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William Beaumont

January 18, 2023

For other people named William Beaumont, see William Beaumont (disambiguation).

William Beaumont (November 21, 1785 – April 25, 1853) was a surgeon in the U.S. Army who became known as the "Father of Gastric Physiology" following his research on human digestion.[1][2]

William Beaumont
William Beaumont
Born(1785-11-21)November 21, 1785
Lebanon, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedApril 25, 1853(1853-04-25) (aged 67)
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Resting placeBellefontaine Cemetery
NationalityUnited States
Known forResearch on digestion
Scientific career
FieldsMedicine

Biography

Early life

 
William Beaumont and family

William Beaumont was born to Samuel Beaumont and Lucretia Abel in Lebanon, Connecticut; his father was a farmer.[3] He left his home after he turned twenty-one, moved to Champlain, New York and obtained a teaching job. In 1810 he relocated to St. Albans, Vermont, where he trained to become a physician through an apprenticeship with Dr. Truman Powell. In June 1812, the Third Medical Society of the State of Vermont in Burlington examined his knowledge "on the anatomy of the human body, and the theory and practice of physic and surgery" and recommended him as "judicious and safe practitioner in the different avocations of the medical profession."[4]

From 1812 until 1815, Beaumont served as an assistant surgeon in the Army during the War of 1812, participating in the Battle of Plattsburgh.[4] After the war ended, he started a private practice in Plattsburgh, New York, but by 1820, Beaumont had rejoined the Army as a surgeon. He was assigned a location at Fort Mackinac. Beaumont took a leave in 1821 and married Deborah "Debby" Green Platt in Plattsburgh before returning to his post. Deborah was divorced from Nathaniel Platt, whose uncle Zephaniah Platt founded Plattsburgh after the beginning of the Revolutionary War. Her father, Israel Green, was a third cousin of General Nathanael Greene.[5]

Experiments with St. Martin

 
From Beaumont's Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion, 1838 (p. 27)

On June 6, 1822, an employee of the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island named Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot in the stomach at close range by the discharge of a shotgun loaded with buckshot that injured his ribs and his stomach.[3]: 102  Beaumont treated his wound, but expected St. Martin to die from his injuries.[6] Despite this dire prediction, St. Martin survived – but with a hole, or fistula, in his stomach that never fully healed. Unable to continue work for the American Fur Company, he was hired as a handyman by Beaumont.[7][2]

By August 1825, Beaumont had been relocated to Fort Niagara in New York, and St. Martin went with him. Beaumont recognized that he had in St. Martin an unusual opportunity to observe digestive processes. Beaumont began to perform experiments on digestion using St. Martin's stomach. Most of the experiments were conducted by tying a piece of food to a string and inserting it through the hole into the stomach. Every few hours, Beaumont would remove the food and observe how well it had been digested. Beaumont also extracted a sample of gastric acid from St. Martin's stomach for analysis. In September, St. Martin ran away from Beaumont and moved to Canada, leaving Beaumont to concentrate on his duties as an army surgeon, but Beaumont had St. Martin caught so Beaumont could continue to exhibit him.

Beaumont also used samples of stomach acid taken out of St. Martin to "digest" bits of food in cups. This led to the important discovery that the stomach acid, and not solely the mashing, pounding, and squeezing of the stomach, digests the food into nutrients the stomach can use; in other words, digestion was primarily a chemical process and not a mechanical one.[8]

During 1826 and 1827, Beaumont was stationed at Fort Howard in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 1828 he was transferred to St. Louis, Missouri. While en route, St. Martin was ordered to stop at Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, to serve as Beaumont's handyman again. In early 1831, Beaumont conducted another set of experiments on St. Martin's stomach, ranging from the simple observation of normal digestion to the effects that temperature, exercise, and even emotions have on the digestive process.[9]

Beaumont published the account of his experiments in 1838 as Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion.[10] He and St. Martin parted ways, with Beaumont eventually returning to St. Louis and St. Martin to his home in Quebec province, Canada. On and off for the next twenty years, Beaumont tried to get St. Martin to move to St. Louis, but the move never occurred.[11]

Death

Beaumont died in 1853 in St. Louis, Missouri as a result of slipping on ice-covered steps. He was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery.[12]

His papers are held at Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Library,[13] and copies are held at the National Library of Medicine.[1][14]

Legacy

Several institutions are named for William Beaumont, including:

In popular culture

  • Beaumont's experiments on St. Martin were featured in the April 2, 2012, episode of Radiolab.[18]
  • William Beaumont's experiments on Alexis St. Martin were featured in the episode of Dark Matters: Twisted But True that aired on August 1, 2012.
  • A fictionalized history of the complicated doctor–patient relationship between Beaumont and his patient St. Martin was recreated in a novel, Open Wound: The Tragic Obsession of Dr. William Beaumont (2011).[19]
  • Beaumont's experiments on St Martin were featured on the podcast "The Dollop with Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds" in episode 33, The Stomach Men (November 15, 2014).[20]
  • The relationship between Beaumont and St. Martin and Beaumont's experiments on St. Martin are recounted by Dr. Sydnee McElroy and her husband Justin McElroy on their medical podcast Sawbones in the May 13, 2015, episode The Gut Hole Romance, hosted by the Maximum Fun network.[21]
  • The story of Beaumont's treatment of and experiments on St. Martin was reenacted on the medical drama Medic, which aired on February 27, 1956.[22]

Selected writings

  • Beaumont, William. "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion." Plattsburgh: FF Allen, 1833.
  • Beaumont, William. "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion." Maclachlan and Stewart (Edinburgh), 1838.

References

  1. ^ a b William Beaumont Papers (1812-1959), National Library of Medicine
  2. ^ Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). "Beaumont, William" . American Medical Biographies . Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
  3. ^ a b Myer, Jesse S. (editor) (1912). Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company. ISBN 978-0-8016-0535-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ a b Dempster, James Herbert. Pathfinders of Physiology, The Deitroit Medical Journal Company, 1914, p. 25.
  5. ^ "William Beaumont Family Genealogy". www.james.com.
  6. ^ Beaumont, William (1838). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. Edinburgh: Maclachlan and Stewart. ISBN 978-0-486-69213-5.
  7. ^ Harré, Rom (1981). Great Scientific Experiments. Phaidon (Oxford). pp. 39–47. ISBN 978-0-7148-2096-5.
  8. ^ "William Beaumont Biography - life, family, death, young, book, information, born, house, time". www.notablebiographies.com.
  9. ^ Martin, Deborah Beaumont (1921). "Doctor William Beaumont: His Life in Mackinac and Wisconsin, 1820-1834". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 4 (3): 263–280. JSTOR 4630308.
  10. ^ Beaumont, William (1929). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. ISBN 9780486605272.
  11. ^ "The Gruesome Medical Breakthrough of Dr. William Beaumont on Mackinac Island". MyNorth.com. May 18, 2017.
  12. ^ peer.tamu.edu & Digestion https://peer.tamu.edu//curriculum_modules/OrganSystems/module_2/storytimBeaumont & Digestion. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ "Search". digitalcommons.wustl.edu.
  14. ^ Pizer, IH (1964). "Source Materials and the Library: The Dispersion of the Beaumont Papers". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 52 (1): 328–36. PMC 198118. PMID 14119306.
  15. ^ "William Beaumont Elementary School, Waterford, Michigan".
  16. ^ "Plattsburgh State Summer Update". Plattsburgh State Office of College Relations. 18 July 1973. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  17. ^ "Antarctica Detail". geonames.usgs.gov.
  18. ^ Radiolab: "Guts: Holey Cow." WNYC, April 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  19. ^ Abigail Zuger, M.D. Doctor and Patient, Bound by Mutual Dependency, The New York Times, November 28, 2011.
  20. ^ Carla (Jun 5, 2015). "Episode 33: Dollop: The Stomach Men » The Dollop Dot Net".
  21. ^ Sawbones: "The Gut Hole Romance." May 13, 2014.
  22. ^ [1] IMDB

Further reading

  • Beaumont, W. (June 1977). "Nutrition Classics. Experiments and observations on the gastric juice and the physiology of digestion. By William Beaumont. Plattsburgh. Printed by F. P. Allen. 1833". Nutr. Rev. 35 (6): 144–5. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1977.tb06570.x. hdl:2027/hvd.32044011333382. ISSN 0029-6643. PMC 5088920. PMID 327355.
  • Cummiskey, R. D.; O'Leary J. P. (August 1996). "William Beaumont". The American Surgeon. 62 (8): 690–1. ISSN 0003-1348. PMID 8712571.
  • Dubois, A.; Johnson L. F. (December 1985). "William Beaumont: frontier physician and founding father of gastric physiology". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 7 (6): 472–4. doi:10.1097/00004836-198512000-00005. PMID 3910708.
  • Field, W. (December 1985). "An original Beaumont letter". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 7 (6): 475–6. doi:10.1097/00004836-198512000-00006. PMID 3910709.
  • Harré, R. (1981). Great Scientific Experiments. Phaidon (Oxford). p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-286036-1.
  • Mai, F. M. (October 1988). "Beaumont's contribution to gastric psychophysiology: a reappraisal". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 33 (7): 650–3. doi:10.1177/070674378803300715. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 3058293. S2CID 30908122.
  • Modlin, I. M. (September 1999). "A gastric sexology: the story of three men and three bottles of gastric juice". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 29 (2): 111–4. doi:10.1097/00004836-199909000-00001. PMID 10478867.
  • Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont Jesse S. Myer (editor), C. V. Mosby Company (St. Louis), 1912.
  • Nelson, Rodney B. (1990), Beaumont: America's First Physiologist, Geneva, Illinois: Grant House Press.
  • O'Leary, J. P. (January 1994). "The identification of the caustic agent in gastric juice". The American Surgeon. 60 (1): 79–80. ISSN 0003-1348. PMID 8273980.
  • Palmer, W. L. (October 1953). "Centennial of the death of William Beaumont, 1785-1853". Gastroenterology. 25 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(19)36255-9. ISSN 0016-5085. PMID 13107912.
  • Rutkow, I. M. (November 1998). "Beaumont and St Martin: a blast from the past". Archives of Surgery. 133 (11): 1259. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1259. PMID 9820364.
  • Schatzki, S. C. (June 1993). "Beaumont and St. Martin". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 160 (6): 1176. doi:10.2214/ajr.160.6.8498211. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 8498211.
  • Smith, A. H. (May 1951). "William Beaumont (November 21, 1785-April 25, 1853)". J. Nutr. 44 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1093/jn/44.1.1. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 14851070.
  • The Case of the Wounded Woodsman and His Dedicated Physician Albert B. Lowenfels, MD; 09/02/2009

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about William Beaumont.
  • William Beaumont at Find a Grave
  • Life of Dr. William Beaumont
  • William Beaumont Papers (1812-1959), National Library of Medicine

January 18, 2023
william, beaumont, other, people, named, disambiguation, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, december, 2022, november, 1785, april, 1. For other people named William Beaumont see William Beaumont disambiguation This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article December 2022 William Beaumont November 21 1785 April 25 1853 was a surgeon in the U S Army who became known as the Father of Gastric Physiology following his research on human digestion 1 2 William BeaumontWilliam BeaumontBorn 1785 11 21 November 21 1785Lebanon Connecticut U S DiedApril 25 1853 1853 04 25 aged 67 St Louis Missouri U S Resting placeBellefontaine CemeteryNationalityUnited StatesKnown forResearch on digestionScientific careerFieldsMedicine Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Experiments with St Martin 1 3 Death 2 Legacy 3 In popular culture 4 Selected writings 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBiography EditEarly life Edit William Beaumont and family William Beaumont was born to Samuel Beaumont and Lucretia Abel in Lebanon Connecticut his father was a farmer 3 He left his home after he turned twenty one moved to Champlain New York and obtained a teaching job In 1810 he relocated to St Albans Vermont where he trained to become a physician through an apprenticeship with Dr Truman Powell In June 1812 the Third Medical Society of the State of Vermont in Burlington examined his knowledge on the anatomy of the human body and the theory and practice of physic and surgery and recommended him as judicious and safe practitioner in the different avocations of the medical profession 4 From 1812 until 1815 Beaumont served as an assistant surgeon in the Army during the War of 1812 participating in the Battle of Plattsburgh 4 After the war ended he started a private practice in Plattsburgh New York but by 1820 Beaumont had rejoined the Army as a surgeon He was assigned a location at Fort Mackinac Beaumont took a leave in 1821 and married Deborah Debby Green Platt in Plattsburgh before returning to his post Deborah was divorced from Nathaniel Platt whose uncle Zephaniah Platt founded Plattsburgh after the beginning of the Revolutionary War Her father Israel Green was a third cousin of General Nathanael Greene 5 Experiments with St Martin Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message From Beaumont s Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion 1838 p 27 On June 6 1822 an employee of the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island named Alexis St Martin was accidentally shot in the stomach at close range by the discharge of a shotgun loaded with buckshot that injured his ribs and his stomach 3 102 Beaumont treated his wound but expected St Martin to die from his injuries 6 Despite this dire prediction St Martin survived but with a hole or fistula in his stomach that never fully healed Unable to continue work for the American Fur Company he was hired as a handyman by Beaumont 7 2 By August 1825 Beaumont had been relocated to Fort Niagara in New York and St Martin went with him Beaumont recognized that he had in St Martin an unusual opportunity to observe digestive processes Beaumont began to perform experiments on digestion using St Martin s stomach Most of the experiments were conducted by tying a piece of food to a string and inserting it through the hole into the stomach Every few hours Beaumont would remove the food and observe how well it had been digested Beaumont also extracted a sample of gastric acid from St Martin s stomach for analysis In September St Martin ran away from Beaumont and moved to Canada leaving Beaumont to concentrate on his duties as an army surgeon but Beaumont had St Martin caught so Beaumont could continue to exhibit him Beaumont also used samples of stomach acid taken out of St Martin to digest bits of food in cups This led to the important discovery that the stomach acid and not solely the mashing pounding and squeezing of the stomach digests the food into nutrients the stomach can use in other words digestion was primarily a chemical process and not a mechanical one 8 During 1826 and 1827 Beaumont was stationed at Fort Howard in Green Bay Wisconsin In 1828 he was transferred to St Louis Missouri While en route St Martin was ordered to stop at Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin to serve as Beaumont s handyman again In early 1831 Beaumont conducted another set of experiments on St Martin s stomach ranging from the simple observation of normal digestion to the effects that temperature exercise and even emotions have on the digestive process 9 Beaumont published the account of his experiments in 1838 as Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion 10 He and St Martin parted ways with Beaumont eventually returning to St Louis and St Martin to his home in Quebec province Canada On and off for the next twenty years Beaumont tried to get St Martin to move to St Louis but the move never occurred 11 Death Edit Beaumont died in 1853 in St Louis Missouri as a result of slipping on ice covered steps He was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery 12 His papers are held at Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine Library 13 and copies are held at the National Library of Medicine 1 14 Legacy EditSeveral institutions are named for William Beaumont including Beaumont Elementary School in Green Bay Wisconsin Beaumont High School in St Louis Missouri William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak Michigan William Beaumont Hospital in Troy Michigan William Beaumont Hospital in Grosse Pointe Michigan formerly Bon Secours Hospital but merged into the Beaumont hospital system and renamed William Beaumont Army Medical Center in Fort Bliss Texas Dining Facility on the first floor of the hospital is named for Alexis St Martin Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine in the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills MI William Beaumont Elementary School in Waterford Michigan is named in his honor 15 Beaumont Highway in Beaumont s hometown of Lebanon was named in his honor Beaumont Hall which houses the Biology and Psychology programs at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh was named in his honor 16 Beaumont Hill a hill in Antarctica 17 In popular culture EditBeaumont s experiments on St Martin were featured in the April 2 2012 episode of Radiolab 18 William Beaumont s experiments on Alexis St Martin were featured in the episode of Dark Matters Twisted But True that aired on August 1 2012 A fictionalized history of the complicated doctor patient relationship between Beaumont and his patient St Martin was recreated in a novel Open Wound The Tragic Obsession of Dr William Beaumont 2011 19 Beaumont s experiments on St Martin were featured on the podcast The Dollop with Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds in episode 33 The Stomach Men November 15 2014 20 The relationship between Beaumont and St Martin and Beaumont s experiments on St Martin are recounted by Dr Sydnee McElroy and her husband Justin McElroy on their medical podcast Sawbones in the May 13 2015 episode The Gut Hole Romance hosted by the Maximum Fun network 21 The story of Beaumont s treatment of and experiments on St Martin was reenacted on the medical drama Medic which aired on February 27 1956 22 Selected writings EditBeaumont William Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion Plattsburgh FF Allen 1833 Beaumont William Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion Maclachlan and Stewart Edinburgh 1838 References Edit a b William Beaumont Papers 1812 1959 National Library of Medicine Kelly Howard A Burrage Walter L eds Beaumont William American Medical Biographies Baltimore The Norman Remington Company a b Myer Jesse S editor 1912 Life and Letters of Dr William Beaumont St Louis C V Mosby Company ISBN 978 0 8016 0535 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help a b Dempster James Herbert Pathfinders of Physiology The Deitroit Medical Journal Company 1914 p 25 William Beaumont Family Genealogy www james com Beaumont William 1838 Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion Edinburgh Maclachlan and Stewart ISBN 978 0 486 69213 5 Harre Rom 1981 Great Scientific Experiments Phaidon Oxford pp 39 47 ISBN 978 0 7148 2096 5 William Beaumont Biography life family death young book information born house time www notablebiographies com Martin Deborah Beaumont 1921 Doctor William Beaumont His Life in Mackinac and Wisconsin 1820 1834 The Wisconsin Magazine of History 4 3 263 280 JSTOR 4630308 Beaumont William 1929 Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion ISBN 9780486605272 The Gruesome Medical Breakthrough of Dr William Beaumont on Mackinac Island MyNorth com May 18 2017 peer tamu edu amp Digestion https peer tamu edu curriculum modules OrganSystems module 2 storytimBeaumont amp Digestion a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help Missing or empty title help Search digitalcommons wustl edu Pizer IH 1964 Source Materials and the Library The Dispersion of the Beaumont Papers Bull Med Libr Assoc 52 1 328 36 PMC 198118 PMID 14119306 William Beaumont Elementary School Waterford Michigan Plattsburgh State Summer Update Plattsburgh State Office of College Relations 18 July 1973 Retrieved 17 January 2019 Antarctica Detail geonames usgs gov Radiolab Guts Holey Cow WNYC April 2 2012 Retrieved 2012 09 30 Abigail Zuger M D Doctor and Patient Bound by Mutual Dependency The New York Times November 28 2011 Carla Jun 5 2015 Episode 33 Dollop The Stomach Men The Dollop Dot Net Sawbones The Gut Hole Romance May 13 2014 1 IMDBFurther reading EditBeaumont W June 1977 Nutrition Classics Experiments and observations on the gastric juice and the physiology of digestion By William Beaumont Plattsburgh Printed by F P Allen 1833 Nutr Rev 35 6 144 5 doi 10 1111 j 1753 4887 1977 tb06570 x hdl 2027 hvd 32044011333382 ISSN 0029 6643 PMC 5088920 PMID 327355 Brodman E 1964 Scientific and Editorial Relationships between Joseph Lovell and William Beaumont Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 127 32 ISSN 0007 5140 PMID 14132124 Cummiskey R D O Leary J P August 1996 William Beaumont The American Surgeon 62 8 690 1 ISSN 0003 1348 PMID 8712571 Dubois A Johnson L F December 1985 William Beaumont frontier physician and founding father of gastric physiology J Clin Gastroenterol 7 6 472 4 doi 10 1097 00004836 198512000 00005 PMID 3910708 Field W December 1985 An original Beaumont letter J Clin Gastroenterol 7 6 475 6 doi 10 1097 00004836 198512000 00006 PMID 3910709 Harre R 1981 Great Scientific Experiments Phaidon Oxford p 39 ISBN 978 0 19 286036 1 Mai F M October 1988 Beaumont s contribution to gastric psychophysiology a reappraisal Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33 7 650 3 doi 10 1177 070674378803300715 ISSN 0706 7437 PMID 3058293 S2CID 30908122 Modlin I M September 1999 A gastric sexology the story of three men and three bottles of gastric juice J Clin Gastroenterol 29 2 111 4 doi 10 1097 00004836 199909000 00001 PMID 10478867 Life and Letters of Dr William Beaumont Jesse S Myer editor C V Mosby Company St Louis 1912 Nelson Rodney B 1990 Beaumont America s First Physiologist Geneva Illinois Grant House Press O Leary J P January 1994 The identification of the caustic agent in gastric juice The American Surgeon 60 1 79 80 ISSN 0003 1348 PMID 8273980 Palmer W L October 1953 Centennial of the death of William Beaumont 1785 1853 Gastroenterology 25 2 113 8 doi 10 1016 S0016 5085 19 36255 9 ISSN 0016 5085 PMID 13107912 Rutkow I M November 1998 Beaumont and St Martin a blast from the past Archives of Surgery 133 11 1259 doi 10 1001 archsurg 133 11 1259 PMID 9820364 Schatzki S C June 1993 Beaumont and St Martin AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 160 6 1176 doi 10 2214 ajr 160 6 8498211 ISSN 0361 803X PMID 8498211 Smith A H May 1951 William Beaumont November 21 1785 April 25 1853 J Nutr 44 1 3 16 doi 10 1093 jn 44 1 1 ISSN 0022 3166 PMID 14851070 The Case of the Wounded Woodsman and His Dedicated Physician Albert B Lowenfels MD 09 02 2009External links Edit Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopaedia article about William Beaumont William Beaumont at Find a Grave Life of Dr William Beaumont William Beaumont Papers 1812 1959 National Library of Medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title William Beaumont amp oldid 1125791949, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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