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International recognition of the State of Palestine

August 21, 2023

Further information: Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

International recognition of the State of Palestine has been the objective of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence formally established the de jure sovereign state on 15 November 1988 in Algiers, Algeria, at an extraordinary session in-exile of the Palestinian National Council. The declaration was promptly acknowledged by a range of countries,[1] and by the end of the year, the proclaimed Palestinian state was recognized by over 78 countries.[2] As of 31 July 2019, 138 of the 193 United Nations (UN) member states and two non-member states have recognized it (Israel is recognized by 165). Palestine also has been a non-member observer state of the UN General Assembly since the passing of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 in November 2012.[3][4]

  State of Palestine
  Countries that have recognised the State of Palestine
  Countries that have not recognised the State of Palestine

As part of an attempt to resolve the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the PLO in 1993 and 1995 established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) as a self-governing interim administration in Areas A and B of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[5] After the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005, the PNA held elections in 2006, in which Hamas won a governing majority of seats (74 of 132 seats). Following the Battle of Gaza in 2007, the PNA effectively split in two, with Hamas assuming control of the Gaza Strip and Fatah retaining control over Areas A and B of the West Bank; the Fatah–Hamas conflict is ongoing as of 2022.

Among the G20, nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey) have recognized Palestine as a state while ten countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have not.[note 1] Although these countries generally support some form of two-state solution to the conflict, they take the position that their recognition of a Palestinian state is conditioned to direct negotiations between Israel and the PNA.

History

Background

Further information: Palestine and the United Nations and Foreign relations of Palestine

On 22 November 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, and accorded it observer status in the United Nations. The designation "Palestine" for the PLO was adopted by the United Nations in 1988 in acknowledgment of the Palestinian declaration of independence, but the proclaimed state still has no formal status within the system.

Shortly after the 1988 declaration, the State of Palestine was recognised by many developing states in Africa and Asia, and from communist and non-aligned states.[6][7] At the time, however, the United States was using its Foreign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organisations from extending recognition.[8] Although these measures were successful in many cases,[9] the Arab League and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) immediately published statements of recognition of, support for, and solidarity with Palestine, which was accepted as a member state in both forums.[10][11][12]

In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 states had recognised the new Palestinian state.[13][14] It subsequently attempted to gain membership as a state in several agencies connected to the United Nations, but its efforts were thwarted by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.[15][failed verification] For example, in April of the same year, the PLO applied for membership as a state in the World Health Organization, an application that failed to produce a result after the U.S. informed the organisation that it would withdraw funding if Palestine were admitted.[16] In May, a group of OIC members submitted to UNESCO an application for membership on behalf of Palestine, and listed a total of 91 states that had recognised the State of Palestine.[2]

In June 1989, the PLO submitted to the government of Switzerland letters of accession to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. However, Switzerland, as the depositary state, determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was therefore incapable of determining whether the letter constituted a valid instrument of accession.[16]

Due to the [uncertainty] within the international community as to the existence or the non-existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework, the Swiss Government, in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols.[17]

Consequently, in November 1989, the Arab League proposed a General Assembly resolution to formally recognise the PLO as the government of an independent Palestinian state. The draft, however, was abandoned when the U.S. again threatened to cut off its financing for the United Nations should the vote go ahead. The Arab states agreed not to press the resolution, but demanded that the U.S. promise not to threaten the United Nations with financial sanctions again.[18]

Many of the early statements of recognition of the State of Palestine were termed ambiguously.[19] In addition, hesitation from others did not necessarily mean that these nations did not regard Palestine as a state.[16] This has seemingly resulted in confusion regarding the number of states that have officially recognized the state declared in 1988. Numbers reported in the past are often conflicting,[20] with figures as high as 130 being seen frequently.[9][21] In July 2011, in an interview with Haaretz, Palestinian ambassador to the United Nations, Riyad Mansour claimed that 122 states had so far extended formal recognition.[22] At the end of the month, the PLO published a paper on why the world's governments should recognize the State of Palestine and listed the 122 countries that had already done so.[23] By the end of September the same year, Mansour claimed the figure had reached 139.[24]

Israeli position

Between the end of the Six-Day War and the Oslo Accords, no Israeli government proposed a Palestinian state. During Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government of 1996–1999, he accused the two previous governments of Rabin and Peres of bringing closer to realisation what he claimed to be the "danger" of a Palestinian state, and stated that his main policy goal was to ensure that the Palestinian Authority did not evolve beyond an autonomy.[25]

In November 2001, Ariel Sharon was the first Israeli Prime Minister to proclaim that a Palestinian state was the solution to the conflict and the goal of his administration.[citation needed] The government headed by Ehud Olmert repeated the same objective. Following the inauguration of the present Netanyahu government in 2009, the government again claimed that a Palestinian state posed a danger for Israel.[26] The government position changed, however, following pressure from the Obama administration, and on 14 June 2009, Netanyahu for the first time made a speech in which he supported the notion of a demilitarized and territorially reduced Palestinian state.[27] This position met some criticism for its lack of commitment on the territories to be ceded to the Palestinian state in the future.

The Israeli government has accepted in general the idea that a Palestinian state is to be established, but has refused to accept the 1967 borders. Israeli military experts have argued that the 1967 borders are strategically indefensible.[28] It also opposes the Palestinian plan of approaching the UN General Assembly on the matter of statehood, as it claims it does not honor the Oslo Accords agreement in which both sides agreed not to pursue unilateral moves.[29]

Timeline of Palestine in the United Nations

Application for UN membership

Main article: Palestine 194

After a two-year impasse in negotiations with Israel, the Palestinian Authority began a diplomatic campaign to gain recognition for the State of Palestine on the borders prior to the Six-Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital.[35] The efforts, which began in late 2009, gained widespread attention in September 2011, when President Mahmoud Abbas submitted an application to the United Nations to accept Palestine as a member state. This would have constituted collective recognition of the State of Palestine, which would have allowed its government to pursue legal claims against other states in international courts.[36][37]

In order for a state to gain membership in the General Assembly, its application must have the support of two-thirds of member states with a prior recommendation for admission from the Security Council. This requires the absence of a veto from any of the Security Council's five permanent members.[36] At the prospect of a veto from the United States, Palestinian leaders signalled that they might opt instead for a more limited upgrade to "non-member state" status, which requires only a simple majority in the General Assembly but provides the Palestinians with the recognition they desired.

The campaign, dubbed "Palestine 194",[38] was supported by the Arab League in May,[39] and was officially confirmed by the PLO on 26 June.[40] The decision was labelled by the Israeli government as a unilateral step, while the Palestinian government countered that it was essential to overcoming the current impasse. Several other countries—such as Germany and Canada—also denounced the decision and called for a prompt return to negotiations. However, many others—such as Norway and Russia—endorsed the plan, as did Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who stated: "UN members are entitled whether to vote for or against the Palestinian statehood recognition at the UN."[41]

 
President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil formally recognized the State of Palestine in December 2010.[42]

Diplomatic efforts to gain support for the bid gained momentum following a succession of endorsements from South America in early 2011.[42][43][failed verification] High-level delegations led by Yasser Abed Rabbo, Riyad al-Maliki, Saeb Erekat, Nabil Shaath and Riyad Mansour paid visits to many states. Palestinian ambassadors, assisted by those of other Arab states, were charged with enlisting the support of the governments to which they were accredited.[43] During the lead-up to the vote, Russia, China, and Spain publicly pledged their support for the Palestinian bid,[44][45] as did inter-governmental organisations such as the African Union,[46] and the Non-Aligned Movement.[47]

Israel took steps to counter the initiative,[48] and Germany, Italy, Canada and the U.S. announced publicly that they would vote against the resolution.[43] Israeli and U.S. diplomats began a campaign pressuring many countries to oppose or abstain from the vote.[43] However, because of the "automatic majority" enjoyed by the Palestinians in the General Assembly,[49] the Netanyahu administration stated that it did not expect to prevent a resolution from passing should it go ahead.[48][50] In August, Haaretz quoted the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, Ron Prosor, as stating that Israel would be unable to block a resolution at the General Assembly by September. "The maximum that we can hope to gain is for a group of states who will abstain or be absent during the vote", wrote Prosor. "Only a few countries will vote against the Palestinian initiative."[51]

Instead, the Israeli government focused on obtaining a "moral majority" of major democratic powers, in an attempt to diminish the weight of the vote.[52][53] Considerable weight was placed on the position of the European Union,[54] which had not yet been announced. EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that it was likely to depend on the wording of the resolution.[55] At the end of August, Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak said that "it is very important that all the players come up with a text that will emphasize the quick return to negotiations, without an effort to impose pre-conditions on the sides."[56]

Efforts from both Israel and the U.S. also focused on pressuring the Palestinian leadership to abandon its plans and return to negotiations.[54] In the U.S., Congress passed a bill denouncing the initiative and calling on the Obama administration to veto any resolution that would recognize a Palestinian state declared outside of an agreement negotiated by the two parties.[57] A similar bill was passed in the Senate, which also threatened a withdrawal of aid to the West Bank.[58][59] In late August, another congressional bill was introduced which proposes to block U.S. government funding for United Nations entities that support Palestinian membership in the UN.[60] Several top U.S. officials, including ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice and consul-general in Jerusalem Daniel Rubinstein, made similar threats.[61][62] In the same month, it was reported that the Israeli Ministry of Finance was withholding its monthly payments to the PNA.[63] Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman warned that if Palestine took unilateral action, Israel would consider the Oslo Accords null and void,[54] and would break off relations with the PA.[56]

 
President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia reconfirmed its support for the State of Palestine in January 2011.[64]

On 11 July 2011, the Quartet met to discuss a return to negotiations, but the meeting produced no result.[65] President Mahmoud Abbas claimed that he would suspend the bid and return to negotiations if the Israelis agreed to the 1967 borders and ceased the expansion of settlements in the West Bank.

The PNA's campaign saw an increasing level of support in grass-roots activism. Avaaz began an online petition urging all United Nations members to endorse the bid to admit Palestine; it reportedly attained 500,000 e-signatures in its first four days.[66] OneVoice Palestine launched a domestic campaign in partnership with local news agencies, with the aim of getting the involvement and support of Palestinian citizens.[67] Overseas, campaigns were launched in several nations, calling on their governments to vote "yes" in the resolution.[68][69] On 7 September, a group of Palestinian activists under the banner "Palestine: State No. 194" staged a demonstration outside the United Nations' office in Ramallah.[70] During the demonstration, they submitted to the office a letter addressed to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, urging him to "exert all possible efforts toward the achievement of the Palestinian people's just demands". The following day, Ban told reporters: "I support ... the statehood of Palestinians; an independent, sovereign state of Palestine. It has been long overdue", but he also stated that "recognition of a state is something to be determined by the member states."[71]

Other United Nations organs had previously expressed readiness to see a Palestinian state. In April 2011, the UN's co-ordinator for the Middle East peace process issued a report on the Palestinian Authority's state-building progress, describing "aspects of its administration as sufficient for an independent state".[72] It echoed a similar assessment published the week prior by the International Monetary Fund.[73] The World Bank released a report in September 2010 that found the Palestinian Authority "well-positioned to establish a state" at any point in the near future. However, the report highlighted that, unless private-sector growth in the Palestinian economy was stimulated, a Palestinian state would remain donor dependent.[74]

Non-member observer state status

Further information: United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19
 
UN observer state status voting results:
  In favour   Against   Abstentions   Absent   Non-members

During September 2012, Palestine decided to pursue an upgrade in status from "observer entity" to "non-member observer state". On 27 November of the same year, it was announced that the appeal had been made officially and would be put to a vote in the General Assembly on 29 November, where the status upgrade was expected to be supported by a majority of states. In addition to granting Palestine "non-member observer state status", the draft resolution "expresses the hope that the Security Council will consider favorably the application submitted on 23 September 2011 by the State of Palestine for admission to full membership in the United Nations, endorses the two state solution based on the pre-1967 borders, and stresses the need for an immediate resumption of negotiations between the two parties."

On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstaining) General Assembly resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the United Nations.[75][76] The new status equated Palestine's with that of the Holy See. The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".[77] Voting "no" were Israel, Canada, the Czech Republic, the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Panama and the United States.

The vote was an important benchmark for the partially recognized State of Palestine and its citizens, while it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States. Status as an observer state in the UN allows the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialized UN agencies,[78] the Law of the Seas treaty, and the International Criminal Court. It permits Palestine to pursue legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognized by the UN, and allows the Palestinian people the right to sue for sovereignty over their territory in the International Court of Justice and to bring "crimes against humanity" and war-crimes charges, including that of unlawfully occupying the territory of State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court.[79][80]

The UN has, after the resolution was passed, permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations",[81] seen by many as a reflection of the UN's de facto position of recognizing the State of Palestine's sovereignty under international law,[75] and Palestine started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports.[76][82] The Palestinian authorities also instructed its diplomats to officially represent the "State of Palestine", as opposed to the "Palestine National Authority".[76] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of "State of Palestine" shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[34] recognizing the "State of Palestine" as the official name of the Palestinian nation.

On 26 September 2013 at the United Nations, Mahmoud Abbas was given the right to sit in the General Assembly's beige chair which is reserved for heads of state waiting to take the podium and address the General Assembly.[83]

Other positions

Diplomatic recognitions

UN member states

Of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 138 (71.5%) have recognised the State of Palestine as of 31 July 2019.[84] The list below is based on the list maintained by the Palestine Liberation Organization during the campaign for United Nations recognition in 2011,[23] and maintained by the Permanent Observer Mission to the UN.[85]

Some states, marked with an asterisk (*) below, expressly recognized the State of Palestine on the borders of 4 June 1967 (i.e., the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem), which constituted Arab territory prior to the Six-Day War.

# Name[86] Date of recognition Diplomatic relations [note 2] Relevant membership, further details
1   Algeria 15 November 1988[2] Yes[87] Arab League, OIC, African Union (AU); Algeria–Palestine relations
2   Bahrain 15 November 1988[2] Yes[88] Arab League, OIC
Further details
Recognition extended by the State of Bahrain.
3   Iraq 15 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC; Iraq–Palestine relations
Further details
Recognition extended by the Ba'athist Iraqi Republic.
4   Kuwait 15 November 1988[2] Yes[89] Arab League, OIC[90]
5   Libya 15 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
6   Malaysia 15 November 1988[2] Yes OIC; Malaysia–Palestine relations
7   Mauritania 15 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU
8   Morocco 15 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU[91][92]
9   Somalia 15 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Somali Democratic Republic.
10   Tunisia 15 November 1988[2] Yes[93] Arab League, OIC, AU
11   Turkey 15 November 1988[2] Yes[94] OIC; Palestine–Turkey relations
12   Yemen 15 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC
Further details
Recognition extended by both Democratic Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic, prior to Yemeni unification. In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."[95]
13   Afghanistan 16 November 1988[2] Yes[96] OIC
Further details
Recognition extended by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
14   Bangladesh 16 November 1988[2] Yes OIC
15   Cuba 16 November 1988[2] Yes —
16   Indonesia 16 November 1988[97] Yes[97] OIC; Indonesia–Palestine relations
17   Jordan 16 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC
18   Madagascar 16 November 1988[2] No AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
19   Malta 16 November 1988[2] Yes EU; Malta–Palestine relations
20   Nicaragua 16 November 1988[2] Yes —
21   Pakistan 16 November 1988[2] Yes OIC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
22   Qatar 16 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC
23   Saudi Arabia 16 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC; Palestine–Saudi Arabia relations
24   United Arab Emirates 16 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC; Palestine–United Arab Emirates relations
25   Serbia 16 November 1988[2] Yes[98] —, Palestine–Serbia relations
Further details
Recognition extended by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Although the UN did not recognise the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro, itself to be succeeded by Serbia in 2006) as its successor, it claims to be such and pledges to adhere to all ratifications, signatures and recognitions conducted by SFRY.
26   Zambia 16 November 1988[2] Yes AU
27   Albania 17 November 1988[2] Yes[99] OIC; Albania–Palestine relations
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
28   Brunei Darussalam 17 November 1988[2] Yes OIC[100]
29   Djibouti 17 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU
30   Mauritius 17 November 1988[2] Yes AU
Further details
Recognition extended by Mauritius as a Commonwealth realm.
31   Sudan 17 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU[101]
32   Cyprus 18 November 1988*[2] Yes EU; Cyprus–Palestine relations
Further details
In January 2011, the Cypriot government reaffirmed its recognition of the Palestinian state in 1988. The government also added that any modifications to the borders from 1967 onwards would not be acknoweldged until both countries reached a consensus.[102]
33   Czech Republic 18 November 1988[2] Yes EU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.[2] Following its dissolution, both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties.
34   Slovakia 18 November 1988[2] Yes EU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.[2] Following its dissolution, both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties.
35   Egypt 18 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU; Egypt–Palestine relations
36   The Gambia 18 November 1988[85] Yes OIC, AU
37   India 18 November 1988[2] Yes[103] India–Palestine relations
38   Nigeria 18 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
39   Seychelles 18 November 1988[2] Yes AU
40   Sri Lanka 18 November 1988[2] Yes —; Palestine–Sri Lanka relations
41   Belarus 19 November 1988[2] Yes —
Further details

Recognition extended as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in the Constitution it states, "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."[104]

42   Guinea 19 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
43   Namibia 19 November 1988[2] Yes AU
Further details
Namibia was established by the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), which recognised the State of Palestine during its time as a UN observer entity.[105]
44   Russia 19 November 1988[2] Yes[106] UNSC (permanent); Palestine–Russia relations
Further details
Recognition extended as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. President Dmitry Medvedev reconfirmed the position in January 2011.[107]
45   Ukraine 19 November 1988[2] Yes —; Palestine–Ukraine relations
Further details
Recognition extended as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, of which Ukraine is the legal successor. The modern republic continues all "rights and duties pursuant to international agreements of Union SSR which do not contradict the Constitution of Ukraine and interests of the Republic".[108]
46   Vietnam 19 November 1988[2] Yes[109] —, Palestine–Vietnam relations
47   China 20 November 1988[2] Yes UNSC (permanent); China–Palestine relations
48   Burkina Faso 21 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU; Burkina Faso–Palestine relations
49   Comoros 21 November 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC, AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros.
50   Guinea-Bissau 21 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
51   Mali 21 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
52   Cambodia 21 November 1988[2] Yes —
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Republic of Kampuchea, the predecessor to modern Cambodia. Its civil-war rival, internationally recognized Democratic Kampuchea, announced its recognition three days prior.
53   Mongolia 22 November 1988[2] Yes[110] —
Further details
Recognition extended by the Mongolian People's Republic.
54   Senegal 22 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
55   Hungary 23 November 1988[2] Yes EU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Hungarian People's Republic.
56   Cape Verde 24 November 1988[2] No AU
57   North Korea 24 November 1988[2] Yes —, North Korea–Palestine relations
58   Niger 24 November 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
59   Romania 24 November 1988[2] Yes EU; Palestine–Romania relations
Further details
Recognition extended by the Socialist Republic of Romania.
60   Tanzania 24 November 1988[2] Yes AU
61   Bulgaria 25 November 1988[2] Yes EU
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Republic of Bulgaria.
62   Maldives 28 November 1988[2] Yes OIC
63   Ghana 29 November 1988[2] Yes AU
64   Togo 29 November 1988[2] No OIC, AU
65   Zimbabwe 29 November 1988[2] Yes AU
66   Chad 1 December 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
67   Laos 2 December 1988[2] Yes[111] —
68   Sierra Leone 3 December 1988[2] No OIC, AU
69   Uganda 3 December 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
70   Republic of the Congo 5 December 1988[2] Yes AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Republic of the Congo.
71   Angola 6 December 1988[2] Yes[112] AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Republic of Angola.
72   Mozambique 8 December 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Republic of Mozambique.
73   São Tomé and Príncipe 10 December 1988[2] No AU
74   Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 December 1988[2] No AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Republic of Zaire, which was ruled by Mobutu Sese Seko until his removal in 1997 when the state was succeeded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the First Congo War.
75   Gabon 12 December 1988[2] Yes OIC, AU
76   Oman 13 December 1988[2] Yes Arab League, OIC
77   Poland 14 December 1988[2] Yes EU
Further details
Recognition extended by the Polish People's Republic.
78   Botswana 19 December 1988[2] Yes[113] AU
79     Nepal 19 December 1988[2] No —
Further details
Recognition extended by the Kingdom of Nepal.
80   Burundi 22 December 1988[2] No AU
81   Central African Republic 23 December 1988[2] No AU
82   Bhutan 25 December 1988[2] No —
83   Rwanda 2 January 1989[2] No AU
84   Ethiopia 4 February 1989[2] Yes AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
85   Iran 4 February 1989[2] Yes OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
86   Benin May 1989 or before[2][13][when?] Yes OIC, AU
Further details
Recognition extended by the People's Republic of Benin.
87   Equatorial Guinea May 1989 or before[2][13][when?] No AU
88   Kenya May 1989 or before[2][13][114][when?] Yes AU
89   Vanuatu 21 August 1989[115] Yes —
90   Philippines[116][117][118] September 1989[119] Yes[119] —
91   Eswatini[120] 1 July 1991[121] Yes[122] AU
Further details
Recognition extended as Swaziland.
92   Kazakhstan 6 April 1992[123] Yes[123] OIC
93   Azerbaijan 15 April 1992[124] Yes[124] OIC; Azerbaijan–Palestine relations
94   Turkmenistan 17 April 1992[125] Yes[126][127] OIC[128]
95   Georgia 25 April 1992[129] Yes[130] —
96   Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 May 1992[131] Yes[131]
Further details
Recognition extended by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
97   Tajikistan 6 September 1992[132] Yes[132][133] OIC
98   Uzbekistan 25 September 1994[134] Yes[134] OIC
99   Papua New Guinea 4 October 1994[135] Yes[135][136] —
100   South Africa 15 February 1995 Yes[137] AU; Palestine–South Africa relations
101   Kyrgyzstan 12 September 1995 Yes[138][139] OIC
102   Malawi 23 October 1998*[140][141] Yes[142] AU
103   East Timor 1 March 2004[143] Yes[136][143] —
104   Paraguay 25 March 2005*[144] Yes[144] —
Further details
On 28 January 2011, Paraguay's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a written reaffirmation of its government's recognition of the State of Palestine. The statement noted that the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two governments in 2005 had implied mutual recognition.[144]
105   Montenegro 24 July 2006[145] Yes[145] —
106   Costa Rica 5 February 2008[146] Yes[147] —
107   Lebanon 30 November 2008 Yes[148] Arab League, OIC
Further details
Date given is that of first official recognition. In Palestine's application to UNESCO in May 1989, Lebanon was listed as having recognised the State of Palestine, but without a date.[2] The list was submitted without objection from Lebanon, but later sources have shown that official recognition was not accorded until 2008.[149] At that time, the Lebanese cabinet approved the establishment of full diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine, but did not set a date for when this was to occur. On 11 August 2011, the cabinet agreed to implement its earlier decision and Abbas formally inaugurated his government's embassy in Beirut on 16 August.[150]
108   Côte d'Ivoire 1 December 2008[151] Yes OIC, AU
109   Venezuela 27 April 2009[152] Yes —, Palestine–Venezuela relations
110   Dominican Republic 14 July 2009[153] Yes[154] —
111   Brazil 1 December 2010*[155][156] Yes[157] Brazil–Palestine relations
112   Argentina 6 December 2010*[158] Yes[159][160][161] —[42]
113   Bolivia 17 December 2010*[162][163] Yes[164] —
114   Ecuador 24 December 2010*[165] Yes[166] —
115   Chile 7 January 2011[167] Yes[168] —; Chile–Palestine relations
116   Guyana 13 January 2011*[169] Yes OIC[166]
117   Peru 24 January 2011[170] Yes[166] —
118   Suriname 1 February 2011*[171] No OIC
119   Uruguay 15 March 2011[172] Yes[173] —; Palestine–Uruguay relations
120   Lesotho[174] 6 June 2011*[140] No AU
121   South Sudan 9 July 2011[175] Yes[176] AU
122   Syria 18 July 2011*[177] Yes[178] Arab League, OIC;

Palestine–Syria relations

123   Liberia 19 July 2011[151] No AU[36]
124   El Salvador 25 August 2011[179] Yes[180] El Salvador–Palestine relations
125   Honduras 26 August 2011*[181] Yes[182] —[183] Honduras–Palestine relations
126   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 29 August 2011*[184][185] Yes[186] —
127   Belize 9 September 2011*[187] Yes —[188]
128   Dominica 19 September 2011[189][190][191] Yes[192] —[195]
129   Antigua and Barbuda 22 September 2011*[196] No —
130   Grenada 29 September 2013[197][198] Yes[197][198] —
131   Iceland 15 December 2011*[199] Yes EFTA; Iceland–Palestine relations
132   Thailand 18 January 2012*[200] Yes[201] Palestine–Thailand relations
133   Guatemala 9 April 2013[202] No —
134   Haiti 29 September 2013[197][198] Yes[197][198] —
135   Sweden 30 October 2014[203][204][205][206] Yes EU; Palestine–Sweden relations
136   Saint Lucia 14 September 2015[207] Yes[207] —
137   Colombia 3 August 2018[208] Yes —
138   Saint Kitts and Nevis 30 July 2019[209] Yes[210] —

Not members of the UN

# Name Date of recognition Diplomatic relations
[note 2]		 Relevant membership, further details
139   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15 November 1988[211] No AU
140   Vatican City February 2015[212] Yes[213] —; Holy See–Palestine relations
States that maintain diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine

No diplomatic recognition

UN member states

# Name Official position Relations
[note 2]		 Relevant memberships
1   Andorra In January 2011, Andorra co-sponsored a draft resolution guaranteeing the Palestinian people's right to self-determination.[214] In September, it argued for a proposed resolution to give the State of Palestine observer status in the United Nations.[215] No
2   Armenia On 20 June 2011, Fatah representative Nabil Shaath met with Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan to enlist the support of Armenia in the upcoming resolution.[216] Afterwards, Shaath announced that he had been informed by a number of countries that they would recognize Palestine in the following weeks, and that he expected Armenia to be the first of these.[217] However, the Armenian government did not release any statement regarding the meeting. The situation in Palestine is seen as analogous by the Armenian government to the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, and that any recognition of a Palestinian state by Armenia would set a precedent for the right to self-determination in that region.[218] On similar situations, President Serzh Sargsyan previously stated, "Having the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Armenia can not recognize another entity in the same situation as long as it has not recognized the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic".[219] No Armenia–Palestine relations
3   Australia Australian policy calls for a two-state solution, but it has not supported calls toward Palestinian statehood in the past, insisting instead on a negotiated settlement. In regards to a resolution to admit Palestine as a UN non-member observer state, a division in positions emerged: Former Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd recommended abstaining from the vote, whilst former Prime Minister Julia Gillard declared strong support for Israel.[220] In response, Gillard noted: "There isn't a resolution available for people to read or respond to. If such a resolution does hit the deck, then in deciding how Australia will vote, we will bring our very long-standing principles about questions in the Middle East. That is, we are long-standing supporters of a two-state solution."[221] In 2014, Australia voted against a United Nations Security Council draft resolution proposing the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza and the West Bank by 2017.[222] In April 2021, the Australian Labor Party (Rudd and Gillard's party) passed an amendment to its policy platform recognising Palestine as a state.[223] Yes
4   Austria Austria conferred full diplomatic status on the PLO representation in Vienna on 13 December 1978, under then-chancellor Bruno Kreisky.[224] In June 2011, Foreign Minister Michael Spindelegger said that Austria "had not yet made up its mind whether to support a UN recognition of a Palestinian state", adding that he preferred to wait for a joint EU approach to the issue. "We will decide at the last moment because it might still give [the two parties] the opportunity to bring the Middle East peace process back on track."[225] Spindelegger also suggested that the EU draft its own version of the resolution.[226]
Further details
In Annex II of the State of Palestine's UNESCO application, Austria was initially listed as having extended recognition on 14 December 1988. However, the submitting states (Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal and Yemen) later requested that Austria be removed from the list.[2]
 Yes[227] EU
5   Barbados The Barbadian government supports the right of Palestinians to self-determination in accordance with UN General Assembly resolutions like Resolution 181 (II) and Security Council resolutions such as Resolution 242. It also supports "a peacefully-negotiated two-state resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through the process of cooperation and dialogue."[228] In the wake of the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, members of the lobby group, Caribbean Against Apartheid in Palestine sent a letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, Jerome Walcott, requesting that government recognise the State of Palestine.[229] No
6   Belgium On the issue of Palestinian statehood, Belgium supports the declarations of the European Union.[230] Prime Minister Yves Leterme called for the creation of a European consensus before September,[231] and the Senate urged the government on 15 July 2011 to recognize a Palestinian state with the pre-1967 borders.[232] The parties of the new centre right government agreed to recognize Palestine. The Chamber of Representatives has already adopted a resolution in favour on 5 February 2015. The left-wing opposition called for an unconditional recognition of Palestine.[233][234] Yes EU
7   Cameroon Cameroon officially supports a two-state solution.[235] Although a member of the OIC, President Paul Biya has developed strong ties with Israel since the mid-1980s.[236] This perceived friendship has soured the country's traditionally close ties with Arab states, many of whom have withdrawn longstanding economic development assistance and pressed Biya to support Palestinian interests.[237] Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu asked Biya to oppose the United Nations resolution that would admit Palestine as a member state.[238] Yes[235] OIC [36]
8   Canada Canada supports the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state, but only as part of a "comprehensive, just and lasting peace settlement".[239] The Harper government (2006–2015) was regarded as a staunch supporter of Israel. In July 2011, the spokesman for Foreign Minister John Baird stated, "Our government's long-standing position has not changed. The only solution to this conflict is one negotiated between and agreed to by the two parties. ... One of the states must be a Jewish state and recognized as such, while the Palestinian state is to be a non-militarized one".[240] Yes
9   Croatia Croatia formalized relations with the PLO on 31 March 2011. Former Croatian Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor stated in 2011 that her government supported the co-existence of Israel and Palestine as two independent states,[241] however Croatia abstained during voting on upgrading Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations and on admission of Palestine to UNESCO. Former Croatian Foreign Minister Vesna Pusić stated on 24 October 2014 that "Croatia will most likely recognize Palestine soon".[242] The Croatian government tends to favour Israel over Palestine as a commitment to the United States, to whom Croatia is aligned, and the central quarters of the European Union of which Croatia has been a member since 2013. Croatia believes that if it were to recognize Palestine, this would frustrate its position with the EU and ties to the US, and also because the situation in the Middle East is complicated it feels there is no guarantee that there would be peace and further existence of the Jewish state if Israel eventually decides to withdraw from the occupied territories.[243] Yes EU
10   Denmark Danish Foreign Minister Lene Espersen met Abbas on 9 March 2011 to persuade him to return to negotiating with Israel. Espersen also extended Danish support to Palestinian national development.[244] During the campaign for the 2011 elections, the largest opposition party argued that Denmark should recognize the State of Palestine. Foreign Minister Lene Espersen, however, warned that such a unilateral decision could have "more negative than beneficial" consequences, and stressed the need to co-ordinate policy with the EU.[245] In December 2014, a bill that called on Denmark to recognize Palestine as a state was rejected in the Danish parliament.[246] Yes EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
11   Eritrea Eritrea is one of only two African countries that does not recognise Palestine, the other being Cameroon.[36][247] In October 2010, President Isaias Afewerki stated, "Israel needs a government, we must respect this. The Palestinians also need to have a dignified life, but it can not be the West Bank or Gaza. A two-state solution will not work. It's just to fool people. Israelis and Palestinians living in the same nation will never happen for many reasons. One option that may work is a Transjordan. Israel may be left in peace and the Palestinian and Jordanian peoples are brought together and can create their own nation".[248] In his address to the UN General Assembly in 2011, Afewerki stated that "Eritrea reaffirms its long-standing support to the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and an independent, sovereign state. It also upholds the right of Israel to live in peace and security within internationally recognized boundaries."[249] On 29 November 2012, Eritrea voted in favour of a resolution to make Palestine non-member observer state at the UN. Yes[250]
12   Estonia During a meeting with Riyad al-Malki in June 2010, Minister Urmas Paet said the country approved an agreement between the two countries and a Palestine independence.[251] Officials stated that the government would not adopt a position regarding the United Nations bid until the final wording of the resolution was published.[252] Yes[253] EU
13   Fiji Fijian policy on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is largely based on United Nations resolutions.[254] No
14   Finland Finland supports a two-state solution to the conflict.[255] In October 2014, president Sauli Niinistö said that Finland would not follow Swedish decision in recognizing the State of Palestine.[256] Yes EU
15   France According to President Nicolas Sarkozy, "France supports the solution of two nation states living side-by-side in peace and security, within safe and recognized borders."[257] In May 2011, Sarkozy said that if peace talks with Israel had not resumed by September, he would recognize the State of Palestine as part of its bid at the United Nations.[258] This echoed statements made in March by Nabil Shaath, who claimed to have received a promise from France that it would recognize in September a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders.[259] According to Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu, however, Sarkozy had said that France's support would require the Palestinians to recognize Israel as the state of the Jewish people.[257] This was confirmed in July, when Foreign Minister Alain Juppé stated that any solution to the conflict would require the recognition of "the nation-state of Israel for the Jewish people, and the nation-state of Palestine for the Palestinian people."[260] This broke with the European Union's traditional position, which adamantly opposes any mention of Israel as a Jewish state.[261] Sarkozy later turned around on this policy, reportedly saying that the idea of a Jewish state was "silly".[262] In August, Sarkozy stressed the importance of a united EU position on the September initiative, and proposed a compromise where the State of Palestine would be given observer status instead of full membership. The proposal, which was to prevent a split among members of the EU, included a promise from Paris and other members that they would vote for the resolution.[263] In October 2014, France's foreign minister said France would recognize a Palestinian state even if peace talks with Israel fails.[264] On 2 December 2014 the French National Assembly approved a non-binding motion calling on the government to recognise Palestine.[265] Yes EU, UNSC (permanent)
16   Germany In April 2011, Chancellor Angela Merkel labelled the Palestinian bid for recognition a "unilateral step",[266] and stated unequivocally that Germany will not recognize a Palestinian state without its prior acceptance by Israel. "Unilateral recognitions therefore definitely do not contribute to achieving this aim ... This is our stance now and it will be our stance in September. There needs to be mutual recognition, otherwise it is not a two-state solution".[267] She also reaffirmed her government's commitment to see an agreement reached as soon as possible. "We want a two-state solution. We want to recognize a Palestinian state. Let us ensure that negotiations begin. It is urgent".[268]
Further details
The German Democratic Republic recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988,[2] but it later unified with the Federal Republic of Germany and the current government does not recognise it.
 Yes EU
17   Greece President Karolos Papoulias has stated that Greece ultimately supports the creation of a Palestinian state alongside Israel.[269] Under previous governments, Greece garnered a reputation as a staunch supporter of the Palestinian cause.[270] Within the wider Arab–Israeli conflict, Andreas Papandreou maintained a stronger stand against Israel than any other government in the European Community. Diplomatic relations were founded with the PLO in 1981, while relations with Israel were maintained only at the consular level until Greece's formal recognition of Israel in 1990 under Mitsotakis.[271] Since the formation of current foreign policy under George Papandreou, Greece has seen a rapid improvement in relations with Israel,[272] leading the media to mark the conclusion of Greece's pro-Palestinian era.[273] However, in December 2015, Greece's parliament voted in favour of a motion requesting that the government recognize Palestine.[274] Yes EU; Greece–Palestine relations
18   Ireland In January 2011, Ireland accorded the Palestinian delegation in Dublin diplomatic status.[275] A few months later, their Foreign Affairs Minister stated that Ireland would "lead the charge" in recognizing Palestinian statehood, but that it would not come until the PNA was in full and sole control over its territories.[276] In October 2014, the Upper House of the Irish Parliament unanimously passed a motion calling on the Government to recognize the State of Palestine.[277] In December 2014, the Lower House of Ireland's Parliament followed suit.[278] Although the motion passed through both houses, the government wishes to recognise Palestine as part of a wider EU movement and as such does not officially recognise the state of Palestine.[279] On 26 May 2021, following the escalation of violence in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the lower house of Ireland's parliament, the Dáil, passed a resolution condemning Israel's "de facto annexation" of Palestine in contravention of international law.[280] Yes EU; Ireland–Palestine relations
19   Israel See above Yes
20   Italy In May 2011, at an event in Rome celebrating Israel's independence, then Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi pledged his country's support to Israel.[281] In June, he reiterated Italy's position against unilateral actions on either side of the conflict, stressing that "peace can only be reached with a common initiative through negotiations".[282] This position was shared by parliamentarians, who drafted a letter to the United Nations stating that "a premature, unilateral declaration of Palestinian statehood would [...] undermine rather than resolve the Israeli–Palestinian peace process".[283] Nevertheless, at the same time, Italy upgraded the diplomatic status of the Palestinian delegation in Rome to a mission, similarly to what other EU countries were doing, giving the head of the delegation ambassadorial status.[284] Moreover, on 31 October 2011, Italy did not oppose Palestine's UNESCO membership bid[285] and, on 29 November 2012, Italy voted in favour of UN Resolution 67/19, giving Palestine a non-member observer state status at the United Nations.[286] Italy's opposition to unilateral actions was reiterated on 21 December 2017, when it voted in favour of a UN draft resolution calling on all countries to comply with Security Council resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem,[287] following the decision by the U.S. to move its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to the city.[288] Yes EU; Italy–Palestine relations
21   Jamaica Like other members of the Caribbean Community, Jamaica supports a two-state solution.[289] In 2010, Prime Minister Bruce Golding expressed hope for "a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the Middle East that guarantees the security of Israel and the unquestioned recognition of a Palestinian state."[290] No
22   Japan Japan supports a two-state solution to the conflict,[291] and supports the establishment of a Palestinian state.[292] In October 2007, a Japanese Justice Ministry official said "Given that the Palestinian Authority has improved itself to almost a full-fledged state and issues its own passports, we have decided to accept the Palestinian nationality".[293] The Japanese government declared that it would not recognize any act that would jeopardize a Palestianian state with the pre-1967 borders nor the annexation of East Jerusalem by Israel.[294][295] Japan voted favorably for the United Nations General Assembly resolution to accord Palestine Non-member Observer State status in the United Nations in November 2012, and since then, refers to the country as "Palestine".[296] Yes
23   Kiribati During the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in early September 2011, the foreign minister of Kiribati reportedly expressed support for the Palestinian position.[297] No
24   Latvia Latvia supports a two-state solution to the conflict and provides development assistance to the Palestinian National Authority.[298][299] Yes EU
25   Liechtenstein Liechtenstein relies on Switzerland to carry out most of its foreign affairs.[300] In January 2011, it co-sponsored a draft resolution guaranteeing the Palestinian people's right to self-determination,[214] and stated that this right must be exercised with a view to achieving a viable and fully sovereign Palestinian state.[301] No EFTA
26   Lithuania Like the rest of the European Union, Lithuania supports a two-state solution including an independent Palestinian state.[302] Foreign Minister Audronius Ažubalis called for a strong, unanimous European position that encouraged both parties to resume peace talks.[303] Yes EU
27   Luxembourg In an interview with Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn in March 2011, The Jerusalem Post stated that Luxembourg was considered among the "least friendly" countries to Israel in the EU.[304][305] In response to divisions within the EU regarding the Palestinians' September bid for UN membership, Asselborn reportedly urged the PNA to accept an upgrade in its observer status and not ask for membership. He insisted, "We cannot let the Palestinians leave New York at the end of the month with nothing",[306] He referred to the positions of four members in particular that stood as an obstacle to the achievement of a common position,[297] but that he "cannot agree to say no" to the Palestinian endeavour.[307] He noted that securing the support of all EU nations would have been a great moral advantage for Palestine.[306] In December 2019, Asselborn wrote to Josep Borrell, the head of EU foreign policy, urging a debate on recognising Palestinian statehood.[308] Yes EU; Luxembourg–Palestine relations
28   Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands has, like the US, long been a close voting ally of Israel at the United Nations. In December 2017, the Marshall Islands was one of just nine countries (including the US and Israel) to vote against a motion adopted by the UN General Assembly condemning the United States' recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital city.[309] Additionally, it was one of only five countries (the others being Israel, the US, Micronesia and Nauru) to oppose a UN draft resolution in November 2020 on the creation of a Palestinian state.[310]
29   Mexico Mexico maintains a policy of supporting a two-state solution.[311] Palestinian and Israeli officials expected Mexico to follow South American countries in recognizing the State of Palestine in early 2011.[312][313] Its position on the matter is seen as influential in Latin America, and therefore critical to both proponents and opponents.[314] Opposition parties have urged the government to recognize a Palestinian state as part of the September initiative, putting down its hesitance to U.S. pressure.[315] Yes Mexico–Palestine relations
30   Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is a consistent supporter of Israel, especially in international resolutions,[316] though this is due in part to its association with the United States.[300] Former FSM President Manny Mori said that the relationship goes back to 1986, when Israel made "[an] early decision to support Micronesia's membership in the UN".[317] During the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in September 2011, the leader of the Micronesian delegation reportedly stated his country's solidarity with the Palestinian people's suffering and support for their right to self-determination. Regarding the PNA's endeavour to gain admission to the United Nations, however, the official stated that the agreements signed with the U.S. prevented the FSM from voting according to its government's wishes in cases where they conflicted with those of the U.S.[297] In reference to Israel's continued development assistance to Micronesians, another diplomat noted, "We need Israeli expertise, so I don't see a change in our policy anytime soon."[316] No
31   Moldova Moldova maintains a policy of neutrality in international affairs. It has expressed full support for the Quartet principles for the settlement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which call for an independent Palestinian state. Yes
32   Monaco No
33   Myanmar Myanmar is one of only two Asian members of the Non-Aligned Movement that has not recognized the State of Palestine, alongside Singapore.[200][318] Former foreign affairs minister Win Aung stated in 2000 that Myanmar supports a two-state solution within internationally recognized borders.[319] No
34   Nauru During the Pacific Islands Forum in early September 2011, Foreign Affairs Minister Kieren Keke confirmed his nation's solidarity with the Palestinian people and their right to self-determination.[320] The PNA's foreign ministry published a statement prior to the summit claiming that most Pacific island nations would vote against a United Nations resolution regarding the Palestinian state.[321] No
35   Netherlands In June 2011, Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal stated that the request to admit Palestine at the United Nations would "not be supported by the Netherlands". He called instead for a resumption of negotiations: "We will continue to stress for a restart to direct negotiations."[322] He insisted that a peace deal must be based "on an agreement between all parties",[226] and that the Netherlands was opposed to anything done without the consent of both parties.[323] Abbas highlighted the importance of the Dutch role in the peace process, precisely because it maintained close ties with Israel: "It doesn't disturb us at all. They play a very important role and the Palestinian people are very appreciative of their help."[322] Yes EU
36   New Zealand New Zealand supports a two-state solution to the peace process.[324] It also maintains a policy of tacit rather than explicit recognition of new states. For Palestine, this would mean upgrading its accredited delegation to a diplomatic status.[325] In early September 2011, Foreign Minister Murray McCully said that the government would not make a decision until the wording of the resolution was released. "We've got a reputation for being fair minded and even handed on this matter and all we can do is wait to see the words.[324] He also told Riyad al-Malki that he had refused to give any pledges Israel to oppose to vote.[297] Since 2017, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has reiterated her support for a two-state solution and opposition to settler expansions.[326][327] Yes[136]
37   North Macedonia North Macedonia is one of the few countries with no political or diplomatic relations with Palestine, of any kind. Whilst he was Macedonian Foreign Minister, Nikola Poposki stated that the Macedonian position will be built in accordance with the views of the European Union and its strategic partners.[328] No
38   Norway The Norwegian government upgraded the Palestinian mission in Oslo to an embassy in December 2010 and called for the creation of a Palestinian state within the following year.[329] In January 2011, Støre stated that, should negotiations with Israel fail to make progress by September, his country would recognize Palestine within the United Nations framework.[330][331] Following a meeting with Abbas in July 2011, Støre claimed that it was "perfectly legitimate" for the Palestinians to seek a vote on recognition of statehood.[332] "The fundamental Norwegian view is that a people have the right to use UN institutions to clarify questions about the legitimacy of their status in the world. We are opposed to denying this to the Palestinians". The minister withheld full commitment until the request was officially announced,[333][334] after which, on 18 September, he confirmed that Norway would lend recognition to Palestine.[335] Yes EFTA
39   Palau Palau is one of four countries (alongside the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia and Nauru) that has almost always voted with the U.S. in bills at the UN. Palau, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and the U.S. make up the Compact of Free Association,[336] which some observers have suggested amounts to "checkbook diplomacy", whereby the U.S. bought the tiny island states' votes for cash.[337] When the UN overwhelmingly voted to condemn Donald Trump's decision to recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital and relocate the U.S. embassy there, Palau was one of only nine countries to support the move.[338][339] No
40   Panama Panama has not indicated its position regarding a vote on statehood,[340] and is reported to be undecided on the matter.[341] President Ricardo Martinelli has a record of supporting Israel in UN resolutions,[342] and has reportedly resisted pressure from other Latin American governments to recognize Palestine.[343] The Central American Integration System (SICA) was expected to adopt a joint position on the issue at its summit on 18 August,[344] but Panama insisted that discussion should retain a regional focus and the matter was not included on the final agenda.[345] In early September, Foreign Minister Roberto Henriquez said that the government's decision would not be made public until its vote is cast, but added, "It is very important that the birth of this country and its recognition in the international forum is previously accompanied by a full peace agreement with its neighbour, Israel."[346] On 4 July 2015, Panama's Vice President and Foreign Minister Isabel De Saint Malo de Alvarado said that her government is looking at ways to recognize the State of Palestine without affecting their "close relationship" with Israel.[347] No
41   Portugal In February 2011, several parliamentary factions proposed resolutions calling on the government to recognize the State of Palestine.[348] However, these were dismissed by the two majority parties, which insisted on a prior settlement acceptable to both Palestinians and Israelis.[349] Foreign Minister Paulo Portas stated that Portugal supports the initiative to recognize Palestine, but that it must not forget the security of Israel: "We will do everything for Palestine, which deserves to have its state, and do nothing against Israel, which deserves to have its security."[350] In December 2014, the Portuguese Parliament passed a resolution that is non-binding calling on the government to recognize Palestine as an independent state with 9 of 230 members opposing the measure.[351] Yes EU
42   Samoa Prime Minister Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi has expressed support for a two-state solution to the conflict.[352] No
43   San Marino No
44   Singapore Singapore has not recognized the State of Palestine and has not announced a position regarding a resolution.[353] The island state has a strong relationship with Israel.[354] No
45   Slovenia On 28 November 2014, the Foreign Policy Committee rejected a motion to immediately recognize Palestine, but approved an alternative motion requiring the government to submit a proposal to recognize Palestine to the National Assembly.[355] Yes EU
46   Solomon Islands Foreign Minister Peter Shannel Agovaka met Riyad al-Malki in early September at the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in Wellington. Agovaka reportedly confirmed his government's support of Palestinian efforts at the United Nations, and that possible recognition of the State of Palestine would be considered in the next cabinet meeting.[297] No
47   South Korea The government of South Korea does not recognize the State of Palestine.[356] However, South Korea established the representative office in Ramallah. Yes
48   Spain On 1 July 2011, the Spanish parliament passed a resolution urging its government to recognize the State of Palestine on the 1967 borders.[citation needed] Prior to this, Nabil Shaath had claimed in May that Spain intended to recognize the Palestinian state before September.[357] In late July, Foreign Minister Trinidad Jiménez said that Spain supports the bid, but that it would not determine its position until the proposal is made official.[358] In an interview with El País in August, Jiménez confirmed Spain's support: "We are working with the idea that there is a majority in the EU that will support moving forward with the recognition of Palestine." She added that it was the right time to do this, since it would give Palestinians much needed hope about their future state.[359] On 20 November 2014, the Spanish parliament approved a non-binding motion calling on the government to recognize Palestine by a vote of 319–2.[360] Yes EU; Palestine–Spain relations
49   Switzerland Switzerland does not recognize Palestine as an independent state but voted in favor of granting it a non-member observer status at the UN in November 2014. Swiss President Simonetta Sommaruga voiced her support for a two-state solution, saying "Switzerland has worked for years for a solution to the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Our aim is to achieve peace."[361] Yes EFTA
50   The Bahamas The Bahamas has not publicized an official position of its own regarding the State of Palestine.[341] As a member of the Caribbean Community, it supports a two-state solution along internationally recognized borders.[193] No
51   Tonga In September 2011, following the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in Wellington, the PNA's foreign ministry noted that it had made significant strides in its efforts to attain recognition from Tonga.[320] No
52   Trinidad and Tobago In December 2017, Foreign Affairs Minister Dennis Moses said, "Trinidad and Tobago's policy has always been to support the two states policy which means steadfast recognition of the State of Israel with secure territorial borders as well as the establishment of a Palestinian State."[362] No
53   Tuvalu On 10 September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly passed a Palestinian resolution to allow its flag to fly in front of the United Nations headquarters in New York. The vote was passed with 119 votes in support, 8 opposing, and 45 abstentions. Tuvalu was one of the eight opposing votes.[363] No
54   United Kingdom In September 2011, the UK said it would recognize Palestine as a state, but only with non-member observer status, rather than full membership, at the United Nations.[citation needed] In October 2014, the UK House of Commons passed a symbolic non-binding Motion by a vote of 274 in favour to 12 against which called on the Government to recognize Palestine.[364][365] Also in October 2014, the devolved government of Scotland called for recognition of Palestine as an independent state and for the UK to open an Embassy.[366] Shortly before the 47th G7 summit in June 2021, Labour Party leader Keir Starmer called on Prime Minister Boris Johnson to "press for renewed agreement to finally recognise a state of Palestine and to stop expansion of illegal settlements and to get a meaningful peace process back and running."[367] Yes UNSC (permanent); Palestine–United Kingdom relations.
55   United States In September 2011, President Barack Obama declared U.S. opposition to the bid in his speech to the General Assembly, saying that "genuine peace can only be realized between Israelis and Palestinians themselves" and that "[u]ltimately, it is Israelis and Palestinians – not us – who must reach an agreement on the issues that divide them".[368] Obama told Abbas that they would veto any United Nations Security Council move to recognize Palestinian statehood.[369] Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden have since done the same.[370][371] Yes UNSC (permanent); Palestine–United States relations

Not members of the UN

# Name Official position Relations
[note 2]		 Relevant memberships
—   Sovereign Military Order of Malta Yes
[372][373]

Multilateral treaties

The State of Palestine is a party to several multilateral treaties, registered with five depositaries: the United Kingdom, UNESCO, United Nations, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The ratification of the UNESCO conventions took place in 2011/2012 and followed Palestine becoming a member of UNESCO, while the ratification of the other conventions were performed in 2014 while negotiations with Israel were in an impasse.

Depositary Country/organization Depositary organ Number of treaties Examples Date of first ratification/accession
Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1[374] Convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land 2 April 2014
Russia 1[375] Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 10 February 2015
Switzerland Federal Council 7[376][377] Geneva Conventions and Protocols 2 April 2014
UNESCO Director-General 8[378] Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 8 December 2011
United Nations Secretary-General >50[379] Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Statute of the International Criminal Court		 9 April 2014
United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2[380][381] UNESCO Constitution
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons		 23 November 2011

In an objection of 16 May 2014, Israel informed the Secretary General of the United Nations that it did not consider that 'Palestine' (single quotation marks in original) met the definition of statehood and that its requested accession to the United Nations Convention against Torture as being "without legal validity and without effect upon Israel's treaty relations under the Convention".[382] The United States and Canada lodged similar objections.[383][384]

Palestine participated in the negotiation of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and voted in favour of its adoption on 7 July 2017.[385]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The 20th member of the G20 is the European Union, which does not have independent foreign relations.
  2. ^ a b c d Either with the Palestinian National Authority, the Palestine Liberation Organization, or the State of Palestine. The institution is specified where known.

References

  1. ^ Tessler, Mark (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6. "Within two weeks of the PNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognised the Palestinian state."
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co United Nations Educational, Scientific; Cultural Organization, Executive Board (12 May 1989). "Hundred and thirty-first Session: Item 9.4 of the provisional agenda, Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" (PDF). United Nations. pp. 18, Annex II. Retrieved 15 November 2010. The list contains 92 entries, including a number of states which no longer exist.
  3. ^ United Nations A/67/L.28 General Assembly 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. 26 November 2012.
  4. ^ "Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state". Reuters. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  5. ^ "Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (Oslo Accords) | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
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  136. ^ a b c
August 21, 2023
international, recognition, state, palestine, further, information, foreign, relations, state, palestine, been, objective, palestine, liberation, organization, since, palestinian, declaration, independence, formally, established, jure, sovereign, state, novemb. Further information Foreign relations of the State of Palestine International recognition of the State of Palestine has been the objective of the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence formally established the de jure sovereign state on 15 November 1988 in Algiers Algeria at an extraordinary session in exile of the Palestinian National Council The declaration was promptly acknowledged by a range of countries 1 and by the end of the year the proclaimed Palestinian state was recognized by over 78 countries 2 As of 31 July 2019 138 of the 193 United Nations UN member states and two non member states have recognized it Israel is recognized by 165 Palestine also has been a non member observer state of the UN General Assembly since the passing of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 19 in November 2012 3 4 State of Palestine Countries that have recognised the State of Palestine Countries that have not recognised the State of PalestineAs part of an attempt to resolve the ongoing Israeli Palestinian conflict the Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the PLO in 1993 and 1995 established the Palestinian National Authority PNA as a self governing interim administration in Areas A and B of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip 5 After the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005 the PNA held elections in 2006 in which Hamas won a governing majority of seats 74 of 132 seats Following the Battle of Gaza in 2007 the PNA effectively split in two with Hamas assuming control of the Gaza Strip and Fatah retaining control over Areas A and B of the West Bank the Fatah Hamas conflict is ongoing as of 2022 update Among the G20 nine countries Argentina Brazil China India Indonesia Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa and Turkey have recognized Palestine as a state while ten countries Australia Canada France Germany Italy Japan South Korea Mexico the United Kingdom and the United States have not note 1 Although these countries generally support some form of two state solution to the conflict they take the position that their recognition of a Palestinian state is conditioned to direct negotiations between Israel and the PNA Contents 1 History 1 1 Background 1 2 Israeli position 2 Timeline of Palestine in the United Nations 2 1 Application for UN membership 2 2 Non member observer state status 3 Other positions 3 1 Diplomatic recognitions 3 1 1 UN member states 3 1 2 Not members of the UN 3 2 No diplomatic recognition 3 2 1 UN member states 3 2 2 Not members of the UN 4 Multilateral treaties 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistoryBackground Further information Palestine and the United Nations and Foreign relations of Palestine On 22 November 1974 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self determination national independence and sovereignty in Palestine It also recognised the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and accorded it observer status in the United Nations The designation Palestine for the PLO was adopted by the United Nations in 1988 in acknowledgment of the Palestinian declaration of independence but the proclaimed state still has no formal status within the system Shortly after the 1988 declaration the State of Palestine was recognised by many developing states in Africa and Asia and from communist and non aligned states 6 7 At the time however the United States was using its Foreign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organisations from extending recognition 8 Although these measures were successful in many cases 9 the Arab League and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC immediately published statements of recognition of support for and solidarity with Palestine which was accepted as a member state in both forums 10 11 12 In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 states had recognised the new Palestinian state 13 14 It subsequently attempted to gain membership as a state in several agencies connected to the United Nations but its efforts were thwarted by U S threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine 15 failed verification For example in April of the same year the PLO applied for membership as a state in the World Health Organization an application that failed to produce a result after the U S informed the organisation that it would withdraw funding if Palestine were admitted 16 In May a group of OIC members submitted to UNESCO an application for membership on behalf of Palestine and listed a total of 91 states that had recognised the State of Palestine 2 In June 1989 the PLO submitted to the government of Switzerland letters of accession to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 However Switzerland as the depositary state determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community it was therefore incapable of determining whether the letter constituted a valid instrument of accession 16 Due to the uncertainty within the international community as to the existence or the non existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework the Swiss Government in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols 17 Consequently in November 1989 the Arab League proposed a General Assembly resolution to formally recognise the PLO as the government of an independent Palestinian state The draft however was abandoned when the U S again threatened to cut off its financing for the United Nations should the vote go ahead The Arab states agreed not to press the resolution but demanded that the U S promise not to threaten the United Nations with financial sanctions again 18 Many of the early statements of recognition of the State of Palestine were termed ambiguously 19 In addition hesitation from others did not necessarily mean that these nations did not regard Palestine as a state 16 This has seemingly resulted in confusion regarding the number of states that have officially recognized the state declared in 1988 Numbers reported in the past are often conflicting 20 with figures as high as 130 being seen frequently 9 21 In July 2011 in an interview with Haaretz Palestinian ambassador to the United Nations Riyad Mansour claimed that 122 states had so far extended formal recognition 22 At the end of the month the PLO published a paper on why the world s governments should recognize the State of Palestine and listed the 122 countries that had already done so 23 By the end of September the same year Mansour claimed the figure had reached 139 24 Israeli position Between the end of the Six Day War and the Oslo Accords no Israeli government proposed a Palestinian state During Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu s government of 1996 1999 he accused the two previous governments of Rabin and Peres of bringing closer to realisation what he claimed to be the danger of a Palestinian state and stated that his main policy goal was to ensure that the Palestinian Authority did not evolve beyond an autonomy 25 In November 2001 Ariel Sharon was the first Israeli Prime Minister to proclaim that a Palestinian state was the solution to the conflict and the goal of his administration citation needed The government headed by Ehud Olmert repeated the same objective Following the inauguration of the present Netanyahu government in 2009 the government again claimed that a Palestinian state posed a danger for Israel 26 The government position changed however following pressure from the Obama administration and on 14 June 2009 Netanyahu for the first time made a speech in which he supported the notion of a demilitarized and territorially reduced Palestinian state 27 This position met some criticism for its lack of commitment on the territories to be ceded to the Palestinian state in the future The Israeli government has accepted in general the idea that a Palestinian state is to be established but has refused to accept the 1967 borders Israeli military experts have argued that the 1967 borders are strategically indefensible 28 It also opposes the Palestinian plan of approaching the UN General Assembly on the matter of statehood as it claims it does not honor the Oslo Accords agreement in which both sides agreed not to pursue unilateral moves 29 Timeline of Palestine in the United NationsOn 14 October 1974 the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO was recognized by the UN General Assembly as the representative of the Palestinian people and granted the right to participate in the deliberations of the General Assembly on the question of Palestine in plenary meetings 30 31 On 22 November 1974 the PLO was granted non state observer status allowing the PLO to participate in all Assembly sessions as well as in other UN platforms 32 On 15 December 1988 UN General Assembly Resolution 43 177 acknowledged the Palestinian Declaration of Independence of November 1988 and replaced the designation Palestine Liberation Organization with Palestine in the United Nations system 33 On 23 September 2011 Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas submitted an application for membership of Palestine in the United Nations On 29 November 2012 the General Assembly granted Palestine non member observer state status in United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 19 On 17 December 2012 UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that the constitutional name State of Palestine shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents 34 Application for UN membership Main article Palestine 194 After a two year impasse in negotiations with Israel the Palestinian Authority began a diplomatic campaign to gain recognition for the State of Palestine on the borders prior to the Six Day War with East Jerusalem as its capital 35 The efforts which began in late 2009 gained widespread attention in September 2011 when President Mahmoud Abbas submitted an application to the United Nations to accept Palestine as a member state This would have constituted collective recognition of the State of Palestine which would have allowed its government to pursue legal claims against other states in international courts 36 37 In order for a state to gain membership in the General Assembly its application must have the support of two thirds of member states with a prior recommendation for admission from the Security Council This requires the absence of a veto from any of the Security Council s five permanent members 36 At the prospect of a veto from the United States Palestinian leaders signalled that they might opt instead for a more limited upgrade to non member state status which requires only a simple majority in the General Assembly but provides the Palestinians with the recognition they desired The campaign dubbed Palestine 194 38 was supported by the Arab League in May 39 and was officially confirmed by the PLO on 26 June 40 The decision was labelled by the Israeli government as a unilateral step while the Palestinian government countered that it was essential to overcoming the current impasse Several other countries such as Germany and Canada also denounced the decision and called for a prompt return to negotiations However many others such as Norway and Russia endorsed the plan as did Secretary General Ban Ki moon who stated UN members are entitled whether to vote for or against the Palestinian statehood recognition at the UN 41 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil formally recognized the State of Palestine in December 2010 42 Diplomatic efforts to gain support for the bid gained momentum following a succession of endorsements from South America in early 2011 42 43 failed verification High level delegations led by Yasser Abed Rabbo Riyad al Maliki Saeb Erekat Nabil Shaath and Riyad Mansour paid visits to many states Palestinian ambassadors assisted by those of other Arab states were charged with enlisting the support of the governments to which they were accredited 43 During the lead up to the vote Russia China and Spain publicly pledged their support for the Palestinian bid 44 45 as did inter governmental organisations such as the African Union 46 and the Non Aligned Movement 47 Israel took steps to counter the initiative 48 and Germany Italy Canada and the U S announced publicly that they would vote against the resolution 43 Israeli and U S diplomats began a campaign pressuring many countries to oppose or abstain from the vote 43 However because of the automatic majority enjoyed by the Palestinians in the General Assembly 49 the Netanyahu administration stated that it did not expect to prevent a resolution from passing should it go ahead 48 50 In August Haaretz quoted the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations Ron Prosor as stating that Israel would be unable to block a resolution at the General Assembly by September The maximum that we can hope to gain is for a group of states who will abstain or be absent during the vote wrote Prosor Only a few countries will vote against the Palestinian initiative 51 Instead the Israeli government focused on obtaining a moral majority of major democratic powers in an attempt to diminish the weight of the vote 52 53 Considerable weight was placed on the position of the European Union 54 which had not yet been announced EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that it was likely to depend on the wording of the resolution 55 At the end of August Israel s defence minister Ehud Barak said that it is very important that all the players come up with a text that will emphasize the quick return to negotiations without an effort to impose pre conditions on the sides 56 Efforts from both Israel and the U S also focused on pressuring the Palestinian leadership to abandon its plans and return to negotiations 54 In the U S Congress passed a bill denouncing the initiative and calling on the Obama administration to veto any resolution that would recognize a Palestinian state declared outside of an agreement negotiated by the two parties 57 A similar bill was passed in the Senate which also threatened a withdrawal of aid to the West Bank 58 59 In late August another congressional bill was introduced which proposes to block U S government funding for United Nations entities that support Palestinian membership in the UN 60 Several top U S officials including ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice and consul general in Jerusalem Daniel Rubinstein made similar threats 61 62 In the same month it was reported that the Israeli Ministry of Finance was withholding its monthly payments to the PNA 63 Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman warned that if Palestine took unilateral action Israel would consider the Oslo Accords null and void 54 and would break off relations with the PA 56 President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia reconfirmed its support for the State of Palestine in January 2011 64 On 11 July 2011 the Quartet met to discuss a return to negotiations but the meeting produced no result 65 President Mahmoud Abbas claimed that he would suspend the bid and return to negotiations if the Israelis agreed to the 1967 borders and ceased the expansion of settlements in the West Bank The PNA s campaign saw an increasing level of support in grass roots activism Avaaz began an online petition urging all United Nations members to endorse the bid to admit Palestine it reportedly attained 500 000 e signatures in its first four days 66 OneVoice Palestine launched a domestic campaign in partnership with local news agencies with the aim of getting the involvement and support of Palestinian citizens 67 Overseas campaigns were launched in several nations calling on their governments to vote yes in the resolution 68 69 On 7 September a group of Palestinian activists under the banner Palestine State No 194 staged a demonstration outside the United Nations office in Ramallah 70 During the demonstration they submitted to the office a letter addressed to Secretary General Ban Ki moon urging him to exert all possible efforts toward the achievement of the Palestinian people s just demands The following day Ban told reporters I support the statehood of Palestinians an independent sovereign state of Palestine It has been long overdue but he also stated that recognition of a state is something to be determined by the member states 71 Other United Nations organs had previously expressed readiness to see a Palestinian state In April 2011 the UN s co ordinator for the Middle East peace process issued a report on the Palestinian Authority s state building progress describing aspects of its administration as sufficient for an independent state 72 It echoed a similar assessment published the week prior by the International Monetary Fund 73 The World Bank released a report in September 2010 that found the Palestinian Authority well positioned to establish a state at any point in the near future However the report highlighted that unless private sector growth in the Palestinian economy was stimulated a Palestinian state would remain donor dependent 74 Non member observer state status Further information United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 19 UN observer state status voting results In favour Against Abstentions Absent Non membersDuring September 2012 Palestine decided to pursue an upgrade in status from observer entity to non member observer state On 27 November of the same year it was announced that the appeal had been made officially and would be put to a vote in the General Assembly on 29 November where the status upgrade was expected to be supported by a majority of states In addition to granting Palestine non member observer state status the draft resolution expresses the hope that the Security Council will consider favorably the application submitted on 23 September 2011 by the State of Palestine for admission to full membership in the United Nations endorses the two state solution based on the pre 1967 borders and stresses the need for an immediate resumption of negotiations between the two parties On 29 November 2012 in a 138 9 vote with 41 abstaining General Assembly resolution 67 19 passed upgrading Palestine to non member observer state status in the United Nations 75 76 The new status equated Palestine s with that of the Holy See The change in status was described by The Independent as de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine 77 Voting no were Israel Canada the Czech Republic the Marshall Islands the Federated States of Micronesia Nauru Palau Panama and the United States The vote was an important benchmark for the partially recognized State of Palestine and its citizens while it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States Status as an observer state in the UN allows the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialized UN agencies 78 the Law of the Seas treaty and the International Criminal Court It permits Palestine to pursue legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognized by the UN and allows the Palestinian people the right to sue for sovereignty over their territory in the International Court of Justice and to bring crimes against humanity and war crimes charges including that of unlawfully occupying the territory of State of Palestine against Israel in the International Criminal Court 79 80 The UN has after the resolution was passed permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations 81 seen by many as a reflection of the UN s de facto position of recognizing the State of Palestine s sovereignty under international law 75 and Palestine started to re title its name accordingly on postal stamps official documents and passports 76 82 The Palestinian authorities also instructed its diplomats to officially represent the State of Palestine as opposed to the Palestine National Authority 76 Additionally on 17 December 2012 UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that the designation of State of Palestine shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents 34 recognizing the State of Palestine as the official name of the Palestinian nation On 26 September 2013 at the United Nations Mahmoud Abbas was given the right to sit in the General Assembly s beige chair which is reserved for heads of state waiting to take the podium and address the General Assembly 83 Other positionsDiplomatic recognitions UN member states Of the 193 member states of the United Nations 138 71 5 have recognised the State of Palestine as of 31 July 2019 84 The list below is based on the list maintained by the Palestine Liberation Organization during the campaign for United Nations recognition in 2011 23 and maintained by the Permanent Observer Mission to the UN 85 Some states marked with an asterisk below expressly recognized the State of Palestine on the borders of 4 June 1967 i e the West Bank Gaza and East Jerusalem which constituted Arab territory prior to the Six Day War Name 86 Date of recognition Diplomatic relations note 2 Relevant membership further details1 Algeria 15 November 1988 2 Yes 87 Arab League OIC African Union AU Algeria Palestine relations2 Bahrain 15 November 1988 2 Yes 88 Arab League OIC Further detailsRecognition extended by the State of Bahrain 3 Iraq 15 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC Iraq Palestine relations Further detailsRecognition extended by the Ba athist Iraqi Republic 4 Kuwait 15 November 1988 2 Yes 89 Arab League OIC 90 5 Libya 15 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Great Socialist People s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 6 Malaysia 15 November 1988 2 Yes OIC Malaysia Palestine relations7 Mauritania 15 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU8 Morocco 15 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU 91 92 9 Somalia 15 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Somali Democratic Republic 10 Tunisia 15 November 1988 2 Yes 93 Arab League OIC AU11 Turkey 15 November 1988 2 Yes 94 OIC Palestine Turkey relations12 Yemen 15 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC Further detailsRecognition extended by both Democratic Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic prior to Yemeni unification In a joint letter to the UN Secretary General sent just prior to unification the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People s Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People s Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue 95 13 Afghanistan 16 November 1988 2 Yes 96 OIC Further detailsRecognition extended by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 14 Bangladesh 16 November 1988 2 Yes OIC15 Cuba 16 November 1988 2 Yes 16 Indonesia 16 November 1988 97 Yes 97 OIC Indonesia Palestine relations17 Jordan 16 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC18 Madagascar 16 November 1988 2 No AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Democratic Republic of Madagascar 19 Malta 16 November 1988 2 Yes EU Malta Palestine relations20 Nicaragua 16 November 1988 2 Yes 21 Pakistan 16 November 1988 2 Yes OIC Pakistan Palestine relations22 Qatar 16 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC23 Saudi Arabia 16 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC Palestine Saudi Arabia relations24 United Arab Emirates 16 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC Palestine United Arab Emirates relations25 Serbia 16 November 1988 2 Yes 98 Palestine Serbia relations Further detailsRecognition extended by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SFRY Although the UN did not recognise the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia later renamed Serbia and Montenegro itself to be succeeded by Serbia in 2006 as its successor it claims to be such and pledges to adhere to all ratifications signatures and recognitions conducted by SFRY 26 Zambia 16 November 1988 2 Yes AU27 Albania 17 November 1988 2 Yes 99 OIC Albania Palestine relations Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Socialist Republic of Albania 28 Brunei Darussalam 17 November 1988 2 Yes OIC 100 29 Djibouti 17 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU30 Mauritius 17 November 1988 2 Yes AU Further detailsRecognition extended by Mauritius as a Commonwealth realm 31 Sudan 17 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU 101 32 Cyprus 18 November 1988 2 Yes EU Cyprus Palestine relations Further detailsIn January 2011 the Cypriot government reaffirmed its recognition of the Palestinian state in 1988 The government also added that any modifications to the borders from 1967 onwards would not be acknoweldged until both countries reached a consensus 102 33 Czech Republic 18 November 1988 2 Yes EU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 2 Following its dissolution both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties 34 Slovakia 18 November 1988 2 Yes EU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 2 Following its dissolution both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties 35 Egypt 18 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU Egypt Palestine relations36 The Gambia 18 November 1988 85 Yes OIC AU37 India 18 November 1988 2 Yes 103 India Palestine relations38 Nigeria 18 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU39 Seychelles 18 November 1988 2 Yes AU40 Sri Lanka 18 November 1988 2 Yes Palestine Sri Lanka relations41 Belarus 19 November 1988 2 Yes Further detailsRecognition extended as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in the Constitution it states Laws decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus 104 42 Guinea 19 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU43 Namibia 19 November 1988 2 Yes AU Further detailsNamibia was established by the South West Africa People s Organization SWAPO which recognised the State of Palestine during its time as a UN observer entity 105 44 Russia 19 November 1988 2 Yes 106 UNSC permanent Palestine Russia relations Further detailsRecognition extended as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics President Dmitry Medvedev reconfirmed the position in January 2011 107 45 Ukraine 19 November 1988 2 Yes Palestine Ukraine relations Further detailsRecognition extended as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of which Ukraine is the legal successor The modern republic continues all rights and duties pursuant to international agreements of Union SSR which do not contradict the Constitution of Ukraine and interests of the Republic 108 46 Vietnam 19 November 1988 2 Yes 109 Palestine Vietnam relations47 China 20 November 1988 2 Yes UNSC permanent China Palestine relations48 Burkina Faso 21 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU Burkina Faso Palestine relations49 Comoros 21 November 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros 50 Guinea Bissau 21 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU51 Mali 21 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU52 Cambodia 21 November 1988 2 Yes Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Republic of Kampuchea the predecessor to modern Cambodia Its civil war rival internationally recognized Democratic Kampuchea announced its recognition three days prior 53 Mongolia 22 November 1988 2 Yes 110 Further detailsRecognition extended by the Mongolian People s Republic 54 Senegal 22 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU55 Hungary 23 November 1988 2 Yes EU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Hungarian People s Republic 56 Cape Verde 24 November 1988 2 No AU57 North Korea 24 November 1988 2 Yes North Korea Palestine relations58 Niger 24 November 1988 2 Yes OIC AU59 Romania 24 November 1988 2 Yes EU Palestine Romania relations Further detailsRecognition extended by the Socialist Republic of Romania 60 Tanzania 24 November 1988 2 Yes AU61 Bulgaria 25 November 1988 2 Yes EU Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Republic of Bulgaria 62 Maldives 28 November 1988 2 Yes OIC63 Ghana 29 November 1988 2 Yes AU64 Togo 29 November 1988 2 No OIC AU65 Zimbabwe 29 November 1988 2 Yes AU66 Chad 1 December 1988 2 Yes OIC AU67 Laos 2 December 1988 2 Yes 111 68 Sierra Leone 3 December 1988 2 No OIC AU69 Uganda 3 December 1988 2 Yes OIC AU70 Republic of the Congo 5 December 1988 2 Yes AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Republic of the Congo 71 Angola 6 December 1988 2 Yes 112 AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Republic of Angola 72 Mozambique 8 December 1988 2 Yes OIC AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Republic of Mozambique 73 Sao Tome and Principe 10 December 1988 2 No AU74 Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 December 1988 2 No AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Republic of Zaire which was ruled by Mobutu Sese Seko until his removal in 1997 when the state was succeeded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the First Congo War 75 Gabon 12 December 1988 2 Yes OIC AU76 Oman 13 December 1988 2 Yes Arab League OIC77 Poland 14 December 1988 2 Yes EU Further detailsRecognition extended by the Polish People s Republic 78 Botswana 19 December 1988 2 Yes 113 AU79 Nepal 19 December 1988 2 No Further detailsRecognition extended by the Kingdom of Nepal 80 Burundi 22 December 1988 2 No AU81 Central African Republic 23 December 1988 2 No AU82 Bhutan 25 December 1988 2 No 83 Rwanda 2 January 1989 2 No AU84 Ethiopia 4 February 1989 2 Yes AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 85 Iran 4 February 1989 2 Yes OIC Iran Palestine relations86 Benin May 1989 or before 2 13 when Yes OIC AU Further detailsRecognition extended by the People s Republic of Benin 87 Equatorial Guinea May 1989 or before 2 13 when No AU88 Kenya May 1989 or before 2 13 114 when Yes AU89 Vanuatu 21 August 1989 115 Yes 90 Philippines 116 117 118 September 1989 119 Yes 119 91 Eswatini 120 1 July 1991 121 Yes 122 AU Further detailsRecognition extended as Swaziland 92 Kazakhstan 6 April 1992 123 Yes 123 OIC93 Azerbaijan 15 April 1992 124 Yes 124 OIC Azerbaijan Palestine relations94 Turkmenistan 17 April 1992 125 Yes 126 127 OIC 128 95 Georgia 25 April 1992 129 Yes 130 96 Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 May 1992 131 Yes 131 Further detailsRecognition extended by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 97 Tajikistan 6 September 1992 132 Yes 132 133 OIC98 Uzbekistan 25 September 1994 134 Yes 134 OIC99 Papua New Guinea 4 October 1994 135 Yes 135 136 100 South Africa 15 February 1995 Yes 137 AU Palestine South Africa relations101 Kyrgyzstan 12 September 1995 Yes 138 139 OIC102 Malawi 23 October 1998 140 141 Yes 142 AU103 East Timor 1 March 2004 143 Yes 136 143 104 Paraguay 25 March 2005 144 Yes 144 Further detailsOn 28 January 2011 Paraguay s Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a written reaffirmation of its government s recognition of the State of Palestine The statement noted that the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two governments in 2005 had implied mutual recognition 144 105 Montenegro 24 July 2006 145 Yes 145 106 Costa Rica 5 February 2008 146 Yes 147 107 Lebanon 30 November 2008 Yes 148 Arab League OIC Further detailsDate given is that of first official recognition In Palestine s application to UNESCO in May 1989 Lebanon was listed as having recognised the State of Palestine but without a date 2 The list was submitted without objection from Lebanon but later sources have shown that official recognition was not accorded until 2008 149 At that time the Lebanese cabinet approved the establishment of full diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine but did not set a date for when this was to occur On 11 August 2011 the cabinet agreed to implement its earlier decision and Abbas formally inaugurated his government s embassy in Beirut on 16 August 150 108 Cote d Ivoire 1 December 2008 151 Yes OIC AU109 Venezuela 27 April 2009 152 Yes Palestine Venezuela relations110 Dominican Republic 14 July 2009 153 Yes 154 111 Brazil 1 December 2010 155 156 Yes 157 Brazil Palestine relations112 Argentina 6 December 2010 158 Yes 159 160 161 42 113 Bolivia 17 December 2010 162 163 Yes 164 114 Ecuador 24 December 2010 165 Yes 166 115 Chile 7 January 2011 167 Yes 168 Chile Palestine relations116 Guyana 13 January 2011 169 Yes OIC 166 117 Peru 24 January 2011 170 Yes 166 118 Suriname 1 February 2011 171 No OIC119 Uruguay 15 March 2011 172 Yes 173 Palestine Uruguay relations120 Lesotho 174 6 June 2011 140 No AU121 South Sudan 9 July 2011 175 Yes 176 AU122 Syria 18 July 2011 177 Yes 178 Arab League OIC Palestine Syria relations123 Liberia 19 July 2011 151 No AU 36 124 El Salvador 25 August 2011 179 Yes 180 El Salvador Palestine relations125 Honduras 26 August 2011 181 Yes 182 183 Honduras Palestine relations126 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 29 August 2011 184 185 Yes 186 127 Belize 9 September 2011 187 Yes 188 128 Dominica 19 September 2011 189 190 191 Yes 192 195 129 Antigua and Barbuda 22 September 2011 196 No 130 Grenada 29 September 2013 197 198 Yes 197 198 131 Iceland 15 December 2011 199 Yes EFTA Iceland Palestine relations132 Thailand 18 January 2012 200 Yes 201 Palestine Thailand relations133 Guatemala 9 April 2013 202 No 134 Haiti 29 September 2013 197 198 Yes 197 198 135 Sweden 30 October 2014 203 204 205 206 Yes EU Palestine Sweden relations136 Saint Lucia 14 September 2015 207 Yes 207 137 Colombia 3 August 2018 208 Yes 138 Saint Kitts and Nevis 30 July 2019 209 Yes 210 Not members of the UN Name Date of recognition Diplomatic relations note 2 Relevant membership further details139 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15 November 1988 211 No AU140 Vatican City February 2015 212 Yes 213 Holy See Palestine relationsStates that maintain diplomatic relations with the State of PalestineNo diplomatic recognition UN member states Name Official position Relations note 2 Relevant memberships1 Andorra In January 2011 Andorra co sponsored a draft resolution guaranteeing the Palestinian people s right to self determination 214 In September it argued for a proposed resolution to give the State of Palestine observer status in the United Nations 215 No2 Armenia On 20 June 2011 Fatah representative Nabil Shaath met with Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan to enlist the support of Armenia in the upcoming resolution 216 Afterwards Shaath announced that he had been informed by a number of countries that they would recognize Palestine in the following weeks and that he expected Armenia to be the first of these 217 However the Armenian government did not release any statement regarding the meeting The situation in Palestine is seen as analogous by the Armenian government to the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh and that any recognition of a Palestinian state by Armenia would set a precedent for the right to self determination in that region 218 On similar situations President Serzh Sargsyan previously stated Having the Nagorno Karabakh conflict Armenia can not recognize another entity in the same situation as long as it has not recognized the Nagorno Karabakh Republic 219 No Armenia Palestine relations3 Australia Australian policy calls for a two state solution but it has not supported calls toward Palestinian statehood in the past insisting instead on a negotiated settlement In regards to a resolution to admit Palestine as a UN non member observer state a division in positions emerged Former Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd recommended abstaining from the vote whilst former Prime Minister Julia Gillard declared strong support for Israel 220 In response Gillard noted There isn t a resolution available for people to read or respond to If such a resolution does hit the deck then in deciding how Australia will vote we will bring our very long standing principles about questions in the Middle East That is we are long standing supporters of a two state solution 221 In 2014 Australia voted against a United Nations Security Council draft resolution proposing the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza and the West Bank by 2017 222 In April 2021 the Australian Labor Party Rudd and Gillard s party passed an amendment to its policy platform recognising Palestine as a state 223 Yes4 Austria Austria conferred full diplomatic status on the PLO representation in Vienna on 13 December 1978 under then chancellor Bruno Kreisky 224 In June 2011 Foreign Minister Michael Spindelegger said that Austria had not yet made up its mind whether to support a UN recognition of a Palestinian state adding that he preferred to wait for a joint EU approach to the issue We will decide at the last moment because it might still give the two parties the opportunity to bring the Middle East peace process back on track 225 Spindelegger also suggested that the EU draft its own version of the resolution 226 Further detailsIn Annex II of the State of Palestine s UNESCO application Austria was initially listed as having extended recognition on 14 December 1988 However the submitting states Algeria Indonesia Mauritania Nigeria Senegal and Yemen later requested that Austria be removed from the list 2 Yes 227 EU5 Barbados The Barbadian government supports the right of Palestinians to self determination in accordance with UN General Assembly resolutions like Resolution 181 II and Security Council resolutions such as Resolution 242 It also supports a peacefully negotiated two state resolution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict through the process of cooperation and dialogue 228 In the wake of the 2021 Israel Palestine crisis members of the lobby group Caribbean Against Apartheid in Palestine sent a letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Jerome Walcott requesting that government recognise the State of Palestine 229 No6 Belgium On the issue of Palestinian statehood Belgium supports the declarations of the European Union 230 Prime Minister Yves Leterme called for the creation of a European consensus before September 231 and the Senate urged the government on 15 July 2011 to recognize a Palestinian state with the pre 1967 borders 232 The parties of the new centre right government agreed to recognize Palestine The Chamber of Representatives has already adopted a resolution in favour on 5 February 2015 The left wing opposition called for an unconditional recognition of Palestine 233 234 Yes EU7 Cameroon Cameroon officially supports a two state solution 235 Although a member of the OIC President Paul Biya has developed strong ties with Israel since the mid 1980s 236 This perceived friendship has soured the country s traditionally close ties with Arab states many of whom have withdrawn longstanding economic development assistance and pressed Biya to support Palestinian interests 237 Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu asked Biya to oppose the United Nations resolution that would admit Palestine as a member state 238 Yes 235 OIC 36 8 Canada Canada supports the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state but only as part of a comprehensive just and lasting peace settlement 239 The Harper government 2006 2015 was regarded as a staunch supporter of Israel In July 2011 the spokesman for Foreign Minister John Baird stated Our government s long standing position has not changed The only solution to this conflict is one negotiated between and agreed to by the two parties One of the states must be a Jewish state and recognized as such while the Palestinian state is to be a non militarized one 240 Yes9 Croatia Croatia formalized relations with the PLO on 31 March 2011 Former Croatian Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor stated in 2011 that her government supported the co existence of Israel and Palestine as two independent states 241 however Croatia abstained during voting on upgrading Palestine to non member observer state status in the United Nations and on admission of Palestine to UNESCO Former Croatian Foreign Minister Vesna Pusic stated on 24 October 2014 that Croatia will most likely recognize Palestine soon 242 The Croatian government tends to favour Israel over Palestine as a commitment to the United States to whom Croatia is aligned and the central quarters of the European Union of which Croatia has been a member since 2013 Croatia believes that if it were to recognize Palestine this would frustrate its position with the EU and ties to the US and also because the situation in the Middle East is complicated it feels there is no guarantee that there would be peace and further existence of the Jewish state if Israel eventually decides to withdraw from the occupied territories 243 Yes EU10 Denmark Danish Foreign Minister Lene Espersen met Abbas on 9 March 2011 to persuade him to return to negotiating with Israel Espersen also extended Danish support to Palestinian national development 244 During the campaign for the 2011 elections the largest opposition party argued that Denmark should recognize the State of Palestine Foreign Minister Lene Espersen however warned that such a unilateral decision could have more negative than beneficial consequences and stressed the need to co ordinate policy with the EU 245 In December 2014 a bill that called on Denmark to recognize Palestine as a state was rejected in the Danish parliament 246 Yes EU Denmark Palestine relations11 Eritrea Eritrea is one of only two African countries that does not recognise Palestine the other being Cameroon 36 247 In October 2010 President Isaias Afewerki stated Israel needs a government we must respect this The Palestinians also need to have a dignified life but it can not be the West Bank or Gaza A two state solution will not work It s just to fool people Israelis and Palestinians living in the same nation will never happen for many reasons One option that may work is a Transjordan Israel may be left in peace and the Palestinian and Jordanian peoples are brought together and can create their own nation 248 In his address to the UN General Assembly in 2011 Afewerki stated that Eritrea reaffirms its long standing support to the right of the Palestinian people to self determination and an independent sovereign state It also upholds the right of Israel to live in peace and security within internationally recognized boundaries 249 On 29 November 2012 Eritrea voted in favour of a resolution to make Palestine non member observer state at the UN Yes 250 12 Estonia During a meeting with Riyad al Malki in June 2010 Minister Urmas Paet said the country approved an agreement between the two countries and a Palestine independence 251 Officials stated that the government would not adopt a position regarding the United Nations bid until the final wording of the resolution was published 252 Yes 253 EU13 Fiji Fijian policy on the Israeli Palestinian conflict is largely based on United Nations resolutions 254 No14 Finland Finland supports a two state solution to the conflict 255 In October 2014 president Sauli Niinisto said that Finland would not follow Swedish decision in recognizing the State of Palestine 256 Yes EU15 France According to President Nicolas Sarkozy France supports the solution of two nation states living side by side in peace and security within safe and recognized borders 257 In May 2011 Sarkozy said that if peace talks with Israel had not resumed by September he would recognize the State of Palestine as part of its bid at the United Nations 258 This echoed statements made in March by Nabil Shaath who claimed to have received a promise from France that it would recognize in September a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders 259 According to Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu however Sarkozy had said that France s support would require the Palestinians to recognize Israel as the state of the Jewish people 257 This was confirmed in July when Foreign Minister Alain Juppe stated that any solution to the conflict would require the recognition of the nation state of Israel for the Jewish people and the nation state of Palestine for the Palestinian people 260 This broke with the European Union s traditional position which adamantly opposes any mention of Israel as a Jewish state 261 Sarkozy later turned around on this policy reportedly saying that the idea of a Jewish state was silly 262 In August Sarkozy stressed the importance of a united EU position on the September initiative and proposed a compromise where the State of Palestine would be given observer status instead of full membership The proposal which was to prevent a split among members of the EU included a promise from Paris and other members that they would vote for the resolution 263 In October 2014 France s foreign minister said France would recognize a Palestinian state even if peace talks with Israel fails 264 On 2 December 2014 the French National Assembly approved a non binding motion calling on the government to recognise Palestine 265 Yes EU UNSC permanent 16 Germany In April 2011 Chancellor Angela Merkel labelled the Palestinian bid for recognition a unilateral step 266 and stated unequivocally that Germany will not recognize a Palestinian state without its prior acceptance by Israel Unilateral recognitions therefore definitely do not contribute to achieving this aim This is our stance now and it will be our stance in September There needs to be mutual recognition otherwise it is not a two state solution 267 She also reaffirmed her government s commitment to see an agreement reached as soon as possible We want a two state solution We want to recognize a Palestinian state Let us ensure that negotiations begin It is urgent 268 Further detailsThe German Democratic Republic recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988 2 but it later unified with the Federal Republic of Germany and the current government does not recognise it Yes EU17 Greece President Karolos Papoulias has stated that Greece ultimately supports the creation of a Palestinian state alongside Israel 269 Under previous governments Greece garnered a reputation as a staunch supporter of the Palestinian cause 270 Within the wider Arab Israeli conflict Andreas Papandreou maintained a stronger stand against Israel than any other government in the European Community Diplomatic relations were founded with the PLO in 1981 while relations with Israel were maintained only at the consular level until Greece s formal recognition of Israel in 1990 under Mitsotakis 271 Since the formation of current foreign policy under George Papandreou Greece has seen a rapid improvement in relations with Israel 272 leading the media to mark the conclusion of Greece s pro Palestinian era 273 However in December 2015 Greece s parliament voted in favour of a motion requesting that the government recognize Palestine 274 Yes EU Greece Palestine relations18 Ireland In January 2011 Ireland accorded the Palestinian delegation in Dublin diplomatic status 275 A few months later their Foreign Affairs Minister stated that Ireland would lead the charge in recognizing Palestinian statehood but that it would not come until the PNA was in full and sole control over its territories 276 In October 2014 the Upper House of the Irish Parliament unanimously passed a motion calling on the Government to recognize the State of Palestine 277 In December 2014 the Lower House of Ireland s Parliament followed suit 278 Although the motion passed through both houses the government wishes to recognise Palestine as part of a wider EU movement and as such does not officially recognise the state of Palestine 279 On 26 May 2021 following the escalation of violence in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip the lower house of Ireland s parliament the Dail passed a resolution condemning Israel s de facto annexation of Palestine in contravention of international law 280 Yes EU Ireland Palestine relations19 Israel See above Yes20 Italy In May 2011 at an event in Rome celebrating Israel s independence then Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi pledged his country s support to Israel 281 In June he reiterated Italy s position against unilateral actions on either side of the conflict stressing that peace can only be reached with a common initiative through negotiations 282 This position was shared by parliamentarians who drafted a letter to the United Nations stating that a premature unilateral declaration of Palestinian statehood would undermine rather than resolve the Israeli Palestinian peace process 283 Nevertheless at the same time Italy upgraded the diplomatic status of the Palestinian delegation in Rome to a mission similarly to what other EU countries were doing giving the head of the delegation ambassadorial status 284 Moreover on 31 October 2011 Italy did not oppose Palestine s UNESCO membership bid 285 and on 29 November 2012 Italy voted in favour of UN Resolution 67 19 giving Palestine a non member observer state status at the United Nations 286 Italy s opposition to unilateral actions was reiterated on 21 December 2017 when it voted in favour of a UN draft resolution calling on all countries to comply with Security Council resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem 287 following the decision by the U S to move its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to the city 288 Yes EU Italy Palestine relations21 Jamaica Like other members of the Caribbean Community Jamaica supports a two state solution 289 In 2010 Prime Minister Bruce Golding expressed hope for a just lasting and comprehensive peace in the Middle East that guarantees the security of Israel and the unquestioned recognition of a Palestinian state 290 No22 Japan Japan supports a two state solution to the conflict 291 and supports the establishment of a Palestinian state 292 In October 2007 a Japanese Justice Ministry official said Given that the Palestinian Authority has improved itself to almost a full fledged state and issues its own passports we have decided to accept the Palestinian nationality 293 The Japanese government declared that it would not recognize any act that would jeopardize a Palestianian state with the pre 1967 borders nor the annexation of East Jerusalem by Israel 294 295 Japan voted favorably for the United Nations General Assembly resolution to accord Palestine Non member Observer State status in the United Nations in November 2012 and since then refers to the country as Palestine 296 Yes23 Kiribati During the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in early September 2011 the foreign minister of Kiribati reportedly expressed support for the Palestinian position 297 No24 Latvia Latvia supports a two state solution to the conflict and provides development assistance to the Palestinian National Authority 298 299 Yes EU25 Liechtenstein Liechtenstein relies on Switzerland to carry out most of its foreign affairs 300 In January 2011 it co sponsored a draft resolution guaranteeing the Palestinian people s right to self determination 214 and stated that this right must be exercised with a view to achieving a viable and fully sovereign Palestinian state 301 No EFTA26 Lithuania Like the rest of the European Union Lithuania supports a two state solution including an independent Palestinian state 302 Foreign Minister Audronius Azubalis called for a strong unanimous European position that encouraged both parties to resume peace talks 303 Yes EU27 Luxembourg In an interview with Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn in March 2011 The Jerusalem Post stated that Luxembourg was considered among the least friendly countries to Israel in the EU 304 305 In response to divisions within the EU regarding the Palestinians September bid for UN membership Asselborn reportedly urged the PNA to accept an upgrade in its observer status and not ask for membership He insisted We cannot let the Palestinians leave New York at the end of the month with nothing 306 He referred to the positions of four members in particular that stood as an obstacle to the achievement of a common position 297 but that he cannot agree to say no to the Palestinian endeavour 307 He noted that securing the support of all EU nations would have been a great moral advantage for Palestine 306 In December 2019 Asselborn wrote to Josep Borrell the head of EU foreign policy urging a debate on recognising Palestinian statehood 308 Yes EU Luxembourg Palestine relations28 Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands has like the US long been a close voting ally of Israel at the United Nations In December 2017 the Marshall Islands was one of just nine countries including the US and Israel to vote against a motion adopted by the UN General Assembly condemning the United States recognition of Jerusalem as Israel s capital city 309 Additionally it was one of only five countries the others being Israel the US Micronesia and Nauru to oppose a UN draft resolution in November 2020 on the creation of a Palestinian state 310 29 Mexico Mexico maintains a policy of supporting a two state solution 311 Palestinian and Israeli officials expected Mexico to follow South American countries in recognizing the State of Palestine in early 2011 312 313 Its position on the matter is seen as influential in Latin America and therefore critical to both proponents and opponents 314 Opposition parties have urged the government to recognize a Palestinian state as part of the September initiative putting down its hesitance to U S pressure 315 Yes Mexico Palestine relations30 Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia FSM is a consistent supporter of Israel especially in international resolutions 316 though this is due in part to its association with the United States 300 Former FSM President Manny Mori said that the relationship goes back to 1986 when Israel made an early decision to support Micronesia s membership in the UN 317 During the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in September 2011 the leader of the Micronesian delegation reportedly stated his country s solidarity with the Palestinian people s suffering and support for their right to self determination Regarding the PNA s endeavour to gain admission to the United Nations however the official stated that the agreements signed with the U S prevented the FSM from voting according to its government s wishes in cases where they conflicted with those of the U S 297 In reference to Israel s continued development assistance to Micronesians another diplomat noted We need Israeli expertise so I don t see a change in our policy anytime soon 316 No31 Moldova Moldova maintains a policy of neutrality in international affairs It has expressed full support for the Quartet principles for the settlement of the Israeli Palestinian conflict which call for an independent Palestinian state Yes32 Monaco No33 Myanmar Myanmar is one of only two Asian members of the Non Aligned Movement that has not recognized the State of Palestine alongside Singapore 200 318 Former foreign affairs minister Win Aung stated in 2000 that Myanmar supports a two state solution within internationally recognized borders 319 No34 Nauru During the Pacific Islands Forum in early September 2011 Foreign Affairs Minister Kieren Keke confirmed his nation s solidarity with the Palestinian people and their right to self determination 320 The PNA s foreign ministry published a statement prior to the summit claiming that most Pacific island nations would vote against a United Nations resolution regarding the Palestinian state 321 No35 Netherlands In June 2011 Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal stated that the request to admit Palestine at the United Nations would not be supported by the Netherlands He called instead for a resumption of negotiations We will continue to stress for a restart to direct negotiations 322 He insisted that a peace deal must be based on an agreement between all parties 226 and that the Netherlands was opposed to anything done without the consent of both parties 323 Abbas highlighted the importance of the Dutch role in the peace process precisely because it maintained close ties with Israel It doesn t disturb us at all They play a very important role and the Palestinian people are very appreciative of their help 322 Yes EU36 New Zealand New Zealand supports a two state solution to the peace process 324 It also maintains a policy of tacit rather than explicit recognition of new states For Palestine this would mean upgrading its accredited delegation to a diplomatic status 325 In early September 2011 Foreign Minister Murray McCully said that the government would not make a decision until the wording of the resolution was released We ve got a reputation for being fair minded and even handed on this matter and all we can do is wait to see the words 324 He also told Riyad al Malki that he had refused to give any pledges Israel to oppose to vote 297 Since 2017 Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has reiterated her support for a two state solution and opposition to settler expansions 326 327 Yes 136 37 North Macedonia North Macedonia is one of the few countries with no political or diplomatic relations with Palestine of any kind Whilst he was Macedonian Foreign Minister Nikola Poposki stated that the Macedonian position will be built in accordance with the views of the European Union and its strategic partners 328 No38 Norway The Norwegian government upgraded the Palestinian mission in Oslo to an embassy in December 2010 and called for the creation of a Palestinian state within the following year 329 In January 2011 Store stated that should negotiations with Israel fail to make progress by September his country would recognize Palestine within the United Nations framework 330 331 Following a meeting with Abbas in July 2011 Store claimed that it was perfectly legitimate for the Palestinians to seek a vote on recognition of statehood 332 The fundamental Norwegian view is that a people have the right to use UN institutions to clarify questions about the legitimacy of their status in the world We are opposed to denying this to the Palestinians The minister withheld full commitment until the request was officially announced 333 334 after which on 18 September he confirmed that Norway would lend recognition to Palestine 335 Yes EFTA39 Palau Palau is one of four countries alongside the Marshall Islands the Federated States of Micronesia and Nauru that has almost always voted with the U S in bills at the UN Palau the Marshall Islands Micronesia and the U S make up the Compact of Free Association 336 which some observers have suggested amounts to checkbook diplomacy whereby the U S bought the tiny island states votes for cash 337 When the UN overwhelmingly voted to condemn Donald Trump s decision to recognise Jerusalem as Israel s capital and relocate the U S embassy there Palau was one of only nine countries to support the move 338 339 No40 Panama Panama has not indicated its position regarding a vote on statehood 340 and is reported to be undecided on the matter 341 President Ricardo Martinelli has a record of supporting Israel in UN resolutions 342 and has reportedly resisted pressure from other Latin American governments to recognize Palestine 343 The Central American Integration System SICA was expected to adopt a joint position on the issue at its summit on 18 August 344 but Panama insisted that discussion should retain a regional focus and the matter was not included on the final agenda 345 In early September Foreign Minister Roberto Henriquez said that the government s decision would not be made public until its vote is cast but added It is very important that the birth of this country and its recognition in the international forum is previously accompanied by a full peace agreement with its neighbour Israel 346 On 4 July 2015 Panama s Vice President and Foreign Minister Isabel De Saint Malo de Alvarado said that her government is looking at ways to recognize the State of Palestine without affecting their close relationship with Israel 347 No41 Portugal In February 2011 several parliamentary factions proposed resolutions calling on the government to recognize the State of Palestine 348 However these were dismissed by the two majority parties which insisted on a prior settlement acceptable to both Palestinians and Israelis 349 Foreign Minister Paulo Portas stated that Portugal supports the initiative to recognize Palestine but that it must not forget the security of Israel We will do everything for Palestine which deserves to have its state and do nothing against Israel which deserves to have its security 350 In December 2014 the Portuguese Parliament passed a resolution that is non binding calling on the government to recognize Palestine as an independent state with 9 of 230 members opposing the measure 351 Yes EU42 Samoa Prime Minister Tuila epa Sailele Malielegaoi has expressed support for a two state solution to the conflict 352 No43 San Marino No44 Singapore Singapore has not recognized the State of Palestine and has not announced a position regarding a resolution 353 The island state has a strong relationship with Israel 354 No45 Slovenia On 28 November 2014 the Foreign Policy Committee rejected a motion to immediately recognize Palestine but approved an alternative motion requiring the government to submit a proposal to recognize Palestine to the National Assembly 355 Yes EU46 Solomon Islands Foreign Minister Peter Shannel Agovaka met Riyad al Malki in early September at the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in Wellington Agovaka reportedly confirmed his government s support of Palestinian efforts at the United Nations and that possible recognition of the State of Palestine would be considered in the next cabinet meeting 297 No47 South Korea The government of South Korea does not recognize the State of Palestine 356 However South Korea established the representative office in Ramallah Yes48 Spain On 1 July 2011 the Spanish parliament passed a resolution urging its government to recognize the State of Palestine on the 1967 borders citation needed Prior to this Nabil Shaath had claimed in May that Spain intended to recognize the Palestinian state before September 357 In late July Foreign Minister Trinidad Jimenez said that Spain supports the bid but that it would not determine its position until the proposal is made official 358 In an interview with El Pais in August Jimenez confirmed Spain s support We are working with the idea that there is a majority in the EU that will support moving forward with the recognition of Palestine She added that it was the right time to do this since it would give Palestinians much needed hope about their future state 359 On 20 November 2014 the Spanish parliament approved a non binding motion calling on the government to recognize Palestine by a vote of 319 2 360 Yes EU Palestine Spain relations49 Switzerland Switzerland does not recognize Palestine as an independent state but voted in favor of granting it a non member observer status at the UN in November 2014 Swiss President Simonetta Sommaruga voiced her support for a two state solution saying Switzerland has worked for years for a solution to the conflict between Israel and Palestine Our aim is to achieve peace 361 Yes EFTA50 The Bahamas The Bahamas has not publicized an official position of its own regarding the State of Palestine 341 As a member of the Caribbean Community it supports a two state solution along internationally recognized borders 193 No51 Tonga In September 2011 following the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum in Wellington the PNA s foreign ministry noted that it had made significant strides in its efforts to attain recognition from Tonga 320 No52 Trinidad and Tobago In December 2017 Foreign Affairs Minister Dennis Moses said Trinidad and Tobago s policy has always been to support the two states policy which means steadfast recognition of the State of Israel with secure territorial borders as well as the establishment of a Palestinian State 362 No53 Tuvalu On 10 September 2015 the United Nations General Assembly passed a Palestinian resolution to allow its flag to fly in front of the United Nations headquarters in New York The vote was passed with 119 votes in support 8 opposing and 45 abstentions Tuvalu was one of the eight opposing votes 363 No54 United Kingdom In September 2011 the UK said it would recognize Palestine as a state but only with non member observer status rather than full membership at the United Nations citation needed In October 2014 the UK House of Commons passed a symbolic non binding Motion by a vote of 274 in favour to 12 against which called on the Government to recognize Palestine 364 365 Also in October 2014 the devolved government of Scotland called for recognition of Palestine as an independent state and for the UK to open an Embassy 366 Shortly before the 47th G7 summit in June 2021 Labour Party leader Keir Starmer called on Prime Minister Boris Johnson to press for renewed agreement to finally recognise a state of Palestine and to stop expansion of illegal settlements and to get a meaningful peace process back and running 367 Yes UNSC permanent Palestine United Kingdom relations 55 United States In September 2011 President Barack Obama declared U S opposition to the bid in his speech to the General Assembly saying that genuine peace can only be realized between Israelis and Palestinians themselves and that u ltimately it is Israelis and Palestinians not us who must reach an agreement on the issues that divide them 368 Obama told Abbas that they would veto any United Nations Security Council move to recognize Palestinian statehood 369 Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden have since done the same 370 371 Yes UNSC permanent Palestine United States relationsNot members of the UN Name Official position Relations note 2 Relevant memberships Sovereign Military Order of Malta Yes 372 373 Multilateral treatiesThe State of Palestine is a party to several multilateral treaties registered with five depositaries the United Kingdom UNESCO United Nations the Netherlands and Switzerland The ratification of the UNESCO conventions took place in 2011 2012 and followed Palestine becoming a member of UNESCO while the ratification of the other conventions were performed in 2014 while negotiations with Israel were in an impasse Depositary Country organization Depositary organ Number of treaties Examples Date of first ratification accessionNetherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1 374 Convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land 2 April 2014Russia 1 375 Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 10 February 2015Switzerland Federal Council 7 376 377 Geneva Conventions and Protocols 2 April 2014UNESCO Director General 8 378 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 8 December 2011United Nations Secretary General gt 50 379 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsStatute of the International Criminal Court 9 April 2014United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2 380 381 UNESCO ConstitutionTreaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 23 November 2011In an objection of 16 May 2014 Israel informed the Secretary General of the United Nations that it did not consider that Palestine single quotation marks in original met the definition of statehood and that its requested accession to the United Nations Convention against Torture as being without legal validity and without effect upon Israel s treaty relations under the Convention 382 The United States and Canada lodged similar objections 383 384 Palestine participated in the negotiation of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and voted in favour of its adoption on 7 July 2017 385 See alsoList of states with limited recognition List of positions on Jerusalem International recognition of Israel Palestinian nationalism Proposals for a Palestinian state Palestine European Union relations Right to existNotes The 20th member of the G20 is the European Union which does not have independent foreign relations a b c d Either with the Palestinian National Authority the Palestine Liberation Organization or the State of Palestine The institution is specified where known References Tessler Mark 1994 A History of the Israeli Palestinian conflict 2nd illustrated ed Indiana University Press p 722 ISBN 978 0 253 20873 6 Within two weeks of the PNC meeting at least fifty five nations including states as diverse as the Soviet Union China India Greece Yugoslavia Sri Lanka Malta and Zambia had recognised the Palestinian state a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organization Executive Board 12 May 1989 Hundred and thirty first Session Item 9 4 of the provisional agenda Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State PDF United Nations pp 18 Annex II Retrieved 15 November 2010 The list contains 92 entries including a number of states which no longer exist United Nations A 67 L 28 General Assembly Archived 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine 26 November 2012 Palestinians win implicit U N recognition of sovereign state Reuters 29 November 2012 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the Philippines Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 Retrieved 16 November 2010 as non resident Ambassador to Palestine to Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas Department of Budget and Management Embassies and Diplomatic Missions PDF Government of the Philippines Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 15 November 2010 Consulate General of the State of Palestine Budianto Lilian 8 December 2010 Palestine issue still low on ASEAN agenda The Jakarta Post PT Bina Media Tenggara Retrieved 11 December 2010 a b Embassies amp consulates in the Philippines Best of the Philippines 1995 ISBN 9789719151609 p219 The State of Palestine is recognized by over one hundred states including the Republic of the Philippines In September 1989 diplomatic relations were established between the two governments leading to the opening of the Embassy of the State of Palestine in Manila May 1990 PNN السفير عبد الجواد يقدم نسخة من أوراق اعتماده لوزير خارجية مملكة سوازيلاند in Arabic Palestine News Network 3 November 2010 Retrieved 29 August 2011 These are all the countries that recognise Palestine as a state Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 Retrieved 28 May 2016 Palestinian National Authority السفير عبد الجواد يقدم نسخة من أوراق اعتماده لوزير خارجية مملكة سوازيلاند in Arabic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 Retrieved 17 August 2011 a b Government of Kazakhstan Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the State of Palestine Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 20 November 2010 Relations established on 6 April 1992 Palestinian Embassy in Kazakhstan was opened in 1993 a b Government of Azerbaijan Politics PDF Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original PDF on 3 September 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2014 The Republic of Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with Palestine since 15 04 1992 States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic 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recognised the Palestinian state in 1992 and has official ties with it Government of Georgia Bilateral Relations between Georgia and Palestine Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 Retrieved 20 November 2010 Relations established 25 April 1992 a b Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 20 November 2010 Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa Palestine 27 05 1992 30 10 1992 a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan 1994 DIPLOMATIYa TADZhIKISTANA PDF in Russian Dushanbe 25 Archived from the original PDF on 21 August 2011 Retrieved 21 December 2011 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help page 166 COUNTRIES THAT ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 19 March 2019 a b Government of Uzbekistan List of States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 Retrieved 20 November 2010 Diplomatic relations established with the State of Palestine 25 September 1994 a b Government of Papua New Guina 4 October 2004 PNG establishes formal diplomatic relations with Palestine Press release Office of the Prime Minister Accessed 30 May 2011 a b c cite, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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