State of Palestine
Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين, romanized: Filasṭīn[e]), officially the State of Palestine (دولة فلسطين, Dawlat Filasṭīn),[f] is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Founded on 15 November 1988 and officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), it claims the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip as its territory, both of which have been Israeli-occupied territories since the 1967 Six-Day War.[6][18] The West Bank is bordered by Jordan to the east, and the Gaza Strip by Egypt to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. The West Bank contains 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian rule, but the remainder, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control. The Gaza Strip was governed by Egypt but occupied by Israel in 1967. Israel governed the region until it withdrew in 2005, but is still considered occupied according to the United Nations, which Israel disputes.[19][20][21] This has since been ensued by a blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel and Egypt.
State of Palestine | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: "فدائي" "Fida'i"[1] "Fedayeen Warrior" | |
| Status | UN observer state under Israeli occupation Recognized by 139 UN member states |
| |
| Largest city | Rafah[b][3] |
| Official languages | Arabic |
| Demonym(s) | Palestinian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic[4] |
| Mahmoud Abbas[c] | |
| Mohammad Mustafa | |
| Aziz Dweik | |
| Legislature | National Council |
| Formation | |
| 15 November 1988 | |
| 29 November 2012 | |
• Sovereignty dispute with Israel | Ongoing[d][5][6] |
| Area | |
• Total | 6,020[7] km2 (2,320 sq mi) (163rd) |
• Water (%) | 3.5[8] |
| 5,655 km2 | |
| 365 km2[9] | |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 5,483,450[10] (121st) |
• Density | 731/km2 (1,893.3/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $36.391 billion[11] (138th) |
• Per capita | $6,642[11] (140th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate |
• Total | $18.109 billion[11] (121st) |
• Per capita | $3,464[11] (131st) |
| Gini (2016) | 33.7[12] medium |
| HDI (2021) | 0.715[13] high (106th) |
| Currency |
|
| Time zone | UTC+2 (Palestine Standard Time) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (Palestine Summer Time) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +970 |
| ISO 3166 code | PS |
| Internet TLD | .ps |
In 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine, which recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem.[22] A civil war broke out in Palestine,[23] and the plan was not implemented.[24] The day after the establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948,[25][26][27] neighboring Arab countries invaded the former British Mandate and engaged Israeli forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[28][29] Later, the All-Palestine Government was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 to govern the All-Palestine Protectorate in the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip. It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan, which had occupied and later annexed the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Palestine is currently recognized by 138 of the 193 United Nations (UN) member states. Though jurisdiction of the All-Palestine Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine, its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip.[30]
On 15 November 1988 in Algiers, Yasser Arafat, as Chairman of the PLO, issued the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, which established the State of Palestine. A year after the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was formed to govern (in varying degrees) areas A and B in the West Bank, comprising 165 enclaves, and the Gaza Strip. After Hamas became the PNA parliament's leading party in the most recent elections (2006), a conflict broke out between it and the Fatah party, leading to the Gaza Strip being taken over by Hamas in 2007 (two years after the Israeli disengagement).
The State of Palestine's mid-year population in 2021 was 5,227,193. Although Palestine claims Jerusalem as its capital, the city is under the control of Israel; both Palestinian and Israeli claims to the city are mostly unrecognized by the international community. Palestine is a member of the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the G77, the International Olympic Committee, as well as UNESCO, UNCTAD and the International Criminal Court.[31] Following a failed attempt in 2011 to secure full United Nations member state status, the United Nations General Assembly voted in 2012 to recognize Palestine as a non-member observer state.[32][33][34] On 26 February 2024, the Palestinian government collapsed, with the entire Palestinian government resigning, including the prime minister.[35][36][37]
Etymology
Although the concept of the Palestine region and its geographical extent has varied throughout history, it is now considered to be composed by the modern State of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[38] General use of the term "Palestine" or related terms to the area at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea beside Syria has historically been taking place since the times of ancient Greece, with Herodotus being the first historian writing in the 5th century BC in The Histories of a "district of Syria, called Palaistine" in which Phoenicians interacted with other maritime peoples.[39][40] The term "Palestine" (in Latin, Palæstina) is thought to have been a term coined by the Ancient Greeks for the area of land occupied by the Philistines, although there are other explanations.[41]
Terminology
This article uses the terms "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "occupied Palestinian territory (oPt or OPT)" interchangeably depending on context. Specifically, the term "occupied Palestinian territory" refers as a whole to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967. In all cases, any references to land or territory refer to land claimed by the State of Palestine.[42]
History
Early religious
Judaism, one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, traces its origins back to historic Palestine during biblical times.[43] It began with the biblical patriarch Abraham, who lived around 2000 BCE.[44] According to Jewish tradition, God made a covenant with Abraham, promising him descendants and land.[45] The Israelites, Abraham's descendants, settled in Canaan, which later became known as Palestine.[46] They faced challenges such as enslavement, oppression, and exile.[47] The Exodus from Egypt, led by Moses, is a pivotal event in Jewish history, symbolizing deliverance from slavery and the return to their ancestral homeland.[48] During the 10th century BCE, under King David and King Solomon, the Israelite kingdom reached its peak.[49] Jerusalem became the political and religious center, and the First Temple was constructed as a sacred site for Jewish worship.[50]
However, internal conflicts and foreign invasions led to the division of the kingdom into Israel and Judah, and the First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE.[51][52] This event marked the Babylonian exile and dispersion of the Jewish people.[53] During the Babylonian exile, Jewish religious practices and beliefs were reinforced and codified.[54][55] Despite foreign domination, the exiled Jews maintained their faith and cultural identity.[56] After the fall of the Babylonian empire, some Jews returned to Palestine and rebuilt the Second Temple in Jerusalem.[56] Palestine came under the rule of various empires, but Jewish religious and cultural identity persisted.[56] Different Jewish sects emerged, contributing to the diversity within Judaism and the development of religious interpretation and practice.[56]
Christianity, one of the world's major religions, originated in ancient Palestine during the first century CE.[57] It is closely tied to the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who is considered its central figure.[57] Jesus was born in Bethlehem and spent much of his life in the region.[57] His ministry began around the age of 30, where he preached a message of love, compassion, and the coming of God's kingdom.[57] Jesus performed miracles, gathered disciples, and challenged religious authorities.[57] The crucifixion of Jesus in Jerusalem is a crucial event in Christian history, believed to bring salvation and forgiveness of sins.[57] His disciples, known as apostles, spread his teachings and established Christianity.[57] The early growth of Christianity faced persecution but gained momentum after the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine in the fourth century CE.[57] Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, leading to its widespread acceptance and the construction of churches and religious institutions.[57]
Historic Palestine holds a significant place in the history of Islam, with several key events and developments taking place in the region.[58] One of the pivotal events in Islamic history is the Isra and Miraj, which refers to the night journey and ascension of the Prophet Muhammad.[58] According to Islamic tradition, during the Isra, the Prophet Muhammad was transported from Mecca to Jerusalem in a single night, where he led a congregational prayer at the Al-Aqsa Mosque.[58] This event solidified Jerusalem's importance as a holy city in Islam.[58] The Miraj, the subsequent ascension of the Prophet Muhammad to the heavens, is believed to have taken place from the Al-Aqsa Mosque.[58] During this spiritual journey, the Prophet Muhammad is said to have encountered various prophets and received instructions for the Muslim community, including the command to establish the five daily prayers (Salah).[58] The Qibla, the direction Muslims face during prayer, initially faced towards Jerusalem.[58] However, in the early years of Islam, the Qibla was changed to face Mecca. This change occurred after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina and solidified the religious and symbolic significance of Mecca as the holiest city in Islam.[58]
Roman Empire
In 63 BCE, Roman General Pompey captured Jerusalem, marking the beginning of Roman rule in the region.[59] Judea became a client kingdom under Roman control, with local rulers appointed by the Romans.[59] The Herodian dynasty, established by Herod the Great, ruled over Judea as Roman client kings.[59] Herod initiated ambitious building projects, including the expansion and renovation of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.[59] The Roman rule faced resistance from Jewish factions.[59] The First Jewish-Roman War erupted in 66 CE, resulting in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE by Roman forces under Titus.[60] Another major revolt, known as the Bar Kokhba Revolt, took place in 132-136 CE but was ultimately crushed by the Romans.[61]
After the Jewish revolts, the Romans abolished the client kingdom and transformed Judea into a Roman province called Judea.[62] The Roman administration imposed direct rule, leading to the dispersal of Jewish communities and the exile of many Jews. he destruction of the Second Temple and the Roman occupation contributed to the Jewish diaspora, the scattering of Jewish communities throughout the Roman Empire and beyond.[62] Jewish populations settled in various regions, including Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.[62]
Palestine, particularly Jerusalem, became a significant center for early Christianity. Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection took place in Jerusalem, and it became a focal point for Christian pilgrimage and worship.[62] Christian communities grew, and numerous churches were established in the region.[62] In the 4th century, the Roman Empire transitioned into the Byzantine Empire. Palestine remained under Byzantine control, and Christianity continued to flourish, with the construction of important religious sites and the development of Christian theology and institutions.[62]
Muslim conquest and Middle Ages
The Islamic conquest of Palestine occurred during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab in the mid-7th century CE.[63] Muslim armies, under the command of General Shurahbil ibn Hasana, entered Palestine and gradually brought the region under Muslim rule.[64] The conquest of Jerusalem took place in 638 CE when the city surrendered to the Muslim forces. Following the Islamic conquest of Palestine in the 7th century CE, Jerusalem became a focal point of Muslim worship. The Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, situated in the Haram al-Sharif compound, became prominent Islamic landmarks and centers of spiritual and religious activities.
The First Crusade was launched in 1096 with the goal of recapturing the Holy Land from Muslim rule. In 1099, the Crusaders captured Jerusalem after a siege and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The city witnessed a violent massacre, with much of the Muslim and Jewish population being killed. Following the capture of Jerusalem, the Crusaders established several Crusader states in the region, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, and the Principality of Antioch. These states were ruled by European nobles and were characterized by a blend of European and Middle Eastern cultures.
he Crusader states faced constant threats from Muslim forces and neighboring Muslim rulers. The Crusaders built numerous fortifications and castles to defend their territories. They also engaged in trade and diplomatic relations with other regional powers. Muslim forces, particularly the Ayyubids and later the Mamluks, continued their military campaigns against the Crusaders. Over time, they managed to recapture most of the Crusader states, including Jerusalem, in 1291, effectively ending the era of Crusader rule in Palestine.
Ottoman Palestine
By 14th century, the Ottoman Empire took control of the entire region.[65] In 1516, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Selim I, conquered Palestine from the Mamluks, who had ruled the region for several centuries.[65] Under Ottoman rule, Palestine became part of a larger administrative unit known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, which was initially part of the larger province of Syria.[65] The Sanjak of Jerusalem included areas such as Jerusalem, Nablus, Gaza, and Jaffa.[65]
The empire encouraged agricultural development, and various measures were taken to enhance agricultural productivity.[65] The construction of irrigation systems, such as the qanat system, helped improve water distribution and facilitated agricultural expansion.[65] Under Ottoman rule, Palestine saw an increase in the cultivation of cash crops like cotton and olives, which were exported to other regions.[65] Religiously, Palestine held great significance for Muslims, Christians, and Jews.[65] The Ottomans maintained control over the holy sites in Jerusalem, including the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[65] They also regulated access to these sites and implemented various policies to manage religious affairs.[65]
Under the Ottoman Empire, Jews and Christians enjoyed a significant degree of protection and autonomy, particularly within the framework of the Ottoman millet system.[66] The millet system recognized religious communities as separate legal entities, allowing them to govern their own internal affairs, including religious, educational, and legal matters.[66] During periods of Jewish persecution in Europe, particularly during the late 15th century and onward, the Ottoman Empire provided a relative haven for Jewish refugees.[67][68][69][70] Expelled Jews from Spain were rescued and then given asylum in Ottoman Palestine.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as nationalist sentiments grew across the region, Palestinian Arab nationalism also began to emerge.[71] Intellectuals and elites in Palestine expressed a sense of identity and called for greater autonomy and self-governance.[72] This period coincided with the rise of the Young Turks movement within the Ottoman Empire, which introduced some political reforms but also faced opposition from various groups.[73]
In the early 20th century, the Zionist movement gained momentum, aiming to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.[74][75] Jewish immigration increased, and Zionist organizations purchased land from local landowners, leading to tensions between Jewish and Arab communities.[76] Then ruler of the empire Sultan Abdul Hamid tried to oppose Zionist movement, but failed. The end of the Ottoman Empire's rule in Palestine came with the conclusion of World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the region came under British control with the implementation of the British Mandate for Palestine in 1920.[77][78]
British Mandate of Palestine
Under British rule, the history of Palestine witnessed significant political, social, and economic transformations.[79] The British Mandate for Palestine began in 1920 after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.[79] The mandate was established under the League of Nations, with the objective of facilitating the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine while protecting the rights of the Arab population.[79]
During the initial years of the mandate, tensions between Jewish and Arab communities emerged. The British faced challenges in balancing the interests and demands of both groups. In 1936, a widespread Arab revolt erupted, demanding an end to Jewish immigration and land sales to Jewish settlers. The revolt was eventually suppressed by the British, leading to increased restrictions on both Arab and Jewish activities. As Jewish immigration continued, especially in the years leading up to and following World War II, the Zionist movement gained momentum. Jewish settlements expanded, and tensions between Jewish and Arab communities escalated. White Paper was released by the British government, which rejected Peel Commission and proposed a unified Palestine as future country for both Arabs and Jews.[79] As a response and acceptance by Arabs, revolt was ceased.[79] However, the Zionist entity refused to accept the plan and started protesting against the White Paper.[79] Military groups such as Irgun, Stern Gang and Haganah, started preparing for terror attacks.[80] These includes King David Hotel bombing, Deir Yassin massacre and Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.[81] Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir were behind these attacks, who later became political leader of future Israel.[82][83] The British struggled to maintain control and peace, and in 1947, they decided to withdraw from Palestine.
Arab Israeli War of 1948
In 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for a two-state solution in the remaining territory of the mandate. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Arab leaders, and Britain refused to implement the plan. On the eve of final British withdrawal, the Jewish Agency for Israel, headed by David Ben-Gurion, declared the establishment of the State of Israel according to the proposed UN plan. The Arab Higher Committee did not declare a state of its own and instead, together with Transjordan, Egypt, and the other members of the Arab League of the time, commenced military action resulting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war, Israel gained additional territories that were designated to be part of the Arab state under the UN plan. Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip, and Transjordan occupied and then annexed the West Bank. Egypt initially supported the creation of an All-Palestine Government but disbanded it in 1959. Transjordan never recognized it and instead decided to incorporate the West Bank with its own territory to form Jordan. The annexation was ratified in 1950 but was rejected by the international community.
Occupation and Arab–Israeli wars
In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The Palestinian National Charter of the PLO defines the boundaries of Palestine as the whole remaining territory of the mandate, including Israel. The Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel fought against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, ended with Israel occupying the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, besides other territories.[84][better source needed] Following the Six-Day War, the PLO moved to Jordan, but later relocated to Lebanon in 1971.[85][better source needed]
The October 1974 Arab League summit designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" and reaffirmed "their right to establish an independent state of urgency."[86] In November 1974, the PLO was recognized as competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly granting them observer status as a "non-state entity" at the UN.[87][88] Through the Camp David Accords of 1979, Egypt signaled an end to any claim of its own over the Gaza Strip. In July 1988, Jordan ceded its claims to the West Bank—with the exception of guardianship over Haram al-Sharif—to the PLO.
After Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan and Gaza Strip from Egypt, it began to establish Israeli settlements there. Administration of the Arab population of these territories was performed by the Israeli Civil Administration of the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories and by local municipal councils present since before the Israeli takeover. In 1980, Israel decided to freeze elections for these councils and to establish instead Village Leagues, whose officials were under Israeli influence. Later this model became ineffective for both Israel and the Palestinians, and the Village Leagues began to break up, with the last being the Hebron League, dissolved in February 1988.[89]
State of Palestine (1988—present)
In November 1988, the PLO legislature, while in exile, declared the establishment of the "State of Palestine". In the month following, it was quickly recognized by many states, including Egypt and Jordan. In the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the State of Palestine is described as being established on the "Palestinian territory", without explicitly specifying further. After the 1988 Declaration of Independence, the UN General Assembly officially acknowledged the proclamation and decided to use the designation "Palestine" instead of "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the UN.[17][90] In spite of this decision, the PLO did not participate at the UN in its capacity of the State of Palestine's government.[91]
Because of this, some of the countries that recognised the State of Palestine in their statements of recognition refer to the "1967 borders", thus recognizing as its territory only the occupied Palestinian territory, and not Israel. The UN membership application submitted by the State of Palestine also specified that it is based on the "1967 borders".[2] During the negotiations of the Oslo Accords, the PLO recognised Israel's right to exist, and Israel recognised the PLO as representative of the Palestinian people. The 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence included a PNC call for multilateral negotiations on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 242 later known as "the Historic Compromise",[92] implying acceptance of a two-state solution and no longer questioning the legitimacy of the State of Israel.[93]
In 1993, in the Oslo Accords, Israel acknowledged the PLO negotiating team as "representing the Palestinian people", in return for the PLO recognizing Israel's right to exist in peace, acceptance of UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and its rejection of "violence and terrorism".[94] As a result, in 1994 the PLO established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) territorial administration, that exercises some governmental functions[d] in parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[103][104] As envisioned in the Oslo Accords, Israel allowed the PLO to establish interim administrative institutions in the Palestinian territories, which came in the form of the PNA. It was given civilian control in Area B and civilian and security control in Area A, and remained without involvement in Area C.
The Second Intifada, which lasted from 2000 to 2005, was a period of intense conflict and violence between Israelis and Palestinians.[105] Despite the diplomatic efforts, the peace process suffered a severe setback in 1999 when negotiations between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat at the Camp David Summit failed to reach a final status agreement.[105] Disagreements over the issues of Jerusalem, borders, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees proved insurmountable.[105] Following the failure of the Camp David Summit in 2000, tensions between Israelis and Palestinians escalated dramatically.[105] In September 2000, the Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, erupted.[105] The Second Intifada was characterized by a wave of violence, including suicide bombings, shootings, and Israeli military responses, resulting in a high number of casualties on both sides.[105]
Efforts to revive the peace process continued, including the convening of the Taba Summit in January 2001. Although progress was made, negotiations eventually broke down due to the escalating violence and political changes in both Israeli and Palestinian leadership. In 2002, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military incursion into Palestinian cities in response to the ongoing violence.[106] The operation aimed to dismantle Palestinian militant infrastructure and restore security.[107] However, it resulted in significant destruction and loss of life. Israel implemented stringent security measures, including checkpoints, curfews, and the construction of a separation barrier, to curb the attacks.[108] These measures, while intended to enhance security, also led to restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, economic hardship, and the exacerbation of humanitarian conditions.
Efforts to mediate a ceasefire and resume peace negotiations were ongoing throughout this period. International actors, including the United States, the United Nations, and the European Union, made attempts to broker a truce and revive the peace process. However, these efforts faced significant challenges, including the deep-seated distrust, the escalation of violence, and the inability to address the core issues of the conflict. During this period, international efforts to revive the peace process gained momentum. The Quartet on the Middle East, consisting of the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations, proposed the Roadmap for Peace in 2003. The roadmap outlined a series of steps towards the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside a secure Israel. However, the implementation of the roadmap faced significant challenges, and progress remained limited.
Post Arafat period: Aftermath of intifada
Against this backdrop of violence and political instability, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat remained a central figure.[109] In 2004, Arafat's health deteriorated, and he was confined to his headquarters in Ramallah by Israeli authorities.[110][111] In November 2004, Yasser Arafat died, marking the end of an era for the Palestinian national movement.[112] Following Arafat's death, Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen, assumed leadership of the Palestinian Authority.[113][114] Abbas advocated for a negotiated settlement with Israel and worked towards a ceasefire agreement, leading to a relative decrease in violence.
Ahmed Yassin was the co-founder and spiritual leader of Hamas, a Palestinian political and military organization.[115][116] On March 22, 2004, he was assassinated in an airstrike carried out by the Israeli military.[117] The assassination of Ahmed Yassin had profound implications for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the dynamics of the region. Hamas, under Yassin's leadership, was a powerful and influential force in Palestinian politics. Yassin's assassination not only removed a key figurehead of the organization but also galvanized support for Hamas. The act of targeting a prominent figure like Yassin also demonstrated Israel's willingness to employ targeted killings as a tactic, which further escalated the conflict and complicated efforts for peace.
In 2005, Israel unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip, withdrawing its military forces and dismantling settlements. The move was seen as a step towards Palestinian self-governance and the potential for progress. However, the withdrawal did not lead to a significant improvement in the overall situation, as Gaza soon fell under the control of the militant group Hamas. In 2005, following the implementation of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, the PNA gained full control of the Gaza Strip with the exception of its borders, airspace, and territorial waters.[d]
Divided Palestine (2007 — present)
Internal divisions between the two main Palestinian political factions, Fatah and Hamas, intensified during this period.[118] In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) elections, leading to a political standoff with Fatah.[119] The power struggle eventually escalated into armed clashes and resulted in a split between the West Bank, governed by Fatah and the Palestinian Authority, and the Gaza Strip, controlled by Hamas.[119] The division between the West Bank and Gaza complicated efforts to achieve Palestinian unity and negotiate a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel. Multiple rounds of reconciliation talks were held, but no lasting agreement was reached. The division also hindered the establishment of a unified Palestinian state and led to different governance structures and policies in the two territories.[120]
Throughout this period, there were sporadic outbreaks of violence and tensions between Palestinians and Israelis. Since 2001, Incidents of rocket attacks from Gaza into Israeli territory and Israeli military operations in response often resulted in casualties and further strained the situation.[121] Following the inter-Palestinian conflict in 2006, Hamas took over control of the Gaza Strip (it already had majority in the PLC), and Fatah took control of the West Bank. From 2007, the Gaza Strip was governed by Hamas, and the West Bank by Fatah.[122]
International efforts to revive the peace process continued. The United States, under the leadership of different administrations, made various attempts to broker negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.[123] However, significant obstacles such as settlement expansion, the status of Jerusalem, borders, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees, remained unresolved.[124][125][126][127] In recent years, diplomatic initiatives have emerged, including the normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab states, known as the Abraham Accords.[128] These agreements, while not directly addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, have reshaped regional dynamics and raised questions about the future of Palestinian aspirations for statehood.[129][130] The status quo remains challenging for Palestinians, with ongoing issues of occupation, settlement expansion, restricted movement, and economic hardships.[131] Efforts to find a just and lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continue, but the path towards a comprehensive peace agreement and the establishment of a viable, independent Palestinian state remains uncertain.
International recognition
The State of Palestine has been recognized by 139 of the 193 UN members and since 2012 has had a status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations.[32][33][34]
On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences),[132] the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations System, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty.[33][34][133][134][135] Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See.[136] The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations",[137] and Palestine has instructed its diplomats to officially represent "The State of Palestine"—no longer the Palestinian National Authority.[135] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[138] thus recognising the title 'State of Palestine' as the state's official name for all UN purposes; on 21 December 2012, a UN memorandum discussed appropriate terminology to be used following GA 67/19. It was noted therein that there was no legal impediment to using the designation Palestine to refer to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory. At the same time, it was explained that there was also no bar to the continued use of the term "Occupied Palestinian Territory including East Jerusalem" or such other terminology as might customarily be used by the Assembly.[139] As of 4 April 2024, 140 (72.5%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine.[134][140] Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's Executive Committee is empowered by the Palestinian National Council to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.[141]
On 2 April 2024, Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian U.N. ambassador, requested that the Security Council consider a renewed application for membership, supported by the 22-nation Arab Group at the United Nations, the 57-nation Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the 120-member Nonaligned Movement. As of April, seven of the council’s 15 members recognize the state of Palestine but the US has indicated that it opposes the request and in addition, US law stipulates that US funding for the UN would be cut off in the event of full recognition without an Israeli-Palestinian agreement.[142]
Geography
The areas claimed by the State of Palestine lie in the Southern Levant. The Gaza Strip borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Egypt to the south, and Israel to the north and east. The West Bank is bordered by Jordan to the east, and Israel to the north, south, and west. Thus, the two enclaves constituting the area claimed by State of Palestine have no geographical border with one another, being separated by Israel. These areas would constitute the world's 163rd largest country by land area.[7][143][144][better source needed]
The West Bank is located on the western side of the Jordan River and is characterized by a diverse landscape. It consists of fertile valleys, such as the Jezreel Valley and the Jordan River Valley, as well as mountainous areas, including the Samarian and Judean mountain ranges.[145] East Jerusalem, a part of the West Bank, is a significant component of the Palestinian territories. It is located on a plateau in the central highlands and is surrounded by valleys. The Old City of Jerusalem, with its historical and religious sites, is centrally located within East Jerusalem. The Gaza Strip is a small coastal enclave located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea.
Palestine has a number of environmental issues; issues facing the Gaza Strip include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources. In the West Bank, many of the same issues apply; although fresh water is much more plentiful, access is restricted by the ongoing dispute.[146]
The Samarian Hills and Judean Hills are mountain ranges in the West Bank, with Mount Gerizim and Mount Hebron as their highest peaks. The Mount of Olives is a significant hill east of Jerusalem, known for its religious sites. Mount Carmel extends into the northern West Bank and is renowned for its natural beauty. Three terrestrial ecoregions are found in the area: Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests, Arabian Desert, and Mesopotamian shrub desert.[147]
Palestine features significant lakes and rivers that play a vital role in its geography and ecosystems.[148] The Jordan River flows southward, forming part of Palestine's eastern border and passing through the Sea of Galilee before reaching the Dead Sea.[149] These waterways provide essential resources for agriculture, recreation, and support various ecosystems.[148]
Wildlife and Protected areas
Palestine does not have officially recognized national parks or protected areas. However, there are areas within the West Bank that are considered to have ecological and cultural significance and are being managed with conservation efforts. These areas are often referred to as nature reserves or protected zones. Located near Jericho in the West Bank, Wadi Qelt is a desert valley with unique flora and fauna. The reserve is known for its rugged landscapes, natural springs, and historical sites such as the St. George Monastery.[150] Efforts have been made to protect the biodiversity and natural beauty of the area.[151]
Climate
Temperatures in Palestine vary widely. The climate in the West Bank is mostly Mediterranean, slightly cooler at elevated areas compared with the shoreline, west to the area. In the east, the West Bank includes much of the Judean Desert including the western shoreline of the Dead Sea, characterised by dry and hot climate. Gaza has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) with mild winters and dry hot summers.[citation needed] Spring arrives around March–April and the hottest months are July and August, with the average high being 33 °C (91 °F). The coldest month is January with temperatures usually at 7 °C (45 °F). Rain is scarce and generally falls between November and March, with annual precipitation rates approximately at 4.57 inches (116 mm).[152]
Government and politics
The State of Palestine consists of the institutions that are associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which includes President of the State of Palestine[153][c] – appointed by the Palestinian Central Council,[154] Palestinian National Council – the legislature that established the State of Palestine[4] and Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization – performs the functions of a government in exile,[134][141][155][156] maintaining an extensive foreign-relations network. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is combination of several political parties.
These should be distinguished from the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) and PNA Cabinet, all of which are instead associated with the Palestinian National Authority. The State of Palestine's founding document is the Palestinian Declaration of Independence,[4] and it should be distinguished from the unrelated PLO Palestinian National Covenant and PNA Palestine Basic Law.
The Palestinian government is divided into two geographic entities — the Palestinian Authority governed by Fatah and have control over the territory of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which is under control of the militant group Hamas.[157][158] Fatah is a secular party, which was founded by Yasser Arafat and relatively enjoys a good relations with the western powers. On other hand, Hamas is a militant group, based on Palestinian nationalist and Islamic ideology, inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood.[159][160] Hamas have tense relations with the United States, however receives support from Iran. Anti-Zionist Jewish organizations also supports Hamas.[161] Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine is another popular secular party, which was founded by George Habash.
Mahmoud Abbas is the president of the country since 2005. Mohammad Shtayyeh was the prime minister of Palestine, who resigned in 2024. While Yahya Sinwar is leader of Hamas government in the Gaza Strip. According to Freedom House, the PNA governs Palestine in an authoritarian manner, including by repressing activists and journalists critical of the government.[162]
The eastern sector of Jerusalem, known as East Jerusalem, is claimed as capital by Palestine, which has been under occupation by Israel. Currently the temporary administration center is in Ramallah, which is 10 km from Jerusalem.[163] Muqata hosts state ministries and representative office.[164] The former building Gaza was destroyed in 2009 war.[165] In 2000, a government building was built in Jerusalem suburb of Abu Dis, to house office of Yasser Arafat and Palestinian parliament.[166] Since second intifada, condition of the town made this site unsuitable to operate as a capital, either temporarily or permanently.[167]
Law and security
The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State. All of these forces are part of Palestinian Security Services. The PSF is primarily responsible for maintaining internal security, law enforcement, and counterterrorism operations in areas under Palestinian Authority control.[168]
The Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) is the standing army of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[169] It was established during the early years of the Palestinian national movement but has largely been inactive since the Oslo Accords.[170] The PLA's role was intended to be a conventional military force but has shifted to a more symbolic and political role.[171] There are various armed factions within Palestine, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip and other smaller groups.[172] These factions have their own armed wings (Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades and Al Quds Brigades) and maintain paramilitary capabilities.[173] They primarily focus on resistance activities against Israeli occupation and have engaged in armed conflicts with Israel in the past.[174]
The military capabilities of Palestine are significantly limited compared to the Israeli army (IDF).[175] The Oslo Accords and subsequent agreements have placed restrictions on the size and armament of Palestinian security forces.[176][177] The PA's security forces primarily focus on internal security rather than conventional military operations.[178]
Administrative divisions
The State of Palestine is divided into sixteen administrative divisions.
The governorates in the West Bank are grouped into three areas per the Oslo II Accord. Area A forms 18% of the West Bank by area, and is administered by the Palestinian government.[179][180] Area B forms 22% of the West Bank, and is under Palestinian civil control, and joint Israeli-Palestinian security control.[179][180] Area C, except East Jerusalem, forms 60% of the West Bank, and is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration, however, the Palestinian government provides the education and medical services to the 150,000 Palestinians in the area,[179] an arrangement agreed upon in the Oslo II accord by Israeli and Palestinian leadership. More than 99% of Area C is off limits to Palestinians, due to security concerns and is a point of ongoing negotiation.[181][182] There are about 330,000 Israelis living in settlements in Area C.[183] Although Area C is under martial law, Israelis living there are entitled to full civic rights.[184] Palestinian enclaves currently under Palestinian administration in red (Areas A and B; not including Gaza Strip, which is under Hamas rule).
East Jerusalem (comprising the small pre-1967 Jordanian eastern-sector Jerusalem municipality together with a significant area of the pre-1967 West Bank demarcated by Israel in 1967) is administered as part of the Jerusalem District of Israel but is claimed by Palestine as part of the Jerusalem Governorate. It was effectively annexed by Israel in 1967, by application of Israeli law, jurisdiction and administration under a 1948 law amended for the purpose, this purported annexation being constitutionally reaffirmed (by implication) in Basic Law: Jerusalem 1980,[179] but this annexation is not recognised by any other country.[185] In 2010 of the 456,000 people in East Jerusalem, roughly 60% were Palestinians and 40% were Israelis.[179][186] However, since the late 2000s, Israel's West Bank Security Barrier has effectively re-annexed tens of thousands of Palestinians bearing Israeli ID cards to the West Bank, leaving East Jerusalem within the barrier with a small Israeli majority (60%).[citation needed] Under Oslo Accords, Jerusalem was proposed to be included in future negotiations and according to Israel, Oslo Accords prohibits the Palestinian Authority to operates in Jerusalem. However, certain parts of Jerusalem, those neighborhoods which are located outside the historic Old City but are part of East Jerusalem, were allotted to the Palestinian Authority.[187]
| Name | Area (km2)[188] | Population | Density (per km2) | Muhafazah (district capital) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jenin | 583 | 311,231 | 533.8 | Jenin |
| Tubas | 402 | 64,719 | 161.0 | Tubas |
| Tulkarm | 246 | 182,053 | 740.0 | Tulkarm |
| Nablus | 605 | 380,961 | 629.7 | Nablus |
| Qalqiliya | 166 | 110,800 | 667.5 | Qalqilya |
| Salfit | 204 | 70,727 | 346.7 | Salfit |
| Ramallah & Al-Bireh | 855 | 348,110 | 407.1 | Ramallah |
| Jericho & Al Aghwar | 593 | 52,154 | 87.9 | Jericho |
| Jerusalem | 345 | 419,108a | 1214.8[i] | Jerusalem (see Status of Jerusalem) |
| Bethlehem | 659 | 216,114 | 927.9 | Bethlehem |
| Hebron | 997 | 706,508 | 708.6 | Hebron |
| North Gaza | 61 | 362,772 | 5947.1 | Jabalya[citation needed] |
| Gaza | 74 | 625,824 | 8457.1 | Gaza City |
| Deir Al-Balah | 58 | 264,455 | 4559.6 | Deir al-Balah |
| Khan Yunis | 108 | 341,393 | 3161.0 | Khan Yunis |
| Rafah | 64 | 225,538 | 3524.0 | Rafah |
- ^ Data from Jerusalem includes occupied East Jerusalem with its Israeli population
Foreign relations
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represents the State of Palestine and maintains embassies in countries that recognize it. The PLO also participates in international organizations as a member, associate, or observer. In some cases, due to conflicting sources, it is difficult to determine if the participation is on behalf of the State of Palestine, the PLO as a non-state entity, or the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
In 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence was acknowledged by the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.[189] In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 67/19, granting Palestine "non-member observer state" status, effectively recognizing it as a sovereign state.[190][191][135] Sweden took a significant step in 2013 by upgrading the status of the Palestinian representative office to a full embassy. They became the first EU member state outside the former communist bloc to officially recognize the state of Palestine.[192][193][194]
The UK House of Commons voted in favor of recognizing Palestine as a state in 2014, as a contribution towards achieving a negotiated two-state solution.[195] However, the UK government maintained its policy of reserving the right to recognize Palestine bilaterally at a more opportune time for peace efforts.[196] Similarly, in 2014, the French parliament passed a resolution urging their government to recognize Palestine as a state, with the intention of facilitating a definitive resolution to the conflict.[197] A United Nations Security Council resolution proposed in 2014, calling for the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017, did not pass due to opposition and abstentions.[198][199][200][201]
In January 2015, the International Criminal Court affirmed Palestine's "State" status after its UN observer recognition.[202] The Vatican shifted recognition to the State of Palestine in May 2015, following the 2012 UN vote.[203] This change aligned with the Holy See's evolving position.[204] In December 2015, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution demanding Palestinian sovereignty over natural resources in the occupied territories. It called on Israel to cease exploitation and damage while granting Palestinians the right to seek restitution.[205]
Currently, 139 UN member states (72%) recognize the State of Palestine. Though some do not recognize it, they acknowledge the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. The PLO's executive committee acts as the government, empowered by the PNC.[206] Palestine is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab League, the G77, the International Olympic Committee and the Union for the Mediterranean.
A majority of Arab and Muslim countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have supported the country, due to religious and cultural relations. Egypt and Jordan, apart from supporting, have also signed peace treaties with Israel. Egypt and Qatar acts as a mediator between Hamas controlled Gaza and Israel.[207][208] Countries like India and Republic of Ireland have strongly showed support of an independent Palestine, coexisting with Israel.[209][210]
Legal status
There are a wide variety of views regarding the status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars.[211] The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial,[212] is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations.[213]
Raising the flag at the UN
In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the UN presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.[214]
In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel's Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points".[215]
After the vote, which was passed by 119 votes to 8 with 45 countries abstaining,[216][217][218] the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together".[219] US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.[220]
At the ceremony itself, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said the occasion was a "day of pride for the Palestinian people around the world, a day of hope",[221] and declared "Now is the time to restore confidence by both Israelis and Palestinians for a peaceful settlement and, at last, the realization of two states for two peoples."[216]
Economy
Palestine is classified as a middle income and developing country by the IMF.[222] In 2023, GDP of the country was $40 billion and per-capita around $4,500. Due to its disputed status, the economic condition have been affected.[223][224][225] The CO2 Emission (metric tons per capita) was 0.6 in 2010. According to a survey of 2011, Palestine's poverty rate was 25.8%. According to a new World Bank report, Palestinian economic growth is expected to soften in 2023. Economy of Palestine relies heavily on international aids, remittances by overseas Palestinians and local industries.[226]
Since 1970s, Palestine experienced a favorable economic growth, higher than majority of Arab states.[227] Those days Palestinians were under occupation and military control of Israel.[227] For 30 years, Israel opened its gate to Palestinian labor force.[227] During labor integration period, remittances sent to Palestinian families, contributed greatly to the economy.[227] Many Palestinians used to work in countries such as Libya, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.[227] However, this source of income was quietly disturbed by regional wars and conflicts in the Middle East, such as Iran–Iraq War, Chadian–Libyan War and Gulf War.[227] In 1990s, creation of the Palestinian Authority, led self-govern in aspects of economy and trade as well. In 1998, Gaza Airport was built.[228]
This growth was interrupted by the second intifada, which began in 2000.[229] The Palestinian uprisings, which continued for five years, resulted in economic restrictions imposed by Israel and erection barriers across the West Bank.[230] Airports and seaports across the Palestinian territories were destroyed by Israeli army.[231][232] In 2006, Hamas won the elections.[233] As a security measures, western powers sanctioned the government.[234] After Hamas seize power in Gaza, Israel and Egypt imposed blockade, where movement of goods inside the territory is controlled by Israel.[235] Since 2010, Palestine experienced a moderate economic boom.[236]
Palestinian economy relies heavily on donations and international aid from various sources, including UNRWA, Qatar, Turkey, the European Union, and non-governmental organizations.[237][238] Additionally, a significant contribution to the economy comes from remittances sent by the Palestinian diaspora, particularly those residing in Jordan and Chile.[239][240] In the Gaza Strip, poverty is widespread due to the challenges faced by Palestinians in general. Gazans experience additional difficulties as they are subjected to a siege, with Israel controlling the movement of people and goods in and out of Gaza. Nonetheless, there are limited business opportunities available in Gaza.
Contrastingly, the West Bank provides Palestinians with more diverse opportunities.[241] Some individuals own businesses in tourism-driven areas such as Bethlehem and Jerusalem, as tourism serves as a significant source of income.[242][243] Others engage in various types of enterprises in cities like Ramallah and Hebron, ranging from trading to construction and IT services.[244][245] Furthermore, approximately 100,000 Palestinians find employment in Israeli companies as low-cost labor, earning significantly less than the average Israeli worker.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing in Palestine includes sectors such as textiles, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, furniture, and electronics.[246] Some notable products are garments, olive oil, dairy products, furniture, ceramics, and construction materials.[247] Before the second intifada, Palestine had a strong industrial base in Jerusalem and Gaza. Barriers erected in the West Bank have made movement of goods difficult; the blockade of the Gaza Strip has severely affected the territory's economic conditions.
Hebron is the most industrially advanced city in the country, and serves as an export hub for Palestinian products. Many quarries are in the surrounding region.[248] Silicon reserves are found in the Gaza territory. Jerusalem stone, extracted in the West Bank, has been used for constructing many structures in Jerusalem. Hebron is widely known for its glass production. Nablus is noted for its Nablus soap. Some of the companies operating in the Palestinian territories include Siniora Foods, Sinokrot Industries, Schneider Electric, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola.[249]
Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts have resulted in several initiatives, such as the Valley of Peace initiative and Breaking the Impasse, which promote industrial projects between Israel, Palestine and other Arab countries, with the goal of promoting peace and ending conflict.[250] These include joint industrial parks opened in Palestine. The Palestinian Authority has built industrial cities in Gaza, Bethlehem, Jericho, Jenin and Hebron. Some are in joint cooperation with European countries.[251]
Oil and gas
The presence of oil and gas reserves in Palestine is contentious. Over 3 billion barrels of oil are estimated to exist off the coast and beneath occupied Palestinian lands.[252] The Levant Basin holds around 1.7 billion barrels of oil, with another 1.5 billion barrels beneath the occupied West Bank area.[253] According to a report by the UNCTAD, around 1,250 billion barrels of oil reserves exists in the occupied West Bank.[253]
Palestinians are not allowed to exploit these resources under Israeli occupation. Israel claims these resources, approving licenses for exploration of offshore gas fields. Foreign interests in extracting these resources are seen as contributing to potential genocide faced by Palestinians. The conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has historical roots, fueled by land control and access to resources. The presence of billions of barrels of oil adds complexity to the conflict. Ownership and exploitation of oil and gas resources are disputed. Israel benefits from these resources, while Palestine faces economic loss. Concerns about environmental impact and calls for renewable energy are raised. The history of colonialism and oil extraction are part of the wider context of the conflict. Geopolitical interests, religious ideology, and access to trading routes also play a role. The conflict and pursuit of oil and gas resources have deep historical and geopolitical roots in the region.
Block-1 field, which spans an area of 432 square kilometers from North West Ramallah to Qalqilya in Palestine, has significant potential for recoverable hydrocarbon resources.[254][255] It is estimated to have a P90 (a level of certainty) of 30 million barrels of recoverable oil and 60 billion cubic feet of recoverable gas.[254] Recognizing the importance of oil and natural gas development for sustainable economic growth in Palestine, the Palestine Investment Fund, through Massader, has prepared an investment program for the development of the West Bank Oil Field, also known as the "Block 1 Field."[254] The estimated cost for the development of the field is $390 million, and it will be carried out under a production sharing agreement with the Government of Palestine.[254][256][257] Currently, an initial pre-exploration work program is underway to prepare for designing an exploration plan for approval, which will precede the full-fledged development of the field.[254]
Tourism
Tourism in the territory claimed by the State of Palestine refers to tourism in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited the Palestinian territories, compared to 2.6 million in 2009. Of that number, 2.2 million were foreign tourists while 2.7 million were domestic.[258] Most tourists come for only a few hours or as part of a day trip itinerary. In the last quarter of 2012 over 150,000 guests stayed in West Bank hotels; 40% were European and 9% were from the United States and Canada.[259] Lonely Planet travel guide writes that "the West Bank is not the easiest place in which to travel but the effort is richly rewarded."[260]
In 2013 Palestinian Authority Tourism minister Rula Ma'ay'a stated that her government aims to encourage international visits to Palestine, but the occupation is the main factor preventing the tourism sector from becoming a major income source to Palestinians.[261] There are no visa conditions imposed on foreign nationals other than those imposed by the visa policy of Israel. Access to Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza is completely controlled by the government of Israel. Entry to the occupied Palestinian territories requires only a valid international passport.[262]
Information and Communications
Palestine is known as the "Silicon Valley of NGOs".[263] The high tech industry in Palestine, have experienced good growth since 2008.[264] The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) and the Ministry of Telecom and Information Technology said there were 4.2 million cellular mobile subscribers in Palestine compared to 2.6 million at the end of 2010 while the number of ADSL subscribers in Palestine increased to about 363 thousand by the end of 2019 from 119 thousand over the same period.[264] 97% of Palestinian households have at least one cellular mobile line while at least one smartphone is owned by 86% of households (91% in the West Bank and 78% in Gaza Strip).[264] About 80% of the Palestinian households have access to the internet in their homes and about a third have a computer.[264]
On 12 June 2020, the World Bank approved a US$15 million grant for the Technology for Youth and Jobs (TechStart) Project aiming to help the Palestinian IT sector upgrade the capabilities of firms and create more high-quality jobs. Kanthan Shankar, World Bank Country Director for West Bank and Gaza said "The IT sector has the potential to make a strong contribution to economic growth. It can offer opportunities to Palestinian youth, who constitute 30% of the population and suffer from acute unemployment."[265]
Financial services
The Palestine Monetary Authority has issued guidelines for the operation and provision of electronic payment services including e-wallet and prepaid cards.[266] Protocol on Economic Relations, also known as Paris Protocol was signed between the PLO and Israel, which prohibited Palestinian Authority from having its own currency. This agreement paved a way for the government to collect taxes.
Prior to 1994, the occupied Palestinian territories had limited banking options, with Palestinians avoiding Israeli banks.[267] This resulted in an under-banked region and a cash-based economy.[267] Currently, there are 14 banks operating in Palestine, including Palestinian, Jordanian, and Egyptian banks, compared to 21 in 2000.[267] The number of banks has decreased over time due to mergers and acquisitions.[267] Deposits in Palestinian banks have seen significant growth, increasing from US$1.2 billion in 2007 to US$6.9 billion in 2018, representing a 475% increase.[267] The banking sector has shown impressive annual growth rates in deposits and loan portfolios, surpassing global averages.[267]
The combined loan facilities provided by all banks on December 31, 2018, amounted to US$8.4 billion, marking a significant growth of 492 percent compared to US$1.42 billion in 2007.[267] Palestinian registered banks accounted for US$0.60 billion or 42 percent of total deposits in 2007, while in 2018, the loans extended by Palestinian registered banks reached US$5.02 billion, representing 61 percent of total loans.[267] This showcases a remarkable 737 percent increase between 2007 and 2018.[267] Currently, Palestinian registered banks hold 57 percent of customer deposits and provide 61 percent of the loans, compared to 26 percent of deposits and 42 percent of loans in 2007.[267]
Development
After the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, Arab countries have been sending international aid to Palestine.[268] In 1991, the Madrid Conference proposed economic collaboration between Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Israel.[269] The period known as Oslo Years, brought a good prosperity in Palestine.[270] As it opened doors to the Palestinian economy.
In 1998, the Palestinian government built Gaza International Airport, with assistance from Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Japan.[271] Marriott International constructed a business center-cum-hotel in Gaza, which is now owned by Al-Mashtal.[272] The 2000 intifada destroyed prosperity of the country, until reforms instituted by Salam Fayyad improved the economy.[273] Bethlehem Convention Palace was built to host 2000 World Economic Forum.[274]
India has also been a trade partner of Palestine.[275] In 2016, India Palestine Techno Park was established in Birzeit, to promote trade relations between India and Palestine.[276][277] Rawabi is the first planned city in the country built by Bashar Masri, which costs around US$1 billion.[278] Masri is also in a process of constructing a massive residential town in Jerusalem.[279] Palestine Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of Palestine, have been launching various projects. Ersal Commercial Center in Ramallah, is an under construction business district. Some buildings have already been operational, which also includes the headquarters of the Paltel Group.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Two airports of Palestine — Jerusalem International Airport and Gaza International Airport were destroyed by Israel in the early years of the second intifada.[280] Since then no any airport has been operational in the country. Palestinians used to travel through airports in Israel — Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport and Queen Alia International Airport of Amman, capital of Jordan. Many proposals have been made by both the government and private entities to build airports in the country. In 2021, the most recent proposal was made by both the Palestinian government and Israeli government to redevelop Qalandia Airport as a binational airport for both Israelis and Palestinians.[281]
Gaza Strip is the only coastal region of Palestine, where Port of Gaza is located. It is under naval siege by Israel, since the territory's blockade. During Oslo years, the Palestinian government collaborated with the Netherlands and France to built an international seaport. But the project got abandoned since 2000. In 2021, then prime minister of Israel — Naftali Bennett launched a development project for Gaza, which also include development of a seaport for Gaza.[282]
Water supply and sanitation
Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are partially controlled by Israel due in part from historical and geographical complexities with Israel granting partial autonomy in 2017.[283] The division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord, agreed upon by both Israeli and Palestinian leadership.[citation needed] Israel provides the Palestinain territories water from its own water supply and desalinated water supplies, in 2012 supplying 52 MCM.[284][285]
Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza Strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.[286][287] Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution.[288] The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.[289]
Healthcare
According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH), as of 2017, there were 743 primary health care centers in Palestine (583 in the West Bank and 160 in Gaza), and 81 hospitals (51 in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and 30 in Gaza).[290] The largest hospital of the West Bank is in Nablus, while Al-Shifa Hospital in largest in the Gaza Strip.
Operating under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO),[291] the Health Cluster for the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) was established in 2009 and represents a partnership of over 70 local and international nongovernmental organizations and UN agencies providing a framework for health actors involved in the humanitarian response for the oPt. The Cluster is co-chaired by the MOH to ensure alignment with national policies and plans.[292] The report of WHO Director-General of 1 May 2019 describes health sector conditions in the oPt identifying strategic priorities and current obstacles to their achievement[293] pursuant to the country cooperation strategy for WHO and the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2017–2020.[294]
Education
The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme, which is high by international standards.[295] There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men.[296] Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.[296] In state of Palestine, Gaza Strip has the highest literacy rate According to a press blog of Columbia University, Palestinians are most educated refugees.[297]
The education system in Palestine encompasses both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and it is administered by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education.[298][299][300] Basic education in Palestine includes primary school (grades 1–4) and preparatory school (grades 5–10).[301] Secondary education consists of general secondary education (grades 11–12) and vocational education.[302] The curriculum includes subjects such as Arabic, English, mathematics, science, social studies, and physical education. Islamic and Christian religious studies are also part of the curriculum as per the education ministry.[303]
The West Bank and Gaza together have fourteen universities, eighteen university colleges and twenty community colleges.[304] While there are 3,000 schools are in Palestine.[305][306] An-Najah National University in Nablus is the largest university of the country, followed by Al-Quds University in Jerusalem and Birzeit University in Birzeit near Ramallah.[307][308][309][310] Al-Quds University achieved 5-star rating in quality standards and was termed as "socially most responsible university in the Arab world".[311][312] In 2018, Birzeit University was ranked as one of the top 2.7% of universities worldwide by World University Rankings in its 2019 edition.[313]
Energy
Palestine does not produces its own oil or gas. But as per UN reports, "sizeable reserves of oil and gas" lies in the Palestinian territories. Due to its state of conflict, most of the energy and fuels in Palestine are imported from Israel and other all neighboring countries such as Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In 2012, electricity available in West Bank and Gaza was 5,370 GW-hour (3,700 in the West Bank and 1,670 in Gaza), while the annual per capita consumption of electricity (after deducting transmission loss) was 950 kWh. The Gaza Power Plant is the only power plant in the Gaza Strip. It is owned by Gaza Power Generating Company (GPGC), a subsidiary of the Palestine Electric Company (PEC). Jerusalem District Electricity Company, a subsidiary of PEC, provides electricity to Palestinan residents of Jerusalem.
Now the government of Palestine is focussing on solar energy to reduce its dependency on Israel for power. Palestine Investment Fund have launched "Noor Palestine", a project which aims to provide power in Palestine.[314] Qudra Energy, a joint venture between Bank of Palestine and NAPCO have established solar power plants across Jammala, Nablus, Birzeit and Ramallah.[315] In 2019, under Noor Palestine campaign, first solar power plant and solar park was inaugurated in Jenin. Two more solar parks have been planned for Jericho and Tubas.[316] A new solar power plant is under construction at Abu Dis campus of Al-Quds University, for serving Palestinian Jerusalemites.[317]
Demographics
Population
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), as of 26 May 2021, the State of Palestine 2021 mid year population is 5,227,193.[10] Ala Owad, PCBS President, estimated a population of 5.3 million as of end year 2021.[318] Within an area of 6,020 square kilometres (2,320 sq mi), there is a population density of about 827 people per square kilometer.[144] To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 25 people per square kilometre as of 2017.[319]
| Rank | Name | Governorate | Pop. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaza Jerusalem | 1 | Gaza | Gaza Governorate | 766,331 | Hebron Nablus | ||||
| 2 | Jerusalem | Jerusalem Governorate | 542,400 [321] | ||||||
| 3 | Hebron | Hebron Governorate | 308,750 | ||||||
| 4 | Nablus | Nablus Governorate | 239,772 | ||||||
| 5 | Khan Yunis | Khan Yunis Governorate | 179,701 | ||||||
| 6 | Jabalia | North Gaza Governorate | 165,110 | ||||||
| 7 | Rafah | Rafah Governorate | 158,414 | ||||||
| 8 | Jenin | Jenin Governorate | 115,305 | ||||||
| 9 | Ramallah | Ramallah and al-Bireh | 104,173 | ||||||
| 10 | Beit Lahia | North Gaza Governorate | 86,526 | ||||||
Religion
93% of Palestinians are Muslim,[322] the vast majority of whom are followers of the Sunni branch of Islam,[323] with a small minority of Ahmadiyya,[324] and 15% being nondenominational Muslims.[325] Palestinian Christians represent a significant minority of 6%, followed by much smaller religious communities, including Druze[citation needed] and Samaritans.[326]
The Basic Law formed by the Palestinian government, grants freedom of religion. The Basic Law states that Islam is the official religion but also calls for respect and sanctity for other divine religions. The majority of Palestinian Christians live around the cities of Bethlehem, Ramallah and Nablus.
Culture
Palestinian peoples are ethnically and linguistically considered part of Arab world. The culture of Palestine have made its heavy influence in religion, arts, literature, sports architecture and cinema.[327] The UNESCO have the recognized culture of Palestinian. Palestine Festival of Literature (PalFest) brings together Palestinian and international writers, musicians, and artists for a celebration of literature and culture.[328] Annual Palestine Cinema Days festival showcases Palestinian films and filmmakers.
Palestinian cultural expression often serves as a form of resistance against occupation and oppression. Street art, such as the work of Banksy in Bethlehem, and the annual Palestinian music and arts festival, Al-Mahatta, are examples of this cultural resistance.[329] The Old City of Jerusalem, with its religious sites like the Western Wall, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, holds immense cultural and historical significance.[330] Other notable cultural sites include the ancient city of Jericho, the archaeological site of Sebastia, and the town of Bethlehem.[331][332][333][334]
Media
There are a number of newspapers, news agencies, and satellite television stations in the State of Palestine. Its news agencies include Ma'an News Agency, Wafa, Palestine News Network. Al-Aqsa TV, Al-Quds TV, Sanabel TV are its main satellite broadcasters.
Art, music, and clothing
Dalal Abu Amneh is a popular Palestinian singer and poet. Mohammed Assaf is a Palestinian pop singer.
Cinema
Cinema of Palestine has been shaped by pioneering filmmakers such as Elia Suleiman, Hany Abu-Assad, and Annemarie Jacir. Their works have gained international acclaim and shed light on the Palestinian experience. Palestinian films have received recognition and awards at prestigious film festivals worldwide. For example, Hany Abu-Assad's film "Paradise Now" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006.[335] Palestinian cinema is based in Jerusalem, with centers of production also located in Ramallah, Bethlehem and Nablus.[336]
Documentary filmmaking has played a significant role in capturing and documenting the Palestinian experience. Films like "5 Broken Cameras" by Emad Burnat and Guy Davidi have received critical acclaim for their powerful storytelling.[337] Palestinian filmmakers often face unique challenges due to the political situation. Many films are made under occupation, reflecting the struggles, aspirations, and resilience of the Palestinian people.[338] The Palestinian Film Festival, held annually in various cities around the world, showcases Palestinian cinema and provides a platform for Palestinian filmmakers to share their stories.[339] The festival often features works from established and emerging Palestinian directors.
Sports
Palestine has been participating in the Olympic Games since 1996, with athletes competing in various sports, including athletics, swimming, judo, and taekwondo.[340] Palestinian Olympians proudly represent their nation on the international stage. The country is a part of the International Olympic Committee. In addition to football, basketball, handball, and volleyball are also popular sports in Palestine. The Palestinian Basketball Federation and Palestinian Handball Federation oversee these sports' development and organization.[341]
Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport in the state of Palestine,[342] with the Palestine national football team representing the state in international football and governed by FIFA worldwide. The Palestine Cup is the premier domestic football competition in Palestine.[343] It features teams from the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the winner represents Palestine in the AFC Cup. Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium, located in Al-Ram near Jerusalem, stands as the largest stadium in Palestine.[344] It serves as the home ground for the national football team.[345] Other notable stadiums include Dora International Stadium in Hebron, Palestine Stadium in Gaza and Nablus Football Stadium in the Nablus.[346]
See also
Notes
- ^ The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (Al-Quds Ash-Sharif)." Israel exercises de facto control over Jerusalem, but neither state’s claims to Jerusalem are widely recognized by the international community. Ramallah is the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located, while most countries maintain their embassies to Israel in Tel Aviv.
- ^ Before 2023, Gaza City was the largest city in the State of Palestine. Following attacks by Israel, a large amount of refugees from Gaza City and elsewhere in the Strip evacuated into the border city of Rafah, effectively making it the most populous city.
- ^ a b So far both presidents of the State of Palestine, Yasser Arafat and his successor Mahmoud Abbas, were appointed beforehand as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the committee performing the functions of State of Palestine government.[134][141] See also Leaders of Palestinian institutions.
- ^ a b c Israel allows the Palestinian National Authority to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on the area classification. It maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[95] sea beyond internal waters,[95][96] land[97]) in the Gaza Strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[98][99][100][101][102] See also Israeli-occupied territories.
- ^ pronounced [fɪ.las.tˤiːn]
- ^ Note that the name Palestine can commonly be interpreted as the entire territory of the former British Mandate, which today also incorporates Israel. The name is also officially used as the short-form reference to the State of Palestine,[15] and this should be distinguished from other homonymous uses for the term including the Palestinian Authority,[16] the Palestine Liberation Organization,[17] and the subjects of other proposals for the establishment of a Palestinian state.
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