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Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

November 26, 2023

Further information: International recognition of the State of Palestine

The foreign relations of the State of Palestine have been conducted since the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964.[1] Since the Oslo Accords, it seeks to obtain universal recognition for the State of Palestine on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. As of 2 June 2023, 139 of the 193 United Nations (UN) member states officially recognize the State of Palestine (Israel is recognized by 165).

Nations with which Palestine has diplomatic relations

In November 1988, the Palestinian National Council declared the independence of the State of Palestine, and in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established following the Oslo Accords. The PLO Executive Committee performs the functions of the government of the State of Palestine.

After 2011, the PLO's diplomatic effort focused on the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations. In November 2012, the State of Palestine was accepted as a non-member observer state of the UN General Assembly with the passing of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19.[2][3]

Background

The Palestine Liberation Organization was created in 1964 as a paramilitary organization and has sought to conduct foreign relations with states and international organisations since that time.[1] Initially, the PLO established relations with Arab and communist countries. In 1969 the PLO became a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[4][5] In October 1974, the Arab League designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".[6] The new status of the PLO was recognised by all Arab League states except Jordan (Jordan recognised that status of the PLO at a later stage). On 22 November 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. By Resolution 3237 on the same date, the PLO was granted non-State observer status at the United Nations.[7][8] In September 1976, the PLO became a non-state member of the Arab League, and in the same year became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

On 15 November 1988, in support of the First Intifada, the PLO declared the establishment of the State of Palestine, which was widely recognised by many foreign governments,[9] although often statements made were of an equivocal nature[10] – at times referring to the PLO or the State of Palestine or one acting on behalf of the other, or by the generic "Palestine". Many countries and organisations "upgraded" representation from the PLO to the new State, though in practice the same PLO offices, personnel and contacts continued to be used. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative claimed recognition from 94 states.[11][12] Since then, additional states have publicly extended recognition.

The PNA was established by the PLO in 1994 following the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. The Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, who since July 2007 has been Riyad Al-Maliki, is responsible for the foreign relations of the PNA. States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories, and the representation of the PNA abroad is accomplished by the missions of the PLO, who represents it there.

Both the PLO (representing itself, the State of Palestine, or the PNA) and the PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations,[13] and participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate. The designation "Palestine", adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO,[14] is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities.

Bilateral relations

See also: International recognition of the State of Palestine
Further information: List of diplomatic missions in Palestine and List of diplomatic missions of the State of Palestine
 
Countries with standing relations with the PLO and the PNA.

The Palestine Liberation Organization maintains a network of missions and embassies,[15] and represents the Palestinian National Authority abroad.[15][16] Most of the 139 states that have recognised the State of Palestine have elevated the Palestinian representation in their country to the status of embassy.[17] A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. In some cases, as a matter of courtesy, these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges,[17] and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors".[18]

In the United States, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations.[19] The Palestine Information Office was then registered with the Justice Department as a foreign agent and operated until 1968, when it was closed. The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987,[20][21] but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization.[22] A PLO office was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center.[23] The PLO Mission office, in Washington D.C., was opened in 1994, and represented the PLO in the United States. On 20 July 2010, the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to "General Delegation of the PLO".[24]

States that recognise the State of Palestine maintain their diplomatic missions to Palestine in the Palestinian city of Ramallah, in the West Bank.

Alphabetical table of relations

Africa

State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
  Algeria Yes[when?] Embassy (Algiers)[25] Embassy, non-resident (Tunis)[26] Arab League, OIC; Algeria–Palestine relations
  Angola Yes[when?] Embassy (Luanda)[27] — —
  Benin Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Lagos)[28][29] OIC
  Burkina Faso Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[30][31] OIC;Burkina Faso-Palestine relations
  Cameroon Yes[32][when?] OIC
  Chad Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[27] OIC
  Comoros Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[27] Arab League, OIC
  Republic of the Congo Yes[when?] Embassy (Brazzaville)[citation needed] —
  Côte d'Ivoire Yes[when?] Embassy (Abidjan)[33] OIC
  Djibouti Yes[when?] Embassy (Djibouti)[27] Arab League, OIC
  Egypt Yes[when?] Embassy (Cairo)[27] Embassy, non-resident[citation needed]
Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[citation needed]		 Arab League, OIC; Egypt–Palestine relations
  Eritrea Yes[34][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[27] —
  Eswatini Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Maputo)[35] — —
  Ethiopia Yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[36] —
  Gabon Yes[when?] Embassy (Libreville)[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
  Gambia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[37] OIC
  Ghana Yes[when?] Embassy (Accra)[38] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
  Guinea Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[27][39] OIC
  Guinea-Bissau Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[27] OIC
  Kenya Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Harare)[27][40] —
  Libya Yes[when?] Embassy (Tripoli)[41] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
  Malawi Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[42] Embassy, non-resident (Harare)[43] —
  Mali Yes[when?] Embassy (Bamako)[30][44] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[30][45] OIC
  Mauritania Yes[when?] Embassy (Nouakchott)[27][46] Arab League, OIC
  Mauritius Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[47] —
  Morocco Yes[when?] Embassy (Rabat)[48] Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[49] Arab League, OIC
  Mozambique Yes[when?] Embassy (Maputo)[50] OIC
  Namibia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria)[51] —
  Niger Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[27] OIC
  Nigeria Yes[when?] Embassy (Abuja)[52] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
  Senegal 1 December 1981[53] Embassy (Dakar)[54] OIC
  Seychelles Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[55] —
  Somalia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[27] Arab League, OIC
  South Africa 15 February 1995[56] Embassy (Pretoria)[57] Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[56][58][59] —; Palestine–South Africa relations
  Sudan Yes[when?] Embassy (Khartoum)[60][61] Arab League, OIC
  Tanzania Yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam)[62][63] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[62] —
  Tunisia 1994[64] Embassy (Tunis)[27] Office (Ramallah)[65] Arab League, OIC
  Uganda Embassy (Kampala)[27] OIC
  Zambia Yes[when?] Embassy (Lusaka)[27] —
  Zimbabwe Yes[when?] Embassy (Harare)[40][66] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —

Americas

State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
  Argentina 2009 or before[67][68][69][when?] Embassy (Buenos Aires)[69][70][71] Office (Ramallah)[72] —
  Belize Yes[when?] Special delegation, non-resident (Mexico City)[73] — —
  Brazil 1993 or before[74][when?] Embassy (Brasília)[75] Office (Ramallah)[74] —; Brazil–Palestine relations
  Canada 1993[76] General delegation (Ottawa)[77] Office (Ramallah)[78] —
  Chile March 1990[79] Embassy (Santiago)[27][79][80] Office (Ramallah)[81] —
  Colombia 3 October 1988[82] Embassy (Bogota)[83] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[84] —
  Costa Rica 5 February 2008[85] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[86][87] —
  Cuba Yes[when?] Embassy (Havana)[88] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[89] —
  Dominican Republic 15 July 2009[90] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[91] —
  Ecuador 2008 or before[citation needed][when?] Embassy (Quito) Office (Ramallah)[92] —
  El Salvador 10 May 2013 [93] Embassy (San Salvador)[94] El Salvador–Palestine relations
  Grenada 27 September 2013[95]
  Guyana Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Havana)[96] OIC
  Haiti 27 September 2013[95]
  Honduras 4 June 2013[97] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[98] Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv) —; Honduras-Palestine relations
  Mexico 1975[99] Embassy (Mexico City)[100] Office (Ramallah)[101] Mexico–Palestine relations
  Nicaragua Yes[when?] Embassy (Managua)[102][103] Embassy (Ramallah)[104][105] —
  Paraguay 25 March 2005[106] Embassy, non-resident (Brasília)[107] —
  Peru 2008 or before[108][when?] Embassy (Lima)[108] — —
  Saint Lucia 14 September 2015[109]
  Uruguay 20 April 2010[110] Embassy (Montevideo)[111] Embassy (Ramallah) [112][113][114] —
  Venezuela 27 April 2009[115] Embassy (Caracas)[116] Embassy (Ramallah)[117]

Asia

State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
  Afghanistan Yes[when?] — Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[118] OIC
  Azerbaijan 15 April 1992[119] Embassy (Baku)[120] OIC
  Bahrain 15 June 1974[121] Embassy (Manama)[122] Arab League, OIC
  Bangladesh 1972 Embassy (Dhaka)[123][124] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
  Brunei 24 May 1994 Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[125] OIC
  Cambodia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)[126] —
  China Yes[when?] Embassy (Beijing)[127] Office (Ramallah)[128] —; China–Palestine relations
  East Timor 1 March 2004[129][130] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[129] — —
  India 1974[131] Embassy (New Delhi)[132] Office (Ramallah)[131] —; India–Palestine relations
  Indonesia 19 October 1989[133] Embassy (Jakarta)[133][134] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[133][134] OIC; Indonesia–Palestine relations
  Iran Embassy (Tehran)[27] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
  Iraq Yes[when?] Embassy (Baghdad)[135] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Iraq–Palestine relations
  Japan Yes[when?] General delegation (Tokyo)[136] Office (Ramallah)[137] —
  Jordan Yes[when?] Embassy (Amman)[138] Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
  Kazakhstan 6 April 1992[139] Embassy (Astana)[139] Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv)[139] OIC
  Korea, North Yes[when?] Embassy (Pyongyang)[27][140] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —; North Korea–Palestine relations
  Korea, South Yes[when?] — Office (Ramallah)[141] —
  Kuwait Yes[when?] Embassy (Kuwait)[27][citation needed] Arab League, OIC
  Kyrgyzstan November 1995[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[142] OIC
  Laos 15 May 1989[143] Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)[143] —
  Lebanon Yes[when?] Embassy (Beirut)[144] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
  Malaysia Yes[when?] Embassy (Kuala Lumpur)[145][146] OIC; Malaysia–Palestine relations
  Maldives Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Colombo)[147] Embassy, non-resident (London)[148] OIC
  Mongolia 25 April 1979[149] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
  Oman Yes[when?] Embassy (Muscat)[150] Embassy (Ramallah)[151] Arab League, OIC
  Pakistan Yes[when?] Embassy (Islamabad)[152] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
  Philippines September 1989[153] Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[154][27] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[154] —
  Qatar Yes[when?] Embassy (Doha)[155] Embassy, non-resident[citation needed]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 Arab League, OIC
  Saudi Arabia Yes[when?] Embassy (Riyadh)[156] Arab League, OIC; Palestine-Saudi Arabia relations
  Sri Lanka Yes[when?] Embassy (Colombo)[157] Office (Ramallah)[158] —
  Syria 2006 or before[159][when?] Embassy (Damascus)[160] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
  Tajikistan 1994 or before[161][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[162] OIC
  Thailand 18 January 2012[163] Embassy, non-resident (Bangkok)[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[citation needed] —
  Turkey 1975[164] Embassy (Ankara)[165] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[166] OIC; Palestine–Turkey relations
  Turkmenistan 17 April 1992[167] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[168] OIC
  United Arab Emirates Yes[when?] Embassy (Abu Dhabi)[169] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[170] Arab League, OIC; Palestine–United Arab Emirates relations
  Uzbekistan 25 September 1994[171] Embassy (Tashkent)[172] OIC
  Vietnam 1968[173] Embassy (Hanoi)[174] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —; Palestine–Vietnam relations
  Yemen Yes[when?] Embassy (Sana'a)[175] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC

Europe

State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
  Albania Yes[when?] Embassy (Tirana)[176] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC; Albania–Palestine relations
  Austria 13 December 1978[53][177] Ambassador mission (Vienna)[178][179] Office (Ramallah)[180] EU
  Belarus Yes[when?] Embassy (Minsk)[181][182] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] —
  Belgium Yes[when?] General delegation (Brussels)[27][citation needed] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[183][184] EU
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 October 1992[185] Embassy (Sarajevo)[186] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
  Bulgaria Yes[when?] Embassy (Sofia)[187] Office (Ramallah)[188] EU
  Croatia 31 March 2011[189][190] — Representation, non-resident (Zagreb) EU
  Cyprus Yes[when?] Embassy (Nicosia)[191] Office (Ramallah)[192] EU
  Czech Republic 1983[193] Embassy (Prague)[194] Office (Ramallah)[195] EU
  Denmark Yes[when?] General delegation (Copenhagen)[27] Office (Ramallah)[196] EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
  Estonia 2004 or before[197][when?] Mission, non-resident (Helsinki)[197][198] — EU
  European Union 1994 or before[when?] General delegation (Brussels)[27] Office (Ramallah)[199] EU; Palestine–European Union relations
  Finland 1982[200] General delegation (Helsinki)[200] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
  France Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Paris)[201][202] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[203] EU
  Georgia 25 April 1992[204] —
  Germany Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Berlin)[205] Office (Ramallah)[206] EU; Germany–Palestine relations
  Greece 1981 Representation (Athens)[207] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[208][clarification needed] EU
  Holy See 25 October 1994[209] Representation, non-resident (London)[210][211][212] Apostolic nunciature, non-resident (Tunis)[210]
Apostolic delegation (Jerusalem)[213][214][clarification needed]		 —; Holy See–Palestine relations
  Hungary Yes[when?] Embassy (Budapest)[215][216] Office (Ramallah)[217]
Honorary Consulate (Bethlehem)[218]		 EU
  Iceland Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Oslo)[219] Embassy, non-resident (Reykjavík)[220] —; Iceland–Palestine relations
  Ireland Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Dublin)[18][221][222] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU; Ireland–Palestine relations
  Israel 20 August 1993 Department, non-resident (Gaza)[223] Department, non-resident (Tel Aviv) Israel–Palestine relations
  Italy 1974[53][when?] General delegation (Rome)[224] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[225][226] EU
  Latvia Yes[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)[200] — EU
  Lithuania Yes[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)[200] — EU
  Luxembourg 2006 or before[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Brussels)[227] — EU
  Malta Yes[when?] Embassy (Valletta)[228] Office (Ramallah)[229] EU
  Moldova 7 June 1994[230] —
  Montenegro 1 August 2006[231] Embassy, non-resident (Belgrade)[232] —
  Netherlands Yes[when?] General delegation (The Hague)[27] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
  Norway Yes[233][when?] General delegation (Oslo)[234] Office (Ramallah)[235] —
  Poland Yes[when?] Embassy (Warsaw)[236] Office (Ramallah)[237] EU
  Portugal Yes[when?] General delegation (Lisbon)[27] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
  Romania Yes[when?] Embassy (Bucharest)[238][239] Office (Ramallah)[240] EU; Romania–Palestine relations
  Russia 1974[241] Embassy (Moscow)[242][243] Office (Ramallah)[244] —; Russia–Palestine relations
  Serbia 1989[245] Embassy (Belgrade)[246] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[247] —; Palestine–Serbia relations
  Slovakia 1 January 1993[248] Embassy (Bratislava)[249][250] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed]
Office, non-resident (Tel Aviv)[251][252]		 EU
  Slovenia Yes[when?] Diplomatic Mission, non-resident (Vienna)[253] Office (Ramallah)[253] EU
  Sovereign Military Order of Malta September 2011[254][255] [255] [255] —
  Spain 14 August 1986[53][when?] General delegation (Madrid)[256] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[257] EU
  Sweden 30 October 2014[258] Embassy (Stockholm)[259][260] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[261] EU
   Switzerland Yes[when?] General delegation (Bern)[262][263] Office (Ramallah)[264] —
  Ukraine Yes[when?] Embassy (Kyiv)[265] —
  United Kingdom Yes[when?] General delegation (London)[266][267] Office (Gaza)[268]
Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[269][270][271][clarification needed]		 Palestine–United Kingdom relations

Oceania / Pacific

State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
  Australia 23 August 2000[129][272] General delegation (Canberra)[129] Office (Ramallah) —
  New Zealand Yes[129][when?] General delegation, non-resident (Canberra)[129] — —
  Papua New Guinea 4 October 2004[129][273] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[129] — —
  Vanuatu 19 October 1989[274] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[129] —

Participation in international organisations

The State of Palestine is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date
Membership
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation [note 1] member State of Palestine 1969 [note 2]
Non-Aligned Movement member [276] Palestine[clarification needed] 1976 [277]
Arab League [note 3] member State of Palestine 1976 [note 2]
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia member [279] Palestine Liberation Organization[280] (as in the UNGA) 1977
Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly member [281] Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2003
International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions [note 4] member [282] Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights (PNA)[note 5] 2004 [283]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
and International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 		member Palestine Red Crescent Society (PLO)[284] 2006 [277]
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean member [285] Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2006 [277]
Union for the Mediterranean member Palestinian National Authority 2008
Inter-Parliamentary Union member [286] Palestinian National Council (PLO)[note 6] 1995[287] 2008 [note 6]
Asian Parliamentary Assembly member [293] Palestinian Legislative Council (PNA)
Group of 77 member [294] Palestine[clarification needed]
International Trade Union Confederation member [295] Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions
Airports Council International member [296] Palestinian Civil Aviation Authority (PNA)
Alliance for Financial Inclusion member [297] Palestinian Monetary Authority (PNA) 2010
UNESCO member State of Palestine 1989[298] 2011 [note 7]
IBAN member [302] Palestinian Monetary Authority (PNA)[303] 2012
Non-member status
United Nations [note 8] observer state State of Palestine[308] 1974 [note 9]
World Health Organization observer [311] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 1998
International Telecommunication Union observer [312] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 1998 [313]
World Tourism Organization special observer [314] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA)[citation needed] 1999
International Organization for Standardization correspondent [315][note 10] Palestine Standards Institution (PNA)[317][318] 2001 [note 11]
World Intellectual Property Organization observer [319] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 2005 2005 [320]
Universal Postal Union special observer Palestinian National Authority 2008
Energy Charter Conference observer [321] Palestinian National Authority 2008
International Electrotechnical Commission affiliate participant [322] Palestine Standards Institution (PNA)[318][323] 2009
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe partner for democracy Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2010 [281] 2011 [324]
Association of Caribbean States (ACS) observer 2017

Arab League

In 1964, the first summit of the League of Arab States, held in Cairo in January, resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity.[325][326] Subsequently, in May, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab-controlled Jerusalem.[327] The organisation's establishment was formally approved at the Arab League's second summit, held in Alexandria in October.[328] The PLO was granted full membership in 1976.[329] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[329][specify]

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC; now named Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) in 1969;[5] it attended the founding conference, held in Rabat in September 1969, as an observer.[330] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[specify] It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution for member states of the OIC.[331][332]

Status at the United Nations

Further information: Palestine and the United Nations, International recognition of the State of Palestine, and State of Palestine
 
  Countries that have recognized the State of Palestine
  Countries that have not recognized the State of Palestine

The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.[333]

The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. In the UNGA's regional groupings, the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986.[note 8] Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine,[334] the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967".[334][335] In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.[336] By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers."[336] This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.[337][338]

Since 2011, Palestinian diplomacy has been centred around the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011. It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six-Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. In September 2012, the Palestine Liberation Organization submitted a draft resolution according non-member observer state status to Palestine,[339][340] which the General Assembly approved on 29 November 2012.[309] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine".[341]

The vote was a historic benchmark for the sovereign State of Palestine and its citizens, whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States. Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialised UN agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation,[342] the Law of the Seas Treaty and the International Criminal Court. It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN. It shall also provide the citizens of Palestine with the right to sue for control of their territory in the International Court of Justice and with the legal right to bring war-crimes charges, mainly those relating to the unlawful Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court.[343]

After Palestine was granted UN observer status, the UN authorised the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as 'The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations',[344] and Palestine re-titled its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports,[345][346] whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent 'The State of Palestine', as opposed to the 'Palestine National Authority'.[345] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[347] thus recognising the PLO-proclaimed State of Palestine as being sovereign over the territories of Palestine and its citizens under international law.

International Criminal Court

On 13 June 2014, the State of Palestine became a party to the International Criminal Court, based in The Hague; the State of Palestine acceded to the Rome Statute on 2 January 2015.[348]

Before the United Nations General Assembly voting in September 2012, the Palestinian Authority had tried to become a party to the Rome Statute and therefore recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 and again in April 2012.[349][350] According to The Jerusalem Post, "had the ICC accepted the PA’s recognition of its jurisdiction, it would have also tacitly accepted its statehood."[351]


International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent (ICRC)

In June 2006, a decision by the 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent admitted the Palestine Red Crescent Society as a full member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Geneva Conventions

The State of Palestine has been a full member of the Geneva Conventions since 2 April 2014.

In 1989, just one year after the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the Palestine Liberation Organization had tried to accede to the Geneva Conventions back in 1989, but Switzerland, as the depositary state, had stated that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.[352]

FIFA, IOC (International Olympic Committee) and IPC (International Paralympic Committee)

The State of Palestine is a full member of the International Olympic Committee,[353] of the International Paralympic Committee,[354] and of FIFA.[355]

International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA)

On 28 September 2023, a majority of the members of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved a proposal for the State of Palestine to be recognized, with that name, as an observer state to the Agency.[Note 1]

World Health Organization (WHO)

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO). It had applied for full membership status as far back as 1989, when the United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet.[352] John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.[359] On 31 October 2011, following the admission of Palestine to UNESCO, the Minister of Health Fathi Abu Moghli announced that the PNA would then seek membership at the WHO;[360] however, following reports that that would lead to the defunding of the entire organization by the United States – as the US had done to UNESCO after it admitted Palestine –, the Palestinian government announced that they would not be seeking membership at WHO at the time.[361] As of 2023, the WHO still refers to the territories claimed by the State of Palestine – the West Bank and Gaza – as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory".

World Trade Organization (WTO)

In 2022, the State of Palestine was allowed to participate, as an observer state and under the name "Palestine", of the World Trade Organization's twelfth Ministerial Conference, held in Geneva, Switzerland.[362]

International treaties and conventions

The Palestine Liberation Organization, representing the Palestinian National Authority, participates in trade liberalisation:

Treaty or convention Signature Ratification
Customs Union with Israel [note 12] group="note">Established following the Oslo Accords and the Paris protocol.</ref>
Free Trade Agreement with the European Union[363] 1997-02-24[363] 1997-07-01[363]
Free Trade Agreement with the European Free Trade Association[364] 1998-11-30[365] 1999-07-01[365]
Bilateral Investment Treaty with Egypt[366] 1998-04-28[367] 1999-06-19[367]
Free Trade Agreement with Turkey[368] 2004-07-20[368] 2005-06-01[368]
Greater Arab Free Trade Area of the Council of Arab Economic Unity[369] [when?] [when?]
Free trade agreement with Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela)[370] 2011-12-21[370]
Free trade agreement with Jordan[371] 2012-10-07[371]

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly[note 13] accepted as party to the international agreements in the Arab Mashreq:

Treaty or convention Signature Ratification
On roads[373] 2001-05-10[373] 2006-11-28[373]
On railways[374] 2003-04-14[374] 2006-11-28[374]
On maritime transport[375] — 2005-05-09[375]

Notes

  1. ^ Including its subordinated organizations of Islamic Development Bank (joined in 1977, three years after its establishment in 1974) and Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (one of the founders in 1982).[275]
  2. ^ a b The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence.
  3. ^ Including its subordinated organizations of Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Monetary Fund and Arab Satellite Communications Organization. The PLO's Palestinian National Council is one of the founders of the Arab Inter-parliamentary Union in 1974.[278]
  4. ^ Including its regional subgroup Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF).
  5. ^ Established by 1993 decree of the President of the State of Palestine and the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization and organized according to 1997 PNA's Palestinian Legislative Council law stipulating that "The Commission shall submit its reports to the President of the National Authority, and to the Palestinian Legislative Council."[283]
  6. ^ a b Palestine Liberation Organization delegation has been IPU observer since the 117th session of the IPU Governing Council in 1975.[278] At various sessions in 1996,[287] 1997[288] and 1998[289] it was decided that the Palestine National Council does not fulfill the conditions for membership laid down in Article 3 of the IPU Statutes,[289] but in 1998 the rights of the observer delegation of Palestine were strengthened.[290] Following the approval of the amendment to Article 3[291] in 2008 the PNC was accepted as IPU member.[292]
  7. ^ The PLO participated in UNESCO as observer since 1974.[299] In 1989 an application was submitted for the State of Palestine to become full member.[298] In 2011 UNESCO accepted the application.[300][301]
  8. ^ a b For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement, the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986.[304][305][306][307]
  9. ^ Since 1974 the Palestine Liberation Organization has the status of UN non-state observer entity. Since 1988 its designation in the UN is "Palestine".[14] Since 2012 the UN observer mission of the PLO is changed into UN observer mission of the State of Palestine,[308] whose government is the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization.[309][310]
  10. ^ Representation for "Occupied Palestinian Territory" equivalent to that of a state; assigned the code "ps"[316]
  11. ^ The PSI became a subscriber member of ISO in 2001 and a correspondent member in 2004.[317] It is still not a full member.[315]
  12. ^ Israel has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, Turkey, USA, Canada and Mexico. The PNA participates in the free trade agreement between the United States and Israel.
  13. ^ Palestine was accorded membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC Resolution 2089 (LXIII) dated 22 July 1977.[280] Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of the PLO and the PNA.[372]
  1. ^ Palestine Liberation Organization originally granted observer status by the IAEA on 23 September 1976.[356] Designation changed to "Palestine" on 29 September 1989,[357] and "State of Palestine" on 28 September 2023.[358]

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November 26, 2023
foreign, relations, state, palestine, further, information, international, recognition, state, palestine, foreign, relations, state, palestine, have, been, conducted, since, establishment, palestine, liberation, organization, 1964, since, oslo, accords, seeks,. Further information International recognition of the State of Palestine The foreign relations of the State of Palestine have been conducted since the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO in 1964 1 Since the Oslo Accords it seeks to obtain universal recognition for the State of Palestine on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital As of 2 June 2023 139 of the 193 United Nations UN member states officially recognize the State of Palestine Israel is recognized by 165 Nations with which Palestine has diplomatic relationsIn November 1988 the Palestinian National Council declared the independence of the State of Palestine and in 1994 the Palestinian National Authority PNA was established following the Oslo Accords The PLO Executive Committee performs the functions of the government of the State of Palestine After 2011 the PLO s diplomatic effort focused on the Palestine 194 campaign which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations In November 2012 the State of Palestine was accepted as a non member observer state of the UN General Assembly with the passing of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 19 2 3 Contents 1 Background 2 Bilateral relations 2 1 Alphabetical table of relations 2 2 Africa 2 3 Americas 2 4 Asia 2 5 Europe 2 6 Oceania Pacific 3 Participation in international organisations 3 1 Arab League 3 2 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 3 3 Status at the United Nations 3 4 International Criminal Court 3 5 International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent ICRC 3 6 Geneva Conventions 3 7 FIFA IOC International Olympic Committee and IPC International Paralympic Committee 3 8 International Agency for Atomic Energy IAEA 3 9 World Health Organization WHO 3 10 World Trade Organization WTO 4 International treaties and conventions 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksBackgroundThe Palestine Liberation Organization was created in 1964 as a paramilitary organization and has sought to conduct foreign relations with states and international organisations since that time 1 Initially the PLO established relations with Arab and communist countries In 1969 the PLO became a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 4 5 In October 1974 the Arab League designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people 6 The new status of the PLO was recognised by all Arab League states except Jordan Jordan recognised that status of the PLO at a later stage On 22 November 1974 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self determination national independence and sovereignty in Palestine It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations By Resolution 3237 on the same date the PLO was granted non State observer status at the United Nations 7 8 In September 1976 the PLO became a non state member of the Arab League and in the same year became a member of the Non Aligned Movement On 15 November 1988 in support of the First Intifada the PLO declared the establishment of the State of Palestine which was widely recognised by many foreign governments 9 although often statements made were of an equivocal nature 10 at times referring to the PLO or the State of Palestine or one acting on behalf of the other or by the generic Palestine Many countries and organisations upgraded representation from the PLO to the new State though in practice the same PLO offices personnel and contacts continued to be used In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council the PLO representative claimed recognition from 94 states 11 12 Since then additional states have publicly extended recognition The PNA was established by the PLO in 1994 following the Oslo Accords and the Israeli Palestinian Interim Agreement The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self government to the PNA which are in effect in parts of the West Bank and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas The Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority who since July 2007 has been Riyad Al Maliki is responsible for the foreign relations of the PNA States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories and the representation of the PNA abroad is accomplished by the missions of the PLO who represents it there Both the PLO representing itself the State of Palestine or the PNA and the PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations 13 and participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state observer associate or affiliate The designation Palestine adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO 14 is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities Bilateral relationsSee also International recognition of the State of Palestine Further information List of diplomatic missions in Palestine and List of diplomatic missions of the State of Palestine nbsp Countries with standing relations with the PLO and the PNA The Palestine Liberation Organization maintains a network of missions and embassies 15 and represents the Palestinian National Authority abroad 15 16 Most of the 139 states that have recognised the State of Palestine have elevated the Palestinian representation in their country to the status of embassy 17 A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation falling short of full diplomatic recognition In some cases as a matter of courtesy these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges 17 and are often referred to as embassies with their heads as ambassadors 18 In the United States an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations 19 The Palestine Information Office was then registered with the Justice Department as a foreign agent and operated until 1968 when it was closed The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987 20 21 but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization 22 A PLO office was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center 23 The PLO Mission office in Washington D C was opened in 1994 and represented the PLO in the United States On 20 July 2010 the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to General Delegation of the PLO 24 States that recognise the State of Palestine maintain their diplomatic missions to Palestine in the Palestinian city of Ramallah in the West Bank Alphabetical table of relations Africa State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes nbsp Algeria Yes when Embassy Algiers 25 Embassy non resident Tunis 26 Arab League OIC Algeria Palestine relations nbsp Angola Yes when Embassy Luanda 27 nbsp Benin Yes when Embassy non resident Lagos 28 29 OIC nbsp Burkina Faso Yes when Embassy non resident Bamako 30 31 OIC Burkina Faso Palestine relations nbsp Cameroon Yes 32 when OIC nbsp Chad Yes when Embassy non resident Bamako 27 OIC nbsp Comoros Yes when Embassy non resident Djibouti 27 Arab League OIC nbsp Republic of the Congo Yes when Embassy Brazzaville citation needed nbsp Cote d Ivoire Yes when Embassy Abidjan 33 OIC nbsp Djibouti Yes when Embassy Djibouti 27 Arab League OIC nbsp Egypt Yes when Embassy Cairo 27 Embassy non resident citation needed Office Ramallah Gaza citation needed Arab League OIC Egypt Palestine relations nbsp Eritrea Yes 34 when Embassy non resident Djibouti 27 nbsp Eswatini Yes when Embassy non resident Maputo 35 nbsp Ethiopia Yes when Embassy Addis Ababa 36 nbsp Gabon Yes when Embassy Libreville citation needed Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed OIC nbsp Gambia Yes when Embassy non resident Dakar 37 OIC nbsp Ghana Yes when Embassy Accra 38 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed nbsp Guinea Yes when Embassy non resident Dakar 27 39 OIC nbsp Guinea Bissau Yes when Embassy non resident Dakar 27 OIC nbsp Kenya Yes when Embassy non resident Harare 27 40 nbsp Libya Yes when Embassy Tripoli 41 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed Arab League OIC nbsp Malawi Yes when Embassy non resident Cairo 42 Embassy non resident Harare 43 nbsp Mali Yes when Embassy Bamako 30 44 Embassy non resident Cairo 30 45 OIC nbsp Mauritania Yes when Embassy Nouakchott 27 46 Arab League OIC nbsp Mauritius Yes when Embassy non resident Dar es Salaam 47 nbsp Morocco Yes when Embassy Rabat 48 Office Ramallah Gaza 49 Arab League OIC nbsp Mozambique Yes when Embassy Maputo 50 OIC nbsp Namibia Yes when Embassy non resident Pretoria 51 nbsp Niger Yes when Embassy non resident Bamako 27 OIC nbsp Nigeria Yes when Embassy Abuja 52 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed OIC nbsp Senegal 1 December 1981 53 Embassy Dakar 54 OIC nbsp Seychelles Yes when Embassy non resident Dar es Salaam 55 nbsp Somalia Yes when Embassy non resident Djibouti 27 Arab League OIC nbsp South Africa 15 February 1995 56 Embassy Pretoria 57 Office Ramallah Gaza 56 58 59 Palestine South Africa relations nbsp Sudan Yes when Embassy Khartoum 60 61 Arab League OIC nbsp Tanzania Yes when Embassy Dar es Salaam 62 63 Embassy non resident Cairo 62 nbsp Tunisia 1994 64 Embassy Tunis 27 Office Ramallah 65 Arab League OIC nbsp Uganda Embassy Kampala 27 OIC nbsp Zambia Yes when Embassy Lusaka 27 nbsp Zimbabwe Yes when Embassy Harare 40 66 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed Americas State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes nbsp Argentina 2009 or before 67 68 69 when Embassy Buenos Aires 69 70 71 Office Ramallah 72 nbsp Belize Yes when Special delegation non resident Mexico City 73 nbsp Brazil 1993 or before 74 when Embassy Brasilia 75 Office Ramallah 74 Brazil Palestine relations nbsp Canada 1993 76 General delegation Ottawa 77 Office Ramallah 78 nbsp Chile March 1990 79 Embassy Santiago 27 79 80 Office Ramallah 81 nbsp Colombia 3 October 1988 82 Embassy Bogota 83 Embassy non resident Cairo 84 nbsp Costa Rica 5 February 2008 85 Embassy non resident New York 86 87 nbsp Cuba Yes when Embassy Havana 88 Embassy non resident Cairo 89 nbsp Dominican Republic 15 July 2009 90 Embassy non resident New York 91 nbsp Ecuador 2008 or before citation needed when Embassy Quito Office Ramallah 92 nbsp El Salvador 10 May 2013 93 Embassy San Salvador 94 El Salvador Palestine relations nbsp Grenada 27 September 2013 95 nbsp Guyana Yes when Embassy non resident Havana 96 OIC nbsp Haiti 27 September 2013 95 nbsp Honduras 4 June 2013 97 Embassy non resident Managua 98 Embassy non resident Tel Aviv Honduras Palestine relations nbsp Mexico 1975 99 Embassy Mexico City 100 Office Ramallah 101 Mexico Palestine relations nbsp Nicaragua Yes when Embassy Managua 102 103 Embassy Ramallah 104 105 nbsp Paraguay 25 March 2005 106 Embassy non resident Brasilia 107 nbsp Peru 2008 or before 108 when Embassy Lima 108 nbsp Saint Lucia 14 September 2015 109 nbsp Uruguay 20 April 2010 110 Embassy Montevideo 111 Embassy Ramallah 112 113 114 nbsp Venezuela 27 April 2009 115 Embassy Caracas 116 Embassy Ramallah 117 Asia State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes nbsp Afghanistan Yes when Embassy non resident Damascus 118 OIC nbsp Azerbaijan 15 April 1992 119 Embassy Baku 120 OIC nbsp Bahrain 15 June 1974 121 Embassy Manama 122 Arab League OIC nbsp Bangladesh 1972 Embassy Dhaka 123 124 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed OIC nbsp Brunei 24 May 1994 Embassy non resident Kuala Lumpur 125 OIC nbsp Cambodia Yes when Embassy non resident Hanoi 126 nbsp China Yes when Embassy Beijing 127 Office Ramallah 128 China Palestine relations nbsp East Timor 1 March 2004 129 130 Embassy non resident Canberra 129 nbsp India 1974 131 Embassy New Delhi 132 Office Ramallah 131 India Palestine relations nbsp Indonesia 19 October 1989 133 Embassy Jakarta 133 134 Embassy non resident Amman 133 134 OIC Indonesia Palestine relations nbsp Iran Embassy Tehran 27 Embassy non resident Damascus citation needed OIC Iran Palestine relations nbsp Iraq Yes when Embassy Baghdad 135 Embassy non resident Damascus citation needed Arab League OIC Iraq Palestine relations nbsp Japan Yes when General delegation Tokyo 136 Office Ramallah 137 nbsp Jordan Yes when Embassy Amman 138 Office Ramallah Gaza citation needed Arab League OIC nbsp Kazakhstan 6 April 1992 139 Embassy Astana 139 Embassy non resident Tel Aviv 139 OIC nbsp Korea North Yes when Embassy Pyongyang 27 140 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed North Korea Palestine relations nbsp Korea South Yes when Office Ramallah 141 nbsp Kuwait Yes when Embassy Kuwait 27 citation needed Arab League OIC nbsp Kyrgyzstan November 1995 citation needed Embassy non resident Tashkent 142 OIC nbsp Laos 15 May 1989 143 Embassy non resident Hanoi 143 nbsp Lebanon Yes when Embassy Beirut 144 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed Arab League OIC nbsp Malaysia Yes when Embassy Kuala Lumpur 145 146 OIC Malaysia Palestine relations nbsp Maldives Yes when Embassy non resident Colombo 147 Embassy non resident London 148 OIC nbsp Mongolia 25 April 1979 149 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed nbsp Oman Yes when Embassy Muscat 150 Embassy Ramallah 151 Arab League OIC nbsp Pakistan Yes when Embassy Islamabad 152 Embassy non resident Damascus citation needed OIC Pakistan Palestine relations nbsp Philippines September 1989 153 Embassy non resident Kuala Lumpur 154 27 Embassy non resident Amman 154 nbsp Qatar Yes when Embassy Doha 155 Embassy non resident citation needed Office Gaza citation needed Arab League OIC nbsp Saudi Arabia Yes when Embassy Riyadh 156 Arab League OIC Palestine Saudi Arabia relations nbsp Sri Lanka Yes when Embassy Colombo 157 Office Ramallah 158 nbsp Syria 2006 or before 159 when Embassy Damascus 160 Embassy non resident Amman citation needed Arab League OIC nbsp Tajikistan 1994 or before 161 when Embassy non resident Tashkent 162 OIC nbsp Thailand 18 January 2012 163 Embassy non resident Bangkok citation needed Embassy non resident Amman citation needed nbsp Turkey 1975 164 Embassy Ankara 165 Consulate General Jerusalem 166 OIC Palestine Turkey relations nbsp Turkmenistan 17 April 1992 167 Embassy non resident Tashkent 168 OIC nbsp United Arab Emirates Yes when Embassy Abu Dhabi 169 Embassy non resident Amman 170 Arab League OIC Palestine United Arab Emirates relations nbsp Uzbekistan 25 September 1994 171 Embassy Tashkent 172 OIC nbsp Vietnam 1968 173 Embassy Hanoi 174 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed Palestine Vietnam relations nbsp Yemen Yes when Embassy Sana a 175 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed Arab League OICEurope State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes nbsp Albania Yes when Embassy Tirana 176 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed OIC Albania Palestine relations nbsp Austria 13 December 1978 53 177 Ambassador mission Vienna 178 179 Office Ramallah 180 EU nbsp Belarus Yes when Embassy Minsk 181 182 Embassy non resident Damascus citation needed nbsp Belgium Yes when General delegation Brussels 27 citation needed Consulate General Jerusalem 183 184 EU nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 October 1992 185 Embassy Sarajevo 186 Embassy non resident Cairo citation needed nbsp Bulgaria Yes when Embassy Sofia 187 Office Ramallah 188 EU nbsp Croatia 31 March 2011 189 190 Representation non resident Zagreb EU nbsp Cyprus Yes when Embassy Nicosia 191 Office Ramallah 192 EU nbsp Czech Republic 1983 193 Embassy Prague 194 Office Ramallah 195 EU nbsp Denmark Yes when General delegation Copenhagen 27 Office Ramallah 196 EU Denmark Palestine relations nbsp Estonia 2004 or before 197 when Mission non resident Helsinki 197 198 EU nbsp European Union 1994 or before when General delegation Brussels 27 Office Ramallah 199 EU Palestine European Union relations nbsp Finland 1982 200 General delegation Helsinki 200 Office Ramallah citation needed EU nbsp France Yes when Ambassador mission Paris 201 202 Consulate General Jerusalem 203 EU nbsp Georgia 25 April 1992 204 nbsp Germany Yes when Ambassador mission Berlin 205 Office Ramallah 206 EU Germany Palestine relations nbsp Greece 1981 Representation Athens 207 Consulate General Jerusalem 208 clarification needed EU nbsp Holy See 25 October 1994 209 Representation non resident London 210 211 212 Apostolic nunciature non resident Tunis 210 Apostolic delegation Jerusalem 213 214 clarification needed Holy See Palestine relations nbsp Hungary Yes when Embassy Budapest 215 216 Office Ramallah 217 Honorary Consulate Bethlehem 218 EU nbsp Iceland Yes when Embassy non resident Oslo 219 Embassy non resident Reykjavik 220 Iceland Palestine relations nbsp Ireland Yes when Ambassador mission Dublin 18 221 222 Office Ramallah citation needed EU Ireland Palestine relations nbsp Israel 20 August 1993 Department non resident Gaza 223 Department non resident Tel Aviv Israel Palestine relations nbsp Italy 1974 53 when General delegation Rome 224 Consulate General Jerusalem 225 226 EU nbsp Latvia Yes when General delegation non resident Helsinki 200 EU nbsp Lithuania Yes when General delegation non resident Helsinki 200 EU nbsp Luxembourg 2006 or before when General delegation non resident Brussels 227 EU nbsp Malta Yes when Embassy Valletta 228 Office Ramallah 229 EU nbsp Moldova 7 June 1994 230 nbsp Montenegro 1 August 2006 231 Embassy non resident Belgrade 232 nbsp Netherlands Yes when General delegation The Hague 27 Office Ramallah citation needed EU nbsp Norway Yes 233 when General delegation Oslo 234 Office Ramallah 235 nbsp Poland Yes when Embassy Warsaw 236 Office Ramallah 237 EU nbsp Portugal Yes when General delegation Lisbon 27 Office Ramallah citation needed EU nbsp Romania Yes when Embassy Bucharest 238 239 Office Ramallah 240 EU Romania Palestine relations nbsp Russia 1974 241 Embassy Moscow 242 243 Office Ramallah 244 Russia Palestine relations nbsp Serbia 1989 245 Embassy Belgrade 246 Embassy non resident Cairo 247 Palestine Serbia relations nbsp Slovakia 1 January 1993 248 Embassy Bratislava 249 250 Embassy non resident Damascus citation needed Office non resident Tel Aviv 251 252 EU nbsp Slovenia Yes when Diplomatic Mission non resident Vienna 253 Office Ramallah 253 EU nbsp Sovereign Military Order of Malta September 2011 254 255 255 255 nbsp Spain 14 August 1986 53 when General delegation Madrid 256 Consulate General Jerusalem 257 EU nbsp Sweden 30 October 2014 258 Embassy Stockholm 259 260 Consulate General Jerusalem 261 EU nbsp Switzerland Yes when General delegation Bern 262 263 Office Ramallah 264 nbsp Ukraine Yes when Embassy Kyiv 265 nbsp United Kingdom Yes when General delegation London 266 267 Office Gaza 268 Consulate General Jerusalem 269 270 271 clarification needed Palestine United Kingdom relationsOceania Pacific State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes nbsp Australia 23 August 2000 129 272 General delegation Canberra 129 Office Ramallah nbsp New Zealand Yes 129 when General delegation non resident Canberra 129 nbsp Papua New Guinea 4 October 2004 129 273 Embassy non resident Canberra 129 nbsp Vanuatu 19 October 1989 274 Embassy non resident Canberra 129 Participation in international organisationsThe State of Palestine is represented in various international organizations as member associate or observer International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission dateMembershipOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation note 1 member State of Palestine 1969 note 2 Non Aligned Movement member 276 Palestine clarification needed 1976 277 Arab League note 3 member State of Palestine 1976 note 2 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia member 279 Palestine Liberation Organization 280 as in the UNGA 1977Euro Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly member 281 Palestinian National Council PLO 2003International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions note 4 member 282 Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights PNA note 5 2004 283 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement member Palestine Red Crescent Society PLO 284 2006 277 Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean member 285 Palestinian National Council PLO 2006 277 Union for the Mediterranean member Palestinian National Authority 2008Inter Parliamentary Union member 286 Palestinian National Council PLO note 6 1995 287 2008 note 6 Asian Parliamentary Assembly member 293 Palestinian Legislative Council PNA Group of 77 member 294 Palestine clarification needed International Trade Union Confederation member 295 Palestine General Federation of Trade UnionsAirports Council International member 296 Palestinian Civil Aviation Authority PNA Alliance for Financial Inclusion member 297 Palestinian Monetary Authority PNA 2010UNESCO member State of Palestine 1989 298 2011 note 7 IBAN member 302 Palestinian Monetary Authority PNA 303 2012Non member statusUnited Nations note 8 observer state State of Palestine 308 1974 note 9 World Health Organization observer 311 Palestine Liberation Organization as in the UNGA 1998International Telecommunication Union observer 312 Palestine Liberation Organization as in the UNGA 1998 313 World Tourism Organization special observer 314 Palestine Liberation Organization as in the UNGA citation needed 1999International Organization for Standardization correspondent 315 note 10 Palestine Standards Institution PNA 317 318 2001 note 11 World Intellectual Property Organization observer 319 Palestine Liberation Organization as in the UNGA 2005 2005 320 Universal Postal Union special observer Palestinian National Authority 2008Energy Charter Conference observer 321 Palestinian National Authority 2008International Electrotechnical Commission affiliate participant 322 Palestine Standards Institution PNA 318 323 2009Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe partner for democracy Palestinian National Council PLO 2010 281 2011 324 Association of Caribbean States ACS observer 2017Arab League In 1964 the first summit of the League of Arab States held in Cairo in January resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity 325 326 Subsequently in May the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab controlled Jerusalem 327 The organisation s establishment was formally approved at the Arab League s second summit held in Alexandria in October 328 The PLO was granted full membership in 1976 329 Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988 329 specify Organisation of Islamic Cooperation The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC now named Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1969 5 it attended the founding conference held in Rabat in September 1969 as an observer 330 Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988 specify It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank an international financial institution for member states of the OIC 331 332 Status at the United Nations Further information Palestine and the United Nations International recognition of the State of Palestine and State of Palestine nbsp Countries that have recognized the State of Palestine Countries that have not recognized the State of PalestineThe Palestine National Council PNC sent formal notification to the U N Secretary General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO in May 1964 The following year in October some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee and it was decided that they could present a statement without implying recognition PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNRWA from 1963 to 1973 333 The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237 In the UNGA s regional groupings the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986 note 8 Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine 334 the UN re designated this observer to be referred to as Palestine in 1988 General Assembly Resolution 43 177 and affirmed the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967 334 335 In July 1998 the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution 52 250 conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly the right of reply the right to co sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues 336 By this resolution seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non member States and before the other observers 336 This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour 4 against Israel Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia United States and 10 abstentions 337 338 Since 2011 Palestinian diplomacy has been centred around the Palestine 194 campaign which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011 It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six Day War with East Jerusalem as its capital In September 2012 the Palestine Liberation Organization submitted a draft resolution according non member observer state status to Palestine 339 340 which the General Assembly approved on 29 November 2012 309 The change in status was described by The Independent as de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine 341 The vote was a historic benchmark for the sovereign State of Palestine and its citizens whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialised UN agencies such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation 342 the Law of the Seas Treaty and the International Criminal Court It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN It shall also provide the citizens of Palestine with the right to sue for control of their territory in the International Court of Justice and with the legal right to bring war crimes charges mainly those relating to the unlawful Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine against Israel in the International Criminal Court 343 After Palestine was granted UN observer status the UN authorised the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations 344 and Palestine re titled its name accordingly on postal stamps official documents and passports 345 346 whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent The State of Palestine as opposed to the Palestine National Authority 345 Additionally on 17 December 2012 UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that the designation of State of Palestine shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents 347 thus recognising the PLO proclaimed State of Palestine as being sovereign over the territories of Palestine and its citizens under international law International Criminal Court On 13 June 2014 the State of Palestine became a party to the International Criminal Court based in The Hague the State of Palestine acceded to the Rome Statute on 2 January 2015 348 Before the United Nations General Assembly voting in September 2012 the Palestinian Authority had tried to become a party to the Rome Statute and therefore recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court ICC in 2009 and again in April 2012 349 350 According to The Jerusalem Post had the ICC accepted the PA s recognition of its jurisdiction it would have also tacitly accepted its statehood 351 International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent ICRC In June 2006 a decision by the 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent admitted the Palestine Red Crescent Society as a full member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Geneva Conventions The State of Palestine has been a full member of the Geneva Conventions since 2 April 2014 In 1989 just one year after the proclamation of the State of Palestine the Palestine Liberation Organization had tried to accede to the Geneva Conventions back in 1989 but Switzerland as the depositary state had stated that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community it was incapable of recognising Palestine as a power that could accede to the Conventions 352 FIFA IOC International Olympic Committee and IPC International Paralympic Committee The State of Palestine is a full member of the International Olympic Committee 353 of the International Paralympic Committee 354 and of FIFA 355 International Agency for Atomic Energy IAEA On 28 September 2023 a majority of the members of the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA approved a proposal for the State of Palestine to be recognized with that name as an observer state to the Agency Note 1 World Health Organization WHO The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization WHO It had applied for full membership status as far back as 1989 when the United States which provided one quarter of the WHO s funding at the time informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state Yasser Arafat described the U S statement as blackmail The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet 352 John Quigley writes that Palestine s efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U S threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine 359 On 31 October 2011 following the admission of Palestine to UNESCO the Minister of Health Fathi Abu Moghli announced that the PNA would then seek membership at the WHO 360 however following reports that that would lead to the defunding of the entire organization by the United States as the US had done to UNESCO after it admitted Palestine the Palestinian government announced that they would not be seeking membership at WHO at the time 361 As of 2023 the WHO still refers to the territories claimed by the State of Palestine the West Bank and Gaza as the Occupied Palestinian Territory World Trade Organization WTO In 2022 the State of Palestine was allowed to participate as an observer state and under the name Palestine of the World Trade Organization s twelfth Ministerial Conference held in Geneva Switzerland 362 International treaties and conventionsThe Palestine Liberation Organization representing the Palestinian National Authority participates in trade liberalisation Treaty or convention Signature RatificationCustoms Union with Israel note 12 group note gt Established following the Oslo Accords and the Paris protocol lt ref gt Free Trade Agreement with the European Union 363 1997 02 24 363 1997 07 01 363 Free Trade Agreement with the European Free Trade Association 364 1998 11 30 365 1999 07 01 365 Bilateral Investment Treaty with Egypt 366 1998 04 28 367 1999 06 19 367 Free Trade Agreement with Turkey 368 2004 07 20 368 2005 06 01 368 Greater Arab Free Trade Area of the Council of Arab Economic Unity 369 when when Free trade agreement with Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay and Venezuela 370 2011 12 21 370 Free trade agreement with Jordan 371 2012 10 07 371 The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly note 13 accepted as party to the international agreements in the Arab Mashreq Treaty or convention Signature RatificationOn roads 373 2001 05 10 373 2006 11 28 373 On railways 374 2003 04 14 374 2006 11 28 374 On maritime transport 375 2005 05 09 375 Notes Including its subordinated organizations of Islamic Development Bank joined in 1977 three years after its establishment in 1974 and Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization one of the founders in 1982 275 a b The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence Including its subordinated organizations of Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Arab Monetary Fund and Arab Satellite Communications Organization The PLO s Palestinian National Council is one of the founders of the Arab Inter parliamentary Union in 1974 278 Including its regional subgroup Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions APF Established by 1993 decree of the President of the State of Palestine and the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization and organized according to 1997 PNA s Palestinian Legislative Council law stipulating that The Commission shall submit its reports to the President of the National Authority and to the Palestinian Legislative Council 283 a b Palestine Liberation Organization delegation has been IPU observer since the 117th session of the IPU Governing Council in 1975 278 At various sessions in 1996 287 1997 288 and 1998 289 it was decided that the Palestine National Council does not fulfill the conditions for membership laid down in Article 3 of the IPU Statutes 289 but in 1998 the rights of the observer delegation of Palestine were strengthened 290 Following the approval of the amendment to Article 3 291 in 2008 the PNC was accepted as IPU member 292 The PLO participated in UNESCO as observer since 1974 299 In 1989 an application was submitted for the State of Palestine to become full member 298 In 2011 UNESCO accepted the application 300 301 a b For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986 304 305 306 307 Since 1974 the Palestine Liberation Organization has the status of UN non state observer entity Since 1988 its designation in the UN is Palestine 14 Since 2012 the UN observer mission of the PLO is changed into UN observer mission of the State of Palestine 308 whose government is the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization 309 310 Representation for Occupied Palestinian Territory equivalent to that of a state assigned the code ps 316 The PSI became a subscriber member of ISO in 2001 and a correspondent member in 2004 317 It is still not a full member 315 Israel has free trade agreements with the EU EFTA Turkey USA Canada and Mexico The PNA participates in the free trade agreement between the United States and Israel Palestine was accorded membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC Resolution 2089 LXIII dated 22 July 1977 280 Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of the PLO and the PNA 372 Palestine Liberation Organization originally granted observer status by the IAEA on 23 September 1976 356 Designation changed to Palestine on 29 September 1989 357 and State of Palestine on 28 September 2023 358 References a b Peleg Ilan 1998 The Middle East peace process interdisciplinary perspectives SUNY Press p 124 ISBN 978 0 7914 3541 0 foreign policy formation of non state actors as well as states Since its inception in 1964 the PLO as a non state actor has exercised a number of roles that approximate those utilized by nation states United Nations A 67 L 28 General Assembly Archived 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine 26 November 2012 Palestinians win implicit U N recognition of sovereign state Reuters 29 November 2012 Retrieved 29 November 2012 The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence a b Organisation of the Islamic Conference Member States Archived from the original on 9 June 2017 Retrieved 28 January 2011 al Madfai Madiha Rashid 1993 Jordan the United States and the Middle East Peace Process 1974 1991 Cambridge Middle East Library Vol 28 Cambridge 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100 110 115 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names editors list link Declaration was quite widely recognized by states although often in equivocal terms United Nations Security Council United Nations Department of Political and Security Council Affairs 2008 Repertoire of the practice of the Security Council United Nations Publications p 759 ISBN 9789211370300 Reut Institute 14 August 2004 Act of Recognition of Statehood Structure of the Political Process Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 16 November 2010 Taylor amp Francis Group 2004 Europa World Year Book Europa Publications p 3325 ISBN 978 1 85743 255 8 a b United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 177 A RES 43 177 15 December 1988 Retrieved 1 February 2011 a b Stiftung Konrad Adenauer August 2010 Palestine Liberation Organization structure PDF Auslandsburo Palastinensische Autonomiegebiete Retrieved 29 January 2011 Brownlie Ian Goodwin Gill Guy S 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