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Wikipedia

Blueberry

Blueberries are a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium. Vaccinium also includes cranberries, bilberries, huckleberries and Madeira blueberries.[1] Commercial blueberries—both wild (lowbush) and cultivated (highbush)—are all native to North America. The highbush varieties were introduced into Europe during the 1930s.[2]

Blueberry
Vaccinium caesariense
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Vaccinium
Section: Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus
Rydb.
Species

See text

Blueberries showing various stages of maturation. IG = Immature Green, GP = Green Pink, BP = Blue Pink, and R = Ripe.

Blueberries are usually prostrate shrubs that can vary in size from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 4 meters (13 feet) in height. In commercial production of blueberries, the species with small, pea-size berries growing on low-level bushes are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), while the species with larger berries growing on taller, cultivated bushes are known as "highbush blueberries". Canada is the leading producer of lowbush blueberries, while the United States produces some 40% of the world supply of highbush blueberries.

Origin and history of cultivation edit

 
Flowers on a cultivated blueberry bush
 
Fresh blueberries

The genus Vaccinium has a mostly circumpolar distribution, with species mainly present in North America, Europe, and Asia.[1] Many commercially available species with English common names including "blueberry" are from North America,[3] particularly Atlantic Canada and the northeastern United States for wild (lowbush) blueberries, and several US states and British Columbia for cultivated (highbush) blueberries.[4][5] First Nations peoples of Canada consumed wild blueberries for millennia.[4] Highbush blueberries were first cultivated in New Jersey around the beginning of the 20th century.[5][3]

North American native species of blueberries are grown commercially in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American nations. The Colombian or Andean blueberry, Vaccinium meridionale, is wild-harvested and commonly available locally.[6] Several other wild shrubs of the genus Vaccinium also produce commonly eaten blue berries, such as the predominantly European Vaccinium myrtillus and other bilberries, which in many languages have a name that translates to "blueberry" in English.

Description edit

Five species of blueberries grow wild in Canada, including Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium corymbosum, which grow on forest floors or near swamps.[7] Wild (lowbush) blueberries are not planted by farmers, but rather are managed on berry fields called "barrens".[4]

Wild blueberries reproduce by cross pollination, with each seed producing a plant with a different genetic composition, causing within the same species differences in growth, productivity, color, leaf characteristics, disease resistance, flavor, and other fruit characteristics.[7] The mother plant develops underground stems called rhizomes, allowing the plant to form a network of rhizomes creating a large patch (called a clone) which is genetically distinct.[7] Floral and leaf buds develop intermittently along the stems of the plant, with each floral bud giving rise to 5–6 flowers and the eventual fruit.[7] Wild blueberries prefer an acidic soil between 4.2 and 5.2 pH and only moderate amounts of moisture.[7] They have a hardy cold tolerance in their Canadian range and the U.S. state of Maine.[7] Fruit productivity of lowbush blueberries varies by the degree of pollination, genetics of the clone, soil fertility, water availability, insect infestation, plant diseases and local growing conditions.[7] Wild (lowbush) blueberries have an average mature weight of 0.3 grams (1128 oz).[7]

Highbush (cultivated) blueberries prefer sandy or loam soils, having shallow root systems that benefit from mulch and fertilizer.[8] The leaves of highbush blueberries can be either deciduous or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and 1–8 cm (123+14 in) long and 0.5–3.5 cm (141+38 in) broad. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish.

The fruit is a berry 5–16 mm (31658 in) in diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally uniformly blue when ripe.[8] They are covered in a protective coating of powdery epicuticular wax, colloquially known as the "bloom".[7] They generally have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity.[7][8] Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit in the middle of the growing season: fruiting times are affected by local conditions such as climate, altitude and latitude, so the time of harvest in the northern hemisphere can vary from May to August.[7][8]

Species edit

Note: habitat and range summaries are from the Flora of New Brunswick, published in 1986 by Harold R. Hinds, and Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast, published in 1994 by Pojar and MacKinnon.

Some other blue-fruited species of Vaccinium:

The lowbush varieties are V. angustifolium, V. boreale, V. mytilloides, V. pallidum, and V. angustifolium × V. corymbosum. They are still grown in a similar manner to pre-Columbian semi-wild cultivation, i.e. slash and burn. The highbush varieties are darrowii and corymbosum. Rabbiteye (V. ashei/V. virgatum) is considered different from both high- and lowbush.[3]

Identification edit

Commercially offered blueberries are usually from species that naturally occur only in eastern and north-central North America. Other sections in the genus are native to other parts of the world, including the Pacific Northwest and southern United States,[10] South America, Europe and Asia. Other wild shrubs in many of these regions produce similar-looking edible berries, such as huckleberries and whortleberries (North America) and bilberries (Europe). These species are sometimes called "blueberries" and are sold as blueberry jam or other products.

The names of blueberries in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e.g. Scots blaeberry and Norwegian blåbær. Blaeberry, blåbær and French myrtilles usually refer to the European native bilberry (V. myrtillus), while bleuets refers to the North American blueberry. Russian голубика ("blue berry") does not refer to blueberries, which are non-native and nearly unknown in Russia, but rather to their close relatives, bog bilberries (V. uliginosum).

Cyanococcus blueberries can be distinguished from the nearly identical-looking bilberries by their flesh color when cut in half. Ripe blueberries have light green flesh, while bilberries, whortleberries and huckleberries are red or purple throughout.

Blueberries, raw
 
A dish of blueberries
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy240 kJ (57 kcal)
14.49 g
Sugars9.96 g
Dietary fiber2.4 g
0.33 g
0.74 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
32 μg
80 μg
Vitamin A54 IU
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.037 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.041 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.418 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
2%
0.124 mg
Vitamin B6
4%
0.052 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
6 μg
Vitamin C
12%
9.7 mg
Vitamin E
4%
0.57 mg
Vitamin K
18%
19.3 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV
Calcium
1%
6 mg
Iron
2%
0.28 mg
Magnesium
2%
6 mg
Manganese
16%
0.336 mg
Phosphorus
2%
12 mg
Potassium
2%
77 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
2%
0.165 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water84 g

Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

Culinary use edit

Blueberries are sold fresh or are processed as individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried or infused berries. These may then be used in a variety of consumer goods, such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins, snack foods, pancakes, or as an additive to breakfast cereals.

Blueberry jam is made from blueberries, sugar, water, and fruit pectin. Blueberry sauce is a sweet sauce prepared using blueberries as a primary ingredient.

Blueberry wine is made from the flesh and skin of the berries, which is fermented and then matured; usually the lowbush variety is used.

Nutrients edit

Blueberries consist of 14% carbohydrates, 0.7% protein, 0.3% fat and 84% water (table). They contain only negligible amounts of micronutrients, with moderate levels (relative to respective Daily Values) (DV) of the essential dietary mineral manganese, vitamin C, vitamin K and dietary fiber (table). Generally, nutrient contents of blueberries are a low percentage of the DV (table). A 100-gram serving provides a relatively low amount of food energy – 240 kilojoules (57 kcal) – with a glycemic load of 6.

Phytochemicals and research edit

Blueberries contain anthocyanins, other polyphenols and various phytochemicals under preliminary research for their potential biological effects.[11] Most polyphenol studies have been conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (V. corymbosum), while content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (V. angustifolium) exceeds values found in highbush cultivars.[12]

Cultivation edit

 
Blueberry harvester in Michigan

Blueberries may be cultivated, or they may be picked from semiwild or wild bushes. In North America, the most common cultivated species is V. corymbosum, the northern highbush blueberry. Hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as southern highbush blueberries.[13]

So-called "wild" (lowbush) blueberries, smaller than cultivated highbush ones, have intense color. The lowbush blueberry, V. angustifolium, is found from the Atlantic provinces westward to Quebec and southward to Michigan and West Virginia. In some areas, it produces natural "blueberry barrens", where it is the dominant species covering large areas. Several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries.

"Wild" has been adopted as a marketing term for harvests of managed native stands of lowbush blueberries. The bushes are not planted or selectively bred, but they are pruned or burned over every two years, and pests are "managed".[14]

Numerous highbush cultivars of blueberries are available, with diversity among them, each having individual qualities. A blueberry breeding program has been established by the USDA-ARS breeding program at Beltsville, Maryland, and Chatsworth, New Jersey. This program began when Frederick Vernon Coville of the USDA-ARS collaborated with Elizabeth Coleman White of New Jersey.[15] In the early part of the 20th century, White offered pineland residents cash for wild blueberry plants with unusually large fruit.[16] After 1910 Coville began to work on blueberry, and was the first to discover the importance of soil acidity (blueberries need highly acidic soil), that blueberries do not self-pollinate, and the effects of cold on blueberries and other plants.[17] In 1911, he began a program of research in conjunction with White, daughter of the owner of the extensive cranberry bogs at Whitesbog in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. His work doubled the size of some strains' fruit, and by 1916, he had succeeded in cultivating blueberries, making them a valuable crop in the Northeastern United States.[16][18] For this work he received the George Roberts White Medal of Honor from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

The rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum syn. V. ashei) is a southern type of blueberry produced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states. Production of rabbiteye blueberries was a focus in Texas in the early 21st century.[19] Other important species in North America include V. pallidum, the hillside or dryland blueberry. It is native to the eastern U.S., and common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast. Sparkleberry, V. arboreum, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the Southeast.

Successful blueberry cultivation requires attention to soil pH (acidity) measurements in the acidic range.[20][21][22]

Blueberry bushes often require supplemental fertilization,[21] but over-fertilization with nitrogen can damage plant health, as evidenced by nitrogen-burn visible on the leaves.[20][21]

Growing regions edit

 
Worldwide highbush blueberry growing areas (data from 2008)

Significant production of highbush blueberries occurs in British Columbia, Maryland, Western Oregon, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Washington. The production of southern highbush varieties occurs in California, as varieties originating from University of Florida, Connecticut, New Hampshire, North Carolina State University and Maine have been introduced. Peru, Spain, and Mexico also have significant production, as of 2018 (see Production).[23]

United States edit

In 2018, Oregon produced the most cultivated blueberries, recording 59 million kilograms (131 million pounds), an amount slightly exceeding the production by Washington.[24] In descending order of production volume for 2017, other major producers were Georgia, Michigan, New Jersey, California, and North Carolina.[25]

Hammonton, New Jersey, claims to be the "Blueberry Capital of the World",[26] with over 80% of New Jersey's cultivated blueberries coming from this town.[27] Every year the town hosts a large festival, which draws thousands of people to celebrate the fruit.[28]

Maine is known for its wild blueberries,[29] but the state's lowbush (wild) and highbush blueberries combined account for 10% of all blueberries grown in North America. Some 44,000 hectares (110,000 acres) are farmed, but only half of this acreage is harvested each year due to variations in pruning practices.[30] The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine.[31]

Canada edit

 
Wild blueberry fields in Nova Scotia, Canada

Canadian production of wild and cultivated blueberries in 2015 was 166,000 tonnes valued at $262 million, the largest fruit crop produced nationally accounting for 29% of all fruit value.[32]

British Columbia was the largest Canadian producer of cultivated blueberries, yielding 70,000 tonnes in 2015,[32] the world's largest production of blueberries by region.[33]

Atlantic Canada contributes approximately half of the total North American wild/lowbush annual production with New Brunswick having the largest in 2015, an amount expanding in 2016.[34] Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Québec are also major producers.[35] Nova Scotia recognizes the wild blueberry as its official provincial berry,[36] with the town of Oxford, Nova Scotia known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada.[37]

Québec is a major producer of wild blueberries, especially in the regions of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (where a popular name for inhabitants of the regions is bleuets, or "blueberries") and Côte-Nord, which together provide 40% of Québec's total provincial production. This wild blueberry commerce benefits from vertical integration of growing, processing, frozen storage, marketing and transportation within relatively small regions of the province.[38] On average, 80% of Québec wild blueberries are harvested on farms (21 million kilograms (23,000 short tons)), the remaining 20% being harvested from public forests (5 million kilograms (5,500 short tons)).[38] Some 95% of the wild blueberry crop in Québec is frozen for export out of the province.[38]

 
Vaccinium meridionale, a wild species found in the Andes[citation needed]

Europe edit

Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands in the 1930s, and have since been spread to numerous other countries of Europe.[2] V. corymbosum only began to be cultivated in Romania in a few years leading up to 2018 and rapidly increased in production and sales in that time (as with berries in general). As of 2018 it remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases (see Diseases below).[39]

Southern Hemisphere edit

In the Southern Hemisphere, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Uruguay, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa,[40] and Zimbabwe grow blueberries commercially.[41]

In Brazil, blueberries are produced in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais.[42]

Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. In the early 1970s, the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S. and a selection trial was started. This work was continued into the mid-1970s when the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association was formed.[43]

In the 21st century, the industry grew in Argentina: "Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent," according to a 2005 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[44] "Argentine blueberry production has thrived in four different regions: the province of Entre Rios in northeastern Argentina, the province of Tucuman, the province of Buenos Aires and the southern Patagonian valleys", according to the report.[45] In the Bureau of International Labor Affairs report of 2014 on child labor and forced labor, blueberries were listed among the goods produced in such working conditions in Argentina.[46]

Pests and diseases edit

Diseases edit

As of 2018 V. corymbosum remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases in Romania, with Phytophthora cinnamomi, Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, Botryosphaeria corticis, Godronia cassandrae, Phomopsis sp., Botrytis cinerea, Naohidemyces vaccinii, Microsphaera penicillata var. vaccinii, and various viruses being the most common.[39]

Pest management edit

Pesticides edit

DDT began to be used in blueberry soon after its discovery in 1939, and a few years later in the mid-1940s research began into its use in North America.[3]

Because "wild" is a marketing term generally used for all low-bush blueberries, it is not an indication that such blueberries are free from pesticides.[47]

Insecticide modes of action must be varied to avoid encouraging resistance in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii.[3]

Some insecticides can be counterproductive, harming natural enemies of pests as well. For example, treatment for Illinoia pepperi can reduce populations of its predators. Kaolin clay for Rhagoletis mendax also reduced effectiveness of Diachasma alloeum, its parasitoid. The pest predator Harpalus erraticus maintains greater abundance with selective insecticides rather than broad-spectrum MoAs.[3]

Integrated pest management edit

Blueberries are naturally relatively unmolested by arthropod pests. Nonetheless, there are 24 insect taxa known to be pest (organism)s in North America, the worst in New Jersey, Michigan, Maine, and Eastern Canada being Rhagoletis mendax. Secondary but still important are Acrobasis vaccinii, Grapholita packardi, and Conotrachelus nenuphar. These four are the most common targets for development of IPM practices. as of 2019, IPM research has also taken an interest in Drosophila suzukii and arthropods like aphids (that vector diseases such as scorch virus and shoestring virus) and cicadellids (vectoring the phytoplasma that causes blueberry stunt). Managing pests down to the cosmetic level is necessary in this fruit because they are a premium type product.[3]

Changes in locale and environment – to new geographies, and into greenhouses – has required new pest management regimes, including innovative IPM. Conversely, importing foreign potential enemies into North America may yield good results: Operophtera brumata is a pest of blueberries and birches which is successfully parasitized by Cyzenis albicans despite the lack of historical, natural contact between the two. The same results were obtained with Scirtothrips citri and Beauveria bassiana. Results are available for Choristoneura rosaceana and overwhelming numbers of Trichogramma minutum, and Cyclocephala longula overwhelmed by Steinernema scarabaei. This has also been attempted with flower thrips and potential predators but with inconclusive results.[3]

International quarantine edit

Rhagoletis mendax is a quarantine pest in phytosanitary regimes of some countries around the world.[3]

Resistant cultivars edit

Insect resistance was not a priority in breeding programs until about the year 2000, and is still not a high priority. However it may become more common as it becomes easier, especially using marker-assisted breeding. V. ashei is naturally more resistant than V. corymbosum to Scaphytopius magdalensis. V. ashei is less resistant than V. darrowii to Prodiplosis vaccinia. There is variation between cultivars of V. ashei in resistance to Oberea myops. There is variation in resistance among cultivars of V. corymbosum to Acrobasis vaccinii and Popillia japonica. Wild V. spp. have greater resistance than highbush cultivars to I. pepperi. There is significant variation between highbush cultivars in abundance of various Tephritidae, thrips, and Homalodisca vitripennis.[3]

Production edit

Blueberry production – 2021
Country Production
(tonnes)
  United States 351,130
  Peru 227,971
  Canada 146,551
  Chile 122,795
  Mexico 66,482
  Spain 61,230
World 1,113,261
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[48]

In 2021, world production of blueberries (lowbush and highbush combined) was 1.1 million tonnes, led by the United States with 32% of global production, Peru with 20%, and Canada with 13% (table).[48]

In 2019, Canada was the largest producer of wild blueberries, mainly in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces,[49] but Canadian production of wild blueberries decreased since 2017 by transitioning to the more profitable cultivated highbush blueberries.[50] British Columbia produced 93% of the Canadian highbush blueberry crop in 2019.[49]

Regulations edit

Canada edit

Canada No. 1 blueberries are all similar in size, shape, weight, and color—the total product can be no more than ten percent off-color and three percent otherwise defective.[51]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Lisa J. Rowland; Freddi A. Hammerschlag (2005). Richard E. Litz (ed.). Vaccinium spp. (8.1: Blueberry). In: Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops: Volume 29 of Biotechnology in Agriculture Series. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-066-5. from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Naumann, W. D. (1993). "Overview of the Vaccinium Industry in Western Europe". In K. A. Clayton-Greene (ed.). Fifth International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture. Wageningen, the Netherlands: International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 53–58. ISBN 978-90-6605-475-2. OCLC 29663461. from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar; Vincent, Charles; Isaacs, Rufus (January 7, 2019). "Blueberry IPM: Past Successes and Future Challenges". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 64 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112147. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 30629894. S2CID 58573080.
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  39. ^ a b Slav, M.; Hoza, D.; Asănică, A. (2018). "Researches on the presence and aggressivity of the blueberry root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in a Dâmbovița county plantation". Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology. 22 (4): 7–12. ref.15
  40. ^ "Where blueberries grow". Blueberry.org. U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council. 2019. from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  41. ^ "Harvesting commences at one of Zimbabwe's bigger blueberry projects". The Zimbabwean. July 3, 2020. from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  42. ^ Cultivar, Grupo. "Propagação eficiente de mirtilo". Grupo Cultivar (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved March 8, 2021.
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  45. ^ Pirovano, Francisco (January 12, 2005). "Argentina Blueberries Voluntary 2005". GAIN Report. Foreign Agricultural Service. from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
  46. ^ "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor". dol.gov. from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  47. ^ . Environment Maine. August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  48. ^ a b "Blueberry production in 2021; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  49. ^ a b "Canadian blueberries". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada. August 9, 2019. from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  50. ^ "Blueberries: transitioning from wild to cultivated production". Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada. January 31, 2018. from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  51. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (March 2, 2018). "Grades and Requirements for Blueberries; In: Canadian Grade Compendium; Volume 2 – Fresh Fruit or Vegetables". inspection.gc.ca. from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.

Further reading edit

  • Retamales, J. B., Hancock, J. F. (2012). Blueberries (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-826-0
  • Sumner, Judith (2004). American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900. Timber Press. p. 125. ISBN 0-88192-652-3.
  • Wright, Virginia (2011). The Wild Blueberry Book. Down East Books. ISBN 978-0-89272-939-5.

External links edit

  • Wild Blueberry Culture in Maine, by David E. Yarborough, University of Maine, February 2015 July 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  • The Blueberry Bulletin

blueberry, this, article, about, north, american, blueberry, eurasian, blueberry, bilberry, other, uses, disambiguation, blueberries, widely, distributed, widespread, group, perennial, flowering, plants, with, blue, purple, berries, they, classified, section, . This article is about the North American blueberry For the Eurasian blueberry see Bilberry For other uses see Blueberry disambiguation Blueberries are a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries They are classified in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium Vaccinium also includes cranberries bilberries huckleberries and Madeira blueberries 1 Commercial blueberries both wild lowbush and cultivated highbush are all native to North America The highbush varieties were introduced into Europe during the 1930s 2 BlueberryVaccinium caesarienseScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder EricalesFamily EricaceaeGenus VacciniumSection Vaccinium sect CyanococcusRydb SpeciesSee textBlueberries showing various stages of maturation IG Immature Green GP Green Pink BP Blue Pink and R Ripe Blueberries are usually prostrate shrubs that can vary in size from 10 centimeters 4 inches to 4 meters 13 feet in height In commercial production of blueberries the species with small pea size berries growing on low level bushes are known as lowbush blueberries synonymous with wild while the species with larger berries growing on taller cultivated bushes are known as highbush blueberries Canada is the leading producer of lowbush blueberries while the United States produces some 40 of the world supply of highbush blueberries Contents 1 Origin and history of cultivation 2 Description 3 Species 4 Identification 5 Culinary use 5 1 Nutrients 5 2 Phytochemicals and research 6 Cultivation 6 1 Growing regions 6 1 1 United States 6 1 2 Canada 6 1 3 Europe 6 1 4 Southern Hemisphere 6 2 Pests and diseases 6 2 1 Diseases 6 2 2 Pest management 6 2 2 1 Pesticides 6 2 2 2 Integrated pest management 6 2 2 3 International quarantine 6 2 2 4 Resistant cultivars 7 Production 8 Regulations 8 1 Canada 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksOrigin and history of cultivation edit nbsp Flowers on a cultivated blueberry bush nbsp Fresh blueberriesThe genus Vaccinium has a mostly circumpolar distribution with species mainly present in North America Europe and Asia 1 Many commercially available species with English common names including blueberry are from North America 3 particularly Atlantic Canada and the northeastern United States for wild lowbush blueberries and several US states and British Columbia for cultivated highbush blueberries 4 5 First Nations peoples of Canada consumed wild blueberries for millennia 4 Highbush blueberries were first cultivated in New Jersey around the beginning of the 20th century 5 3 North American native species of blueberries are grown commercially in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia New Zealand and South American nations The Colombian or Andean blueberry Vaccinium meridionale is wild harvested and commonly available locally 6 Several other wild shrubs of the genus Vaccinium also produce commonly eaten blue berries such as the predominantly European Vaccinium myrtillus and other bilberries which in many languages have a name that translates to blueberry in English Description editFive species of blueberries grow wild in Canada including Vaccinium myrtilloides Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium corymbosum which grow on forest floors or near swamps 7 Wild lowbush blueberries are not planted by farmers but rather are managed on berry fields called barrens 4 Wild blueberries reproduce by cross pollination with each seed producing a plant with a different genetic composition causing within the same species differences in growth productivity color leaf characteristics disease resistance flavor and other fruit characteristics 7 The mother plant develops underground stems called rhizomes allowing the plant to form a network of rhizomes creating a large patch called a clone which is genetically distinct 7 Floral and leaf buds develop intermittently along the stems of the plant with each floral bud giving rise to 5 6 flowers and the eventual fruit 7 Wild blueberries prefer an acidic soil between 4 2 and 5 2 pH and only moderate amounts of moisture 7 They have a hardy cold tolerance in their Canadian range and the U S state of Maine 7 Fruit productivity of lowbush blueberries varies by the degree of pollination genetics of the clone soil fertility water availability insect infestation plant diseases and local growing conditions 7 Wild lowbush blueberries have an average mature weight of 0 3 grams 1 128 oz 7 Highbush cultivated blueberries prefer sandy or loam soils having shallow root systems that benefit from mulch and fertilizer 8 The leaves of highbush blueberries can be either deciduous or evergreen ovate to lanceolate and 1 8 cm 1 2 3 1 4 in long and 0 5 3 5 cm 1 4 1 3 8 in broad The flowers are bell shaped white pale pink or red sometimes tinged greenish The fruit is a berry 5 16 mm 3 16 5 8 in in diameter with a flared crown at the end they are pale greenish at first then reddish purple and finally uniformly blue when ripe 8 They are covered in a protective coating of powdery epicuticular wax colloquially known as the bloom 7 They generally have a sweet taste when mature with variable acidity 7 8 Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit in the middle of the growing season fruiting times are affected by local conditions such as climate altitude and latitude so the time of harvest in the northern hemisphere can vary from May to August 7 8 Species editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Note habitat and range summaries are from the Flora of New Brunswick published in 1986 by Harold R Hinds and Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast published in 1994 by Pojar and MacKinnon Vaccinium angustifolium lowbush blueberry 9 3 acidic barrens bogs and clearings Manitoba to Labrador south to Nova Scotia and in the United States from Maine westward to Iowa and southward to Virginia Vaccinium boreale northern blueberry peaty barrens Quebec and Labrador rare in New Brunswick south to New York and Massachusetts Vaccinium caesariense New Jersey blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum northern highbush blueberry 9 Vaccinium darrowii evergreen blueberry Vaccinium elliottii Elliott blueberry Vaccinium formosum southern blueberry Vaccinium fuscatum black highbush blueberry syn V atrococcum Vaccinium hirsutum hairy fruited blueberry Vaccinium myrsinites shiny blueberry Vaccinium myrtilloides sour top velvet leaf or Canadian blueberry Vaccinium pallidum dryland blueberry Vaccinium simulatum upland highbush blueberry Vaccinium tenellum southern blueberry Vaccinium virgatum rabbiteye blueberry syn V ashei 9 Some other blue fruited species of Vaccinium Vaccinium koreanum Korean blueberry Vaccinium myrtillus bilberry or European blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum bog bilberry blueberry northern bilberry or western blueberry nbsp Wild blueberry in autumn foliage Pilot Mountain North Carolina in October nbsp A maturing Polaris blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum nbsp A selection of blueberries showing the typical sizes of the berries The scale is marked in centimeters The lowbush varieties are V angustifolium V boreale V mytilloides V pallidum and V angustifolium V corymbosum They are still grown in a similar manner to pre Columbian semi wild cultivation i e slash and burn The highbush varieties are darrowii and corymbosum Rabbiteye V ashei V virgatum is considered different from both high and lowbush 3 Identification editCommercially offered blueberries are usually from species that naturally occur only in eastern and north central North America Other sections in the genus are native to other parts of the world including the Pacific Northwest and southern United States 10 South America Europe and Asia Other wild shrubs in many of these regions produce similar looking edible berries such as huckleberries and whortleberries North America and bilberries Europe These species are sometimes called blueberries and are sold as blueberry jam or other products The names of blueberries in languages other than English often translate as blueberry e g Scots blaeberry and Norwegian blabaer Blaeberry blabaer and French myrtilles usually refer to the European native bilberry V myrtillus while bleuets refers to the North American blueberry Russian golubika blue berry does not refer to blueberries which are non native and nearly unknown in Russia but rather to their close relatives bog bilberries V uliginosum Cyanococcus blueberries can be distinguished from the nearly identical looking bilberries by their flesh color when cut in half Ripe blueberries have light green flesh while bilberries whortleberries and huckleberries are red or purple throughout Blueberries raw nbsp A dish of blueberriesNutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz Energy240 kJ 57 kcal Carbohydrates14 49 gSugars9 96 gDietary fiber2 4 gFat0 33 gProtein0 74 gVitaminsQuantity DV Vitamin A equiv beta Carotenelutein zeaxanthin0 32 mg80 mgVitamin A54 IUThiamine B1 3 0 037 mgRiboflavin B2 3 0 041 mgNiacin B3 3 0 418 mgPantothenic acid B5 2 0 124 mgVitamin B64 0 052 mgFolate B9 2 6 mgVitamin C12 9 7 mgVitamin E4 0 57 mgVitamin K18 19 3 mgMineralsQuantity DV Calcium1 6 mgIron2 0 28 mgMagnesium2 6 mgManganese16 0 336 mgPhosphorus2 12 mgPotassium2 77 mgSodium0 1 mgZinc2 0 165 mgOther constituentsQuantityWater84 gLink to USDA Database entryUnits mg micrograms mg milligrams IU International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults Source USDA FoodData CentralCulinary use editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Blueberries are sold fresh or are processed as individually quick frozen IQF fruit puree juice or dried or infused berries These may then be used in a variety of consumer goods such as jellies jams pies muffins snack foods pancakes or as an additive to breakfast cereals Blueberry jam is made from blueberries sugar water and fruit pectin Blueberry sauce is a sweet sauce prepared using blueberries as a primary ingredient Blueberry wine is made from the flesh and skin of the berries which is fermented and then matured usually the lowbush variety is used Nutrients edit Blueberries consist of 14 carbohydrates 0 7 protein 0 3 fat and 84 water table They contain only negligible amounts of micronutrients with moderate levels relative to respective Daily Values DV of the essential dietary mineral manganese vitamin C vitamin K and dietary fiber table Generally nutrient contents of blueberries are a low percentage of the DV table A 100 gram serving provides a relatively low amount of food energy 240 kilojoules 57 kcal with a glycemic load of 6 Phytochemicals and research edit Blueberries contain anthocyanins other polyphenols and various phytochemicals under preliminary research for their potential biological effects 11 Most polyphenol studies have been conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries V corymbosum while content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in lowbush wild blueberries V angustifolium exceeds values found in highbush cultivars 12 nbsp A cut blueberry showing how having been frozen and then thawed the anthocyanins in the pericarp are able to run into the damaged cells staining the flesh nbsp Structure of anthocyanins the blue pigments in blueberries 11 Cultivation edit nbsp Blueberry harvester in MichiganBlueberries may be cultivated or they may be picked from semiwild or wild bushes In North America the most common cultivated species is V corymbosum the northern highbush blueberry Hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U S climates are known collectively as southern highbush blueberries 13 So called wild lowbush blueberries smaller than cultivated highbush ones have intense color The lowbush blueberry V angustifolium is found from the Atlantic provinces westward to Quebec and southward to Michigan and West Virginia In some areas it produces natural blueberry barrens where it is the dominant species covering large areas Several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries Wild has been adopted as a marketing term for harvests of managed native stands of lowbush blueberries The bushes are not planted or selectively bred but they are pruned or burned over every two years and pests are managed 14 Numerous highbush cultivars of blueberries are available with diversity among them each having individual qualities A blueberry breeding program has been established by the USDA ARS breeding program at Beltsville Maryland and Chatsworth New Jersey This program began when Frederick Vernon Coville of the USDA ARS collaborated with Elizabeth Coleman White of New Jersey 15 In the early part of the 20th century White offered pineland residents cash for wild blueberry plants with unusually large fruit 16 After 1910 Coville began to work on blueberry and was the first to discover the importance of soil acidity blueberries need highly acidic soil that blueberries do not self pollinate and the effects of cold on blueberries and other plants 17 In 1911 he began a program of research in conjunction with White daughter of the owner of the extensive cranberry bogs at Whitesbog in the New Jersey Pine Barrens His work doubled the size of some strains fruit and by 1916 he had succeeded in cultivating blueberries making them a valuable crop in the Northeastern United States 16 18 For this work he received the George Roberts White Medal of Honor from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society The rabbiteye blueberry Vaccinium virgatum syn V ashei is a southern type of blueberry produced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states Production of rabbiteye blueberries was a focus in Texas in the early 21st century 19 Other important species in North America include V pallidum the hillside or dryland blueberry It is native to the eastern U S and common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast Sparkleberry V arboreum is a common wild species on sandy soils in the Southeast Successful blueberry cultivation requires attention to soil pH acidity measurements in the acidic range 20 21 22 Blueberry bushes often require supplemental fertilization 21 but over fertilization with nitrogen can damage plant health as evidenced by nitrogen burn visible on the leaves 20 21 Growing regions edit nbsp Worldwide highbush blueberry growing areas data from 2008 Significant production of highbush blueberries occurs in British Columbia Maryland Western Oregon Michigan New Jersey North Carolina and Washington The production of southern highbush varieties occurs in California as varieties originating from University of Florida Connecticut New Hampshire North Carolina State University and Maine have been introduced Peru Spain and Mexico also have significant production as of 2018 see Production 23 United States edit In 2018 Oregon produced the most cultivated blueberries recording 59 million kilograms 131 million pounds an amount slightly exceeding the production by Washington 24 In descending order of production volume for 2017 other major producers were Georgia Michigan New Jersey California and North Carolina 25 Hammonton New Jersey claims to be the Blueberry Capital of the World 26 with over 80 of New Jersey s cultivated blueberries coming from this town 27 Every year the town hosts a large festival which draws thousands of people to celebrate the fruit 28 Maine is known for its wild blueberries 29 but the state s lowbush wild and highbush blueberries combined account for 10 of all blueberries grown in North America Some 44 000 hectares 110 000 acres are farmed but only half of this acreage is harvested each year due to variations in pruning practices 30 The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine 31 Canada edit nbsp Wild blueberry fields in Nova Scotia CanadaCanadian production of wild and cultivated blueberries in 2015 was 166 000 tonnes valued at 262 million the largest fruit crop produced nationally accounting for 29 of all fruit value 32 British Columbia was the largest Canadian producer of cultivated blueberries yielding 70 000 tonnes in 2015 32 the world s largest production of blueberries by region 33 Atlantic Canada contributes approximately half of the total North American wild lowbush annual production with New Brunswick having the largest in 2015 an amount expanding in 2016 34 Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island and Quebec are also major producers 35 Nova Scotia recognizes the wild blueberry as its official provincial berry 36 with the town of Oxford Nova Scotia known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada 37 Quebec is a major producer of wild blueberries especially in the regions of Saguenay Lac Saint Jean where a popular name for inhabitants of the regions is bleuets or blueberries and Cote Nord which together provide 40 of Quebec s total provincial production This wild blueberry commerce benefits from vertical integration of growing processing frozen storage marketing and transportation within relatively small regions of the province 38 On average 80 of Quebec wild blueberries are harvested on farms 21 million kilograms 23 000 short tons the remaining 20 being harvested from public forests 5 million kilograms 5 500 short tons 38 Some 95 of the wild blueberry crop in Quebec is frozen for export out of the province 38 nbsp Vaccinium meridionale a wild species found in the Andes citation needed Europe edit Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany Sweden and the Netherlands in the 1930s and have since been spread to numerous other countries of Europe 2 V corymbosum only began to be cultivated in Romania in a few years leading up to 2018 and rapidly increased in production and sales in that time as with berries in general As of 2018 update it remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases see Diseases below 39 Southern Hemisphere edit In the Southern Hemisphere Brazil Chile Argentina Peru Uruguay New Zealand Australia South Africa 40 and Zimbabwe grow blueberries commercially 41 In Brazil blueberries are produced in the states of Rio Grande do Sul Santa Catarina Parana Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais 42 Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s but the effort was unsuccessful In the early 1970s the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U S and a selection trial was started This work was continued into the mid 1970s when the Australian Blueberry Growers Association was formed 43 In the 21st century the industry grew in Argentina Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent according to a 2005 report by the U S Department of Agriculture 44 Argentine blueberry production has thrived in four different regions the province of Entre Rios in northeastern Argentina the province of Tucuman the province of Buenos Aires and the southern Patagonian valleys according to the report 45 In the Bureau of International Labor Affairs report of 2014 on child labor and forced labor blueberries were listed among the goods produced in such working conditions in Argentina 46 Pests and diseases edit Diseases edit Main article List of Vaccinium diseases As of 2018 update V corymbosum remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases in Romania with Phytophthora cinnamomi Monilinia vaccinii corymbosi Botryosphaeria corticis Godronia cassandrae Phomopsis sp Botrytis cinerea Naohidemyces vaccinii Microsphaera penicillata var vaccinii and various viruses being the most common 39 Pest management edit Pesticides edit DDT began to be used in blueberry soon after its discovery in 1939 and a few years later in the mid 1940s research began into its use in North America 3 Because wild is a marketing term generally used for all low bush blueberries it is not an indication that such blueberries are free from pesticides 47 Insecticide modes of action must be varied to avoid encouraging resistance in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii 3 Some insecticides can be counterproductive harming natural enemies of pests as well For example treatment for Illinoia pepperi can reduce populations of its predators Kaolin clay for Rhagoletis mendax also reduced effectiveness of Diachasma alloeum its parasitoid The pest predator Harpalus erraticus maintains greater abundance with selective insecticides rather than broad spectrum MoAs 3 Integrated pest management edit Blueberries are naturally relatively unmolested by arthropod pests Nonetheless there are 24 insect taxa known to be pest organism s in North America the worst in New Jersey Michigan Maine and Eastern Canada being Rhagoletis mendax Secondary but still important are Acrobasis vaccinii Grapholita packardi and Conotrachelus nenuphar These four are the most common targets for development of IPM practices as of 2019 update IPM research has also taken an interest in Drosophila suzukii and arthropods like aphids that vector diseases such as scorch virus and shoestring virus and cicadellids vectoring the phytoplasma that causes blueberry stunt Managing pests down to the cosmetic level is necessary in this fruit because they are a premium type product 3 Changes in locale and environment to new geographies and into greenhouses has required new pest management regimes including innovative IPM Conversely importing foreign potential enemies into North America may yield good results Operophtera brumata is a pest of blueberries and birches which is successfully parasitized by Cyzenis albicans despite the lack of historical natural contact between the two The same results were obtained with Scirtothrips citri and Beauveria bassiana Results are available for Choristoneura rosaceana and overwhelming numbers of Trichogramma minutum and Cyclocephala longula overwhelmed by Steinernema scarabaei This has also been attempted with flower thrips and potential predators but with inconclusive results 3 International quarantine edit Rhagoletis mendax is a quarantine pest in phytosanitary regimes of some countries around the world 3 Resistant cultivars edit Insect resistance was not a priority in breeding programs until about the year 2000 and is still not a high priority However it may become more common as it becomes easier especially using marker assisted breeding V ashei is naturally more resistant than V corymbosum to Scaphytopius magdalensis V ashei is less resistant than V darrowii to Prodiplosis vaccinia There is variation between cultivars of V ashei in resistance to Oberea myops There is variation in resistance among cultivars of V corymbosum to Acrobasis vaccinii and Popillia japonica Wild V spp have greater resistance than highbush cultivars to I pepperi There is significant variation between highbush cultivars in abundance of various Tephritidae thrips and Homalodisca vitripennis 3 Production editBlueberry production 2021 Country Production tonnes nbsp United States 351 130 nbsp Peru 227 971 nbsp Canada 146 551 nbsp Chile 122 795 nbsp Mexico 66 482 nbsp Spain 61 230World 1 113 261Source FAOSTAT of the United Nations 48 In 2021 world production of blueberries lowbush and highbush combined was 1 1 million tonnes led by the United States with 32 of global production Peru with 20 and Canada with 13 table 48 In 2019 Canada was the largest producer of wild blueberries mainly in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces 49 but Canadian production of wild blueberries decreased since 2017 by transitioning to the more profitable cultivated highbush blueberries 50 British Columbia produced 93 of the Canadian highbush blueberry crop in 2019 49 Regulations editCanada edit Canada No 1 blueberries are all similar in size shape weight and color the total product can be no more than ten percent off color and three percent otherwise defective 51 See also edit nbsp Food portalList of culinary fruits List of vegetablesReferences edit a b Lisa J Rowland Freddi A Hammerschlag 2005 Richard E Litz ed Vacciniumspp 8 1 Blueberry In Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops Volume 29 of Biotechnology in Agriculture Series CABI ISBN 0 85199 066 5 Archived from the original on December 12 2020 Retrieved September 21 2020 a b Naumann W D 1993 Overview of the Vaccinium Industry in Western Europe In K A Clayton Greene ed Fifth International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture Wageningen the Netherlands International Society for Horticultural Science pp 53 58 ISBN 978 90 6605 475 2 OCLC 29663461 Archived from the original on March 11 2007 Retrieved August 25 2006 a b c d e f g h i j k Rodriguez Saona Cesar Vincent Charles Isaacs Rufus January 7 2019 Blueberry IPM Past Successes and Future Challenges Annual Review of Entomology Annual Reviews 64 1 95 114 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 011118 112147 ISSN 0066 4170 PMID 30629894 S2CID 58573080 a b c Canadian blueberries Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Government of Canada August 9 2018 Archived from the original on February 20 2020 Retrieved February 5 2020 a b Blueberries Celebrating 100 Years Blueberry org US Highbush Blueberry Council 2020 Archived from the original on April 9 2020 Retrieved February 5 2020 Foster Steven 2012 The Adulteration of Commercial Bilberry Extracts PDF Academia Archived from the original PDF on May 16 2021 Retrieved May 16 2021 via Herbalgram a b c d e f g h i j k Wild Blueberry Fact Sheet A 2 0 Growth and Development of the Wild Blueberry PDF Agriculture Aquaculture and Fisheries Province of New Brunswick Canada Archived PDF from the original on July 17 2017 Retrieved February 5 2020 a b c d Becky Sideman August 1 2016 Growing fruit Highbush blueberries PDF University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension Archived PDF from the original on September 25 2020 Retrieved February 5 2020 a b c Plunkett Blue J Espley Richard V Dare Andrew P Warren Ben A W Grierson Ella R P Cordiner Sarah Turner Janice L Allan Andrew C Albert Nick W Davies Kevin M Schwinn Kathy E September 11 2018 MYBA From Blueberry Vaccinium Section Cyanococcus Is a Subgroup 6 Type R2R3MYB Transcription Factor That Activates Anthocyanin Production Frontiers in Plant Science 9 1300 doi 10 3389 fpls 2018 01300 ISSN 1664 462X PMC 6141686 PMID 30254656 Plants Profile Vaccinium corymbosum L Highbush blueberry US Department of Agriculture National Resources Conservation Service 2013 Archived from the original on May 2 2013 Retrieved April 30 2013 a b Flavonoids Micronutrient Information Center Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Corvallis OR November 2015 Archived from the original on October 24 2019 Retrieved December 25 2017 Kalt W Ryan DA Duy JC Prior RL Ehlenfeldt MK Vander Kloet SP October 2001 Interspecific variation in anthocyanins phenolics and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries Vaccinium cyanococcus spp J Agric Food Chem 49 10 4761 7 doi 10 1021 jf010653e ISSN 0021 8561 PMID 11600018 Growing Highbush Blueberries PDF University of New Hampshire Extension Archived PDF from the original on September 27 2013 Retrieved September 22 2013 Wild Blueberry Network Information Centre Wild Blueberry Network Information Centre Archived from the original on October 15 2018 Retrieved October 15 2018 Blueberry Growing Comes to the National Agricultural Library US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Magazine Vol 59 No 5 June 2011 Archived from the original on July 9 2011 Retrieved June 17 2011 a b The History of Whitesbog Village Whitesbog org 2014 Archived from the original on May 15 2008 Retrieved October 11 2011 Mirsky Steve Early 20th Century Botanist Gave Us Domesticated Blueberries Scientific American Archived from the original on September 27 2013 Retrieved 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2018 Record year makes Oregon top blueberry producer Capital Press Salem OR Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved April 27 2019 Top 10 Blueberry Producing States In America World Atlas 2019 Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved April 27 2019 Home Welcome to the Town of Hammonton Town of Hammonton September 11 2013 Archived from the original on November 11 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 The Beautiful Blueberry Pineypower com 2018 Archived from the original on July 11 2018 Retrieved July 10 2018 Hammonton Chamber of Commerce Hammontonnj us 2018 Archived from the original on December 12 2020 Retrieved July 10 2018 Maine s Famous Blue Fruit Maine Office of Tourism accessed 2022 01 22 David E Yarborough February 2015 Wild Blueberry Culture in Maine Cooperative Extension Maine Wild Blueberries University of Maine Archived from the original on March 6 2016 Retrieved April 20 2016 State Berry Wild Blueberry Secretary of State for Maine Matthew Dunlap 2007 Archived from the original on September 24 2017 Retrieved July 8 2017 a b Fruit and vegetable production 2015 Canada Statistics Canada February 3 2016 Archived from the original on June 11 2016 Retrieved May 18 2016 British Columbia Blueberries BC Blueberry Council 2009 Archived from the original on October 23 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 Deschenes V April 20 2016 New Brunswick to become world s largest producer of wild blueberries Government of New Brunswick Department of Agriculture Aquaculture and Fisheries Archived from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved May 18 2016 Dorff E November 30 2015 Blueberry varieties Canada In The changing face of the Canadian fruit and vegetable sector 1941 to 2011 Statistics Canada Archived from the original on June 10 2016 Retrieved May 18 2016 Nova Scotia Official emblems and symbols Archived February 13 2007 at the Wayback Machine Wild blueberry trivia Wild Blueberry Producers Associations of Nova Scotia 2016 Archived from the original on May 24 2016 Retrieved May 18 2016 a b c Gagnon A 2006 Wild Blueberry Production Guide in a Context of Sustainable Development Survey of the Wild Blueberry Industry in Quebec PDF Ministere de l Agriculture des Pecheries et de l Alimentation du Quebec Archived PDF from the original on February 4 2015 Retrieved February 4 2015 a b Slav M Hoza D Asănică A 2018 Researches on the presence and aggressivity of the blueberry root rot Phytophthora cinnamomi in a Dambovița county plantation Journal of Horticulture Forestry and Biotechnology 22 4 7 12 ref 15 Where blueberries grow Blueberry org U S Highbush Blueberry Council 2019 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved July 27 2020 Harvesting commences at one of Zimbabwe s bigger blueberry projects The Zimbabwean July 3 2020 Archived from the original on August 12 2020 Retrieved November 20 2020 Cultivar Grupo Propagacao eficiente de mirtilo Grupo Cultivar in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved March 8 2021 Australian Blueberry Growers Association Australianblueberries com au Archived from the original on September 6 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 U S Department of Agriculture GAIN Report Archived October 16 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 30 2011 Pirovano Francisco January 12 2005 Argentina Blueberries Voluntary 2005 GAIN Report Foreign Agricultural Service Archived from the original on October 16 2008 Retrieved June 22 2009 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor dol gov Archived from the original on June 10 2015 Retrieved January 9 2015 Catching the Toxic Drift How Pesticides Used in the Blueberry Industry Threaten Our Communities Our Water and the Environment Environment Maine August 16 2005 Archived from the original on March 1 2011 Retrieved October 11 2011 a b Blueberry production in 2021 Crops Regions World list Production Quantity pick lists UN Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database FAOSTAT 2023 Retrieved November 27 2023 a b Canadian blueberries Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Government of Canada August 9 2019 Archived from the original on June 9 2019 Retrieved February 21 2020 Blueberries transitioning from wild to cultivated production Charlottetown Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Government of Canada January 31 2018 Archived from the original on December 16 2019 Retrieved March 18 2019 Government of Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency March 2 2018 Grades and Requirements for Blueberries In Canadian Grade Compendium Volume 2 Fresh Fruit or Vegetables inspection gc ca Archived from the original on April 29 2019 Retrieved July 12 2019 Further reading editRetamales J B Hancock J F 2012 Blueberries Crop Production Science in Horticulture CABI ISBN 978 1 84593 826 0 Sumner Judith 2004 American Household Botany A History of Useful Plants 1620 1900 Timber Press p 125 ISBN 0 88192 652 3 Wright Virginia 2011 The Wild Blueberry Book Down East Books ISBN 978 0 89272 939 5 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blueberries Wild Blueberry Culture in Maine by David E Yarborough University of Maine February 2015 Archived July 21 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Blueberry Bulletin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blueberry amp oldid 1187678345, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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