fbpx
Wikipedia

Murray Rothbard

February 15, 2024

"Rothbard" redirects here. For other uses, see Rothbard (disambiguation).

Murray Newton Rothbard (/ˈrɒθbɑːrd/; March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist[1] of the Austrian School,[2][3][4][5] economic historian,[6][7] political theorist,[8] and activist. Rothbard was a central figure in the 20th-century American libertarian movement, particularly its right-wing strands, and was a founder and leading theoretician of anarcho-capitalism.[9][10][11][12][13][14] He wrote over twenty books on political theory, history, economics, and other subjects.[9]

Murray Rothbard
Rothbard in the 1970s
Born
Murray Newton Rothbard

(1926-03-02)March 2, 1926
New York City, U.S.
DiedJanuary 7, 1995(1995-01-07) (aged 68)
New York City, U.S.
Resting placeOakwood Cemetery, Unionville, Virginia, U.S.
Organization(s)Center for Libertarian Studies
Cato Institute
Mises Institute
Political partyLibertarian
MovementLibertarianism in the United States
Academic career
InstitutionBrooklyn Polytechnic Institute
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
FieldEconomic history
Ethics
History of economic thought
Legal philosophy
Political philosophy
Praxeology
School or
tradition		Austrian School
Alma materColumbia University
(AB, 1945; MA, 1946; PhD, 1956)
Other notable studentsHans-Hermann Hoppe
Samuel Edward Konkin III
Walter Block
Influences
ContributionsAnarcho-capitalism
Historical revisionism
Paleolibertarianism
Left-Libertarianism
Title-transfer theory of contract

Rothbard argued that all services provided by the "monopoly system of the corporate state"[15] could be provided more efficiently by the private sector and wrote that the state is "the organization of robbery systematized and writ large".[16][17][18] He called fractional-reserve banking a form of fraud and opposed central banking.[19] He categorically opposed all military, political, and economic interventionism in the affairs of other nations.[20][21] According to his protégé Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "[t]here would be no anarcho-capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard".[22]

Hoppe described Rothbard as leading a "fringe existence" in academia.[23] Rothbard rejected mainstream economic methodologies and instead embraced the praxeology of Ludwig von Mises. Rothbard taught economics at a Wall Street division of New York University, later at Brooklyn Polytechnic, and after 1986 in an endowed position at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.[8][24] Partnering with the oil billionaire Charles Koch, Rothbard was a founder of the Cato Institute and the Center for Libertarian Studies in the 1970s.[9] He broke with Koch and joined Lew Rockwell and Burton Blumert in 1982 to establish the Mises Institute in Alabama.

Rothbard opposed egalitarianism and the civil rights movement, and blamed women's voting and activism for the growth of the welfare state.[25][26][10][11] He promoted historical revisionism and befriended the Holocaust denier Harry Elmer Barnes.[27][28][29] Later in his career, Rothbard advocated a libertarian alliance with paleoconservatism (which he called paleolibertarianism), favoring right-wing populism and defending David Duke.[30][31][25][32] In the 2010s, he received renewed attention as an influence on the alt-right.[33][10][34][35]

Life and work edit

Education edit

Rothbard's parents were David and Rae Rothbard, Jewish immigrants to the United States from Poland and Russia, respectively. David was a chemist.[36] Murray attended Birch Wathen Lenox School, a private school in New York City.[37] He later said he much preferred Birch Wathen to the "debasing and egalitarian public school system" he had attended in the Bronx.[38]

Rothbard wrote of having grown up as a "right-winger" (adherent of the "Old Right") among friends and neighbors who were "communists or fellow-travelers". He was a member of the New York Young Republican Club in his youth.[39] Rothbard described his father as an individualist who embraced minimal government, free enterprise, private property and "a determination to rise by one's own merits… "[A]ll socialism seemed to me monstrously coercive and abhorrent".[38] In 1952, his father was trapped during a labor strike at the Tide Water Oil Refinery in New Jersey, which he managed, confirming their dislike of organized labor.[40]

 
Rothbard in the mid-1950s

Rothbard attended Columbia University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and a PhD in economics in 1956. His first political activism came in 1948, on behalf of the segregationist South Carolinian Strom Thurmond's presidential campaign. In the 1948 presidential election, Rothbard, "as a Jewish student at Columbia, horrified his peers by organizing a Students for Strom Thurmond chapter, so staunchly did he believe in states' rights", according to The American Conservative.[41] The delay in receiving his PhD was due in part to conflict with his advisor, Joseph Dorfman, and in part to Arthur Burns's rejecting his dissertation. Burns was a longtime friend of the Rothbards and their neighbor at their Manhattan apartment building. It was only after Burns went on leave from the Columbia faculty to head President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers that Rothbard's thesis was accepted and he received his doctorate.[8]: 43–44 [42] Rothbard later said that all his fellow students were extreme leftists and that he was one of only two Republicans at Columbia at the time.[8]: 4 

Marriage, Volker Fund, and academia edit

During the 1940s, Rothbard vetted articles for Leonard Read at the Foundation for Economic Education think tank, became acquainted with Frank Chodorov, and read widely in libertarian-oriented works by Albert Jay Nock, Garet Garrett, Isabel Paterson, H. L. Mencken, and Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises.[8]: 46 [40] In the 1950s, when Mises was teaching in the Wall Street division of the New York University Stern School of Business, Rothbard attended his unofficial seminar.[5][11] Rothbard was greatly influenced by Mises's book Human Action. Rothbard wanted to promote libertarian activism; by the mid-1950s he helped form the Circle Bastiat, a libertarian and anarchist social group in New York City.[5][40] He also joined the Mont Pelerin Society in the 1950s.[11]

Rothbard attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund, a group that provided financial backing to promote right-wing ideologies in the 1950s and early 1960s.[43] The Volker Fund paid Rothbard to write a textbook to explain Human Action in a form that could be used to introduce college undergraduates to Mises's views; a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises's approval. For ten years, the Volker Fund paid him a retainer as a "senior analyst".[8]: 54  As Rothbard continued his work, he enlarged the project. The result was his book Man, Economy, and State, published in 1962. Upon its publication, Mises praised Rothbard's work effusively.[44]: 14  In contrast to Mises, who considered security the primary justification for the state, Rothbard in the 1950s began to argue for a privatized market for the military, police and judiciary.[10] Rothbard's 1963 book America's Great Depression blamed government policy failures for the Great Depression, and challenged the widely-held view that capitalism is unstable.[45]

In 1953, Rothbard married JoAnn Beatrice Schumacher (September 17, 1928 – October 29, 1999),[46] whom he called Joey, in New York City.[44]: 124  She was a historian, Rothbard's personal editor and a close adviser as well as hostess of his Rothbard Salon. They enjoyed a loving marriage and Rothbard often called her "the indispensable framework" of his life and achievements. According to her, the Volker Fund's patronage allowed Rothbard to work from home as a freelance theorist and pundit for the first 15 years of their marriage.[47]

The Volker Fund collapsed in 1962, leading Rothbard to seek employment from various New York academic institutions. He was offered a part-time position teaching economics to engineering students at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1966 at age 40. The institution had no economics department or economics majors and Rothbard derided its social science department as "Marxist", but his biographer Justin Raimondo[48] writes that Rothbard liked teaching at Brooklyn Polytechnic because working only two days a week gave him freedom to contribute to developments in libertarian politics.[8] Rothbard continued in this role until 1986.[49][50] Then 60 years old, Rothbard left Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute for the Lee Business School at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), where he held the title of S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics, a chair endowed by a libertarian businessman.[51][24]

According to Rothbard's friend, colleague and fellow Misesian economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Rothbard led a "fringe existence" in academia, but he was able to attract a large number of "students and disciples" through his writings, thereby becoming "the creator and one of the principal agents of the contemporary libertarian movement".[23] Libertarian economist Jeffrey Herbener, who called Rothbard his friend and "intellectual mentor", said in a memoriam that Rothbard received "only ostracism" from mainstream academia.[52] Rothbard kept his position at UNLV from 1986 until his death.[49]

Old Right edit

Throughout his life, Rothbard engaged in a number of different political movements to promote Old Right and libertarian political principles.

George Hawley writes that "unfortunately for Rothbard, the Old Right was ending as an intellectual and political force just as he was maturing as an intellectual", with the militantly anticommunist conservative movement exemplified by William F. Buckley Jr. supplanting the Old Right's isolationism.[25]

Rothbard was an admirer of Sen. Joseph McCarthy—not for McCarthy's Cold War views, but his demagoguery, which Rothbard credited for disrupting the establishment consensus of what Rothbard called "corporate liberalism".[25] Rothbard contributed many articles to Buckley's National Review, but his relations with Buckley and the magazine soured as he criticized the conservative movement for militarism.[25] Specifically, Rothbard opposed how such militarism could justify and expand the power of the state.[10]

Rothbard befriended the Holocaust denier Harry Elmer Barnes in 1959.[28] In a 1966 issue of Robert LeFevre's Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought devoted to historical revisionism, Rothbard argued that western democracies had been to blame for starting World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.[28] Rothbard published works by Barnes in his journals before and after Barnes' death in 1968, including posthumously in the Cato Institute's journal.[28]

Conflict with Ayn Rand edit

In 1954, Rothbard, along with several other attendees of Mises's seminar, joined the circle of novelist Ayn Rand, the founder of Objectivism. He soon parted from her, writing among other things that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed, but similar to those of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and Herbert Spencer.[8]: 109–14  In 1958, after the publication of Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged, Rothbard wrote her a "fan letter", calling the book "an infinite treasure house" and "not merely the greatest novel ever written, [but] one of the very greatest books ever written, fiction or nonfiction". He also wrote: "[Y]ou introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy", prompting him to learn "the glorious natural rights tradition".[8]: 121, 132–34 [53]: 145, 182 [54] Rothbard rejoined Rand's circle for a few months, but soon broke with Rand again over various differences, including his defense of his interpretation of anarchism.

Rothbard later satirized Rand's acolytes in his unpublished one-act farce Mozart Was a Red[55] and his essay "The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult".[53]: 184 [56][57] He characterized Rand's circle as a "dogmatic, personality cult". His play parodies Rand (through the character Carson Sand) and her friends and is set during a visit from Keith Hackley, a fan of Sand's novel The Brow of Zeus (a play on Atlas Shrugged).[56]

New Left outreach edit

By the late 1960s, according to The American Conservative, Rothbard's "long and winding yet somehow consistent road had taken him from anti-New Deal and anti-interventionist Robert A. Taft supporter into friendship with the quasi-pacifist Nebraska Republican Congressman Howard Buffett (father of Warren Buffett) then over to the League of (Adlai) Stevensonian Democrats and, by 1968, into tentative comradeship with the anarchist factions of the New Left".[58] Rothbard joined the Peace and Freedom Party and contributed writing to the New Left journal Ramparts.[25] However, Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a "People's Republic" style draft.[third-party source needed] It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess (a former Barry Goldwater speechwriter who had rejected conservatism)[25] and founded Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought with Leonard Liggio and George Resch. Raimondo described Rothbard during this time as "a man of the Old Culture: he believed that it was possible to be a revolutionary, an anarchist, and lead a bourgeois life", and wrote that the "respectably dressed, if a bit rumpled" Rothbard was "immune to the blandishments of sixties youth culture".[25]

During this time, Rothbard proposed that black Americans should embrace racial separatism and secession.[11] He was frustrated that blacks and whites in the New Left instead decided to work together for egalitarian goals.[11] In the 1970s, Rothbard turned sharply against the left, and described equality as an evil concept.[25][11]

Libertarianism and Cato Institute edit

From 1969 to 1984, Rothbard edited The Libertarian Forum, also initially with Hess (although Hess's involvement ended in 1971).[59] Despite its small readership, it engaged conservatives associated with the National Review in nationwide debate. Rothbard rejected the view that Ronald Reagan's 1980 election as president was a victory for libertarian principles and he attacked Reagan's economic program in a series of Libertarian Forum articles. In 1982, Rothbard called Reagan's claims of spending cuts a "fraud" and a "hoax" and accused Reaganites of doctoring the economic statistics to give the false impression that their policies were successfully reducing inflation and unemployment.[60] He further criticized the "myths of Reaganomics" in 1987.[61]

Rothbard criticized the "frenzied nihilism" of left-wing libertarians, but also criticized right-wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state; he believed that libertarians should adopt any moral tactic available to them to bring about liberty.[62] Imbibing Randolph Bourne's idea that "war is the health of the state", Rothbard opposed all wars in his lifetime and engaged in anti-war activism.[63]

During the 1970s and 1980s, Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party. He was frequently involved in the party's internal politics. Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977.

He was one of the founders of the Cato Institute in 1977 (whose funding by Charles Koch was a major infusion of money for libertarianism)[64] and "came up with the idea of naming this libertarian think tank after Cato's Letters, a powerful series of British newspaper essays by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon which played a decisive influence upon America's Founding Fathers in fomenting the Revolution".[65][66] From 1978 to 1983, he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus, allying himself with Justin Raimondo, Eric Garris and Williamson Evers.

He opposed the "low-tax liberalism" espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III. According to Charles Burris, "Rothbard and Crane became bitter rivals after disputes emerging from the 1980 LP presidential campaign of Ed Clark carried over to strategic direction and management of Cato".[65]

Mises Institute edit

In 1982, following his split with the Cato Institute, Rothbard co-founded the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama, (with Lew Rockwell and Burton Blumert)[67] and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995.[49] Rothbard also founded the institute's Review of Austrian Economics, a heterodox economics[68] journal later renamed the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, in 1987.[63] Rothbard "worked closely with Lew Rockwell (joined later by his long-time friend Blumert) in nurturing the Mises Institute, and the publication, The Rothbard-Rockwell Report; which after Rothbard's 1995 death evolved into the website, LewRockwell.com", according to the website.[65] Rothbard and other Mises Institute scholars criticized libertarian groups funded by the Koch brothers, referring to them as the "Kochtopus".[69] In contrast to some other libertarian groups, the Mises Institute "pushed more politically marginal positions like the virtues of secession, the need for a return to the gold standard, and opposition to racial integration", according to historian Quinn Slobodian.[11]

Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues and aligned himself with what he called the "right-wing populist" wing of the party, notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul, who ran for president on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988.

 
Rothbard with his wife Joey

Paleolibertarianism edit

 
Lew Rockwell

In 1989, Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post-Cold War anti-interventionist right, calling himself a paleolibertarian, a conservative reaction against the cultural liberalism of mainstream libertarianism.[30][70] Paleolibertarianism sought to appeal to disaffected working class whites through a synthesis of cultural conservatism and libertarian economics.

According to Reason, Rothbard advocated right-wing populism in part because he was frustrated that mainstream thinkers were not adopting the libertarian view and suggested that former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke and Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy[71] were models for an "Outreach to the Rednecks" effort that could be used by a broad libertarian/paleoconservative coalition. Working together, the coalition would expose the "unholy alliance of 'corporate liberal' Big Business and media elites, who, through big government, have privileged and caused to rise up a parasitic Underclass". Rothbard blamed this "Underclass" for "looting and oppressing the bulk of the middle and working classes in America".[30] Regarding Duke's political program, Rothbard asserted that there was "nothing" in it that "could not also be embraced by paleoconservatives or paleolibertarians; lower taxes, dismantling the bureaucracy, slashing the welfare system, attacking affirmative action and racial set-asides, calling for equal rights for all Americans, including whites".[72] He also praised the "racialist science" in Charles Murray's controversial book The Bell Curve.[73]

Rothbard co-founded and became a key figure in the John Randolph Club, which was an alliance between the Mises Institute and the paleoconservative Rockford Institute.[74][5] He supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992, writing that "with Pat Buchanan as our leader, we shall break the clock of social democracy".[75] When Buchanan dropped out of the Republican primary race, Rothbard then shifted his interest and support to Ross Perot,[76] who Rothbard wrote had "brought an excitement, a verve, a sense of dynamics and of open possibilities to what had threatened to be a dreary race".[77] However, Rothbard eventually withdrew his support from Perot, and endorsed George H. W. Bush in the 1992 election.[78][79]

Like Buchanan, Rothbard opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).[80] However, he had become disillusioned with Buchanan by 1995, believing that the latter's "commitment to protectionism was mutating into an all-round faith in economic planning and the nation state".[81]

Personal life edit

Joey Rothbard said in a memoriam that her husband had a happy and bright spirit, and that Rothbard, a night owl, managed to make a living for 40 years without having to get up before noon. This was important to him." She said Rothbard would begin every day with a phone conversation with his colleague Lew Rockwell: "Gales of laughter would shake the house or apartment, as they checked in with each other. Murray thought it was the best possible way to start a day".[82]

Rothbard was irreligious and agnostic about God,[83][84] describing himself as a "mixture of an agnostic and a Reform Jew".[85] Despite identifying as an agnostic and an atheist, he was critical of the "left-libertarian hostility to religion".[86] In Rothbard's later years, many of his friends anticipated that he would convert to Catholicism, but he never did.[87]

Death edit

Rothbard died of a heart attack on January 7, 1995, in St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in Manhattan, at the age of 68.[1] The New York Times obituary called Rothbard "an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention".[49] Lew Rockwell, president of the Mises Institute, told The New York Times that Rothbard was "the founder of right-wing anarchism".[49]

William F. Buckley Jr. wrote a critical obituary in the National Review, criticizing Rothbard's "defective judgment" and views on the Cold War.[20]: 3–4  Hoppe, Rockwell, and Rothbard's other colleagues at the Mises Institute took a different view, arguing that he was one of the most important philosophers in history.[88]

Views edit

Austrian economics edit

Rothbard was an advocate and practitioner of the Austrian School tradition of his teacher Ludwig von Mises. Like Mises, Rothbard rejected the application of the scientific method to economics and dismissed econometrics, empirical and statistical analysis and other tools of mainstream social science as outside the field (economic history might use those tools, but not Economics proper).[89] He instead embraced praxeology, the strictly a priori methodology of Mises. Praxeology conceives of economic laws as akin to geometric or mathematical axioms: fixed, unchanging, objective and discernible through logical reasoning.[89][third-party source needed]

According to Misesian economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe, eschewing the scientific method and empiricism distinguishes the Misesian approach "from all other current economic schools", which dismiss the Misesian approach as "dogmatic and unscientific." Mark Skousen of Chapman University and the Foundation for Economic Education, a critic of mainstream economics,[90] praises Rothbard as brilliant, his writing style persuasive, his economic arguments nuanced and logically rigorous and his Misesian methodology sound.[91] But Skousen concedes that Rothbard was effectively "outside the discipline" of mainstream economics and that his work "fell on deaf ears" outside his ideological circles.

Rothbard wrote extensively on Austrian business cycle theory and as part of this approach strongly opposed central banking, fiat money and fractional-reserve banking, advocating a gold standard and a 100% reserve requirement for banks.[19]: 89–94, 96–97 [63][92][93]

Polemics against mainstream economics edit

Rothbard wrote a series of polemics in which he deprecated a number of leading modern economists. He vilified Adam Smith, calling him a "shameless plagiarist"[94] who set economics off track, ultimately leading to the rise of Marxism.[95] Rothbard praised Smith's contemporaries, including Richard Cantillon, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, for developing the subjective theory of value. In response to Rothbard's charge that Smith's The Wealth of Nations was largely plagiarized, David D. Friedman castigated Rothbard's scholarship and character, saying that he "was [either] deliberately dishonest or never really read the book he was criticizing".[96] Tony Endres called Rothbard's treatment of Smith a "travesty".[97]

Rothbard was equally scathing in his criticism of John Maynard Keynes,[98] calling him weak on economic theory and a shallow political opportunist. Rothbard also wrote more generally that Keynesian-style governmental regulation of money and credit created a "dismal monetary and banking situation". He called John Stuart Mill a "wooly man of mush" and speculated that Mill's "soft" personality led his economic thought astray.[99]

Rothbard was critical of monetarist economist Milton Friedman. In his polemic "Milton Friedman Unraveled", he called Friedman a "statist", a "favorite of the establishment", a friend of and "apologist" for Richard Nixon and a "pernicious influence" on public policy.[100][101] Rothbard said that libertarians should scorn rather than celebrate Friedman's academic prestige and political influence. Noting that Rothbard has "been nasty to me and my work", Friedman responded to Rothbard's criticism by calling him a "cult builder and a dogmatist".[102]

In a memorial volume published by the Mises Institute, Rothbard's protégé and libertarian theorist Hans-Hermann Hoppe wrote that Man, Economy, and State "presented a blistering refutation of all variants of mathematical economics" and included it among Rothbard's "almost mind-boggling achievements". Hoppe lamented that, like Mises, Rothbard died without winning the Nobel Prize and, while acknowledging that Rothbard and his work were largely ignored by academia, called him an "intellectual giant" comparable to Aristotle, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant.[103]

Disputes with other Austrian economists edit

Although he self-identified as an Austrian economist, Rothbard's methodology was at odds with that of many other Austrians. In 1956, Rothbard deprecated the views of Austrian economist Fritz Machlup, stating that Machlup was no praxeologist and calling him instead a "positivist" who failed to represent the views of Ludwig von Mises. Rothbard stated that in fact Machlup shared the opposing positivist view associated with economist Milton Friedman.[104] Mises and Machlup had been colleagues in 1920s Vienna before each relocated to the United States, and Mises later urged his American protege Israel Kirzner to pursue his PhD studies with Machlup at Johns Hopkins University.[105][third-party source needed]

According to libertarian economists Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink,[106] Rothbard wrote that the term evenly rotating economy (ERE) can be used to analyze complexity in a world of change. The words ERE had been introduced by Mises as an alternative nomenclature for the mainstream economic method of static equilibrium and general equilibrium analysis. Cowen and Fink found "serious inconsistencies in both the nature of the ERE and its suggested uses". With the sole exception of Rothbard, no other economist adopted Mises' term, and the concept continued to be called "equilibrium analysis".[107]

In a 2011 article critical of Rothbard's "reflexive opposition" to inflation, The Economist noted that his views were increasingly gaining influence among politicians and laypeople on the right. The article contrasted Rothbard's categorical rejection of inflationary policies with the monetary views of "sophisticated Austrian-school monetary economists such as George Selgin and Larry White", [who] follow Hayek in treating stability of nominal spending as a monetary ideal—a position "not all that different from Mr [Scott] Sumner's".[108]

According to economist Peter Boettke, Rothbard is better described as a property rights economist than as an Austrian economist. In 1988, Boettke noted that Rothbard "vehemently attacked all of the books of the younger Austrians".[109]

Ethics edit

 
Ludwig von Mises

Although Rothbard adopted Ludwig von Mises' deductive methodology for his social theory and economics,[110] he parted with Mises on the question of ethics. Specifically, he rejected Mises' conviction that ethical values remain subjective and opposed utilitarianism in favor of principle-based, natural law reasoning. In defense of his free market views, Mises employed utilitarian economic arguments aimed at demonstrating that interventionist policies made all of society worse off. Rothbard countered that interventionist policies do in fact benefit some people, including certain government employees and beneficiaries of social programs. Therefore, unlike Mises, Rothbard argued for an objective, natural-law basis for the free market.[44]: 87–89  He called this principle "self-ownership", loosely basing the idea on the writings of John Locke and also borrowing concepts from classical liberalism and the anti-imperialism of the Old Right.[8]: 134 

Rothbard accepted the labor theory of property, but rejected the Lockean proviso, arguing that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land, then he becomes the proper owner eternally and that after that time it is private property which may change hands only by trade or gift.[111]

Rothbard was a strong critic of egalitarianism. The title essay of Rothbard's 1974 book Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays held: "Equality is not in the natural order of things, and the crusade to make everyone equal in every respect (except before the law) is certain to have disastrous consequences".[112] In it, Rothbard wrote: "At the heart of the egalitarian left is the pathological belief that there is no structure of reality; that all the world is a tabula rasa that can be changed at any moment in any desired direction by the mere exercise of human will".[113]

Noam Chomsky critiqued Rothbard's ideal society as "a world so full of hate that no human being would want to live in it ... First of all, it couldn't function for a second—and if it could, all you'd want to do is get out, or commit suicide or something."[114]

Anarcho-capitalism edit

According to anarcho-capitalists, various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to anarcho-capitalism, yet Rothbard was credited with coining the terms "anarcho-capitalist" and "anarch-capitalism" in 1971 (though "anarchocapitalism [sic]" had been attested earliest in Karl Hess's 1969 essay The Death of Politics[115][116][self-published source?]).[117][118][self-published source?] He synthesized elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism and 19th-century American individualist anarchists into a right-wing form of anarchism.[119][120][10] According to his protégé Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "[t]here would be no anarcho-capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard".[22] Lew Rockwell in a memoriam called Rothbard the "conscience" of all the various strains of what he described as "libertarian anarchism", and said their advocates had often been personally inspired by his example.[121]

During his years at graduate school in the late 1940s, Rothbard considered whether a strict adherence to libertarian and laissez-faire principles required the abolition of the state altogether. He visited Baldy Harper, a founder of the Foundation for Economic Education,[122] who doubted the need for any government whatsoever. Rothbard said that during this period, he was influenced by 19th-century American individualist anarchists like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker and the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari who wrote about how such a system could work.[44]: 12–13  Thus, he "combined the laissez-faire economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state" from individualist anarchists.[123] Edward Stringham opined that: "In the late 1940s, Murray Rothbard decided that that [sic] private-property anarchism was the logical conclusion of free-market thinking [...]."[124]

Rothbard began to consider himself a "private property anarchist"[citation needed] and published works about private property anarchism in 1954;[124] later, in 1971, he began to use "anarcho-capitalist" to describe his political ideology.[118][125][126] In his anarcho-capitalist model, the system of private property is upheld by private firms, such as hypothesized protection agencies, which compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services. Anarcho-capitalists describe this as "the end of the state monopoly on force".[125] In this way Rothbard differed from Mises, who favored a state to uphold markets.[10]

In an unpublished article he wrote that economically speaking individualist anarchism is different from anarcho-capitalism, and jokingly pondered whether libertarians should adopt the term nonarchist. Rothbard concluded the article by affirming that he is neither an anarchist or an "archist" but rather a middle of the roader on the archy question.[127][third-party source needed]

In Man, Economy, and State, Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories: "autistic intervention" (interference with private non-economic activities); "binary intervention", (exchange between individuals and the state); and "triangular intervention" (state-mandated exchange between individuals). Sanford Ikeda wrote that Rothbard's typology "eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises's original formulation".[128][129] Rothbard writes in Power and Market that the role of the economist in a free market is limited, but it is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations. Rothbard argues that self-interest therefore prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention.[130][131]

Race, gender, and civil rights edit

Michael O'Malley, associate professor of history at George Mason University, describes Rothbard's tone toward the civil rights movement and the women's suffrage movement as "contemptuous and hostile".[26] Rothbard criticized women's rights activists, attributing the growth of the welfare state to politically active spinsters "whose busybody inclinations were not fettered by the responsibilities of health and heart".[citation needed] Rothbard argued that the progressive movement, which he regarded as a noxious influence on the United States, was spearheaded by a coalition of Yankee Protestants (people from the six New England states and upstate New York who were Protestants of English descent), Jewish women and "lesbian spinsters".[132]

Rothbard called for the elimination of "the entire 'civil rights' structure", which he said "tramples on the property rights of every American". He consistently favored repeal of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII regarding employment discrimination,[133] and called for overturning the Brown v. Board of Education decision on the grounds that state-mandated integration of schools violated libertarian principles.[134] In an essay called "Right-wing Populism", Rothbard proposed a set of measures to "reach out" to the "middle and working classes", which included urging the police to crack down on "street criminals", writing that "cops must be unleashed" and "allowed to administer instant punishment, subject of course to liability when they are in error". He also advocated that the police "clear the streets of bums and vagrants."[135][32]

Rothbard held strong opinions about many leaders of the civil rights movement. He considered black separatist Malcolm X to be a "great black leader" and integrationist Martin Luther King Jr. to be favored by whites because he "was the major restraining force on the developing Negro revolution".[8]: 167  Jacob Jensen writes that Rothbard's commentary from the 1960s, approving of both "black power" and "white power" in separated communities, amounted to support for racial segregation.[136] In 1993, Rothbard rejected the vision of a "separate black nation", asking "does anyone really believe that ... New Africa would be content to strike out on its own, with no massive "foreign aid" from the U.S.A.?".[137] Rothbard also suggested that opposition to Martin Luther King Jr., whom he demeaned as a "coercive integrationist", should be a litmus test for members of his "paleolibertarian" political movement.[138]

Rothbard is described by the historian John P. Jackson Jr. as espousing antisemitism despite Rothbard's own background as a secular Jew.[28] One former student described Rothbard as privately using the anti-Jewish slur "kikes" repeatedly.[28] Rothbard also befriended the Holocaust deniers Willis Carto and Harry Elmer Barnes.[28]

Views on war edit

Like Randolph Bourne, Rothbard believed that "war is the health of the state". According to David Gordon, this was the reason for Rothbard's opposition to aggressive foreign policy.[63] Rothbard believed that stopping new wars was necessary and that knowledge of how government had led citizens into earlier wars was important. Two essays expanded on these views "War, Peace, and the State" and "Anatomy of the State". Rothbard used insights of Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels to build a model of state personnel, goals and ideology.[139][140][third-party source needed]

Rothbard's colleague Joseph Stromberg notes that Rothbard made two exceptions to his general condemnation of war: "the American Revolution and the War for Southern Independence, as viewed from the Confederate side", referring to the American Civil War.[141] Rothbard condemned the "Northern war against slavery", saying it was inspired by "fanatical" religious faith and characterized by "a cheerful willingness to uproot institutions, to commit mayhem and mass murder, to plunder and loot and destroy, all in the name of high moral principle".[142][143][144] He celebrated Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and other prominent Confederates as heroes while denouncing Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant and other Union leaders, who he said had "opened the Pandora's Box of genocide and the extermination of civilians".[145][146]

Rothbard saw secession movements as a tool for undermining and disintegrating the state, according to historian Quinn Slobodian, who wrote that "Rothbard's life was marked by a search for signs of potential secession" and that "When he found them, he did his best to deepen them."[11]

Historical revisionism edit

Rothbard embraced "historical revisionism"[clarification needed] as an antidote to what he perceived to be the dominant influence exerted by corrupt "court intellectuals" over mainstream historical narratives.[28][8]: 15, 62, 141 [147] His friend Harry Elmer Barnes, the Holocaust-denying historian, used similar language, "court historians".[28] Rothbard wrote that these mainstream intellectuals distorted the historical record in favor of "the state" in exchange for "wealth, power, and prestige" from the state.[8]: 15  Rothbard characterized the revisionist task as "penetrating the fog of lies and deception of the State and its Court Intellectuals, and to present to the public the true history".[147]

Rothbard worked with antisemitic writers in developing an isolationist revisionist history of World War II.[28] He was influenced by and called a champion of Barnes.[147][27][148] Rothbard favorably cited Barnes' view that "the murder of Germans and Japanese was the overriding aim of World War II".[citation needed]In an obituary for Barnes, Rothbard wrote: "Our entry into World War II was the crucial act in foisting a permanent militarization upon the economy and society, in bringing to the country a permanent garrison state, an overweening military–industrial complex, a permanent system of conscription. It was the crucial act in creating a mixed economy run by Big Government, a system of state monopoly capitalism run by the central government in collaboration with Big Business and Big Unionism."[149] In addition to broadly supporting his historical views, Rothbard promoted Barnes as an influence for future revisionists.[150]

Rothbard's endorsing of World War II revisionism and his association with Barnes and other Holocaust deniers have drawn criticism. Kevin D. Williamson wrote an opinion piece published by National Review which condemned Rothbard for "making common cause with the 'revisionist' historians of the Third Reich", a term he used to describe American Holocaust deniers associated with Rothbard, such as James J. Martin of the Institute for Historical Review. The piece also characterized "Rothbard and his faction" as being "culpably indulgent" of Holocaust denial, the view which "specifically denies that the Holocaust actually happened or holds that it was in some way exaggerated".[29]

In an article for Rothbard's 50th birthday, Rothbard's friend and Buffalo State College historian Ralph Raico stated that Rothbard "is the main reason that revisionism has become a crucial part of the whole libertarian position".[151]

Middle East conflict edit

Rothbard's The Libertarian Forum blamed the Middle East conflict on Israeli aggression "fueled by American arms and money". Rothbard warned that the Middle East conflict would draw the United States into a world war. He was anti-Zionist and opposed United States involvement in the Middle East. Rothbard said the Camp David Accords betrayed Palestinian aspirations and opposed Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon.[152] In his essay, "War Guilt in the Middle East", Rothbard wrote that Israel refused "to let these refugees return and reclaim the property taken from them".[153] He took negative views of a two state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, saying: "On the one hand there are the Palestinian Arabs, who have tilled the soil or otherwise used the land of Palestine for centuries; and on the other, there are a group of external fanatics, who come from all over the world, and who claim the entire land area as 'given' to them as a collective religion or tribe at some remote or legendary time in the past. There is no way the two claims can be resolved to the satisfaction of both parties. There can be no genuine settlement, no 'peace' in the face of this irrepressible conflict; there can only be either a war to the death, or an uneasy practical compromise which can satisfy no one."[154]

Children's rights and parental obligations edit

In the Ethics of Liberty, Rothbard explores issues regarding children's rights in terms of self-ownership and contract.[155] These include support for a woman's right to abortion, condemnation of parents showing aggression towards children and opposition to the state forcing parents to care for children. He also holds children have the right to run away from parents and seek new guardians as soon as they are able to choose to do so. He argued that parents have the right to put a child out for adoption or sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract in what Rothbard suggests will be a "flourishing free market in children". He believes that selling children as consumer goods in accord with market forces—while "superficially monstrous"—will benefit "everyone" involved in the market: "the natural parents, the children, and the foster parents purchasing".[156][157]

In Rothbard's view of parenthood, "the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed, clothe, or educate his children, since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights".[156] Thus, Rothbard stated that parents should have the legal right to let any infant die by starvation and should be free to engage in other forms of child neglect. However, according to Rothbard, "the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children". In a fully libertarian society, he wrote, "the existence of a free baby market will bring such 'neglect' down to a minimum".[156]

Economist Gene Callahan of Cardiff University, formerly a scholar at the Rothbard-affiliated Mises Institute, wrote that Rothbard allowed "the logical elegance of his legal theory" to "trump any arguments based on the moral reprehensibility of a parent idly watching her six-month-old child slowly starve to death in its crib".[158]

Retributive theory of criminal justice edit

In The Ethics of Liberty, Rothbard advocates for a "frankly retributive theory of punishment" or a system of "a tooth (or two teeth) for a tooth".[159] Rothbard emphasizes that all punishment must be proportional, stating that "the criminal, or invader, loses his rights to the extent that he deprived another man of his".[160] Applying his retributive theory, Rothbard states that a thief "must pay double the extent of theft". Rothbard gives the example of a thief who stole $15,000 and says he not only would have to return the stolen money, but also provide the victim an additional $15,000, money to which the thief has forfeited his right. The thief would be "put in a [temporary] state of enslavement to his victim"[citation needed] if he is unable to pay him immediately. Rothbard also applies his theory to justify beating and torturing violent criminals, although the beatings are required to be proportional to the crimes for which they are being punished.

Torture of criminal suspects edit

In chapter twelve of Ethics,[161] Rothbard turns his attention to suspects arrested by the police.[158] He argues that police should be able to torture certain types of criminal suspects, including accused murderers, for information related to their alleged crime. Writes Rothbard: "Suppose ... police beat and torture a suspected murderer to find information (not to wring a confession, since obviously a coerced confession could never be considered valid). If the suspect turns out to be guilty, then the police should be exonerated, for then they have only ladled out to the murderer a parcel of what he deserves in return; his rights had already been forfeited by more than that extent. But if the suspect is not convicted, then that means that the police have beaten and tortured an innocent man, and that they in turn must be put into the dock for criminal assault".[161] Gene Callahan examines this position and concludes that Rothbard rejects the widely held belief that torture is inherently wrong, no matter who the victim. Callahan goes on to state that Rothbard's scheme gives the police a strong motive to frame the suspect after having tortured him or her.[158]

Science and scientism edit

In an essay condemning "scientism in the study of man", Rothbard rejected the application of causal determinism to human beings, arguing that the actions of human beings—as opposed to those of everything else in nature—are not determined by prior causes, but by "free will".[162] He argued that "determinism as applied to man, is a self-contradictory thesis, since the man who employs it relies implicitly on the existence of free will"[citation needed]. Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics, history, ethics and political science to create a "science of liberty". Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho-capitalist position in two of his books: For a New Liberty, published in 1973; and The Ethics of Liberty, published in 1982. In his Power and Market (1970), Rothbard describes how a stateless economy might function.[third-party source needed]

Works edit

Articles edit

  • The Individualist (Apr., Jul.–Aug. 1971); Revised and republished by the Center for Independent Education (1979). OCLC 3710568.
  • "Soviet Foreign Policy: A Revisionist Perspective." Libertarian Review (Apr. 1978), pp. 23–27.
  • "His Only Crime Was Against the Old Guard: Milken." Los Angeles Times (Mar. 3, 1992).
  • "Anti-Buchanania: A Mini-Encyclopedia." Rothbard-Rockwell Report (May 1992), pp. 1–13.
  • "Saint Hillary and the Religious Left." (Dec. 1994).
  • "The Other Side of the Coin: Free Banking in Chile." Austrian Economics Newsletter, vol. 10, no. 2.

Books edit

2nd ed. (Scholar's Ed.) published in Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2004). ISBN 0945466307. Full text.
Republished, Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2004). ISBN 1933550082.
5th ed. published in Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2005). ISBN 0945466056.
Republished, Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2004). ISBN 0945466307.
Republished in Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2009). ISBN 978-1933550480.
2nd ed., Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2000). ISBN 0945466234.
Republished, Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2012). ISBN 0945466269.
Reprinted as Economic Controversies. Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2011).
Republished in Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2007). ISBN 978-1105528781.
Republished in Auburn, Alab: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2007). ISBN 094546617X.
Despite posthumous publication in 2007, it appears in print virtually unchanged from the manuscript untouched since the 1970s.

Book contributions edit

Monographs edit

Interviews edit

  • "Interview with Murray Rothbard on Man, Economy, and State, Mises, and the Future of the Austrian School" (Summer 1990). Austrian Economics Newsletter.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Stout, David (January 11, 1995). "Murray N. Rothbard, Economist and Free-Market Exponent, 68". The New York Times. from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  2. ^ Lewis, David Charles (2006). "Rothbard, Murray Newton (1926–1995)". In Ross Emmett (ed.). Biographical Dictionary of American Economists. Thoemmes. ISBN 978-1-84371112-4.
  3. ^ David Boaz, April 25, 2007, Libertarianism – The Struggle Ahead November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica blog; reprinted at the Cato Institute: "a professional economist and also a movement builder".
  4. ^ F. Eugene Heathe, 2007. Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, Sage, 89: "an economist of the Austrian school".
  5. ^ a b c d Ronald Hamowy, ed., 2008, The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, Cato Institute, Sage, ISBN 1-41296580-2, p. 62: "a leading economist of the Austrian school"; pp. 11, 365, 458: "Austrian economist".
  6. ^ Bessner, Daniel (December 8, 2014). "Murray Rothbard, political strategy, and the making of modern libertarianism". Intellectual History Review. 24 (4): 441–456. doi:10.1080/17496977.2014.970371. S2CID 143391240.
  7. ^ Matthews, Peter Hans; Ortmann, Andreas (July 2002). "An Austrian (Mis)Reads Adam Smith: A critique of Rothbard as intellectual historian". Review of Political Economy. 14 (3): 379–392. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.535.510. doi:10.1080/09538250220147895. S2CID 39872371.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61592-239-0. OCLC 43541222.
  9. ^ a b c Doherty, Brian (2008). "Rothbard, Murray (1926–1995)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. pp. 10, 441–443. ISBN 978-1412965804. OCLC 233969448.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Jensen, Jacob (April 2022). "Repurposing Mises: Murray Rothbard and the Birth of Anarchocapitalism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 83 (2): 315–332. doi:10.1353/jhi.2022.0015. ISSN 1086-3222. PMID 35603616. S2CID 248985277. from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Slobodian, Quinn (2023). Crack-up capitalism: market radicals and the dream of a world without democracy (1st ed.). New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-250-75390-8.
  12. ^ Newman, Saul (March 24, 2010), The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press, p. 43, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748634958.003.0006, retrieved September 4, 2023
  13. ^ Goodway, David (October 1, 2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool University Press. doi:10.5949/upo9781846312557. ISBN 978-1-84631-025-6.
  14. ^ Kinna, Ruth (October 29, 2013), "Anarchism", Sociology, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0059, ISBN 978-0-19-975638-4, retrieved September 4, 2023
  15. ^ Rothbard, Murray. The Great Society: A Libertarian Critique June 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Lew Rockwell.
  16. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1997). "The Myth of Neutral Taxation". The Logic of Action Two: Applications and Criticism from the Austrian School. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. p. 67. ISBN 978-1858985701. First published in The Cato Journal, Fall 1981.
  17. ^ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1998). "Introduction". The Ethics of Liberty. Ludwig von Mises Institute. from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  18. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2002) [1982]. "The Nature of the State". The Ethics of Liberty. New York: New York University Press. pp. 167–68. ISBN 978-0814775066. from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Rothbard, Murray (2008) [1983]. The Mystery of Banking (2nd ed.). Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-1933550282. from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  20. ^ a b Casey, Gerard (2010). Meadowcroft, John (ed.). Murray Rothbard. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers. Vol. 15. London: Continuum. pp. 4–5, 129. ISBN 978-1441142092.
  21. ^ Klausner, Manuel S. (Feb. 1973). An Interview with Murray Rothbard and Leonard Liggio. Reason. Full issue. September 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ a b Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (December 31, 2001). "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography". from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  23. ^ a b Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1999). "Murray N. Rothbard: Economics, Science, and Liberty." February 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Mises.org
  24. ^ a b Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O., eds. (2006). "Rothbard, Murray (1926–95)". American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books. p. 750. ISBN 978-1-932236-43-9. Only after several decades of teaching at the Polytechnic Institute of New York did Rothbard obtain an endowed chair, and like that of Mises at NYU, his own at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas was established by an admiring benefactor.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hawley, George (2016). Right-wing critics of American conservatism. Lawrence. pp. 159–167. ISBN 978-0-7006-2193-4. OCLC 925410917.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^ a b O'Malley, Michael (2012). Face Value: The Entwined Histories of Money and Race in America. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 205–07
  27. ^ a b Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino, Editors, International Encyclopedia of Political Science, Volume 1, "Revisionism" entry, Sage, 2011 p. 2310, ISBN 1412959632
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jackson, John P. Jr (2021). "The Pre-History of American Holocaust Denial". American Jewish History. 105 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1353/ajh.2021.0002. S2CID 239763082. from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  29. ^ a b Williamson, Kevin D. (January 23, 2012). "Courting the Cranks."National Review, January 2013 ed., p. 4 (subscription required) October 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ a b c Sanchez, Julian; Weigel, David (January 16, 2008). "Who Wrote Ron Paul's Newsletters?". Reason. from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  31. ^ Zwolinski, Matt; Tomasi, John (2023). The Individualists: Radicals, Reactionaries, and the Struggle for the Soul of Libertarianism. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0691155548.
  32. ^ a b Massimino, Cory (2021). "Two cheers for Rothbardianism". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). Routledge handbook of anarchy and anarchist thought. Routledge handbooks. London: Routlege, Taylor & Francis group. ISBN 978-1-138-73758-7.
  33. ^ Slobodian, Quinn (November 2019). "Anti-'68ers and the Racist-Libertarian Alliance: How a Schism among Austrian School Neoliberals Helped Spawn the Alt Right". Cultural Politics. 15 (3): 372–386. doi:10.1215/17432197-7725521. S2CID 213717695.
  34. ^ Cooper, Melinda (November 2021). "The Alt-Right: Neoliberalism, Libertarianism and the Fascist Temptation". Theory, Culture & Society. 38 (6): 29–50. doi:10.1177/0263276421999446. S2CID 233528701.
  35. ^ Ganz, John (September 19, 2017). "Libertarians Have More in Common with the Alt-right than They Want You to Think". The Washington Post. from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  36. ^ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1999). "Murray N. Rothbard: Economics, Science, and Liberty". The Ludwig von Mises Institute. from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014. Reprinted from 15 Great Austrian Economists, edited by Randall G. Holcombe.
  37. ^ Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Prometheus Books, Publishers. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-61592-239-0. from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  38. ^ a b Rothbard, Murray. "Life in the Old Right". Lew Rockwell. from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  39. ^ "History". NYYRC. from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  40. ^ a b c Doherty, Brian (2007). Radicals for capitalism : a freewheeling history of the modern American libertarian movement. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-350-0. OCLC 76141517.
  41. ^ McCarthy, Daniel (March 12, 2007). . The American Conservative. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  42. ^ French, Doug (December 27, 2010) Burns Diary Exposes the Myth of Fed Independence September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Ludwig von Mises Institute
  43. ^ David Gordon, 2010, ed., Confidential: The Private Volker Fund Memos of Murray N. Rothbard September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Quote from Rothbard: "The Volker Fund concept was to find and grant research funds to hosts of libertarian and right-wing scholars and to draw these scholars together via seminars, conferences, etc."
  44. ^ a b c d Gordon, David (2007). The Essential Rothbard (PDF). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1-933550-10-7. OCLC 123960448. (PDF) from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  45. ^ Kaldis, Byron (2013). Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences. United States: Sage Publications. p. 44. ISBN 978-1506332611.
  46. ^ "JoAnn Beatrice Schumacher Rothbard (1928-1999)". October 30, 1999. from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  47. ^ Scott Sublett, "Libertarians' Storied Guru", Washington Times, July 30, 1987
  48. ^ Hawley 2016, p. 162.
  49. ^ a b c d e David Stout, Obituary: Murray N. Rothbard, Economist And Free-Market Exponent, 68 September 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, January 11, 1995.
  50. ^ Peter G. Klein, ed., F. A. Hayek, The Fortunes of Liberalism: Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom, University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 54, ISBN 0-22632116-9
  51. ^ Rockwell, Llewellyn H (May 31, 2007). "Three National Treasures." September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Mises.org
  52. ^ Herbener, J. (1995). L. Rockwell (ed.), Murray Rothbard, In Memoriam December 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 87
  53. ^ a b Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532487-7.
  54. ^ "Mises and Rothbard Letters to Ayn Rand" July 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 21, No. 4 (Winter 2007): 11–16.
  55. ^ Chris Matthew Sciabarra, Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism, Penn State Press, 2000. p. 165, ISBN 0-27102049-0
  56. ^ a b Mozart Was a Red: A Morality Play in One Act September 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Lew Rockwell, by Murray N. Rothbard, early 1960s, with an introduction by Justin Raimondo
  57. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1972). "The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult." December 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Lew Rockwell.
  58. ^ Kauffman, Bill (May 19, 2008). "When the Left Was Right". The American Conservative. from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  59. ^ Riggenbach, Jeff (May 13, 2010). "Karl Hess and the Death of Politics". Mises Institute. Ludwig von Mises Institute. from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  60. ^ Ronald Lora, William Henry Longton, editors, The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America, Chapter "The Libertarian Forum", Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 372, ISBN 0313213909,
  61. ^ "The Myths of Reaganomics | Mises Institute". mises.org. June 9, 2004. from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  62. ^ Perry, Marvin (1999). "Libertarian Forum 1969–1986". In Lora, Ronald; Henry, William Longton (eds.). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-313-21390-8. OCLC 40481045.
  63. ^ a b c d Gordon, David. "Biography of Murray N. Rothbard (1926–1995)". Ludwig von Mises Institute. from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  64. ^ Hawley 2016, p. 129, 164.
  65. ^ a b c Burris, Charles (February 4, 2011). "Kochs v. Soros: A Partial Backstory". LewRockwell.com. from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  66. ^ "25 years at the Cato Institute: The 2001 Annual Report" (PDF). pp. 11, 12. (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  67. ^ "The Story of the Mises Institute". Ludwig von Mises Institute. September 19, 2018. from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  68. ^ Lee, Frederic S., and Cronin, Bruce C. (2010). "Research Quality Rankings of Heterodox Economic Journals in a Contested Discipline." March 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 69(5): 1428
  69. ^ Hawley 2016, p. 128.
  70. ^ Rothbard, Murray (November 1994). "Big Government Libertarianism" January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, LewRockwell.com
  71. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2010). "A Strategy for the Right". Mises Institute. mises.org. from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  72. ^ Rothbard, Murray (January 1992). . LewRockwell.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2013. Originally published in the January 1992 Rothbard-Rockwell Report.
  73. ^ Hawley 2016, p. 166.
  74. ^ Hawley 2016, p. 164.
  75. ^ Rothbard, Murray. "Strategy for the Right". LewRockwell.com. from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2013. First published in The Rothbard-Rockwell Report, January 1992.
  76. ^ Rockwell, Llewellyn H. Jr. (April 8, 2005). "Still the State's Greatest Living Enemy". Mises Daily. Ludwig von Mises Institute. from the original on September 20, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  77. ^ Rothbard, Murray (June 1, 1992) "Little Texan Connects Big With Masses: Perot is a populist in the content of his views and in the manner of his candidacy" October 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times
  78. ^ Rothbard, Murray (July 30, 1992). "Hold Back the Hordes for 4 More Years: Any sensible American has one real choice – George Bush". Los Angeles Times. from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  79. ^ Raimondo, Justin (October 1, 2012). "Race for the White House, 2012: Whom to Root For?". Antiwar.com. from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  80. ^ Reese, Charley (October 14, 1993) "The U.S. Standard Of Living Will Decline If Nafta Is Approved" May 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Orlando Sentinel
  81. ^ Lew Rockwell, "What I Learned From Paleoism" June 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, LewRockwell.com, 2002.
  82. ^ Rothbard, JoAnn. (PDF). Auburn, AL: von Mises Institute. p. vii–ix. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  83. ^ Sciabarra, Chris (2000). Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism, Penn State Press, 2000. p. 358, ISBN 0-27102049-0
  84. ^ Vance, Laurence M (March 15, 2011). "Is Libertarianism Compatible with Religion?" Lew Rockwell.
  85. ^ Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Prometheus Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-61592-239-0. from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  86. ^ Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State: the Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Prometheus Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-57392809-0. In the same letter, he reiterates his atheism: "On the religion question, we paleolibertarians are not theocrats," he writes. "Obviously, I could not be myself, both as a libertarian and as an atheist." However, he continued, "the left-libertarian hostility to religion, based as it is on ignorance and the bitterness of "aging adolescent rebels against bourgeois America", is "monstrous."
  87. ^ Casey, Gerard (2010). Meadowcroft, John (ed.). Murray Rothbard. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers. Vol. 15. London: Continuum. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4411-4209-2.
  88. ^ Murray N. Rothbard, In Memoriam December 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Preface by JoAnn Rothbard, edited by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr, published by Ludwig von Mises Institute,1995.
  89. ^ a b Rothbard, Murray (1976). Praxeology: The Methodology of Austrian Economics July 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Mises.org
  90. ^ . mises.org. Archived from the original on September 16, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  91. ^ Mark Skousen. The Making of Modern Economics (M. E. Sharpe, 2009, p. 390). Skousen writes that Rothbard "refused to write for the academic journals."
  92. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1991) [1962]. "The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar". Ludwig von Mises Institute. from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  93. ^ North, Gary (October 10, 2009). "What Is Money? Part 5: Fractional Reserve Banking". LewRockwell.com. from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  94. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2006) [1995]. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Vol. 1. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 435. ISBN 0-945466-48-X.
  95. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2006) [1995]. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Vol. 1. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 453. ISBN 0-945466-48-X.
  96. ^ Casey, Gerard (2010). Murray Rothbard. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4411-4209-2.
  97. ^ Tony Endres, review of Classical Economics: An Austrian Perspective, History of Economics Review, http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf-back/23-RA-7.pdf January 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^ Keynes the Man September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, originally published in Dissent on Keynes: A Critical Appraisal of Keynesian Economics, Edited by Mark Skousen. New York: Praeger, 1992, pp. 171–98; Online ed. at The Ludwig von Mises Institute
  99. ^ Gordon, David (1999). "John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control." September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine The Mises Review
  100. ^ Ruger, William (2013). Meadowcroft, John, ed. Milton Friedman. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers. New York, NY: Bloomsbury. p. 174
  101. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1971). "Milton Friedman Unraveled." March 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell.com
  102. ^ Doherty, Brian (1995). "Best of Both Worlds." April 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Reason
  103. ^ Rockwell, Llewellyn (1995). (PDF). Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. pp. 33–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  104. ^ In Defense of "Extreme Apriorism" Murray N. Rothbard Southern Economic Journal, January 1957, pp. 314–20
  105. ^ Kirzner, Israel. "Interview of Israel Kirzner". Mises Institute. from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  106. ^ Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink (1985). "Inconsistent Equilibrium Constructs: The Evenly Rotating Equilibrium Economy of Mises and Rothbard". American Economic Review. 75 (4): 866–869. JSTOR 1821365.
  107. ^ Gunning, Patrick (November 23, 2014). "Mises on the Evenly Rotating Economy". Journal of Austrian Economics. 3 (3). from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  108. ^ "Missing Milton Friedman". The Economist. June 22, 2011. ISSN 0013-0613. from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  109. ^ Boettke, Peter (1988). "Economists and Liberty: Murray N. Rothbard". Nomos: 29ff. from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  110. ^ Grimm, Curtis M.; Hunn, Lee; Smith, Ken G. Strategy as Action: Competitive Dynamics and Competitive Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 43
  111. ^ Kyriazi, Harold (2004). "31 Reckoning with Rothbard". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 63 (2): 451–84. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2004.00298.x.
  112. ^ George C. Leef, "Book Review of Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays by Murray Rothbard", edited by David Gordon (2000 ed.) October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Freeman, July 2001.
  113. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2003). "Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays" June 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, essay published in full at Lewrockwell.com. See also Rothbard's essay "The Struggle Over Egalitarianism Continues" September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, the 1991 introduction to republication of Freedom, Inequality, Primitivism, and the Division of Labor, Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 2008.
  114. ^ Schoeffel, John; Chomsky, Noam (2011). Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4587-8817-7. from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  115. ^ Hess, Karl (2003) [March 1969]. "The Death of Politics". Faré's Home Page. Playboy. Retrieved October 9, 2023. Laissez-faire capitalism, or anarchocapitalism [sic], is simply the economic form of the libertarian ethic. Laissez-faire capitalism encompasses the notion that men should exchange goods and services, without regulation, solely on the basis of value for value. It recognizes charity and communal enterprises as voluntary versions of this same ethic. Such a system would be straight barter, except for the widely felt need for a division of labor in which men, voluntarily, accept value tokens such as cash and credit. Economically, this system is anarchy, and proudly so.
  116. ^ Johnson, Charles (August 28, 2015). "Karl Hess on Anarcho-Capitalism". Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved October 9, 2023. In fact, the earliest documented, printed use of the word "anarcho-capitalism" that I can find [...] actually comes neither from Wollstein nor from Rothbard, but from Karl Hess's manifesto "The Death of Politics," which was published in Playboy in March, 1969.]
  117. ^ Leeson, Robert (2017). Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market. Springer. p. 180. ISBN 978-3-319-60708-5. To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard coined the term) [...].
  118. ^ a b Flood, Anthony (2010). Untitled preface to Rothbard's "Know Your Rights", originally published in WIN: Peace and Freedom through Nonviolent Action, Volume 7, No. 4, 1 March 1971, 6–10. Flood's quote: "Rothbard's neologism, 'anarchocapitalism,' probably makes its first appearance in print here."
  119. ^ Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3, p. 290; quote: "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker."
  120. ^ Robert Leeson (2017). Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market. Springer. p. 180. ISBN 978-3-319-60708-5. To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard coined the term) [...].
  121. ^ Rockwell, Llewellyn (1995). "Murray N. Rothbard: In Memoriam." December 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine p. 117
  122. ^ Ronald Hamowy, ed. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 623. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2020.Rothbard, Murray N (August 17, 2007). "Floyd Arthur 'Baldy' Harper, RIP". Mises Daily.
  123. ^ Miller, David, ed. (1991). Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3.
  124. ^ a b Stringham, Edward Peter (2007). "Chapter 1: Introduction". Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
  125. ^ a b Roberta Modugno Crocetta, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism in the contemporary debate. A critical defense November 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
  126. ^ Oliver, Michael (February 25, 1972). "Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard". The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2016. Capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism.
  127. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1950s). "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?" January 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  128. ^ Ikeda, Sanford, Dynamics of the Mixed Economy: Toward a Theory of Interventionism, Routledge UK, 1997, p. 245.
  129. ^ Rothbard, Murray. Chapter 2 "Fundamentals of Intervention" September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine from Man, Economy and State, Ludwig von Mises Institute.
  130. ^ Peter G. Klein, "Why Intellectuals Still Support Socialism" April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Ludwig von Mises Institute, November 15, 2006
  131. ^ Man, Economy, and State, Chapter 7 – Conclusion: Economics and Public Policy September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
  132. ^ Murray N. Rothbard (August 11, 2006). "Origins of the Welfare State in America" October 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. mises.org.
  133. ^ . archive.lewrockwell.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  134. ^ "Open Borders Are an Assault on Private Property – LewRockwell LewRockwell.com". from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  135. ^ . archive.lewrockwell.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  136. ^ Jensen 2022, p. 325–326.
  137. ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (February 1993). "Their Malcolm ... and Mine." March 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell.com
  138. ^ Rothbard, Murray (November 1994). "Big-Government Libertarians." January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell.com
  139. ^ Stromberg, Joseph R. (January 10, 2005) [first published June 12, 2000]. "Murray Rothbard on States, War, and Peace: Part I". Antiwar.com. from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2009. Also see Part II April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, originally published June 20, 2000.
  140. ^ See both essays: Rothbard, Murray. "War, Peace, and the State" May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, first published 1963; "Anatomy of the State" September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, first published 1974.
  141. ^ Stromberg, Joseph (June 12, 2000). "Murray N. Rothbard on States, War, and Peace: Part I." August 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Antiwar.com
  142. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1991). "Just War." July 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell.com
  143. ^ Denson, J. (1997). Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories. (pp. 119–33). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  144. ^ Dilorenzo, Thomas (January 28, 2006). "More from Rothbard on War, Religion, and the State." February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell.com
  145. ^ Denson, John V. (1999). The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories. Transaction Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7. from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  146. ^ Barr, John McKee (2014). Loathing Lincoln: An American Tradition from the Civil War to the Present. LSU Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8071-5384-0. from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  147. ^ a b c Rothbard, Murray (February 1976). "The Case for Revisionism." September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Mises.org
  148. ^ Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 15, 62, 141. ISBN 978-1-61592-239-0. OCLC 43541222. Raimondo describes Rothbard as a "champion of Henry Elmer Barnes, the dean of world-war revisionism".
  149. ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (2007) [1968]. . Ludwig von Mises Institute. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2009. Article originally appeared in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought.
  150. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1968). In: Harry Elmer Barnes: Learned Crusader, edited by A. E. Goddard. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles. Archived from the original.
  151. ^ Raico, Ralph (May 23, 2010). "Rothbard at his Semi-Centennial". Mises Institute. from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  152. ^ Perry, Marvin (1999). "Libertarian Forum 1969–1986". In Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry (eds.). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-313-21390-8.
  153. ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (Autumn 1967). "War Guilt in the Middle East" (PDF). Left and Right. 3 (3): 20–30. (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2014. Reprinted in Rothbard, Murray N. (2007). Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (The Complete Edition, 1965–1968). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1-61016-040-7. OCLC 741754456.
  154. ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (April 1994). "The Vital Importance of Separation". The Rothbard-Rockwell Report.
  155. ^ Walker, John (1991). . Libertarians for Life. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  156. ^ a b c Murray N Rothbard (1982). "14 'Children and Rights'". The Ethics of Liberty. LvMI. ISBN 978-0814775592.
  157. ^ See also: Hamowy, Ronald (editor) (2008). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, Cato Institute, Sage, pp. 59–61, ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4 OCLC 233969448
  158. ^ a b c Callahan, Gene (February 2013). "Liberty versus Libertarianism". Politics, Philosophy & Economics. 12 (1): 48–67. doi:10.1177/1470594X11433739. ISSN 1470-594X. OCLC 828009007. S2CID 144062406.
  159. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1998). "Punishment and Proportionality". The Ethics of Liberty. New York University Press. pp. 85–97. ISBN 978-0-8147-7506-6. from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  160. ^ Morimura, Susumu (1999). "Libertarian theories of punishment." In P. Smith & P. Comanducci (Eds.), Legal Philosophy: General Aspects: Theoretical Examinations and Practical Application (pp. 135–38). New York, NY: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  161. ^ a b Rothbard, Murray (1998). "Self-Defense". The Ethics of Liberty. New York University Press. pp. 77–84. ISBN 978-0-8147-7506-6. from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  162. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1960). "The Mantle of Science." September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Reprinted from Scientism and Values, Helmut Schoeck and James W. Wiggins, eds. (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand), 1960, pp. 159–80, ISBN 978-0405004360 ; The Logic of Action One: Method, Money, and the Austrian School (Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 1997), pp. 3–23. ISBN 978-1858980157

Further reading edit

  • Block, Walter E. (Spring 2003). (PDF). Journal of Libertarian Studies. 17 (2). SSRN 1889456. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  • Boettke, Peter (Fall–Winter 1988). (PDF). Nomos: 29–34, 49–50. ISSN 0078-0979. OCLC 1760419. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  • Doherty, Brian (2007). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-350-1
  • Frech, H. E. (1973). "The public choice theory of Murray N. Rothbard, a modern anarchist". Public Choice. 14: 143–53. doi:10.1007/BF01718450. JSTOR 30022711. S2CID 154133800.
  • Hudík, Marek (2011). "Rothbardian demand: A critique". The Review of Austrian Economics. 24 (3): 311–18. doi:10.1007/s11138-011-0147-3. S2CID 153559003.
  • Klein, Daniel B. (Fall 2004). "Mere Libertarianism: Blending Hayek and Rothbard". Reason Papers. 27: 7–43. SSRN 473601.
  • Pack, Spencer J. (1998). (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. 1 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1007/s12113-998-1004-5. S2CID 153815373. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  • Touchstone, Kathleen (2010). (PDF). Libertarian Papers. 2 (18): 28. OCLC 820597333. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2013.

External links edit

  • Murray Rothbard full bibliography at Mises.org
  • Murray Rothbard publications indexed by Google Scholar

February 15, 2024
murray, rothbard, rothbard, redirects, here, other, uses, rothbard, disambiguation, this, article, rely, excessively, sources, closely, associated, with, subject, potentially, preventing, article, from, being, verifiable, neutral, please, help, improve, replac. Rothbard redirects here For other uses see Rothbard disambiguation This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable independent third party sources April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Murray Newton Rothbard ˈ r ɒ 8 b ɑːr d March 2 1926 January 7 1995 was an American economist 1 of the Austrian School 2 3 4 5 economic historian 6 7 political theorist 8 and activist Rothbard was a central figure in the 20th century American libertarian movement particularly its right wing strands and was a founder and leading theoretician of anarcho capitalism 9 10 11 12 13 14 He wrote over twenty books on political theory history economics and other subjects 9 Murray RothbardRothbard in the 1970sBornMurray Newton Rothbard 1926 03 02 March 2 1926New York City U S DiedJanuary 7 1995 1995 01 07 aged 68 New York City U S Resting placeOakwood Cemetery Unionville Virginia U S Organization s Center for Libertarian StudiesCato InstituteMises InstitutePolitical partyLibertarianMovementLibertarianism in the United StatesAcademic careerInstitutionBrooklyn Polytechnic InstituteUniversity of Nevada Las VegasFieldEconomic historyEthicsHistory of economic thoughtLegal philosophyPolitical philosophyPraxeologySchool ortraditionAustrian SchoolAlma materColumbia University AB 1945 MA 1946 PhD 1956 Other notable studentsHans Hermann HoppeSamuel Edward Konkin IIIWalter BlockInfluencesAristotle Aquinas Bastiat Bohm Bawerk Cajetan Cantillon Chodorov Condillac Francis Garrett Grotius Hazlitt Locke Mencken Menger Mises Nock Oppenheimer Paterson Spencer Spooner Tucker Turgot VitoriaContributionsAnarcho capitalismHistorical revisionismPaleolibertarianismLeft LibertarianismTitle transfer theory of contractRothbard argued that all services provided by the monopoly system of the corporate state 15 could be provided more efficiently by the private sector and wrote that the state is the organization of robbery systematized and writ large 16 17 18 He called fractional reserve banking a form of fraud and opposed central banking 19 He categorically opposed all military political and economic interventionism in the affairs of other nations 20 21 According to his protege Hans Hermann Hoppe t here would be no anarcho capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard 22 Hoppe described Rothbard as leading a fringe existence in academia 23 Rothbard rejected mainstream economic methodologies and instead embraced the praxeology of Ludwig von Mises Rothbard taught economics at a Wall Street division of New York University later at Brooklyn Polytechnic and after 1986 in an endowed position at the University of Nevada Las Vegas 8 24 Partnering with the oil billionaire Charles Koch Rothbard was a founder of the Cato Institute and the Center for Libertarian Studies in the 1970s 9 He broke with Koch and joined Lew Rockwell and Burton Blumert in 1982 to establish the Mises Institute in Alabama Rothbard opposed egalitarianism and the civil rights movement and blamed women s voting and activism for the growth of the welfare state 25 26 10 11 He promoted historical revisionism and befriended the Holocaust denier Harry Elmer Barnes 27 28 29 Later in his career Rothbard advocated a libertarian alliance with paleoconservatism which he called paleolibertarianism favoring right wing populism and defending David Duke 30 31 25 32 In the 2010s he received renewed attention as an influence on the alt right 33 10 34 35 Contents 1 Life and work 1 1 Education 1 2 Marriage Volker Fund and academia 1 3 Old Right 1 4 Conflict with Ayn Rand 1 5 New Left outreach 1 6 Libertarianism and Cato Institute 1 7 Mises Institute 1 8 Paleolibertarianism 1 9 Personal life 1 10 Death 2 Views 2 1 Austrian economics 2 1 1 Polemics against mainstream economics 2 1 2 Disputes with other Austrian economists 2 2 Ethics 2 3 Anarcho capitalism 2 4 Race gender and civil rights 2 5 Views on war 2 6 Historical revisionism 2 7 Middle East conflict 2 8 Children s rights and parental obligations 2 9 Retributive theory of criminal justice 2 9 1 Torture of criminal suspects 2 10 Science and scientism 3 Works 3 1 Articles 3 2 Books 3 3 Book contributions 3 4 Monographs 4 Interviews 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External linksLife and work editEducation edit Rothbard s parents were David and Rae Rothbard Jewish immigrants to the United States from Poland and Russia respectively David was a chemist 36 Murray attended Birch Wathen Lenox School a private school in New York City 37 He later said he much preferred Birch Wathen to the debasing and egalitarian public school system he had attended in the Bronx 38 Rothbard wrote of having grown up as a right winger adherent of the Old Right among friends and neighbors who were communists or fellow travelers He was a member of the New York Young Republican Club in his youth 39 Rothbard described his father as an individualist who embraced minimal government free enterprise private property and a determination to rise by one s own merits A ll socialism seemed to me monstrously coercive and abhorrent 38 In 1952 his father was trapped during a labor strike at the Tide Water Oil Refinery in New Jersey which he managed confirming their dislike of organized labor 40 nbsp Rothbard in the mid 1950sRothbard attended Columbia University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and a PhD in economics in 1956 His first political activism came in 1948 on behalf of the segregationist South Carolinian Strom Thurmond s presidential campaign In the 1948 presidential election Rothbard as a Jewish student at Columbia horrified his peers by organizing a Students for Strom Thurmond chapter so staunchly did he believe in states rights according to The American Conservative 41 The delay in receiving his PhD was due in part to conflict with his advisor Joseph Dorfman and in part to Arthur Burns s rejecting his dissertation Burns was a longtime friend of the Rothbards and their neighbor at their Manhattan apartment building It was only after Burns went on leave from the Columbia faculty to head President Eisenhower s Council of Economic Advisers that Rothbard s thesis was accepted and he received his doctorate 8 43 44 42 Rothbard later said that all his fellow students were extreme leftists and that he was one of only two Republicans at Columbia at the time 8 4 Marriage Volker Fund and academia edit During the 1940s Rothbard vetted articles for Leonard Read at the Foundation for Economic Education think tank became acquainted with Frank Chodorov and read widely in libertarian oriented works by Albert Jay Nock Garet Garrett Isabel Paterson H L Mencken and Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises 8 46 40 In the 1950s when Mises was teaching in the Wall Street division of the New York University Stern School of Business Rothbard attended his unofficial seminar 5 11 Rothbard was greatly influenced by Mises s book Human Action Rothbard wanted to promote libertarian activism by the mid 1950s he helped form the Circle Bastiat a libertarian and anarchist social group in New York City 5 40 He also joined the Mont Pelerin Society in the 1950s 11 Rothbard attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund a group that provided financial backing to promote right wing ideologies in the 1950s and early 1960s 43 The Volker Fund paid Rothbard to write a textbook to explain Human Action in a form that could be used to introduce college undergraduates to Mises s views a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises s approval For ten years the Volker Fund paid him a retainer as a senior analyst 8 54 As Rothbard continued his work he enlarged the project The result was his book Man Economy and State published in 1962 Upon its publication Mises praised Rothbard s work effusively 44 14 In contrast to Mises who considered security the primary justification for the state Rothbard in the 1950s began to argue for a privatized market for the military police and judiciary 10 Rothbard s 1963 book America s Great Depression blamed government policy failures for the Great Depression and challenged the widely held view that capitalism is unstable 45 In 1953 Rothbard married JoAnn Beatrice Schumacher September 17 1928 October 29 1999 46 whom he called Joey in New York City 44 124 She was a historian Rothbard s personal editor and a close adviser as well as hostess of his Rothbard Salon They enjoyed a loving marriage and Rothbard often called her the indispensable framework of his life and achievements According to her the Volker Fund s patronage allowed Rothbard to work from home as a freelance theorist and pundit for the first 15 years of their marriage 47 The Volker Fund collapsed in 1962 leading Rothbard to seek employment from various New York academic institutions He was offered a part time position teaching economics to engineering students at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1966 at age 40 The institution had no economics department or economics majors and Rothbard derided its social science department as Marxist but his biographer Justin Raimondo 48 writes that Rothbard liked teaching at Brooklyn Polytechnic because working only two days a week gave him freedom to contribute to developments in libertarian politics 8 Rothbard continued in this role until 1986 49 50 Then 60 years old Rothbard left Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute for the Lee Business School at the University of Nevada Las Vegas UNLV where he held the title of S J Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics a chair endowed by a libertarian businessman 51 24 According to Rothbard s friend colleague and fellow Misesian economist Hans Hermann Hoppe Rothbard led a fringe existence in academia but he was able to attract a large number of students and disciples through his writings thereby becoming the creator and one of the principal agents of the contemporary libertarian movement 23 Libertarian economist Jeffrey Herbener who called Rothbard his friend and intellectual mentor said in a memoriam that Rothbard received only ostracism from mainstream academia 52 Rothbard kept his position at UNLV from 1986 until his death 49 Old Right edit Throughout his life Rothbard engaged in a number of different political movements to promote Old Right and libertarian political principles George Hawley writes that unfortunately for Rothbard the Old Right was ending as an intellectual and political force just as he was maturing as an intellectual with the militantly anticommunist conservative movement exemplified by William F Buckley Jr supplanting the Old Right s isolationism 25 Rothbard was an admirer of Sen Joseph McCarthy not for McCarthy s Cold War views but his demagoguery which Rothbard credited for disrupting the establishment consensus of what Rothbard called corporate liberalism 25 Rothbard contributed many articles to Buckley s National Review but his relations with Buckley and the magazine soured as he criticized the conservative movement for militarism 25 Specifically Rothbard opposed how such militarism could justify and expand the power of the state 10 Rothbard befriended the Holocaust denier Harry Elmer Barnes in 1959 28 In a 1966 issue of Robert LeFevre s Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought devoted to historical revisionism Rothbard argued that western democracies had been to blame for starting World War I World War II and the Cold War 28 Rothbard published works by Barnes in his journals before and after Barnes death in 1968 including posthumously in the Cato Institute s journal 28 Conflict with Ayn Rand edit In 1954 Rothbard along with several other attendees of Mises s seminar joined the circle of novelist Ayn Rand the founder of Objectivism He soon parted from her writing among other things that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed but similar to those of Aristotle Thomas Aquinas and Herbert Spencer 8 109 14 In 1958 after the publication of Rand s novel Atlas Shrugged Rothbard wrote her a fan letter calling the book an infinite treasure house and not merely the greatest novel ever written but one of the very greatest books ever written fiction or nonfiction He also wrote Y ou introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy prompting him to learn the glorious natural rights tradition 8 121 132 34 53 145 182 54 Rothbard rejoined Rand s circle for a few months but soon broke with Rand again over various differences including his defense of his interpretation of anarchism Rothbard later satirized Rand s acolytes in his unpublished one act farce Mozart Was a Red 55 and his essay The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult 53 184 56 57 He characterized Rand s circle as a dogmatic personality cult His play parodies Rand through the character Carson Sand and her friends and is set during a visit from Keith Hackley a fan of Sand s novel The Brow of Zeus a play on Atlas Shrugged 56 New Left outreach edit By the late 1960s according to The American Conservative Rothbard s long and winding yet somehow consistent road had taken him from anti New Deal and anti interventionist Robert A Taft supporter into friendship with the quasi pacifist Nebraska Republican Congressman Howard Buffett father of Warren Buffett then over to the League of Adlai Stevensonian Democrats and by 1968 into tentative comradeship with the anarchist factions of the New Left 58 Rothbard joined the Peace and Freedom Party and contributed writing to the New Left journal Ramparts 25 However Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a People s Republic style draft third party source needed It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess a former Barry Goldwater speechwriter who had rejected conservatism 25 and founded Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought with Leonard Liggio and George Resch Raimondo described Rothbard during this time as a man of the Old Culture he believed that it was possible to be a revolutionary an anarchist and lead a bourgeois life and wrote that the respectably dressed if a bit rumpled Rothbard was immune to the blandishments of sixties youth culture 25 During this time Rothbard proposed that black Americans should embrace racial separatism and secession 11 He was frustrated that blacks and whites in the New Left instead decided to work together for egalitarian goals 11 In the 1970s Rothbard turned sharply against the left and described equality as an evil concept 25 11 Libertarianism and Cato Institute edit From 1969 to 1984 Rothbard edited The Libertarian Forum also initially with Hess although Hess s involvement ended in 1971 59 Despite its small readership it engaged conservatives associated with the National Review in nationwide debate Rothbard rejected the view that Ronald Reagan s 1980 election as president was a victory for libertarian principles and he attacked Reagan s economic program in a series of Libertarian Forum articles In 1982 Rothbard called Reagan s claims of spending cuts a fraud and a hoax and accused Reaganites of doctoring the economic statistics to give the false impression that their policies were successfully reducing inflation and unemployment 60 He further criticized the myths of Reaganomics in 1987 61 Rothbard criticized the frenzied nihilism of left wing libertarians but also criticized right wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state he believed that libertarians should adopt any moral tactic available to them to bring about liberty 62 Imbibing Randolph Bourne s idea that war is the health of the state Rothbard opposed all wars in his lifetime and engaged in anti war activism 63 During the 1970s and 1980s Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party He was frequently involved in the party s internal politics Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977 He was one of the founders of the Cato Institute in 1977 whose funding by Charles Koch was a major infusion of money for libertarianism 64 and came up with the idea of naming this libertarian think tank after Cato s Letters a powerful series of British newspaper essays by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon which played a decisive influence upon America s Founding Fathers in fomenting the Revolution 65 66 From 1978 to 1983 he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus allying himself with Justin Raimondo Eric Garris and Williamson Evers He opposed the low tax liberalism espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III According to Charles Burris Rothbard and Crane became bitter rivals after disputes emerging from the 1980 LP presidential campaign of Ed Clark carried over to strategic direction and management of Cato 65 Mises Institute edit In 1982 following his split with the Cato Institute Rothbard co founded the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn Alabama with Lew Rockwell and Burton Blumert 67 and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995 49 Rothbard also founded the institute s Review of Austrian Economics a heterodox economics 68 journal later renamed the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics in 1987 63 Rothbard worked closely with Lew Rockwell joined later by his long time friend Blumert in nurturing the Mises Institute and the publication The Rothbard Rockwell Report which after Rothbard s 1995 death evolved into the website LewRockwell com according to the website 65 Rothbard and other Mises Institute scholars criticized libertarian groups funded by the Koch brothers referring to them as the Kochtopus 69 In contrast to some other libertarian groups the Mises Institute pushed more politically marginal positions like the virtues of secession the need for a return to the gold standard and opposition to racial integration according to historian Quinn Slobodian 11 Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues and aligned himself with what he called the right wing populist wing of the party notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul who ran for president on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988 nbsp Rothbard with his wife JoeyPaleolibertarianism edit nbsp Lew RockwellIn 1989 Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post Cold War anti interventionist right calling himself a paleolibertarian a conservative reaction against the cultural liberalism of mainstream libertarianism 30 70 Paleolibertarianism sought to appeal to disaffected working class whites through a synthesis of cultural conservatism and libertarian economics According to Reason Rothbard advocated right wing populism in part because he was frustrated that mainstream thinkers were not adopting the libertarian view and suggested that former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke and Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy 71 were models for an Outreach to the Rednecks effort that could be used by a broad libertarian paleoconservative coalition Working together the coalition would expose the unholy alliance of corporate liberal Big Business and media elites who through big government have privileged and caused to rise up a parasitic Underclass Rothbard blamed this Underclass for looting and oppressing the bulk of the middle and working classes in America 30 Regarding Duke s political program Rothbard asserted that there was nothing in it that could not also be embraced by paleoconservatives or paleolibertarians lower taxes dismantling the bureaucracy slashing the welfare system attacking affirmative action and racial set asides calling for equal rights for all Americans including whites 72 He also praised the racialist science in Charles Murray s controversial book The Bell Curve 73 Rothbard co founded and became a key figure in the John Randolph Club which was an alliance between the Mises Institute and the paleoconservative Rockford Institute 74 5 He supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992 writing that with Pat Buchanan as our leader we shall break the clock of social democracy 75 When Buchanan dropped out of the Republican primary race Rothbard then shifted his interest and support to Ross Perot 76 who Rothbard wrote had brought an excitement a verve a sense of dynamics and of open possibilities to what had threatened to be a dreary race 77 However Rothbard eventually withdrew his support from Perot and endorsed George H W Bush in the 1992 election 78 79 Like Buchanan Rothbard opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA 80 However he had become disillusioned with Buchanan by 1995 believing that the latter s commitment to protectionism was mutating into an all round faith in economic planning and the nation state 81 Personal life edit Joey Rothbard said in a memoriam that her husband had a happy and bright spirit and that Rothbard a night owl managed to make a living for 40 years without having to get up before noon This was important to him She said Rothbard would begin every day with a phone conversation with his colleague Lew Rockwell Gales of laughter would shake the house or apartment as they checked in with each other Murray thought it was the best possible way to start a day 82 Rothbard was irreligious and agnostic about God 83 84 describing himself as a mixture of an agnostic and a Reform Jew 85 Despite identifying as an agnostic and an atheist he was critical of the left libertarian hostility to religion 86 In Rothbard s later years many of his friends anticipated that he would convert to Catholicism but he never did 87 Death edit Rothbard died of a heart attack on January 7 1995 in St Luke s Roosevelt Hospital Center in Manhattan at the age of 68 1 The New York Times obituary called Rothbard an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention 49 Lew Rockwell president of the Mises Institute told The New York Times that Rothbard was the founder of right wing anarchism 49 William F Buckley Jr wrote a critical obituary in the National Review criticizing Rothbard s defective judgment and views on the Cold War 20 3 4 Hoppe Rockwell and Rothbard s other colleagues at the Mises Institute took a different view arguing that he was one of the most important philosophers in history 88 Views editAustrian economics edit Rothbard was an advocate and practitioner of the Austrian School tradition of his teacher Ludwig von Mises Like Mises Rothbard rejected the application of the scientific method to economics and dismissed econometrics empirical and statistical analysis and other tools of mainstream social science as outside the field economic history might use those tools but not Economics proper 89 He instead embraced praxeology the strictly a priori methodology of Mises Praxeology conceives of economic laws as akin to geometric or mathematical axioms fixed unchanging objective and discernible through logical reasoning 89 third party source needed According to Misesian economist Hans Hermann Hoppe eschewing the scientific method and empiricism distinguishes the Misesian approach from all other current economic schools which dismiss the Misesian approach as dogmatic and unscientific Mark Skousen of Chapman University and the Foundation for Economic Education a critic of mainstream economics 90 praises Rothbard as brilliant his writing style persuasive his economic arguments nuanced and logically rigorous and his Misesian methodology sound 91 But Skousen concedes that Rothbard was effectively outside the discipline of mainstream economics and that his work fell on deaf ears outside his ideological circles Rothbard wrote extensively on Austrian business cycle theory and as part of this approach strongly opposed central banking fiat money and fractional reserve banking advocating a gold standard and a 100 reserve requirement for banks 19 89 94 96 97 63 92 93 Polemics against mainstream economics edit Rothbard wrote a series of polemics in which he deprecated a number of leading modern economists He vilified Adam Smith calling him a shameless plagiarist 94 who set economics off track ultimately leading to the rise of Marxism 95 Rothbard praised Smith s contemporaries including Richard Cantillon Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Etienne Bonnot de Condillac for developing the subjective theory of value In response to Rothbard s charge that Smith s The Wealth of Nations was largely plagiarized David D Friedman castigated Rothbard s scholarship and character saying that he was either deliberately dishonest or never really read the book he was criticizing 96 Tony Endres called Rothbard s treatment of Smith a travesty 97 Rothbard was equally scathing in his criticism of John Maynard Keynes 98 calling him weak on economic theory and a shallow political opportunist Rothbard also wrote more generally that Keynesian style governmental regulation of money and credit created a dismal monetary and banking situation He called John Stuart Mill a wooly man of mush and speculated that Mill s soft personality led his economic thought astray 99 Rothbard was critical of monetarist economist Milton Friedman In his polemic Milton Friedman Unraveled he called Friedman a statist a favorite of the establishment a friend of and apologist for Richard Nixon and a pernicious influence on public policy 100 101 Rothbard said that libertarians should scorn rather than celebrate Friedman s academic prestige and political influence Noting that Rothbard has been nasty to me and my work Friedman responded to Rothbard s criticism by calling him a cult builder and a dogmatist 102 In a memorial volume published by the Mises Institute Rothbard s protege and libertarian theorist Hans Hermann Hoppe wrote that Man Economy and State presented a blistering refutation of all variants of mathematical economics and included it among Rothbard s almost mind boggling achievements Hoppe lamented that like Mises Rothbard died without winning the Nobel Prize and while acknowledging that Rothbard and his work were largely ignored by academia called him an intellectual giant comparable to Aristotle John Locke and Immanuel Kant 103 Disputes with other Austrian economists edit Although he self identified as an Austrian economist Rothbard s methodology was at odds with that of many other Austrians In 1956 Rothbard deprecated the views of Austrian economist Fritz Machlup stating that Machlup was no praxeologist and calling him instead a positivist who failed to represent the views of Ludwig von Mises Rothbard stated that in fact Machlup shared the opposing positivist view associated with economist Milton Friedman 104 Mises and Machlup had been colleagues in 1920s Vienna before each relocated to the United States and Mises later urged his American protege Israel Kirzner to pursue his PhD studies with Machlup at Johns Hopkins University 105 third party source needed According to libertarian economists Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink 106 Rothbard wrote that the term evenly rotating economy ERE can be used to analyze complexity in a world of change The words ERE had been introduced by Mises as an alternative nomenclature for the mainstream economic method of static equilibrium and general equilibrium analysis Cowen and Fink found serious inconsistencies in both the nature of the ERE and its suggested uses With the sole exception of Rothbard no other economist adopted Mises term and the concept continued to be called equilibrium analysis 107 In a 2011 article critical of Rothbard s reflexive opposition to inflation The Economist noted that his views were increasingly gaining influence among politicians and laypeople on the right The article contrasted Rothbard s categorical rejection of inflationary policies with the monetary views of sophisticated Austrian school monetary economists such as George Selgin and Larry White who follow Hayek in treating stability of nominal spending as a monetary ideal a position not all that different from Mr Scott Sumner s 108 According to economist Peter Boettke Rothbard is better described as a property rights economist than as an Austrian economist In 1988 Boettke noted that Rothbard vehemently attacked all of the books of the younger Austrians 109 Ethics edit nbsp Ludwig von MisesAlthough Rothbard adopted Ludwig von Mises deductive methodology for his social theory and economics 110 he parted with Mises on the question of ethics Specifically he rejected Mises conviction that ethical values remain subjective and opposed utilitarianism in favor of principle based natural law reasoning In defense of his free market views Mises employed utilitarian economic arguments aimed at demonstrating that interventionist policies made all of society worse off Rothbard countered that interventionist policies do in fact benefit some people including certain government employees and beneficiaries of social programs Therefore unlike Mises Rothbard argued for an objective natural law basis for the free market 44 87 89 He called this principle self ownership loosely basing the idea on the writings of John Locke and also borrowing concepts from classical liberalism and the anti imperialism of the Old Right 8 134 Rothbard accepted the labor theory of property but rejected the Lockean proviso arguing that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land then he becomes the proper owner eternally and that after that time it is private property which may change hands only by trade or gift 111 Rothbard was a strong critic of egalitarianism The title essay of Rothbard s 1974 book Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays held Equality is not in the natural order of things and the crusade to make everyone equal in every respect except before the law is certain to have disastrous consequences 112 In it Rothbard wrote At the heart of the egalitarian left is the pathological belief that there is no structure of reality that all the world is a tabula rasa that can be changed at any moment in any desired direction by the mere exercise of human will 113 Noam Chomsky critiqued Rothbard s ideal society as a world so full of hate that no human being would want to live in it First of all it couldn t function for a second and if it could all you d want to do is get out or commit suicide or something 114 Anarcho capitalism edit According to anarcho capitalists various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to anarcho capitalism yet Rothbard was credited with coining the terms anarcho capitalist and anarch capitalism in 1971 though anarchocapitalism sic had been attested earliest in Karl Hess s 1969 essay The Death of Politics 115 116 self published source 117 118 self published source He synthesized elements from the Austrian School of economics classical liberalism and 19th century American individualist anarchists into a right wing form of anarchism 119 120 10 According to his protege Hans Hermann Hoppe t here would be no anarcho capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard 22 Lew Rockwell in a memoriam called Rothbard the conscience of all the various strains of what he described as libertarian anarchism and said their advocates had often been personally inspired by his example 121 During his years at graduate school in the late 1940s Rothbard considered whether a strict adherence to libertarian and laissez faire principles required the abolition of the state altogether He visited Baldy Harper a founder of the Foundation for Economic Education 122 who doubted the need for any government whatsoever Rothbard said that during this period he was influenced by 19th century American individualist anarchists like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker and the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari who wrote about how such a system could work 44 12 13 Thus he combined the laissez faire economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state from individualist anarchists 123 Edward Stringham opined that In the late 1940s Murray Rothbard decided that that sic private property anarchism was the logical conclusion of free market thinking 124 Rothbard began to consider himself a private property anarchist citation needed and published works about private property anarchism in 1954 124 later in 1971 he began to use anarcho capitalist to describe his political ideology 118 125 126 In his anarcho capitalist model the system of private property is upheld by private firms such as hypothesized protection agencies which compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services Anarcho capitalists describe this as the end of the state monopoly on force 125 In this way Rothbard differed from Mises who favored a state to uphold markets 10 In an unpublished article he wrote that economically speaking individualist anarchism is different from anarcho capitalism and jokingly pondered whether libertarians should adopt the term nonarchist Rothbard concluded the article by affirming that he is neither an anarchist or an archist but rather a middle of the roader on the archy question 127 third party source needed In Man Economy and State Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories autistic intervention interference with private non economic activities binary intervention exchange between individuals and the state and triangular intervention state mandated exchange between individuals Sanford Ikeda wrote that Rothbard s typology eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises s original formulation 128 129 Rothbard writes in Power and Market that the role of the economist in a free market is limited but it is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations Rothbard argues that self interest therefore prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention 130 131 Race gender and civil rights edit Michael O Malley associate professor of history at George Mason University describes Rothbard s tone toward the civil rights movement and the women s suffrage movement as contemptuous and hostile 26 Rothbard criticized women s rights activists attributing the growth of the welfare state to politically active spinsters whose busybody inclinations were not fettered by the responsibilities of health and heart citation needed Rothbard argued that the progressive movement which he regarded as a noxious influence on the United States was spearheaded by a coalition of Yankee Protestants people from the six New England states and upstate New York who were Protestants of English descent Jewish women and lesbian spinsters 132 Rothbard called for the elimination of the entire civil rights structure which he said tramples on the property rights of every American He consistently favored repeal of the 1964 Civil Rights Act including Title VII regarding employment discrimination 133 and called for overturning the Brown v Board of Education decision on the grounds that state mandated integration of schools violated libertarian principles 134 In an essay called Right wing Populism Rothbard proposed a set of measures to reach out to the middle and working classes which included urging the police to crack down on street criminals writing that cops must be unleashed and allowed to administer instant punishment subject of course to liability when they are in error He also advocated that the police clear the streets of bums and vagrants 135 32 Rothbard held strong opinions about many leaders of the civil rights movement He considered black separatist Malcolm X to be a great black leader and integrationist Martin Luther King Jr to be favored by whites because he was the major restraining force on the developing Negro revolution 8 167 Jacob Jensen writes that Rothbard s commentary from the 1960s approving of both black power and white power in separated communities amounted to support for racial segregation 136 In 1993 Rothbard rejected the vision of a separate black nation asking does anyone really believe that New Africa would be content to strike out on its own with no massive foreign aid from the U S A 137 Rothbard also suggested that opposition to Martin Luther King Jr whom he demeaned as a coercive integrationist should be a litmus test for members of his paleolibertarian political movement 138 Rothbard is described by the historian John P Jackson Jr as espousing antisemitism despite Rothbard s own background as a secular Jew 28 One former student described Rothbard as privately using the anti Jewish slur kikes repeatedly 28 Rothbard also befriended the Holocaust deniers Willis Carto and Harry Elmer Barnes 28 Views on war edit Like Randolph Bourne Rothbard believed that war is the health of the state According to David Gordon this was the reason for Rothbard s opposition to aggressive foreign policy 63 Rothbard believed that stopping new wars was necessary and that knowledge of how government had led citizens into earlier wars was important Two essays expanded on these views War Peace and the State and Anatomy of the State Rothbard used insights of Vilfredo Pareto Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels to build a model of state personnel goals and ideology 139 140 third party source needed Rothbard s colleague Joseph Stromberg notes that Rothbard made two exceptions to his general condemnation of war the American Revolution and the War for Southern Independence as viewed from the Confederate side referring to the American Civil War 141 Rothbard condemned the Northern war against slavery saying it was inspired by fanatical religious faith and characterized by a cheerful willingness to uproot institutions to commit mayhem and mass murder to plunder and loot and destroy all in the name of high moral principle 142 143 144 He celebrated Jefferson Davis Robert E Lee and other prominent Confederates as heroes while denouncing Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S Grant and other Union leaders who he said had opened the Pandora s Box of genocide and the extermination of civilians 145 146 Rothbard saw secession movements as a tool for undermining and disintegrating the state according to historian Quinn Slobodian who wrote that Rothbard s life was marked by a search for signs of potential secession and that When he found them he did his best to deepen them 11 Historical revisionism edit Rothbard embraced historical revisionism clarification needed as an antidote to what he perceived to be the dominant influence exerted by corrupt court intellectuals over mainstream historical narratives 28 8 15 62 141 147 His friend Harry Elmer Barnes the Holocaust denying historian used similar language court historians 28 Rothbard wrote that these mainstream intellectuals distorted the historical record in favor of the state in exchange for wealth power and prestige from the state 8 15 Rothbard characterized the revisionist task as penetrating the fog of lies and deception of the State and its Court Intellectuals and to present to the public the true history 147 Rothbard worked with antisemitic writers in developing an isolationist revisionist history of World War II 28 He was influenced by and called a champion of Barnes 147 27 148 Rothbard favorably cited Barnes view that the murder of Germans and Japanese was the overriding aim of World War II citation needed In an obituary for Barnes Rothbard wrote Our entry into World War II was the crucial act in foisting a permanent militarization upon the economy and society in bringing to the country a permanent garrison state an overweening military industrial complex a permanent system of conscription It was the crucial act in creating a mixed economy run by Big Government a system of state monopoly capitalism run by the central government in collaboration with Big Business and Big Unionism 149 In addition to broadly supporting his historical views Rothbard promoted Barnes as an influence for future revisionists 150 Rothbard s endorsing of World War II revisionism and his association with Barnes and other Holocaust deniers have drawn criticism Kevin D Williamson wrote an opinion piece published by National Review which condemned Rothbard for making common cause with the revisionist historians of the Third Reich a term he used to describe American Holocaust deniers associated with Rothbard such as James J Martin of the Institute for Historical Review The piece also characterized Rothbard and his faction as being culpably indulgent of Holocaust denial the view which specifically denies that the Holocaust actually happened or holds that it was in some way exaggerated 29 In an article for Rothbard s 50th birthday Rothbard s friend and Buffalo State College historian Ralph Raico stated that Rothbard is the main reason that revisionism has become a crucial part of the whole libertarian position 151 Middle East conflict edit Rothbard s The Libertarian Forum blamed the Middle East conflict on Israeli aggression fueled by American arms and money Rothbard warned that the Middle East conflict would draw the United States into a world war He was anti Zionist and opposed United States involvement in the Middle East Rothbard said the Camp David Accords betrayed Palestinian aspirations and opposed Israel s 1982 invasion of Lebanon 152 In his essay War Guilt in the Middle East Rothbard wrote that Israel refused to let these refugees return and reclaim the property taken from them 153 He took negative views of a two state solution for the Israeli Palestinian conflict saying On the one hand there are the Palestinian Arabs who have tilled the soil or otherwise used the land of Palestine for centuries and on the other there are a group of external fanatics who come from all over the world and who claim the entire land area as given to them as a collective religion or tribe at some remote or legendary time in the past There is no way the two claims can be resolved to the satisfaction of both parties There can be no genuine settlement no peace in the face of this irrepressible conflict there can only be either a war to the death or an uneasy practical compromise which can satisfy no one 154 Children s rights and parental obligations edit In the Ethics of Liberty Rothbard explores issues regarding children s rights in terms of self ownership and contract 155 These include support for a woman s right to abortion condemnation of parents showing aggression towards children and opposition to the state forcing parents to care for children He also holds children have the right to run away from parents and seek new guardians as soon as they are able to choose to do so He argued that parents have the right to put a child out for adoption or sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract in what Rothbard suggests will be a flourishing free market in children He believes that selling children as consumer goods in accord with market forces while superficially monstrous will benefit everyone involved in the market the natural parents the children and the foster parents purchasing 156 157 In Rothbard s view of parenthood the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed clothe or educate his children since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights 156 Thus Rothbard stated that parents should have the legal right to let any infant die by starvation and should be free to engage in other forms of child neglect However according to Rothbard the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children In a fully libertarian society he wrote the existence of a free baby market will bring such neglect down to a minimum 156 Economist Gene Callahan of Cardiff University formerly a scholar at the Rothbard affiliated Mises Institute wrote that Rothbard allowed the logical elegance of his legal theory to trump any arguments based on the moral reprehensibility of a parent idly watching her six month old child slowly starve to death in its crib 158 Retributive theory of criminal justice edit In The Ethics of Liberty Rothbard advocates for a frankly retributive theory of punishment or a system of a tooth or two teeth for a tooth 159 Rothbard emphasizes that all punishment must be proportional stating that the criminal or invader loses his rights to the extent that he deprived another man of his 160 Applying his retributive theory Rothbard states that a thief must pay double the extent of theft Rothbard gives the example of a thief who stole 15 000 and says he not only would have to return the stolen money but also provide the victim an additional 15 000 money to which the thief has forfeited his right The thief would be put in a temporary state of enslavement to his victim citation needed if he is unable to pay him immediately Rothbard also applies his theory to justify beating and torturing violent criminals although the beatings are required to be proportional to the crimes for which they are being punished Torture of criminal suspects edit In chapter twelve of Ethics 161 Rothbard turns his attention to suspects arrested by the police 158 He argues that police should be able to torture certain types of criminal suspects including accused murderers for information related to their alleged crime Writes Rothbard Suppose police beat and torture a suspected murderer to find information not to wring a confession since obviously a coerced confession could never be considered valid If the suspect turns out to be guilty then the police should be exonerated for then they have only ladled out to the murderer a parcel of what he deserves in return his rights had already been forfeited by more than that extent But if the suspect is not convicted then that means that the police have beaten and tortured an innocent man and that they in turn must be put into the dock for criminal assault 161 Gene Callahan examines this position and concludes that Rothbard rejects the widely held belief that torture is inherently wrong no matter who the victim Callahan goes on to state that Rothbard s scheme gives the police a strong motive to frame the suspect after having tortured him or her 158 Science and scientism edit In an essay condemning scientism in the study of man Rothbard rejected the application of causal determinism to human beings arguing that the actions of human beings as opposed to those of everything else in nature are not determined by prior causes but by free will 162 He argued that determinism as applied to man is a self contradictory thesis since the man who employs it relies implicitly on the existence of free will citation needed Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics history ethics and political science to create a science of liberty Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho capitalist position in two of his books For a New Liberty published in 1973 and The Ethics of Liberty published in 1982 In his Power and Market 1970 Rothbard describes how a stateless economy might function third party source needed Works editArticles edit The Individualist Apr Jul Aug 1971 Revised and republished by the Center for Independent Education 1979 OCLC 3710568 Soviet Foreign Policy A Revisionist Perspective Libertarian Review Apr 1978 pp 23 27 His Only Crime Was Against the Old Guard Milken Los Angeles Times Mar 3 1992 Anti Buchanania A Mini Encyclopedia Rothbard Rockwell Report May 1992 pp 1 13 Saint Hillary and the Religious Left Dec 1994 The Other Side of the Coin Free Banking in Chile Austrian Economics Newsletter vol 10 no 2 Books edit Man Economy and State D Van Nostrand 1962 full text 2nd ed Scholar s Ed published in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2004 ISBN 0945466307 Full text dd The Panic of 1819 Reactions and Policies New York Columbia University Press 1962 Full text Republished Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2004 ISBN 1933550082 dd America s Great Depression D Van Nostrand 1963 Full text 5th ed published in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2005 ISBN 0945466056 dd Power and Market Government and the Economy Sheed Andrews and McMeel 1970 full text Republished Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2004 ISBN 0945466307 dd For a New Liberty The Libertarian Manifesto Collier Books 1973 Full text audiobook Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute ISBN 0945466471 Anatomy of the State Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 1974 Full text audiobook Republished in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2009 ISBN 978 1933550480 dd Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays Libertarian Review Press 1974 Full text 2nd ed Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2000 ISBN 0945466234 dd Conceived in Liberty 4 vol New Rochelle New York Arlington House 1975 1979 Full text Republished Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2012 ISBN 0945466269 dd The Logic of Action 2 vol Edward Elgar Publications 1997 ISBN 1858980151 1858985706 Full text Reprinted as Economic Controversies Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2011 dd The Ethics of Liberty Humanities Press 1982 New York University Press 1998 Full text audiobook Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute ISBN 0814775063 The Mystery of Banking Richardson and Snyder Dutton 1983 Full text Republished in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2007 ISBN 978 1105528781 dd The Case Against the Fed Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 1994 Full text Republished in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2007 ISBN 094546617X dd America s Great Depression 5th ed Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute June 15 2000 An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought 2 vol Edward Elgar Publishers 1995 ISBN 094546648X Vol 1 Economic Thought Before Adam Smith Republished in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2009 Vol 2 Classical Economics Republished in Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2009 Making Economic Sense Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2007 ISBN 0945466188 Full text The Betrayal of the American Right Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 2007 ISBN 978 1933550138 Full text and audiobook narrated by Ian Temple Despite posthumous publication in 2007 it appears in print virtually unchanged from the manuscript untouched since the 1970s dd Book contributions edit Introduction to Capital Interest and Rent Essays in the Theory of Distribution by Frank A Fetter Kansas City Sheed Andrews and McMeel 1977 Foreword to The Theory of Money and Credit by Ludwig von Mises Liberty Fund 1981 Full text Bramble Minibook 1973 In The Essential von Mises Auburn Alab Ludwig von Mises Institute 1988 Full text Monographs edit Wall Street Banks and American Foreign Policy World Market Perspective 1984 Center for Libertarian Studies 1995 Ludwig von Mises Institute 2005 Spanish translation Interviews edit Interview with Murray Rothbard on Man Economy and State Mises and the Future of the Austrian School Summer 1990 Austrian Economics Newsletter See also edit nbsp Anarchism portal nbsp Capitalism portal nbsp Economics portal nbsp Libertarianism portal nbsp Philosophy portal nbsp Politics portalAmerican philosophy Alt right Influences Anarcho capitalism Criticism of the Federal Reserve Libertarianism in the United States List of American philosophers List of peace activistsNotes edit a b Stout David January 11 1995 Murray N Rothbard Economist and Free Market Exponent 68 The New York Times Archived from the original on September 5 2019 Retrieved February 17 2017 Lewis David Charles 2006 Rothbard Murray Newton 1926 1995 In Ross Emmett ed Biographical Dictionary of American Economists Thoemmes ISBN 978 1 84371112 4 David Boaz April 25 2007 Libertarianism The Struggle Ahead Archived November 4 2013 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Britannica blog reprinted at the Cato Institute a professional economist and also a movement builder F Eugene Heathe 2007 Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society Sage 89 an economist of the Austrian school a b c d Ronald Hamowy ed 2008 The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Cato Institute Sage ISBN 1 41296580 2 p 62 a leading economist of the Austrian school pp 11 365 458 Austrian economist Bessner Daniel December 8 2014 Murray Rothbard political strategy and the making of modern libertarianism Intellectual History Review 24 4 441 456 doi 10 1080 17496977 2014 970371 S2CID 143391240 Matthews Peter Hans Ortmann Andreas July 2002 An Austrian Mis Reads Adam Smith A critique of Rothbard as intellectual historian Review of Political Economy 14 3 379 392 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 535 510 doi 10 1080 09538250220147895 S2CID 39872371 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst NY Prometheus Books ISBN 978 1 61592 239 0 OCLC 43541222 a b c Doherty Brian 2008 Rothbard Murray 1926 1995 In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks Calif Sage Publications pp 10 441 443 ISBN 978 1412965804 OCLC 233969448 a b c d e f g Jensen Jacob April 2022 Repurposing Mises Murray Rothbard and the Birth of Anarchocapitalism Journal of the History of Ideas 83 2 315 332 doi 10 1353 jhi 2022 0015 ISSN 1086 3222 PMID 35603616 S2CID 248985277 Archived from the original on July 12 2022 Retrieved April 17 2023 a b c d e f g h i Slobodian Quinn 2023 Crack up capitalism market radicals and the dream of a world without democracy 1st ed New York Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company ISBN 978 1 250 75390 8 Newman Saul March 24 2010 The Politics of Postanarchism Edinburgh University Press p 43 doi 10 3366 edinburgh 9780748634958 003 0006 retrieved September 4 2023 Goodway David October 1 2006 Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow Liverpool University Press doi 10 5949 upo9781846312557 ISBN 978 1 84631 025 6 Kinna Ruth October 29 2013 Anarchism Sociology Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 obo 9780199756384 0059 ISBN 978 0 19 975638 4 retrieved September 4 2023 Rothbard Murray The Great Society A Libertarian Critique Archived June 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine Lew Rockwell Rothbard Murray 1997 The Myth of Neutral Taxation The Logic of Action Two Applications and Criticism from the Austrian School Cheltenham UK Edward Elgar p 67 ISBN 978 1858985701 First published in The Cato Journal Fall 1981 Hoppe Hans Hermann 1998 Introduction The Ethics of Liberty Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on September 14 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 Rothbard Murray 2002 1982 The Nature of the State The Ethics of Liberty New York New York University Press pp 167 68 ISBN 978 0814775066 Archived from the original on September 14 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 a b Rothbard Murray 2008 1983 The Mystery of Banking 2nd ed Auburn Ala Ludwig von Mises Institute pp 111 113 ISBN 978 1933550282 Archived from the original on September 14 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 a b Casey Gerard 2010 Meadowcroft John ed Murray Rothbard Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers Vol 15 London Continuum pp 4 5 129 ISBN 978 1441142092 Klausner Manuel S Feb 1973 The New Isolationism An Interview with Murray Rothbard and Leonard Liggio Reason Full issue Archived September 13 2021 at the Wayback Machine a b Hoppe Hans Hermann December 31 2001 Anarcho Capitalism An Annotated Bibliography Archived from the original on January 11 2014 Retrieved June 2 2013 a b Hoppe Hans Hermann 1999 Murray N Rothbard Economics Science and Liberty Archived February 24 2014 at the Wayback Machine Mises org a b Frohnen Bruce Beer Jeremy Nelson Jeffrey O eds 2006 Rothbard Murray 1926 95 American Conservatism An Encyclopedia Wilmington DE ISI Books p 750 ISBN 978 1 932236 43 9 Only after several decades of teaching at the Polytechnic Institute of New York did Rothbard obtain an endowed chair and like that of Mises at NYU his own at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas was established by an admiring benefactor a b c d e f g h i Hawley George 2016 Right wing critics of American conservatism Lawrence pp 159 167 ISBN 978 0 7006 2193 4 OCLC 925410917 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b O Malley Michael 2012 Face Value The Entwined Histories of Money and Race in America Chicago Illinois University of Chicago Press pp 205 07 a b Bertrand Badie Dirk Berg Schlosser Leonardo Morlino Editors International Encyclopedia of Political Science Volume 1 Revisionism entry Sage 2011 p 2310 ISBN 1412959632 a b c d e f g h i j Jackson John P Jr 2021 The Pre History of American Holocaust Denial American Jewish History 105 1 25 48 doi 10 1353 ajh 2021 0002 S2CID 239763082 Archived from the original on September 4 2021 Retrieved October 23 2022 a b Williamson Kevin D January 23 2012 Courting the Cranks National Review January 2013 ed p 4 subscription required Archived October 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine a b c Sanchez Julian Weigel David January 16 2008 Who Wrote Ron Paul s Newsletters Reason Archived from the original on October 2 2013 Retrieved August 14 2013 Zwolinski Matt Tomasi John 2023 The Individualists Radicals Reactionaries and the Struggle for the Soul of Libertarianism United Kingdom Princeton University Press p 244 ISBN 978 0691155548 a b Massimino Cory 2021 Two cheers for Rothbardianism In Chartier Gary Van Schoelandt Chad eds Routledge handbook of anarchy and anarchist thought Routledge handbooks London Routlege Taylor amp Francis group ISBN 978 1 138 73758 7 Slobodian Quinn November 2019 Anti 68ers and the Racist Libertarian Alliance How a Schism among Austrian School Neoliberals Helped Spawn the Alt Right Cultural Politics 15 3 372 386 doi 10 1215 17432197 7725521 S2CID 213717695 Cooper Melinda November 2021 The Alt Right Neoliberalism Libertarianism and the Fascist Temptation Theory Culture amp Society 38 6 29 50 doi 10 1177 0263276421999446 S2CID 233528701 Ganz John September 19 2017 Libertarians Have More in Common with the Alt right than They Want You to Think The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 7 2019 Retrieved October 29 2022 Hoppe Hans Hermann 1999 Murray N Rothbard Economics Science and Liberty The Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on November 2 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 Reprinted from 15 Great Austrian Economists edited by Randall G Holcombe Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Prometheus Books Publishers p 34 ISBN 978 1 61592 239 0 Archived from the original on October 16 2019 Retrieved June 28 2017 a b Rothbard Murray Life in the Old Right Lew Rockwell Archived from the original on September 6 2017 Retrieved March 16 2015 History NYYRC Archived from the original on October 12 2019 Retrieved October 15 2019 a b c Doherty Brian 2007 Radicals for capitalism a freewheeling history of the modern American libertarian movement New York PublicAffairs ISBN 978 1 58648 350 0 OCLC 76141517 McCarthy Daniel March 12 2007 Enemies of the State The American Conservative Archived from the original on June 5 2011 Retrieved August 13 2013 French Doug December 27 2010 Burns Diary Exposes the Myth of Fed Independence Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ludwig von Mises Institute David Gordon 2010 ed Confidential The Private Volker Fund Memos of Murray N Rothbard Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine Quote from Rothbard The Volker Fund concept was to find and grant research funds to hosts of libertarian and right wing scholars and to draw these scholars together via seminars conferences etc a b c d Gordon David 2007 The Essential Rothbard PDF Auburn Alabama Ludwig von Mises Institute ISBN 978 1 933550 10 7 OCLC 123960448 Archived PDF from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Kaldis Byron 2013 Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences United States Sage Publications p 44 ISBN 978 1506332611 JoAnn Beatrice Schumacher Rothbard 1928 1999 October 30 1999 Archived from the original on August 4 2020 Retrieved July 20 2020 Scott Sublett Libertarians Storied Guru Washington Times July 30 1987 Hawley 2016 p 162 a b c d e David Stout Obituary Murray N Rothbard Economist And Free Market Exponent 68 Archived September 5 2019 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times January 11 1995 Peter G Klein ed F A Hayek The Fortunes of Liberalism Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom University of Chicago Press 2012 p 54 ISBN 0 22632116 9 Rockwell Llewellyn H May 31 2007 Three National Treasures Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine Mises org Herbener J 1995 L Rockwell ed Murray Rothbard In Memoriam Archived December 20 2014 at the Wayback Machine Auburn Ala Ludwig von Mises Institute p 87 a b Burns Jennifer 2009 Goddess of the Market Ayn Rand and the American Right Oxford Univ Press ISBN 978 0 19 532487 7 Mises and Rothbard Letters to Ayn Rand Archived July 11 2014 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Libertarian Studies Volume 21 No 4 Winter 2007 11 16 Chris Matthew Sciabarra Total Freedom Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism Penn State Press 2000 p 165 ISBN 0 27102049 0 a b Mozart Was a Red A Morality Play in One Act Archived September 14 2015 at the Wayback Machine Lew Rockwell by Murray N Rothbard early 1960s with an introduction by Justin Raimondo Rothbard Murray 1972 The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult Archived December 2 2016 at the Wayback Machine Lew Rockwell Kauffman Bill May 19 2008 When the Left Was Right The American Conservative Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved August 13 2013 Riggenbach Jeff May 13 2010 Karl Hess and the Death of Politics Mises Institute Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on October 21 2013 Retrieved August 13 2013 Ronald Lora William Henry Longton editors The Conservative Press in Twentieth Century America Chapter The Libertarian Forum Greenwood Publishing Group 1999 p 372 ISBN 0313213909 The Myths of Reaganomics Mises Institute mises org June 9 2004 Archived from the original on October 20 2017 Retrieved August 28 2017 Perry Marvin 1999 Libertarian Forum 1969 1986 In Lora Ronald Henry William Longton eds The Conservative Press in Twentieth Century America Westport Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group p 369 ISBN 978 0 313 21390 8 OCLC 40481045 a b c d Gordon David Biography of Murray N Rothbard 1926 1995 Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on February 2 2012 Retrieved August 13 2013 Hawley 2016 p 129 164 a b c Burris Charles February 4 2011 Kochs v Soros A Partial Backstory LewRockwell com Archived from the original on March 14 2022 Retrieved August 14 2013 25 years at the Cato Institute The 2001 Annual Report PDF pp 11 12 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2007 Retrieved August 18 2013 The Story of the Mises Institute Ludwig von Mises Institute September 19 2018 Archived from the original on August 23 2020 Retrieved February 8 2022 Lee Frederic S and Cronin Bruce C 2010 Research Quality Rankings of Heterodox Economic Journals in a Contested Discipline Archived March 11 2018 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Economics and Sociology 69 5 1428 Hawley 2016 p 128 Rothbard Murray November 1994 Big Government Libertarianism Archived January 31 2017 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com Rothbard Murray 2010 A Strategy for the Right Mises Institute mises org Archived from the original on October 30 2020 Retrieved September 18 2020 Rothbard Murray January 1992 Right wing Populism LewRockwell com Archived from the original on May 24 2016 Retrieved August 14 2013 Originally published in the January 1992 Rothbard Rockwell Report Hawley 2016 p 166 Hawley 2016 p 164 Rothbard Murray Strategy for the Right LewRockwell com Archived from the original on March 13 2014 Retrieved August 14 2013 First published in The Rothbard Rockwell Report January 1992 Rockwell Llewellyn H Jr April 8 2005 Still the State s Greatest Living Enemy Mises Daily Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on September 20 2013 Retrieved August 13 2013 Rothbard Murray June 1 1992 Little Texan Connects Big With Masses Perot is a populist in the content of his views and in the manner of his candidacy Archived October 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times Rothbard Murray July 30 1992 Hold Back the Hordes for 4 More Years Any sensible American has one real choice George Bush Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on October 20 2017 Retrieved February 20 2020 Raimondo Justin October 1 2012 Race for the White House 2012 Whom to Root For Antiwar com Archived from the original on May 1 2013 Retrieved August 13 2013 Reese Charley October 14 1993 The U S Standard Of Living Will Decline If Nafta Is Approved Archived May 14 2013 at the Wayback Machine Orlando Sentinel Lew Rockwell What I Learned From Paleoism Archived June 10 2020 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com 2002 Rothbard JoAnn Murray Rothbard In Memoriam PDF Auburn AL von Mises Institute p vii ix Archived from the original PDF on December 20 2014 Retrieved December 16 2014 Sciabarra Chris 2000 Total Freedom Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism Penn State Press 2000 p 358 ISBN 0 27102049 0 Vance Laurence M March 15 2011 Is Libertarianism Compatible with Religion Lew Rockwell Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Prometheus Books p 67 ISBN 978 1 61592 239 0 Archived from the original on October 16 2019 Retrieved June 28 2017 Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State the Life of Murray N Rothbard Prometheus Books p 326 ISBN 978 1 57392809 0 In the same letter he reiterates his atheism On the religion question we paleolibertarians are not theocrats he writes Obviously I could not be myself both as a libertarian and as an atheist However he continued the left libertarian hostility to religion based as it is on ignorance and the bitterness of aging adolescent rebels against bourgeois America is monstrous Casey Gerard 2010 Meadowcroft John ed Murray Rothbard Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers Vol 15 London Continuum p 15 ISBN 978 1 4411 4209 2 Murray N Rothbard In Memoriam Archived December 20 2014 at the Wayback Machine Preface by JoAnn Rothbard edited by Llewellyn H Rockwell Jr published by Ludwig von Mises Institute 1995 a b Rothbard Murray 1976 Praxeology The Methodology of Austrian Economics Archived July 31 2014 at the Wayback Machine Mises org Where Modern Economics Went Wrong mises org Archived from the original on September 16 2014 Retrieved August 28 2017 Mark Skousen The Making of Modern Economics M E Sharpe 2009 p 390 Skousen writes that Rothbard refused to write for the academic journals Rothbard Murray 1991 1962 The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on August 1 2013 Retrieved August 13 2013 North Gary October 10 2009 What Is Money Part 5 Fractional Reserve Banking LewRockwell com Archived from the original on March 13 2014 Retrieved August 13 2013 Rothbard Murray 2006 1995 An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Vol 1 Auburn Alabama Ludwig von Mises Institute p 435 ISBN 0 945466 48 X Rothbard Murray 2006 1995 An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Vol 1 Auburn Alabama Ludwig von Mises Institute p 453 ISBN 0 945466 48 X Casey Gerard 2010 Murray Rothbard New York The Continuum International Publishing Group p 112 ISBN 978 1 4411 4209 2 Tony Endres review of Classical Economics An Austrian Perspective History of Economics Review http www hetsa org au pdf back 23 RA 7 pdf Archived January 27 2014 at the Wayback Machine Keynes the Man Archived September 2 2011 at the Wayback Machine originally published in Dissent on Keynes A Critical Appraisal of Keynesian Economics Edited by Mark Skousen New York Praeger 1992 pp 171 98 Online ed at The Ludwig von Mises Institute Gordon David 1999 John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Mises Review Ruger William 2013 Meadowcroft John ed Milton Friedman Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers New York NY Bloomsbury p 174 Rothbard Murray 1971 Milton Friedman Unraveled Archived March 13 2014 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com Doherty Brian 1995 Best of Both Worlds Archived April 5 2019 at the Wayback Machine Reason Rockwell Llewellyn 1995 Murray N Rothbard In Memoriam PDF Auburn Alabama Mises Institute pp 33 37 Archived from the original PDF on December 20 2014 Retrieved December 16 2014 In Defense of Extreme Apriorism Murray N Rothbard Southern Economic Journal January 1957 pp 314 20 Kirzner Israel Interview of Israel Kirzner Mises Institute Archived from the original on February 10 2008 Retrieved June 17 2013 Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink 1985 Inconsistent Equilibrium Constructs The Evenly Rotating Equilibrium Economy of Mises and Rothbard American Economic Review 75 4 866 869 JSTOR 1821365 Gunning Patrick November 23 2014 Mises on the Evenly Rotating Economy Journal of Austrian Economics 3 3 Archived from the original on September 14 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 Missing Milton Friedman The Economist June 22 2011 ISSN 0013 0613 Archived from the original on March 12 2023 Retrieved March 12 2023 Boettke Peter 1988 Economists and Liberty Murray N Rothbard Nomos 29ff Archived from the original on May 3 2023 Retrieved November 17 2013 Grimm Curtis M Hunn Lee Smith Ken G Strategy as Action Competitive Dynamics and Competitive Advantage New York Oxford University Press 2006 p 43 Kyriazi Harold 2004 31 Reckoning with Rothbard American Journal of Economics and Sociology 63 2 451 84 doi 10 1111 j 1536 7150 2004 00298 x George C Leef Book Review of Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays by Murray Rothbard edited by David Gordon 2000 ed Archived October 19 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Freeman July 2001 Rothbard Murray 2003 Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays Archived June 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine essay published in full at Lewrockwell com See also Rothbard s essay The Struggle Over Egalitarianism Continues Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine the 1991 introduction to republication of Freedom Inequality Primitivism and the Division of Labor Ludwig Von Mises Institute 2008 Schoeffel John Chomsky Noam 2011 Understanding Power The Indispensable Chomsky ReadHowYouWant com ISBN 978 1 4587 8817 7 Archived from the original on August 6 2020 Retrieved October 31 2015 Hess Karl 2003 March 1969 The Death of Politics Fare s Home Page Playboy Retrieved October 9 2023 Laissez faire capitalism or anarchocapitalism sic is simply the economic form of the libertarian ethic Laissez faire capitalism encompasses the notion that men should exchange goods and services without regulation solely on the basis of value for value It recognizes charity and communal enterprises as voluntary versions of this same ethic Such a system would be straight barter except for the widely felt need for a division of labor in which men voluntarily accept value tokens such as cash and credit Economically this system is anarchy and proudly so Johnson Charles August 28 2015 Karl Hess on Anarcho Capitalism Center for a Stateless Society Retrieved October 9 2023 In fact the earliest documented printed use of the word anarcho capitalism that I can find actually comes neither from Wollstein nor from Rothbard but from Karl Hess s manifesto The Death of Politics which was published in Playboy in March 1969 Leeson Robert 2017 Hayek A Collaborative Biography Part IX The Divine Right of the Free Market Springer p 180 ISBN 978 3 319 60708 5 To the original anarchocapitalist Rothbard coined the term a b Flood Anthony 2010 Untitled preface to Rothbard s Know Your Rights originally published in WIN Peace and Freedom through Nonviolent Action Volume 7 No 4 1 March 1971 6 10 Flood s quote Rothbard s neologism anarchocapitalism probably makes its first appearance in print here Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought 1987 ISBN 978 0 631 17944 3 p 290 quote A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises Rothbard combined the laissez faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker Robert Leeson 2017 Hayek A Collaborative Biography Part IX The Divine Right of the Free Market Springer p 180 ISBN 978 3 319 60708 5 To the original anarchocapitalist Rothbard coined the term Rockwell Llewellyn 1995 Murray N Rothbard In Memoriam Archived December 20 2014 at the Wayback Machine p 117 Ronald Hamowy ed 2008 The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks California Sage p 623 ISBN 978 1 4129 6580 4 Archived from the original on April 15 2021 Retrieved November 4 2020 Rothbard Murray N August 17 2007 Floyd Arthur Baldy Harper RIP Mises Daily Miller David ed 1991 Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought Blackwell Publishing p 290 ISBN 978 0 631 17944 3 a b Stringham Edward Peter 2007 Chapter 1 Introduction Anarchy and the Law The Political Economy of Choice New Brunswick New Jersey Transaction Publishers p 3 a b Roberta Modugno Crocetta Murray Rothbard s anarcho capitalism in the contemporary debate A critical defense Archived November 10 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ludwig Von Mises Institute Oliver Michael February 25 1972 Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard The New Banner A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal Archived from the original on June 18 2015 Retrieved February 2 2016 Capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism Rothbard Murray 1950s Are Libertarians Anarchists Archived January 13 2017 at the Wayback Machine Lew Rockwell com Retrieved September 4 2020 Ikeda Sanford Dynamics of the Mixed Economy Toward a Theory of Interventionism Routledge UK 1997 p 245 Rothbard Murray Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Intervention Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine from Man Economy and State Ludwig von Mises Institute Peter G Klein Why Intellectuals Still Support Socialism Archived April 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ludwig von Mises Institute November 15 2006 Man Economy and State Chapter 7 Conclusion Economics and Public Policy Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ludwig Von Mises Institute Murray N Rothbard August 11 2006 Origins of the Welfare State in America Archived October 11 2014 at the Wayback Machine mises org The Great Thomas amp Hill Show Stopping the Monstrous Regiment archive lewrockwell com Archived from the original on April 18 2017 Retrieved July 31 2016 Open Borders Are an Assault on Private Property LewRockwell LewRockwell com Archived from the original on June 4 2016 Retrieved July 31 2016 Right Wing Populism archive lewrockwell com Archived from the original on May 24 2016 Retrieved July 31 2016 Jensen 2022 p 325 326 Rothbard Murray N February 1993 Their Malcolm and Mine Archived March 30 2022 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com Rothbard Murray November 1994 Big Government Libertarians Archived January 31 2017 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com Stromberg Joseph R January 10 2005 first published June 12 2000 Murray Rothbard on States War and Peace Part I Antiwar com Archived from the original on August 23 2011 Retrieved May 1 2009 Also see Part II Archived April 17 2009 at the Wayback Machine originally published June 20 2000 See both essays Rothbard Murray War Peace and the State Archived May 15 2013 at the Wayback Machine first published 1963 Anatomy of the State Archived September 8 2012 at the Wayback Machine first published 1974 Stromberg Joseph June 12 2000 Murray N Rothbard on States War and Peace Part I Archived August 23 2011 at the Wayback Machine Antiwar com Rothbard Murray 1991 Just War Archived July 13 2013 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com Denson J 1997 Costs of War America s Pyrrhic Victories pp 119 33 New Brunswick New Jersey Transaction Publishers Dilorenzo Thomas January 28 2006 More from Rothbard on War Religion and the State Archived February 3 2014 at the Wayback Machine LewRockwell com Denson John V 1999 The Costs of War America s Pyrrhic Victories Transaction Publishers p 133 ISBN 978 0 7658 0487 7 Archived from the original on October 16 2019 Retrieved June 28 2017 Barr John McKee 2014 Loathing Lincoln An American Tradition from the Civil War to the Present LSU Press p 265 ISBN 978 0 8071 5384 0 Archived from the original on October 16 2019 Retrieved June 28 2017 a b c Rothbard Murray February 1976 The Case for Revisionism Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine Mises org Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst New York Prometheus Books pp 15 62 141 ISBN 978 1 61592 239 0 OCLC 43541222 Raimondo describes Rothbard as a champion of Henry Elmer Barnes the dean of world war revisionism Rothbard Murray N 2007 1968 Harry Elmer Barnes RIP Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived from the original on October 17 2012 Retrieved April 3 2009 Article originally appeared in Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought Rothbard Murray 1968 Harry Elmer Barnes as Revisionist of the Cold War In Harry Elmer Barnes Learned Crusader edited by A E Goddard Colorado Springs Ralph Myles Archived from the original Raico Ralph May 23 2010 Rothbard at his Semi Centennial Mises Institute Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved November 15 2013 Perry Marvin 1999 Libertarian Forum 1969 1986 In Lora Ronald Longton William Henry eds The Conservative Press in Twentieth Century America Greenwood Publishing Group p 372 ISBN 978 0 313 21390 8 Rothbard Murray N Autumn 1967 War Guilt in the Middle East PDF Left and Right 3 3 20 30 Archived PDF from the original on October 12 2013 Retrieved September 13 2014 Reprinted in Rothbard Murray N 2007 Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought The Complete Edition 1965 1968 Auburn Alabama Ludwig von Mises Institute ISBN 978 1 61016 040 7 OCLC 741754456 Rothbard Murray N April 1994 The Vital Importance of Separation The Rothbard Rockwell Report Walker John 1991 Children s Rights versus Murray Rothbard s The Ethics of Liberty Libertarians for Life Archived from the original on September 10 2012 Retrieved August 13 2013 a b c Murray N Rothbard 1982 14 Children and Rights The Ethics of Liberty LvMI ISBN 978 0814775592 See also Hamowy Ronald editor 2008 The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Cato Institute Sage pp 59 61 ISBN 978 1 4129 6580 4 OCLC 233969448 a b c Callahan Gene February 2013 Liberty versus Libertarianism Politics Philosophy amp Economics 12 1 48 67 doi 10 1177 1470594X11433739 ISSN 1470 594X OCLC 828009007 S2CID 144062406 Rothbard Murray 1998 Punishment and Proportionality The Ethics of Liberty New York University Press pp 85 97 ISBN 978 0 8147 7506 6 Archived from the original on November 17 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 Morimura Susumu 1999 Libertarian theories of punishment In P Smith amp P Comanducci Eds Legal Philosophy General Aspects Theoretical Examinations and Practical Application pp 135 38 New York NY Franz Steiner Verlag a b Rothbard Murray 1998 Self Defense The Ethics of Liberty New York University Press pp 77 84 ISBN 978 0 8147 7506 6 Archived from the original on September 14 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 Rothbard Murray 1960 The Mantle of Science Archived September 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine Reprinted from Scientism and Values Helmut Schoeck and James W Wiggins eds Princeton N J D Van Nostrand 1960 pp 159 80 ISBN 978 0405004360 The Logic of Action One Method Money and the Austrian School Cheltenham UK Edward Elgar 1997 pp 3 23 ISBN 978 1858980157Further reading editBlock Walter E Spring 2003 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Inalienability A Critique of Rothbard Barnett Gordon Smith Kinsella and Epstein PDF Journal of Libertarian Studies 17 2 SSRN 1889456 Archived from the original PDF on July 2 2014 Retrieved September 13 2014 Boettke Peter Fall Winter 1988 Economists and Liberty Murray N Rothbard PDF Nomos 29 34 49 50 ISSN 0078 0979 OCLC 1760419 Archived from the original PDF on September 25 2013 Retrieved September 21 2013 Doherty Brian 2007 Radicals for Capitalism A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement PublicAffairs ISBN 1 58648 350 1 Frech H E 1973 The public choice theory of Murray N Rothbard a modern anarchist Public Choice 14 143 53 doi 10 1007 BF01718450 JSTOR 30022711 S2CID 154133800 Hudik Marek 2011 Rothbardian demand A critique The Review of Austrian Economics 24 3 311 18 doi 10 1007 s11138 011 0147 3 S2CID 153559003 Klein Daniel B Fall 2004 Mere Libertarianism Blending Hayek and Rothbard Reason Papers 27 7 43 SSRN 473601 Pack Spencer J 1998 Murray Rothbard s Adam Smith PDF The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 1 1 73 79 doi 10 1007 s12113 998 1004 5 S2CID 153815373 Archived from the original PDF on April 2 2013 Retrieved September 13 2014 Touchstone Kathleen 2010 Rand Rothbard and Rights Reconsidered PDF Libertarian Papers 2 18 28 OCLC 820597333 Archived from the original PDF on October 20 2017 Retrieved August 16 2013 External links editMurray Rothbard at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata Murray Rothbard full bibliography at Mises org Murray Rothbard publications indexed by Google Scholar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Murray Rothbard amp oldid 1206824593, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.