,738,411	83.3%	4,634,018	78.6%	-2.2%	-13.9%
Wyoming	412,711	91.0%	438,799	88.9%	483,874	85.9%	469,664	81.4%	-2.9%	-10.5%
American Samoa			682	1.2%	611	1.1%
Guam			10,666	6.9%	11,001	6.9%
Northern Mariana Islands			1,274	1.8%	916	1.7%
Puerto Rico			33,966	0.9%	26,946	0.7%	24,548	0.8%	-8.9%
U.S. Virgin Islands			8,580	7.9%	3,830	3.6%
United States of America	188,128,296	75.6%	194,552,774	69.1%	196,817,552	63.7%	191,697,647	57.8%	-2.6%	–23.5%

In 2020, in 36 out of the 50 US states, non-Latino whites made up a greater percentage of the state's population than the US overall share of 57.8%; however, the 14 states with greater shares of non-whites include the four most populous states (California, Texas, New York, and Florida). The total non-Latino white population shrunk between 2010 and 2020 in 34 out of the 50 states, and the relative share of non-Latino whites in the overall state population has declined in all 50 states during that same time period.

As of 2020, six states are majority-minority: Hawaii, California, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, and Maryland. All of these states saw larger declines in the relative share of their non-Latino white populations between 1990-2020 than the national average of -23.5% with Nevada dropping by -41.7%, California by -39.3% and Texas by -34.5%.

Historical population by state or territory

Non-Mexican white (1910-1930) and non-Latino white % of population (1940-2010) by US state^[55][56][57]

State/Territory	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2016	2018	2020
Alabama				65.3%			73.3%	73.3%	73.3%	70.3%	67.0%	65.8%	65.3%
Alaska			48.3%				77.2%	75.8%	73.9%	67.6%	64.1%	61.2%	60.2%
Arizona				65.1%			74.3%	74.5%	71.7%	63.8%	57.8%	55.5%	54.3%
Arkansas				75.2%			81.0%	82.2%	82.2%	78.6%	74.5%	72.9%	72.1%
California				89.5%			76.3%	66.6%	57.2%	46.7%	40.1%	37.7%	36.6%
Colorado				90.3%			84.6%	82.7%	80.7%	74.5%	70.0%	68.6%	67.8%
Connecticut				97.9%			91.4%	88.0%	83.8%	77.5%	71.2%	67.7%	66.3%
Delaware				86.4%			84.1%	81.3%	79.3%	72.5%	65.3%	62.9%	61.9%
District of Columbia				71.4%			26.5%	25.7%	27.4%	27.8%	34.8%	36.4%	37.0%
Florida				71.5%			77.9%	76.7%	73.2%	65.4%	57.9%	54.9%	53.3%
Georgia				65.2%			73.4%	71.6%	70.1%	62.6%	55.9%	53.4%	52.2%
Hawaii						31.5%	38.0%	31.1%	31.4%	22.9%	22.7%	22.1%	21.7%
Idaho				98.4%			95.9%	93.9%	92.2%	88.0%	84.0%	82.4%	81.7%
Illinois				94.7%			83.5%	78.0%	74.8%	67.8%	63.7%	61.7%	60.9%
Indiana				96.3%			91.7%	90.2%	89.6%	85.8%	81.5%	79.6%	78.7%
Iowa				99.2%			98.0%	96.9%	95.9%	92.6%	88.7%	86.2%	85.4%
Kansas				95.6%			92.7%	90.5%	88.4%	83.1%	78.2%	76.3%	75.6%
Kentucky				92.5%			92.4%	91.7%	91.7%	89.3%	86.3%	85.0%	84.5%
Louisiana				63.7%			68.2%	67.6%	65.8%	62.5%	60.3%	59.0%	58.4%
Maine				99.7%			99.1%	98.3%	98.0%	96.5%	94.4%	93.5%	93.1%
Maryland				83.3%			80.4%	73.9%	69.6%	62.1%	54.7%	51.5%	50.2%
Massachusetts				98.6%			95.4%	92.3%	87.8%	81.9%	76.1%	72.7%	70.8%
Michigan				95.7%			87.1%	84.1%	82.3%	78.6%	76.6%	75.4%	74.8%
Minnesota				99.0%			97.7%	96.1%	93.7%	88.2%	83.1%	80.6%	79.4%
Mississippi				50.6%			62.6%	63.6%	63.1%	60.7%	58.0%	56.9%	56.4%
Missouri				93.4%			88.6%	87.7%	86.9%	83.8%	81.0%	79.7%	79.3%
Montana				96.2%			94.7%	93.4%	91.8%	89.5%	87.8%	86.5%	85.8%
Nebraska				98.2%			95.2%	94.0%	92.5%	87.3%	82.1%	79.6%	78.5%
Nevada				91.6%			86.7%	83.2%	78.7%	65.2%	54.1%	49.9%	50.6%
New Hampshire				99.9%			99.1%	98.4%	97.3%	95.1%	92.3%	90.8%	89.8%
New Jersey				94.3%			84.7%	79.1%	74.0%	66.0%	59.3%	55.8%	54.6%
New Mexico				50.9%			53.8%	52.6%	50.4%	44.7%	40.5%	38.1%	36.9%
New York				94.6%			80.1%	75.0%	69.3%	62.0%	58.3%	55.8%	55.2%
North Carolina				71.9%			76.5%	75.3%	75.0%	70.2%	65.3%	63.5%	62.7%
North Dakota				98.3%			96.9%	95.5%	94.2%	91.7%	88.9%	85.0%	83.8%
Ohio				95.0%			89.8%	88.2%	87.1%	84.0%	81.1%	79.5%	78.6%
Oklahoma				89.9%			88.1%	85.0%	81.0%	74.1%	68.7%	66.2%	65.1%
Oregon				98.6%			95.8%	93.3%	90.8%	83.5%	78.5%	76.4%	75.1%
Pennsylvania				95.1%			90.3%	89.1%	87.7%	84.1%	79.5%	77.0%	75.9%
Rhode Island				98.3%			96.1%	93.4%	89.3%	81.9%	76.4%	73.3%	71.4%
South Carolina				57.1%			69.0%	68.3%	68.5%	66.1%	64.1%	63.9%	63.5%
South Dakota				96.2%			94.6%	92.3%	91.2%	88.0%	84.7%	82.5%	81.3%
Tennessee				82.5%			83.7%	83.1%	82.6%	79.2%	75.6%	74.2%	73.6%
Texas				74.1%			69.6%	65.7%	60.6%	52.4%	45.3%	42.6%	41.4%
Utah				98.2%			93.6%	92.4%	91.2%	85.3%	80.4%	78.8%	77.8%
Vermont				99.7%			99.2%	98.5%	98.1%	96.2%	94.3%	93.1%	92.7%
Virginia				75.3%			80.1%	78.2%	76.0%	70.2%	64.8%	62.4%	61.3%
Washington				97.7%			93.6%	90.2%	86.7%	78.9%	72.5%	69.5%	67.8%
West Virginia				93.7%			95.7%	95.6%	95.8%	94.6%	93.2%	92.3%	92.0%
Wisconsin				99.2%			95.6%	93.6%	91.3%	87.3%	83.3%	81.7%	81.0%
Wyoming				95.9%			92.1%	92.0%	91.0%	88.9%	85.9%	84.1%	83.9%
Puerto Rico										0.9%	0.7%	0.6%

See also

•  United States portal
•  Society portal

• Anglo
• Emigration from Europe
• European Americans
• Stereotypes of white Americans
• White Americans
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
• White ethnic
• White Latino Americans
• White Southerners
• White demographic decline
• List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic white population
• List of U.S. cities with non-Hispanic white plurality populations in 2010

References

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