The Hopewell Exchange system began in the Ohio and Illinois River Valleys about 300 BCE. The culture is referred to more as a system of interaction among a variety of societies than as a single society or culture. Hopewell trading networks were quite extensive, with obsidian from the Yellowstone area, copper from Lake Superior, and shells from the Gulf Coast.
The construction of ceremonial mounds was an important feature of the Laurel complex, as it was for the Point Peninsula complex and other Hopewell cultures. Sites were usually located at rapids or falls where sturgeon come to spawn and ceremonies may have coincided with this yearly event. The mounds and the artifacts contained within them indicate contact with the Adena and Hopewell of the Ohio River valley. It is unknown if the contact was direct or indirect.[2]
Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nungedit
The first mound-builders in what is now the Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung National Historic Site of Canada, Laurel culture (c.2300 BP - 900 BP) who lived "in villages and built large round burial mounds along the edge of the river, as monuments to their dead."[3] These mounds remain visible today.[4] Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung is considered to be one of the "most significant centres of early habitation and ceremonial burial in Canada," is located on the north side Rainy River in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It became part of a continent-wide trading network because of its strategic location at the centre of major North American waterways.[3]
Blackduck traditionedit
The later Blackduck tradition has been framed as a successor culture in the region, with the archaeologist K. C. A. Dawson positioning the Blackduck as a new, unrelated population which spread northward through northern Minnesota, southern Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario c. AD 500 to AD 900.[5] Blackduck ceramics were notably better-constructed than Woodland period predecessors, with thinner walls and larger size.[6] It was noted by Dawson that at the Wabinosh River site north of Lake Superior, late Laurel ceramics display some traits of the Blackduck and Selkirk traditions. Dawson associates the Laurel with an Archaic period residual population, with an influx of Blackduck people as the climate in the north became milder; he associates the Blackduck with the Ojibwe.[5]
Dawson, K. C. A. (1981). "The Wabinosh River site and the Laurel tradition in northwestern Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. Ontario Archaeological Society. 36: 3–46.
Reid, C. S.; Rajnovich, Grace (1991). "Laurel: a Re-evaluation of the Spatial, Social and Temporal Paradigms". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association. 15: 193–234. JSTOR 41102484.
Further readingedit
Dawson, K. C. A. (1980). "The MacGillivray Site: A Laurel Tradition Site in Northwestern Ontario". Ontario Archaeology. Ontario Archaeological Society. 34: 45–68.
Dawson, K. C. A. (1978). "The Mound Island Site: A Multi-Component Woodland Period Habitation Site in Northwestern Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. Ontario Archaeological Society. 30: 47–66. Description and analysis of a Laurel site with later Terminal Woodland elements.
Dawson, K. C. A. (1974). The McCluskey Site. Mercury Series. University of Ottawa Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv16vm8. Description and analysis of a site with Blackduck and Laurel components.
Mason, Ronald J. (August 1970). "Hopewell, Middle Woodland, and the Laurel Culture: A Problem in Archeological Classification". American Anthropologist. Wiley. 72 (4): 802–815. JSTOR 671655.
Wright, J. V. (1967). "The Laurel tradition and the Middle Woodland period". National Museum of Canada Bulletin. Queen's Printer (217).
laurel, complex, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Laurel complex news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Laurel complex or Laurel tradition is an archaeological culture which was present in what is now southern Quebec southern and northwestern Ontario and east central Manitoba in Canada and northern Michigan northwestern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota in the United States They were the first pottery using people of Ontario north of the Trent Severn Waterway The complex is named after the former unincorporated community of Laurel Minnesota It was first defined by Lloyd Wilford in 1941 1 Laurel complexThe Laurel complex and other cultures in the Hopewellian sphereGeographical rangeUpper Midwest central CanadaPeriodWoodlandFollowed byBlackduck traditionDefined byLloyd Wilford Contents 1 Hopewell Interaction Sphere 1 1 Kay Nah Chi Wah Nung 2 Blackduck tradition 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External linksHopewell Interaction Sphere editThe Hopewell Exchange system began in the Ohio and Illinois River Valleys about 300 BCE The culture is referred to more as a system of interaction among a variety of societies than as a single society or culture Hopewell trading networks were quite extensive with obsidian from the Yellowstone area copper from Lake Superior and shells from the Gulf Coast The construction of ceremonial mounds was an important feature of the Laurel complex as it was for the Point Peninsula complex and other Hopewell cultures Sites were usually located at rapids or falls where sturgeon come to spawn and ceremonies may have coincided with this yearly event The mounds and the artifacts contained within them indicate contact with the Adena and Hopewell of the Ohio River valley It is unknown if the contact was direct or indirect 2 Kay Nah Chi Wah Nung edit The first mound builders in what is now the Kay Nah Chi Wah Nung National Historic Site of Canada Laurel culture c 2300 BP 900 BP who lived in villages and built large round burial mounds along the edge of the river as monuments to their dead 3 These mounds remain visible today 4 Kay Nah Chi Wah Nung is considered to be one of the most significant centres of early habitation and ceremonial burial in Canada is located on the north side Rainy River in Northwestern Ontario Canada It became part of a continent wide trading network because of its strategic location at the centre of major North American waterways 3 Blackduck tradition editThe later Blackduck tradition has been framed as a successor culture in the region with the archaeologist K C A Dawson positioning the Blackduck as a new unrelated population which spread northward through northern Minnesota southern Manitoba and northwestern Ontario c AD 500 to AD 900 5 Blackduck ceramics were notably better constructed than Woodland period predecessors with thinner walls and larger size 6 It was noted by Dawson that at the Wabinosh River site north of Lake Superior late Laurel ceramics display some traits of the Blackduck and Selkirk traditions Dawson associates the Laurel with an Archaic period residual population with an influx of Blackduck people as the climate in the north became milder he associates the Blackduck with the Ojibwe 5 See also editHopewell tradition List of Hopewell sites Saugeen complex Point Peninsula complexReferences edit Reid amp Rajnovich 1991 p 193 The Archaeology of Ontario The Middle Woodland Period Archived from the original on 2009 07 15 Retrieved 2009 10 07 a b Kay Nah Chi Wah Nung Parks Canada Backgrounder 26 September 2013 archived from the original on 15 January 2014 retrieved 13 January 2014 Kay Nah Chi Wah Nung National Historic Site of Canada Statement of Significance Parks Canada Canada s Historic Places 1998 archived from the original on 16 January 2014 retrieved 12 January 2014 a b Dawson 1981 p 3 Blackduck Phase Manitoba Archaeological Society 1998 Sources edit Dawson K C A 1981 The Wabinosh River site and the Laurel tradition in northwestern Ontario PDF Ontario Archaeology Ontario Archaeological Society 36 3 46 Reid C S Rajnovich Grace 1991 Laurel a Re evaluation of the Spatial Social and Temporal Paradigms Canadian Journal of Archaeology Canadian Archaeological Association 15 193 234 JSTOR 41102484 Further reading editDawson K C A 1980 The MacGillivray Site A Laurel Tradition Site in Northwestern Ontario Ontario Archaeology Ontario Archaeological Society 34 45 68 Dawson K C A 1978 The Mound Island Site A Multi Component Woodland Period Habitation Site in Northwestern Ontario PDF Ontario Archaeology Ontario Archaeological Society 30 47 66 Description and analysis of a Laurel site with later Terminal Woodland elements Dawson K C A 1974 The McCluskey Site Mercury Series University of Ottawa Press doi 10 2307 j ctv16vm8 Description and analysis of a site with Blackduck and Laurel components Mason Ronald J August 1970 Hopewell Middle Woodland and the Laurel Culture A Problem in Archeological Classification American Anthropologist Wiley 72 4 802 815 JSTOR 671655 Wright J V 1967 The Laurel tradition and the Middle Woodland period National Museum of Canada Bulletin Queen s Printer 217 External links editThe Footprints of Wasahkacahk The Churchill River Diversion Project and Destruction of the Nelson House Cree Historical Landscape 1977 Eva Mary Minah Linklater Initial Woodland Complexes in the Far North The Laurel Culture 50 B C to A D 1000 nbsp This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Laurel complex amp oldid 1159387211, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
