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List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

January 01, 1970

See also: List of people considered father or mother of a field

The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field. Such people are generally regarded to have made the first significant contributions to and/or delineation of that field; they may also be seen as "a" rather than "the" father or mother of the field. Debate over who merits the title can be perennial.

Science as a whole edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Science (modern) Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)[1] For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method, physics and observational astronomy
Science (ancient) Thales (c. 624/623 – c. 548/545 BC)[2][3] Attempted to explain natural phenomena without recourse to mythology

Natural sciences edit

Biology edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Zoology Aristotle (384–322 BC) His contributions to the field include vast quantities of information about the variety, structure, and behavior of animals
Bacteriology Robert Koch (1843–1910)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)[4]
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) 		First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)[5]
Biogeography Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) "... Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[6]
Bioinformatics Margaret Oakley Dayhoff (1925–1983) "... the mother and father of bioinformatics", according to David J. Lipman, former director of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.[7]
Biology[note 1] Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Botany Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC)
Otto Brunfels (1488–1534)
Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554)
Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) 		The three German fathers of botany.[8][9]
Bryology Johann Hedwig (1730–1799)
Cheloniology Archie Carr (1909–1987) [10][11][12][13][14]
Ecology Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919)
Eugenius Warming (1841–1924)[15] 		Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).
Modern elk management Olaus Murie (1889–1963)[16]
Entomology Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) [17]
Johan Christian Fabricius (1745–1808)[18] Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.
William Kirby (1759–1850) [19]
Ethology Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988)
Karl von Frisch (1886–1982)
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989) 		The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[20]
Charles Darwin (1809–1882)[21][22][23][24] On the Origin of Species (1859).
Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance[25]
William Bateson (1861–1926) Proponent of Mendelism.[26]
Gerontology Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) Coined the term "gerontology" (1903). He was the first to perform systematic research on the effects of certain foods on lifespan and healthspan, developed the concept of probiotic diet that promotes long healthy life.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
Herpetology John Edwards Holbrook (1796–1871) "John Edwards Holbrook... was considered by many to be the Father of Herpetology."[34][35]
Ichthyology Peter Artedi (1705–1735) "Far greater than either of these... was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–1735)."[36]
Immunology Edward Jenner (1749–1823) Pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine (in 1796).[37][38][39][40]
Innate (natural) immunity Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) Research of phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages as a critical host-defense mechanism.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]
Humoral immunity Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) Described the side-chain theory of antibody formation and the mechanisms of how antibodies neutralize toxins and induce bacterial lysis with the help of complement.[41]
Lichenology Erik Acharius (1757–1819) "Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[48]
Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) / Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)[49] The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.
Molecular biology Linus Pauling (1901–1994) [50]
Molecular biophysics Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran (1922–2001)[51] Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).
Paleontology Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
George Cuvier (1769–1832) 		[52]
Parasitology Francesco Redi (1626–1697) The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.[53]
Protozoology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)[5] First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.
Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)[54] Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.
Virology Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)[55] Studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology that yielded fundamental discoveries.

Chemistry edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Atomic theory (early) Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)[56] Founder of atomism in cosmology.
Atomic theory (modern) Father Roger Boscovich (1711–1787)[57] First coherent description of atomic theory.
John Dalton (1766–1844)[58] First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures.
Chemical thermodynamics (modern) Gilbert Lewis (1875–1946)
Willard Gibbs (1839–1903)
Merle Randall (1888–1950)
Edward Guggenheim (1901–1970)[59] 		Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933), which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry.
Chemistry (modern) Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)[60] Elements of Chemistry (1787)
Robert Boyle (1627–1691)[60] The Sceptical Chymist (1661)
Jöns Berzelius (1779–1848)[61][62] Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)
John Dalton (1766–1844)[60] Revival of atomic theory (1803)
Green chemistry Paul Anastas (born 1962) Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign.
Nuclear chemistry Otto Hahn (1879–1968)[63]
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)[64] Arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869).
Physical chemistry Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term (1752).
Jacobus van 't Hoff (1852–1911) Jacobus van 't Hoff is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry. His work helped found the discipline as it is today.[65][66][67]
Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927)[68] Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876), Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange (1882).
Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) "Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry..."[69]
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) [citation needed]
Theory of Chemical structure August Kekulé (1829–1896) Discovered the structure of the benzene ring (1865) and pioneered structural chemistry in general

Earth sciences edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Geochemistry (modern) Victor Goldschmidt (1888–1947) For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.
Early geodesy (mathematical geography) Eratosthenes (c. 276 – 195/194 BC)[70][71] Eratosthenes was first to write the word Geography (from Geo- and -graphy, literally "writing about the Earth")
Geodesy (modern) Al-Biruni (973 – c. 1050)[72][73]
Geology (modern) Georgius Agricola (1494–1555)[74] Wrote the first book on physical geology, De Ortu et Causis Subterraneorum (1546)
Nicolas Steno (1638–1686)[75] For setting down most of the principles of modern geology.
James Hutton (1726–1797)[76] For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory.
Geotechnical engineering (Soil mechanics) Karl von Terzaghi (1883–1963)[77]
Limnology (modern) G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991) [78]
Mineralogy Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) [79]
Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–1873) [80]
Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) [citation needed]
Acoustical oceanography Leonid Brekhovskikh (1917–2005) [81]
Stratigraphy Nicolas Steno (1638–1686) [75]
Speleology Édouard-Alfred Martel (1859–1938) Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology.

Medicine and physiology edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Anatomy (modern) Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694)
Biophysics Henri Dutrochet (1776–1847) Discovered osmosis
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) Explained hearing and vision.
Biomechanics Christian Wilhelm Braune (1831–1892) First to describe the methodology of human gait (walking).
Bioelectromagnetics Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments in 1780.
Cardiovascular physiology Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) Father of circulatory and cardiovascular physiology.[82][83][84]
Cognitive therapy Aaron T. Beck (1921–2021)
  • "In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[85]
Cryonics Robert Ettinger (1918–2011) 1962 book, The Prospect of Immortality[86]
Dentistry Pierre Fauchard (1679–1761) Widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry, Le Chirurgien Dentiste.
Electrophysiology Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) The discoverer of nerve action potential.
Emergency medicine
Epidemiology (modern) John Snow (1813–1858) Determining the cause of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak with a combination of public interviews and mapping
Gastrointestinal physiology William Beaumont[90] (1785–1853)
Gynaecology J. Marion Sims (1813–1883) [91][92]
Histology Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694)
Human anatomy (modern) Vesalius (1514–1564)[93] De humani corporis fabrica (1543)
Medical genetics Victor McKusick (1921–2008) Mendelian Inheritance in Man (started publishing in 1966)
Medicine (early)
  • Historical legends following his death, with little evidence.
  • Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
  • Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.
Medicine (modern)
Neurosurgery Harvey Cushing[98] (1869–1939) Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th century.[98]
Nutrition (modern)
  • "Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of [...]"[99]
  • "In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body..."[100]
Organ transplantation Thomas Starzl[101] (1926–2017) Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation.
Orthopedic surgery (modern) Hugh Owen Thomas[102] (1834–1891) He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery. He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II.
Psychology (experimental) Wilhelm Wundt[103](1832–1920) Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.
Pediatrics Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes")[104] (c. 865 – 925 CE) Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field.
Physiology François Magendie (1783–1855) Précis élementaire de Physiologie (1816)
Physical culture Bernarr Macfadden (1868–1955) "It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."[105]
Plastic surgery
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita (ancient)
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) [108]
Psychophysics
Elements of Psychophysics (1860)
Space medicine Hubertus Strughold (1898–1986) "After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'"[110]
Surgery (early) Sushruta[106][107] (sixth century?) Wrote the Sushruta Samhita (878 CE?)
Surgery (modern)
Toxicology Paracelsus (1493/1494 – 1541) [119]

Physics and astronomy edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Acoustics Ernst Chladni[120] For important research in vibrating plates
Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller 		For their role in the Manhattan Project
Aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky
George Cayley[121]
 Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built
Civil engineering John Smeaton[122]
Classical mechanics Isaac Newton (founder)[123] Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
Electrical Engineering Michael Faraday[124][125] Invented the generator, the first DC electric motor, the transformer, and also discovered Faraday's Law of Induction (1831)
Pre-Maxwell Electrodynamics André-Marie Ampère[126] Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)
Energetics Willard Gibbs[127] Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)
Meteoritics Ernst Chladni[128] First to publish in modern Western thought (in 1794) the then audacious idea that meteorites are rocks from space.[129]
Modern astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus[130] Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)
Nuclear physics Ernest Rutherford[131] Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)
Nuclear science Marie Curie
Pierre Curie[132]
Optics Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[133] Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).
Physical cosmology Georges Lemaître (founder)

Albert Einstein
Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[134]
Edwin Hubble (father)[134]

Monsignor Lemaître is considered "the Father of the Big Bang" and the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law. Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances. Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology.
Physics (modern) Galileo Galilei[135] His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope
Plasma physics Irving Langmuir
Hannes Alfvén[136] 		Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations, Langmuir waves.
Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics.
Quantum mechanics Max Planck[137] Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form
Relativity Albert Einstein (founder)[138] Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)
Spaceflight (rocketry) Robert Hutchings Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Oberth
Wernher von Braun 		Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.
Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
Oberth was the first, who presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs of space ships.[139]
Braun´s V2 rocket was the first man made object in space.[140] He led the Apollo program.
Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot (founder)[141]
Rudolf Clausius (one of the founding fathers) 		Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power(1824)
Restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave so the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat",[142] published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat.[143]

Formal sciences edit

Mathematics edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Algebra
(see also The father of algebra) 		Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[144]
Diophantus[145][146] 		Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.
Algebraic topology Henri Poincaré[147] Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[148] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.
Analysis Augustin-Louis Cauchy[149]
Karl Weierstrass[150]
Analytic geometry René Descartes
Pierre de Fermat[151] (founders) 		For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System
Calculus Isaac Newton[152]
Gottfried Leibniz 		See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.
Computer science Charles Babbage
Alan Turing 		In the history of computer science Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing and Turing invented the principle of the modern computer and the stored program concept that almost all modern day computers use.
Computer programming Ada Lovelace Work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine
Cryptanalysis Al-Kindi[153][154][155] Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics.
Descriptive geometry Gaspard Monge[156]
(founder) 		Developed a graphical protocol that creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane
Fractal geometry Benoit Mandelbrot
Geometry Euclid[157] Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.
Graph theory Leonhard Euler[158] See Seven Bridges of Königsberg
Italian school of algebraic geometry Corrado Segre[159] Publications and students developing algebraic geometry
Modern algebra Emmy Noether[160]
Emil Artin 		Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring, and suggested that topology be studied algebraically.[161] Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions.[162]
Non-Euclidean geometry János Bolyai,
Nikolai Lobachevsky[163](founders) 		Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true
Number theory Pythagoras[164]
Probability Gerolamo Cardano
Pierre de Fermat
Blaise Pascal
Christiaan Huygens[165] (founders) 		Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory, about which Huygens wrote the first book
Projective geometry Girard Desargues[166](founder) By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away
Set theory Georg Cantor
Tensor calculus Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[167]
(founder) 		Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus
Trigonometry Hipparchus[168][169] Constructed the first trigonometric table.
Vector algebra,
vector calculus 		Willard Gibbs[170]
Oliver Heaviside[171]
(founders) 		For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

Systems theory edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Chaos theory Henri Poincaré[172]
Mary Cartwright[173][174]
Edward Lorenz[175] 		Poincaré's work on the three-body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system. Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos. Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation.
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener[176] Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 1948.
Dynamic programming Richard E. Bellman
Fuzzy logic Lotfi Asker Zadeh
Information theory Claude Shannon[177] Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)
Optimal control Arthur E. Bryson[178] Book: Applied Optimal Control[179]
Robust control George Zames[citation needed] Small gain theorem and H infinity control.
Stability theory Alexander Lyapunov[citation needed] Lyapunov function
System dynamics Jay Wright Forrester[180] Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

Social sciences edit

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Anthropology Herodotus[181]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[182][183]
Bibliometrics Paul Otlet The term bibliométrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934[184] and defined as "the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents".[185]
Demography Ibn Khaldun[186] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Egyptology Father Athanasius Kircher[187]

Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]

First to identify the phonetic importance of the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, before the Rosetta stone's discovery.
Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.
Historiography Thucydides Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work.
History Herodotus (who also coined the term)
Indology Al-Biruni[183][188] Wrote the Indica[189]
International law Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius 		Influential contributions to the theory of international law, war and human rights
Linguistics (early) Panini Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of Sanskrit)
Linguistics (modern) Ferdinand de Saussure

Noam Chomsky

Political science Aristotle
Niccolò Machiavelli*
Thomas Hobbes** 		Aristotle is called the father of political science largely because of his work entitled Politics. This treatise is divided into eight books, and deals with subjects such as citizenship, democracy, oligarchy and the ideal state.[190]

*Machiavelli is considered the 'modern father of political science'[191]

**Hobbes is considered the Father of Modern Political Philosophy for his postulation of the State of Nature in Leviathan.

Sociology Ibn Khaldun[186][192]
Adam Ferguson[193]
Auguste Comte (who also coined the term)[194]
Marquis de Condorcet (founder)[195] 		Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
"Father of modern sociology"
Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

Economics edit

Field Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Accounting and bookkeeping Luca Pacioli (c. 1447–1517)[196] Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping.[196]
Economics (early) Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)[197]
Chanakya / Kautilya (375 BCE – 283 BCE)[198] 		Publication: Muqaddimah (1370)
Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE – 200 CE)
Economics (modern)
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994)[203][204][205][206][207] The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971)
Macroeconomics John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)[208] Author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking. Prior to Keynes, the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self-fixing. During the Great Depression, when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself, Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust. This idea was the largest influence in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.[209][210]
Mathematical economics Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) Forerunner of the Tableau économique.[211]
Monetary economics
  • Oresme's De Moneta.
  • "Irving Fisher [...] spent his career studying questions about money and the economy - how money affects interest rates, how money affects inflation, and the impact of money on overall economic activity. For this work, he is regarded as the father of monetary economics."[213]
  • "[...] no less an authority than the University of Chicago's Milton Friedman, the father of monetary economics, [...]"[214]
Microcredit Muhammad Yunus (born 1940)[215] Founded Grameen Bank
Personnel economics Edward Lazear (1948–2020) Published the first paper in the field.
Family and consumer science Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911) Founded the American Association of Home Economics, currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. "Bringing science into the home, Richards hoped to '...attain the best physical, mental, and moral development' for the family, which she believed was the basic unit of civilization."[216]

Schools of thought edit

Field Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Austrian School Carl Menger (1840–1921)[217]
School of Salamanca Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483–1546)[218] Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality

Theories edit

Field Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Expectations theory Thomas Cardinal Cajetan (1469–1534)[219] Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money
Modern portfolio theory Harry Markowitz (born 1927)[220]
Social choice theory Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017) Created the field with his 1951 book Social Choice and Individual Values.
Game theory

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ A name suggested in 1802 by the German naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus and introduced as a scientific term later that year by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

References edit

  1. ^ Pamela Gossin, Encyclopedia of Literature and Science, 2002.
  2. ^ Singer, C. (2008). A Short History of Science to the 19th century. Streeter Press. p. 35.
  3. ^ Needham, C. W. (1978). Cerebral Logic: Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain. Loose Leaf. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-398-03754-3.
  4. ^ Drews G. (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a Founder of Modern Microbiology". ASM News 65 (8).
  5. ^ a b p. 18, Foundations in microbiology: basic principles, Kathleen Park Talaro, 6th ed., international ed., McGraw-Hill, 2007, ISBN 978-0-07-126232-3.
  6. ^ DK Publishing (2010). Explorers: Tales of Endurance and Exploration. Penguin. p. 272. ISBN 9780756675110.
  7. ^ Moody, Glyn (2004). Digital Code of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science, Medicine, and Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-32788-2.
  8. ^ "Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany". National Museum of Wales. 2007-07-04. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  9. ^ Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel (2005). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Binghamton, New York: Haworth Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-56022-994-0.
  10. ^ "Centennial Tribute to Archie Carr- The Father of Sea Turtle Research & Conservation – Sea Turtle Conservancy". Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  11. ^ Fisheries, NOAA (2018-06-12). "Faces of Sea Turtle Conservation: Dr. Larisa Avens, Research Biologist | NOAA Fisheries". fisheries.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  12. ^ "Archie Carr Biography". InfoPlease. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  13. ^ "Telling the story of the father of sea turtle conservation". Mongabay Environmental News. 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  14. ^ Heyman, Pat (2009-11-28). "Archie Carr: Father of Turtle Research". Pat Heyman. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  15. ^ Goodland, R.J. (1975). "The tropical origin of ecology: Eugen Warming's jubilee". Oikos. 26 (2): 240–245. Bibcode:1975Oikos..26..240G. doi:10.2307/3543715. JSTOR 3543715.
  16. ^ DanMcIlhenny (2016-07-29). "A Lifelong Passion for Place and Conservation: Wyoming, Alaska, and the Muries' Arctic Love Affair". Medium.com.
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January 01, 1970
list, people, considered, father, mother, scientific, field, also, list, people, considered, father, mother, field, following, list, people, considered, father, mother, founding, father, founding, mother, scientific, field, such, people, generally, regarded, h. See also List of people considered father or mother of a field The following is a list of people who are considered a father or mother or founding father or founding mother of a scientific field Such people are generally regarded to have made the first significant contributions to and or delineation of that field they may also be seen as a rather than the father or mother of the field Debate over who merits the title can be perennial Contents 1 Science as a whole 2 Natural sciences 2 1 Biology 2 2 Chemistry 2 3 Earth sciences 2 4 Medicine and physiology 2 5 Physics and astronomy 3 Formal sciences 3 1 Mathematics 3 2 Systems theory 4 Social sciences 4 1 Economics 4 1 1 Schools of thought 4 1 2 Theories 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesScience as a whole editField Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Science modern Galileo Galilei 1564 1642 1 For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method physics and observational astronomy Science ancient Thales c 624 623 c 548 545 BC 2 3 Attempted to explain natural phenomena without recourse to mythologyNatural sciences editBiology edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Zoology Aristotle 384 322 BC His contributions to the field include vast quantities of information about the variety structure and behavior of animals Bacteriology Robert Koch 1843 1910 Ferdinand Cohn 1828 1898 4 Louis Pasteur 1822 1895 First to produce precise correct descriptions of bacteria Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 1723 5 Biogeography Alfred Russel Wallace 1823 1913 Often described as the Father of Biogeography Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world 6 Bioinformatics Margaret Oakley Dayhoff 1925 1983 the mother and father of bioinformatics according to David J Lipman former director of the National Center for Biotechnology Information 7 Biology note 1 Aristotle 384 322 BC Botany Theophrastus c 371 c 287 BC Otto Brunfels 1488 1534 Hieronymus Bock 1498 1554 Leonhart Fuchs 1501 1566 The three German fathers of botany 8 9 Bryology Johann Hedwig 1730 1799 Cheloniology Archie Carr 1909 1987 10 11 12 13 14 Ecology Carl Linnaeus 1707 1778 Ernst Haeckel 1834 1919 Eugenius Warming 1841 1924 15 Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature 1772 Haeckel coined the term ecology German Oekologie Okologie 1866 Warming authored the first book on plant ecology Plantesamfund 1895 Modern elk management Olaus Murie 1889 1963 16 Entomology Jan Swammerdam 1637 1680 17 Johan Christian Fabricius 1745 1808 18 Fabricius described and published information on over 10 000 insects and refined Linnaeus s system of classification William Kirby 1759 1850 19 Ethology Nikolaas Tinbergen 1907 1988 Karl von Frisch 1886 1982 Konrad Lorenz 1903 1989 The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20 EvolutionNatural selection Charles Darwin 1809 1882 21 22 23 24 On the Origin of Species 1859 Genetics Gregor Mendel 1822 1884 For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance 25 William Bateson 1861 1926 Proponent of Mendelism 26 Gerontology Elie Metchnikoff 1845 1916 Coined the term gerontology 1903 He was the first to perform systematic research on the effects of certain foods on lifespan and healthspan developed the concept of probiotic diet that promotes long healthy life 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Herpetology John Edwards Holbrook 1796 1871 John Edwards Holbrook was considered by many to be the Father of Herpetology 34 35 Ichthyology Peter Artedi 1705 1735 Far greater than either of these was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology Petrus Peter Artedi 1705 1735 36 Immunology Edward Jenner 1749 1823 Pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine the world s first vaccine in 1796 37 38 39 40 Innate natural immunity Elie Metchnikoff 1845 1916 Research of phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages as a critical host defense mechanism 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Humoral immunity Paul Ehrlich 1854 1915 Described the side chain theory of antibody formation and the mechanisms of how antibodies neutralize toxins and induce bacterial lysis with the help of complement 41 Lichenology Erik Acharius 1757 1819 Erik Acharius the father of lichenology 48 Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 1723 Louis Pasteur 1822 1895 49 The first to microscopically observe micro organisms in water and the first to see bacteria Molecular biology Linus Pauling 1901 1994 50 Molecular biophysics Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran 1922 2001 51 Founded the world s first molecular biophysics unit 1970 Paleontology Leonardo da Vinci 1452 1519 George Cuvier 1769 1832 52 Parasitology Francesco Redi 1626 1697 The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies 53 Protozoology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 1723 5 First to produce precise correct descriptions of protozoa Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus 1707 1778 54 Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world Virology Martinus Beijerinck 1851 1931 55 Studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology that yielded fundamental discoveries Chemistry edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Atomic theory early Democritus c 460 c 370 BC 56 Founder of atomism in cosmology Atomic theory modern Father Roger Boscovich 1711 1787 57 First coherent description of atomic theory John Dalton 1766 1844 58 First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures Chemical thermodynamics modern Gilbert Lewis 1875 1946 Willard Gibbs 1839 1903 Merle Randall 1888 1950 Edward Guggenheim 1901 1970 59 Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances 1923 and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs 1933 which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry Chemistry modern Antoine Lavoisier 1743 1794 60 Elements of Chemistry 1787 Robert Boyle 1627 1691 60 The Sceptical Chymist 1661 Jons Berzelius 1779 1848 61 62 Development of chemical nomenclature 1800s John Dalton 1766 1844 60 Revival of atomic theory 1803 Green chemistry Paul Anastas born 1962 Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non hazardous and environmentally benign Nuclear chemistry Otto Hahn 1879 1968 63 Applied Radiochemistry 1936 First person to split an atomic nucleus nuclear fission 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery 1944 Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev 1834 1907 64 Arranged the sixty six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals 1869 Physical chemistry Mikhail Lomonosov 1711 1765 The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term 1752 Jacobus van t Hoff 1852 1911 Jacobus van t Hoff is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry His work helped found the discipline as it is today 65 66 67 Svante Arrhenius 1859 1927 68 Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances 1876 Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange 1882 Wilhelm Ostwald 1853 1932 Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry 69 Hermann von Helmholtz 1821 1894 citation needed Theory of Chemical structure August Kekule 1829 1896 Discovered the structure of the benzene ring 1865 and pioneered structural chemistry in general Earth sciences edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Geochemistry modern Victor Goldschmidt 1888 1947 For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements Early geodesy mathematical geography Eratosthenes c 276 195 194 BC 70 71 Eratosthenes was first to write the word Geography from Geo and graphy literally writing about the Earth Geodesy modern Al Biruni 973 c 1050 72 73 Geology modern Georgius Agricola 1494 1555 74 Wrote the first book on physical geology De Ortu et Causis Subterraneorum 1546 Nicolas Steno 1638 1686 75 For setting down most of the principles of modern geology James Hutton 1726 1797 76 For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory Geotechnical engineering Soil mechanics Karl von Terzaghi 1883 1963 77 Limnology modern G Evelyn Hutchinson 1903 1991 78 Mineralogy Georgius Agricola 1494 1555 79 MeteorologyNaval oceanography modern Matthew Fontaine Maury 1806 1873 80 Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener 1880 1930 citation needed Acoustical oceanography Leonid Brekhovskikh 1917 2005 81 Stratigraphy Nicolas Steno 1638 1686 75 Speleology Edouard Alfred Martel 1859 1938 Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology Medicine and physiology edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Anatomy modern Marcello Malpighi 1628 1694 Biophysics Henri Dutrochet 1776 1847 Discovered osmosis Hermann von Helmholtz 1821 1894 Explained hearing and vision Biomechanics Christian Wilhelm Braune 1831 1892 First to describe the methodology of human gait walking Bioelectromagnetics Luigi Galvani 1737 1798 First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments in 1780 Cardiovascular physiology Ibn al Nafis 1213 1288 Father of circulatory and cardiovascular physiology 82 83 84 Cognitive therapy Aaron T Beck 1921 2021 In developing ways to do this Beck became the father of cognitive therapy one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years 85 Cryonics Robert Ettinger 1918 2011 1962 book The Prospect of Immortality 86 Dentistry Pierre Fauchard 1679 1761 Widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry Le Chirurgien Dentiste Electrophysiology Emil du Bois Reymond 1818 1896 The discoverer of nerve action potential Emergency medicine Peter Safar 1924 2003 87 88 Frank Pantridge 1916 2004 Safar pioneered CPR intensive care units and developed standards for EMT ambulance design and equipment Pantridge 89 Epidemiology modern John Snow 1813 1858 Determining the cause of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak with a combination of public interviews and mapping Gastrointestinal physiology William Beaumont 90 1785 1853 Gynaecology J Marion Sims 1813 1883 91 92 Histology Marcello Malpighi 1628 1694 Human anatomy modern Vesalius 1514 1564 93 De humani corporis fabrica 1543 Medical genetics Victor McKusick 1921 2008 Mendelian Inheritance in Man started publishing in 1966 Medicine early Imhotep 94 late 27th century BCE Charaka 95 3rd century BCE Hippocrates 96 97 c 460 370 BCE Ibn Sina 980 1037 Historical legends following his death with little evidence Wrote the Charaka Samhita and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath Medicine modern Sir William Osler 1849 1919 Neurosurgery Harvey Cushing 98 1869 1939 Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th century 98 Nutrition modern Justus von Liebig 1803 1873 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743 1794 Justus Von Liebig the father of modern nutrition developed the perfect infant food It consisted of 99 In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body 100 Organ transplantation Thomas Starzl 101 1926 2017 Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti rejection drugs including ciclosporin Developed major advances in organ preservation procurement and transplantation Orthopedic surgery modern Hugh Owen Thomas 102 1834 1891 He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II Psychology experimental Wilhelm Wundt 103 1832 1920 Founded the first laboratory for psychological research Pediatrics Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi Rhazes 104 c 865 925 CE Wrote The Diseases of Children the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field Physiology Francois Magendie 1783 1855 Precis elementaire de Physiologie 1816 Physical culture Bernarr Macfadden 1868 1955 It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden the Father of Physical Culture when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys 105 Plastic surgery Sushruta 106 107 sixth century Harold Gillies 1882 1960 Wrote the Sushruta Samhita ancient Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 108 Psychophysics Ernst Heinrich Weber 1795 1878 Gustav Fechner 1801 1887 109 Elements of Psychophysics 1860 Space medicine Hubertus Strughold 1898 1986 After Wernher von Braun he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the father of space medicine 110 Surgery early Sushruta 106 107 sixth century Wrote the Sushruta Samhita 878 CE Surgery modern Abu al Qasim Abulcasis al Zahrawi 111 936 1013 Guy de Chauliac 112 1300 1368 Ambroise Pare 1510 1590 John Hunter 1728 1793 Joseph Lister 1827 1912 William Stewart Halsted 1852 1922 See also Father of modern surgery Kitab al Tasrif 1000 AD Chirurgia magnaLeader in surgical techniques especially the treatment of wounds 113 Experimental scientific approach to surgery 114 115 Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic 116 117 Introduction of residency system in the United States 118 Toxicology Paracelsus 1493 1494 1541 119 Physics and astronomy edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Acoustics Ernst Chladni 120 For important research in vibrating plates Atomic bomb Enrico FermiJ Robert OppenheimerLeslie GrovesEdward Teller For their role in the Manhattan Project Aerodynamics Nikolai ZhukovskyGeorge Cayley 121 Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built Civil engineering John Smeaton 122 Classical mechanics Isaac Newton founder 123 Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 1687 Electrical Engineering Michael Faraday 124 125 Invented the generator the first DC electric motor the transformer and also discovered Faraday s Law of Induction 1831 Pre Maxwell Electrodynamics Andre Marie Ampere 126 Book Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena Uniquely Deduced from Experience 1827 Energetics Willard Gibbs 127 Publication On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances 1876 Meteoritics Ernst Chladni 128 First to publish in modern Western thought in 1794 the then audacious idea that meteorites are rocks from space 129 Modern astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus 130 Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1543 Nuclear physics Ernest Rutherford 131 Developed the Rutherford atom model 1909 Nuclear science Marie CuriePierre Curie 132 Optics Ibn al Haytham Alhazen 133 Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics 1021 Physical cosmology Georges Lemaitre founder Albert Einstein Henrietta Leavitt mother 134 Edwin Hubble father 134 Monsignor Lemaitre is considered the Father of the Big Bang and the first to derive what is now known as Hubble s law Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables the Standard Candle by which Hubble later determined galactic distances Einstein s general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology Physics modern Galileo Galilei 135 His development and extensive use of experimental physics e g the telescope Plasma physics Irving LangmuirHannes Alfven 136 Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations Langmuir waves Alfven pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics Quantum mechanics Max Planck 137 Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form Relativity Albert Einstein founder 138 Pioneered special relativity 1905 and general relativity 1915 Spaceflight rocketry Robert Hutchings GoddardKonstantin TsiolkovskyHermann OberthWernher von Braun Goddard launched the first liquid fueled rocket Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Oberth was the first who presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs of space ships 139 Braun s V2 rocket was the first man made object in space 140 He led the Apollo program Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot founder 141 Rudolf Clausius one of the founding fathers Publication On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power 1824 Restated Carnot s principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave so the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis His most important paper On the Moving Force of Heat 142 published in 1850 first stated the second law of thermodynamics In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem which applied to heat 143 Formal sciences editMathematics edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Algebra see also The father of algebra Muhammad Al Khwarizmi Algorismi 144 Diophantus 145 146 Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline First use of symbolism syncopation in his Arithmetica Algebraic topology Henri Poincare 147 Published Analysis Situs in 1895 148 introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology which are now considered part of algebraic topology Analysis Augustin Louis Cauchy 149 Karl Weierstrass 150 Analytic geometry Rene DescartesPierre de Fermat 151 founders For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System Calculus Isaac Newton 152 Gottfried Leibniz See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy Computer science Charles BabbageAlan Turing In the history of computer science Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing and Turing invented the principle of the modern computer and the stored program concept that almost all modern day computers use Computer programming Ada Lovelace Work on Charles Babbage s proposed mechanical general purpose computer the Analytical Engine Cryptanalysis Al Kindi 153 154 155 Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis He wrote a book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages containing detailed discussions on statistics Descriptive geometry Gaspard Monge 156 founder Developed a graphical protocol that creates three dimensional virtual space on a two dimensional plane Fractal geometry Benoit Mandelbrot Geometry Euclid 157 Euclid s Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms Graph theory Leonhard Euler 158 See Seven Bridges of Konigsberg Italian school of algebraic geometry Corrado Segre 159 Publications and students developing algebraic geometry Modern algebra Emmy Noether 160 Emil Artin Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring and suggested that topology be studied algebraically 161 Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions 162 Non Euclidean geometry Janos Bolyai Nikolai Lobachevsky 163 founders Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid s fifth postulate is not true Number theory Pythagoras 164 Probability Gerolamo CardanoPierre de FermatBlaise PascalChristiaan Huygens 165 founders Fermat and Pascal co founded probability theory about which Huygens wrote the first book Projective geometry Girard Desargues 166 founder By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away Set theory Georg Cantor Tensor calculus Gregorio Ricci Curbastro 167 founder Book The Absolute Differential Calculus Trigonometry Hipparchus 168 169 Constructed the first trigonometric table Vector algebra vector calculus Willard Gibbs 170 Oliver Heaviside 171 founders For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus Systems theory edit Field Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Chaos theory Henri Poincare 172 Mary Cartwright 173 174 Edward Lorenz 175 Poincare s work on the three body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation Cybernetics Norbert Wiener 176 Book Cybernetics Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine 1948 Dynamic programming Richard E Bellman Fuzzy logic Lotfi Asker Zadeh Information theory Claude Shannon 177 Article A Mathematical Theory of Communication 1948 Optimal control Arthur E Bryson 178 Book Applied Optimal Control 179 Robust control George Zames citation needed Small gain theorem and H infinity control Stability theory Alexander Lyapunov citation needed Lyapunov function System dynamics Jay Wright Forrester 180 Book Industrial dynamics 1961 Social sciences editField Person sconsidered father or mother Rationale Anthropology Herodotus 181 Abu Rayhan al Biruni 182 183 Bibliometrics Paul Otlet The term bibliometrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934 184 and defined as the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents 185 Demography Ibn Khaldun 186 Muqaddimah Prolegomena 1377 Egyptology Father Athanasius Kircher 187 Jean Francois Champollion citation needed First to identify the phonetic importance of the hieroglyph and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian before the Rosetta stone s discovery Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone Historiography Thucydides Thucydides has been dubbed the father of scientific history by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence gathering and analysis of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the deities as outlined in his introduction to his work History Herodotus who also coined the term Indology Al Biruni 183 188 Wrote the Indica 189 International law Alberico GentiliFrancisco de VitoriaHugo Grotius Influential contributions to the theory of international law war and human rights Linguistics early Panini Wrote the first descriptive grammar of Sanskrit Linguistics modern Ferdinand de Saussure Noam Chomsky Political science AristotleNiccolo Machiavelli Thomas Hobbes Aristotle is called the father of political science largely because of his work entitled Politics This treatise is divided into eight books and deals with subjects such as citizenship democracy oligarchy and the ideal state 190 Machiavelli is considered the modern father of political science 191 Hobbes is considered the Father of Modern Political Philosophy for his postulation of the State of Nature in Leviathan Sociology Ibn Khaldun 186 192 Adam Ferguson 193 Auguste Comte who also coined the term 194 Marquis de Condorcet founder 195 Wrote the first sociological book the Muqaddimah Prolegomena Father of modern sociology Introduced the scientific method into sociology Economics edit Field Person s considered father or mother Rationale Accounting and bookkeeping Luca Pacioli c 1447 1517 196 Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping 196 Economics early Ibn Khaldun 1332 1406 197 Chanakya Kautilya 375 BCE 283 BCE 198 Publication Muqaddimah 1370 Publication Arthashastra 400 BCE 200 CE Economics modern Richard Cantillon 1680s 1734 199 Anders Chydenius 1729 1803 200 Adam Smith c 1723 1790 201 First specific treatise on economics The National Gain 1765 a pamphlet that included key ideas about free trade 202 The Wealth of Nations 1776 Evolutionary economicsEcological economicsThermoeconomicsbioeconomics Nicholas Georgescu Roegen 1906 1994 203 204 205 206 207 The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 1971 Macroeconomics John Maynard Keynes 1883 1946 208 Author of The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking Prior to Keynes the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self fixing During the Great Depression when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust This idea was the largest influence in U S President Franklin D Roosevelt s New Deal 209 210 Mathematical economics Daniel Bernoulli 1700 1782 Forerunner of the Tableau economique 211 Monetary economics Nicole Oresme c 1322 1382 212 Irving Fisher 1867 1947 Milton Friedman 1912 2006 Oresme s De Moneta Irving Fisher spent his career studying questions about money and the economy how money affects interest rates how money affects inflation and the impact of money on overall economic activity For this work he is regarded as the father of monetary economics 213 no less an authority than the University of Chicago s Milton Friedman the father of monetary economics 214 Microcredit Muhammad Yunus born 1940 215 Founded Grameen Bank Personnel economics Edward Lazear 1948 2020 Published the first paper in the field Family and consumer science Ellen Swallow Richards 1842 1911 Founded the American Association of Home Economics currently the American Association of Family amp Consumer Sciences Bringing science into the home Richards hoped to attain the best physical mental and moral development for the family which she believed was the basic unit of civilization 216 Schools of thought edit Field Person s considered father or mother Rationale Austrian School Carl Menger 1840 1921 217 School of Salamanca Francisco de Vitoria c 1483 1546 218 Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality Theories edit Field Person s considered father or mother Rationale Expectations theory Thomas Cardinal Cajetan 1469 1534 219 Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money Modern portfolio theory Harry Markowitz born 1927 220 Social choice theory Kenneth Arrow 1921 2017 Created the field with his 1951 book Social Choice and Individual Values Game theory John von Neumann 1903 1957 Oskar Morgenstern 1902 1977 John Forbes Nash Jr 1928 2015 Von Neumann and Morgenstern created the field with their 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior Nash created the Nash equilibrium See also editFounders of statisticsNotes edit A name suggested in 1802 by the German naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus and introduced as a scientific term later that year by Jean Baptiste Lamarck References edit Pamela Gossin Encyclopedia of Literature and Science 2002 Singer C 2008 A Short History of Science to the 19th century Streeter Press p 35 Needham C W 1978 Cerebral Logic Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain Loose Leaf p 75 ISBN 978 0 398 03754 3 Drews G 1999 Ferdinand Cohn a Founder of Modern Microbiology ASM News 65 8 a b p 18 Foundations in microbiology basic principles Kathleen Park Talaro 6th ed international ed McGraw Hill 2007 ISBN 978 0 07 126232 3 DK Publishing 2010 Explorers Tales of Endurance and Exploration Penguin p 272 ISBN 9780756675110 Moody Glyn 2004 Digital Code of Life How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science Medicine and Business John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 471 32788 2 Early Herbals The German Fathers of Botany National Museum of Wales 2007 07 04 Archived from the original on 2012 06 29 Retrieved 2012 02 19 Yaniv Zohara Bachrach Uriel 2005 Handbook of Medicinal Plants Binghamton New York Haworth Press p 157 ISBN 978 1 56022 994 0 Centennial Tribute to Archie Carr The Father of Sea Turtle Research amp Conservation Sea Turtle Conservancy Retrieved 2019 03 21 Fisheries NOAA 2018 06 12 Faces of Sea Turtle Conservation Dr Larisa Avens Research Biologist NOAA Fisheries fisheries noaa gov Retrieved 2019 03 21 Archie Carr Biography InfoPlease Retrieved 2019 03 21 Telling the story of the father of sea turtle conservation Mongabay Environmental News 2013 01 21 Retrieved 2019 03 21 Heyman Pat 2009 11 28 Archie Carr Father of Turtle Research Pat Heyman Retrieved 2019 03 21 Goodland R J 1975 The tropical origin of ecology Eugen Warming s jubilee Oikos 26 2 240 245 Bibcode 1975Oikos 26 240G doi 10 2307 3543715 JSTOR 3543715 DanMcIlhenny 2016 07 29 A Lifelong Passion for Place and Conservation Wyoming Alaska and the Muries Arctic Love Affair Medium com Furfey Paul Hanly 1942 A History of Social Thought Macmillan p 208 OCLC 972992 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resuscitation Clinical Cardiology 30 1 52 54 doi 10 1002 clc 20042 ISSN 0160 9289 PMC 6653261 PMID 17262769 Mitka Mike May 2003 Peter J Safar MD father of CPR innovator teacher humanist PDF JAMA 289 19 2485 2486 doi 10 1001 jama 289 19 2485 ISSN 0098 7484 PMID 12759308 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 06 27 UK Daily Telegraph obituary 2004 12 29 William Beaumont Papers oculus nlm nih gov Retrieved 2018 09 26 Sartin Jeffrey S 2004 J Marion Sims the Father of Gynecology Hero or Villain Southern Medical Journal 97 5 500 505 doi 10 1097 00007611 200405000 00017 PMID 15180027 S2CID 6500614 History of Women and Science Health and Technology University of Wisconsin Retrieved 2018 01 15 Vallejo Manzur F et al 2003 The resuscitation greats Andreas Vesalius the concept of an artificial airway Resuscitation 56 3 7 Mostafa Shehata MD 2004 The Father of Medicine A Historical Reconsideration Turk Klin J Med Ethics 12 171 176 176 Nirupama Laroia M D Sharma Deeksha 2006 The Religious and 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3409 2001382 PMID 12134355 p 283 Old Time Makers of Medicine James J Walsh New York Fordham University Press 1911 Pare Ambroise Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Retrieved 2007 08 25 Gray C May 1983 The remarkable surgical collection of John Hunter Can Med Assoc J 128 10 1225 1228 PMC 1875296 PMID 6340814 The knife man the extraordinary life and times of John Hunter father of modern surgery Wendy Moore Random House 2005 ISBN 0 7679 1652 2 pp 51 55 Pioneers of microbiology and the Nobel prize Ulf Lagerkvist World Scientific 2003 ISBN 981 238 234 8 Joseph Lister Father of Modern Surgery Rhoda Truax Bobbs Merrill Indianapolis and New York 1944 Voorhees J R Tubbs R S Nahed B Cohen Gadol A A 2009 William S Halsted and Harvey W Cushing reflections on their complex association Journal of Neurosurgery 110 2 384 390 doi 10 3171 2008 4 17516 PMID 18976064 Paracelsus Herald of Modern Toxicology Borzelleca 53 1 2 Toxicological Sciences Chladniite A New Mineral Honoring the Father of Meteoritics McCoy T J Steele I M Keil K Leonard B F Endress M Meteoritics vol 28 no 3 volume 28 page 394 July 1993 Cayley Sir George Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Retrieved 2007 08 25 Mark Denny 2007 Ingenium Five Machines That Changed the World p 34 JHU Press Christianson Gale 1984 In the Presence of the Creator Isaac Newton amp his times New York Free Press Mcfadyen Steven 2009 02 22 Michael Faraday the father of electrical engineering Long Kat 2017 08 15 9 Facts about Physicist Michael Faraday the Father of Electricity Andre Marie Ampere Encyclopaedia Britannica Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Gibbs Josiah Willard Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 937 McCoy T J Steele I M Keil K Leonard B F Endress M 1993 Chladniite A New Mineral Honoring the Father of Meteoritics Meteoritics 28 3 394 Bibcode 1993Metic 28Q 394M Williams Henry Smith 1904 5 A history of science Vol 3 Harper pp 168ff ISBN 0 250 40142 8 Danielson Dennis The First Copernican Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution Walker amp Company 2006 Pasachoff Naomi 2005 Ernest Rutherford Father Of Nuclear Science Great Minds of Science Enslow Publishers ISBN 978 0 7660 2441 0 Resources IAEA org Retrieved 2018 01 15 R L Verma 1969 Al Hazen father of modern optics a b Milestones in the birth of Cosmology FSU edu Archived from the original on 2013 08 03 Retrieved 2018 01 15 Weidhorn Manfred 2005 The Person of the Millennium The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History iUniverse p 155 ISBN 0 595 36877 8 R Fitzpatrick 2011 A brief history of plasma physics Heilbron J L The Dilemmas of an Upright Man Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science Harvard 2000 1 Archived 2008 05 14 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed 2006 12 05 Hermann Oberth Raumfahrt Museum Oberth museum org 1989 12 28 Retrieved on 2015 06 27 Neufeld 1995 pp 158 160 162 190 Perrot Pierre 1998 A to Z of Thermodynamics Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 856552 9 Clausius R 1867 The Mechanical Theory of Heat with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies London John van Voorst Retrieved 2012 06 19 editions PwR Sbkwa8IC Contains English translations of many of his other works Clausius RJE 1870 On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat Philosophical Magazine 4th Series 40 122 127 Solomon Gandz 1936 The sources of al Khwarizmi s algebra Osiris I p 263 277 In a sense Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called the father of algebra than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers Boyer Carl B 1991 The Arabic Hegemony A History of Mathematics Second ed John Wiley amp Sons Inc pp 228 ISBN 978 0 471 54397 8 Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra but this title more appropriately belongs to al Khwarizmi It is true that in two respects the work of al Khwarizmi represented a retrogression from that of Diophantus First it is on a far more elementary level than that found in the Diophantine problems and second the algebra of al naren is thoroughly rhetorical with none of the syncopation found in the Greek Arithmetica or in Brahmagupta s work Even numbers were written out in words rather than symbols It is quite unlikely that al Khwarizmi knew of the work of Diophantus but he must have been familiar with at least the astronomical and computational portions of Brahmagupta yet neither al Khwarizmi nor other Arabic scholars made use of syncopation or of negative numbers Derbyshire John 2006 The Father of Algebra Unknown Quantity A Real And Imaginary History of Algebra Joseph Henry Press pp 31 ISBN 978 0 309 09657 7 Diophantus the father of algebra in whose honor I have named this chapter lived in Alexandria in Roman Egypt in either the 1st the 2nd or the 3rd century CE Ioan Mackenzie James ed 1999 History of Topology Elsevier p 544 ISBN 9780444823755 Poincare the founder of algebraic topology Poincare Henri Analysis situs Journal de l Ecole Polytechnique ser 2 1 1895 pp 1 123 p 750 Rudiments of Mathematics Part 1 M N Mukherjee P Mukhopadhyay S Sinha Roy amp U Dasgupta Academic Publishers 2008 5th ed ISBN 81 89781 54 5 p 147 Collisions rings and other Newtonian N body problems Donald G Saari American Mathematical Society 2005 ISBN 0 8218 3250 6 Gullberg Jan 1997 Mathematics From The Birth Of Numbers W W Norton Bell E T 1937 1986 Men of Mathematics Touchstone edition New York Simon amp Schuster pp 91 92 The man who cracked the Kama Sutra code 2000 10 04 Coles Michael Landrum Rodney 2011 Expert SQL Server 2008 Encryption Apress ISBN 9781430233657 Bin Ngah Lutfi A 2015 All optical synchronization for quantum networking PDF PhD Universite Nice Sophia Antipolis p 16 Monge Gaspard comte de Peluse Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Retrieved 2007 08 24 Artmann Benno 1999 Euclid The Creation of Mathematics New York Springer Biggs N Lloyd E and Wilson R 1986 Graph Theory 1736 1936 London Oxford University Press H F Baker 1926 Corrado Segre Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1 269 Ne eman Yuval 1999 The Impact of Emmy Noether s Theorems on XXIst Century Physics In Teicher M ed The Heritage of Emmy Noether Israel Mathematical Conference Proceedings Bar Ilan University American Mathematical Society Oxford University Press pp 83 101 ISBN 978 0 19 851045 1 OCLC 223099225 Dick Auguste 1981 Emmy Noether 1882 1935 translated by Blocher H I Boston Birkhauser p 174 doi 10 1007 978 1 4684 0535 4 ISBN 978 3 7643 3019 4 van der Waerden B L 1985 A History of Algebra from al Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether Berlin Springer Verlag p 244 ISBN 978 0 387 13610 3 Marvin Jay Greenberg Euclidean and Non Euclidean geometries Development and history New York W H Freeman 1993 p 46 Aristarchus of Samos The Ancient Copernicus Thomas Heath Oxford 1913 Stigler Stephen M 1990 The History of Statistics The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 Belknap Press Harvard University Press O Connor John J Edmund F Robertson Gerard Desargues MacTutor History of Mathematics archive O Connor John J Edmund F Robertson Gregorio Ricci Curbastro MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Boyer 1991 Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration A History of Mathematics Second ed John Wiley amp Sons Inc pp 162 ISBN 978 0 471 54397 8 For some two and a half centuries from Hippocrates to Eratosthenes Greek mathematicians had studied relationships between lines and circles and had applied these in a variety of astronomical problems but no systematic trigonometry had resulted Then presumably during the second half of the second century B C the first trigonometric table apparently was compiled by the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea ca 180 ca 125 B C who thus earned the right to be known as the father of trigonometry Aristarchus had known that in a given circle the ratio of arc to chord decreases from 180 to 0 tending toward a limit of 1 However it appears that not until Hipparchus undertook the task had anyone tabulated corresponding values of arc and chord for a whole series of angles Boyer s opinion may constructively be compared to Oystein Ore s opinion that the Babylonians constructed trigonometric tables ca 1600 BCE Ore 1988 Diophantine Problems Number Theory and its History Dover Publications Inc pp 176 179 ISBN 978 0 486 65620 5 The tablet catalogued as Plimpton 322 is composed in Old Babylonian script so that it must fall in the period from 1900 B C and 1600 B C at least a millennium before the Pythagoreans It is evident however that at this early date the Babylonians not only had completely mastered the Pythagorean problem but also had used it as the basis for the construction of trigonometric tables Wheeler Lynde Phelps 1951 Josiah Willard Gibbs the History of a Great Mind Ox Bow Press Michael J Crowe 1994 A History of Vector Analysis The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System Dover Publications Reprint edition Jonathan Mendelson amp Elana Blumenthal Chaos Theory and Fractals Mendelson Productions in collaboration with Blumenthal Enterprises Retrieved 2012 07 04 Henri Poincare was really the Father of Chaos Theory however Mistress of Girton whose mathematical work formed the basis of chaos theory Obituaries Electronic Telegraph 1998 04 11 Retrieved 2017 03 08 Freeman J Dyson Mary Lucy Cartwright 1900 1998 Chaos theory pp 169 177 in Out of the Shadows Contributions of Twentieth Century Women to Physics edited by Nina Byers and Gary Williams 498 p Cambridge University Press 2006 ISBN 0 521 82197 5 Edward Lorenz father of chaos theory and butterfly effect dies at 90 MIT 2008 04 16 Retrieved 2018 01 15 Conway F and Siegelman J 2005 Dark Hero of the Information Age in search of Norbert Wiener the father of cybernetics Basic Books New York 423 pp ISBN 0 7382 0368 8 Bell Labs website For example Claude Shannon the father of Information Theory had a passion Bell Labs Archived from the original on 2011 06 05 Retrieved 2018 01 15 2004 Distinguished Alumni IaState edu Archived from the original on 2011 07 25 Retrieved 2018 01 15 Bryson A E Ho Y C 1975 Applied optimal control Washington DC Hemisphere Jay Wright Forrester Biography Inventions amp Facts Britannica com Retrieved 2018 01 15 p 22 A Short History of Scientific Ideas to 1900 Charles Singer Oxford Oxford University Press 1959 Ahmed Akbar S 1984 Al Beruni The First Anthropologist RAIN 60 60 9 10 doi 10 2307 3033407 JSTOR 3033407 a b Zafarul Islam Khan At The Threshold sic Of A New Millennium II The Milli Gazette Otlet P 1934 Traite De Documentation Le Livre Sur Le Livre Theorie Et Pratique Editiones Mundaneum Mons Belgium Rousseau Ronald 2014 Library Science Forgotten Founder of Bibliometrics Nature 510 7504 218 Bibcode 2014Natur 510 218R doi 10 1038 510218e PMID 24919911 a b H Mowlana 2001 Information in the Arab World Cooperation South Journal 1 Woods Thomas How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization pp 4 109 Washington DC Regenery 2005 ISBN 0 89526 038 7 Boilot D J Al Biruni Beruni Abu l Rayhan Muhammad b Ahmad New Ed Vol 1 pp 1236 1238 Dani Ahmed Hasan 1973 Alberuni s Indica A record of the cultural history of South Asia about AD 1030 University of Islamabad Press Who is called the father of political science Study com Retrieved 2018 12 08 Niccolo Machiavelli is the Father of Modern Political Science Fact or Myth website factmyth com 2017 10 02 Retrieved 2018 12 08 Akhtar S W 1997 The Islamic Concept of Knowledge Al Tawhid A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought amp Culture 12 3 Willcox William Bradford Arnstein Walter L 1966 The Age of Aristocracy 1688 to 1830 Volume III of A History of England edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith Sixth Edition 1992 ed Lexington MA p 133 ISBN 978 0 669 24459 5 Adam Ferguson of Edinburgh became the father of modern sociology a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Auguste Comte Britannica Student Encyclopedia Accessed 2006 10 05 p 87 Full Meridian of Glory Paul Murdin New York Springer 2009 ISBN 978 0 387 75533 5 print ISBN 978 0 387 75534 2 online a b DIWAN Jaswith Accounting Concepts amp Theories London Morre pp 001 002 id 94452 I M Oweiss 1988 Ibn Khaldun the Father of Economics Arab Civilization Challenges and Responses New York University Press ISBN 0 88706 698 4 L K Jha K N Jha 1998 Chanakya the pioneer economist of the world International Journal of Social Economics 25 2 4 pp 267 282 Rothbard Murray N 2006 Chapter 12 The founding father of modern economics Richard Cantillon Economic thought before Adam Smith An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Cheltnam UK Edward Elgar p 345 ISBN 978 0 945466 48 2 The honour of being called the father of modern economics belongs then not to its usual recipient Adam Smith but to a gallicized Irish merchant banker and adventurer who wrote the first treatise on economics more than four decades before the publication of the Wealth of Nations Richard Cantillon c early 1680s 1734 Pelo June Anders Chydenius Retrieved 2007 11 26 Steven Pressman Fifty Major Economists Routledge 1999 ISBN 0 415 13481 1 p 20 Acton Institute Anders Chydenius 1729 1803 Retrieved 2007 11 26 Cleveland C Ruth M 1997 When where and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process A survey of Georgescu Roegen s contribution to ecological economics Ecological Economics 22 3 203 223 doi 10 1016 s0921 8009 97 00079 7 Daly H 1995 On Nicholas Georgescu Roegen s contributions to economics An obituary essay Ecological Economics 13 3 149 154 doi 10 1016 0921 8009 95 00011 w Mayumi K 1995 Nicholas Georgescu Roegen 1906 1994 Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 6 3 115 120 doi 10 1016 0954 349x 95 00014 e Mayumi Kozo Gowdy John eds 1999 Bioeconomics and Sustainability Essays in Honor of Nicholas Georgescu Roegen Cheltenham Edward Elgar ISBN 978 1 85898 667 8 Mayumi Kozo 2001 The Origins of Ecological Economics The Bioeconomics of Georgescu Roegen Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group ISBN 978 0 415 23523 5 John Maynard Keynes Investopedia Retrieved 2015 02 11 Blinder Alan Keynesian Economics Library of Economics and Liberty Liberty Fund Retrieved 2015 02 11 Briggs Brad John Maynard Keynes The Man Who Transformed the Economic World Investing Answers Archived from the original on 2015 02 21 Retrieved 2015 02 11 Rothbard p 379 Woods p 155 Pressman Steven 2006 50 Major Economists Routledge Key Guides 2 ed Taylor amp Francis p 137 ISBN 9780415366489 Retrieved 2013 01 05 Dun s Review Dun s Review 94 146 1969 Retrieved 2013 01 05 Expanding Microcredit in India A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation Grameen Dialogue Archived from the original on 2012 02 08 Retrieved 2009 08 26 Ellen Swallow Richards Vassar College Encyclopedia Vassar College VCEncyclopedia Vassar edu Retrieved 2018 01 15 Rothbard p 167 Rothbard p 102 Rothbard pp 100 101 Find Local Contractors Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext goliath Ecnext com Retrieved 2018 01 15 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of people 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