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Bioelectromagnetics

October 21, 2023

For the scientific journal, see Bioelectromagnetics (journal).
See also: Bioelectronics and Bioelectromagnetic medicine
Not to be confused with Biomagnetics or Biomagnetism.

Bioelectromagnetics, also known as bioelectromagnetism, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities. Areas of study include electromagnetic fields produced by living cells, tissues or organisms, the effects of man-made sources of electromagnetic fields like mobile phones, and the application of electromagnetic radiation toward therapies for the treatment of various conditions.

Biological phenomena Edit

 
Interactions of organisms with electromagnetic fields from across the electromagnetic spectrum are part of bioelectromagnetic studies.

Bioelectromagnetism is studied primarily through the techniques of electrophysiology. In the late eighteenth century, the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani first recorded the phenomenon while dissecting a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity. Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the phenomenon, while contemporaries labeled it galvanism. Galvani and contemporaries regarded muscle activation as resulting from an electrical fluid or substance in the nerves.[1] Short-lived electrical events called action potentials occur in several types of animal cells which are called excitable cells, a category of cell include neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells, as well as in some plant cells. These action potentials are used to facilitate inter-cellular communication and activate intracellular processes. The physiological phenomena of action potentials are possible because voltage-gated ion channels allow the resting potential caused by electrochemical gradient on either side of a cell membrane to resolve.[citation needed].

Several animals are suspected to have the ability to sense electromagnetic fields; for example, several aquatic animals have structures potentially capable of sensing changes in voltage caused by a changing magnetic field,[2] while migratory birds are thought to use magnetoreception in navigation.[3][4][5]

 
Pigeons and other migratory birds are thought to use a sense of the Earth's magnetic field in navigation.[6][7][8][9]

Bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation Edit

Most of the molecules in the human body interact weakly with electromagnetic fields in the radio frequency or extremely low frequency bands.[citation needed] One such interaction is absorption of energy from the fields, which can cause tissue to heat up; more intense fields will produce greater heating. This can lead to biological effects ranging from muscle relaxation (as produced by a diathermy device) to burns.[10] Many nations and regulatory bodies like the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection have established safety guidelines to limit EMF exposure to a non-thermal level. This can be defined as either heating only to the point where the excess heat can be dissipated, or as a fixed increase in temperature not detectable with current instruments like 0.1 °C.[citation needed] However, biological effects have been shown to be present for these non-thermal exposures;[citation needed] Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain these,[11] and there may be several mechanisms underlying the differing phenomena observed.

Many behavioral effects at different intensities have been reported from exposure to magnetic fields, particularly with pulsed magnetic fields. The specific pulseform used appears to be an important factor for the behavioural effect seen; for example, a pulsed magnetic field originally designed for spectroscopic MRI, referred to as Low Field Magnetic Stimulation, was found to temporarily improve patient-reported mood in bipolar patients,[12] while another MRI pulse had no effect. A whole-body exposure to a pulsed magnetic field was found to alter standing balance and pain perception in other studies.[13][14]

A strong changing magnetic field can induce electrical currents in conductive tissue such as the brain. Since the magnetic field penetrates tissue, it can be generated outside of the head to induce currents within, causing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). These currents depolarize neurons in a selected part of the brain, leading to changes in the patterns of neural activity.[15] In repeated pulse TMS therapy or rTMS, the presence of incompatible EEG electrodes can result in electrode heating and, in severe cases, skin burns.[16] A number of scientists and clinicians are attempting to use TMS to replace electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat disorders such as severe depression and hallucinations. Instead of one strong electric shock through the head as in ECT, a large number of relatively weak pulses are delivered in TMS therapy, typically at the rate of about 10 pulses per second. If very strong pulses at a rapid rate are delivered to the brain, the induced currents can cause convulsions much like in the original electroconvulsive therapy.[17][18] Sometimes, this is done deliberately in order to treat depression, such as in ECT.

Effects of electromagnetic radiation on human health Edit

While health effects from extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (0 to 300 Hz) generated by power lines, and radio/microwave frequencies (RF) (10 MHz - 300 GHz)[19][20] emitted by radio antennas and wireless networks have been well studied, the intermediate range (IR) (300 Hz to 10 MHz) has been studied far less.[citation needed] Direct effects of low power radiofrequency electromagnetism on human health have been difficult to prove, and documented life-threatening effects from radiofrequency electromagnetic fields are limited to high power sources capable of causing significant thermal effects[21] and medical devices such as pacemakers and other electronic implants.[22] However, many studies have been conducted with electromagnetic fields to investigate their effects on cell metabolism, apoptosis, and tumor growth.[23]

Electromagnetic radiation in the intermediate frequency range has found a place in modern medical practice for the treatment of bone healing and for nerve stimulation and regeneration. It is also approved as cancer therapy in form of Tumor Treating Fields, using alternating electric fields in the frequency range of 100–300 kHz.[citation needed] Since some of these methods involve magnetic fields that invoke electric currents in biological tissues and others only involve electric fields, they are strictly speaking electrotherapies albeit their application modi with modern electronic equipment have placed them in the category of bioelectromagnetic interactions.[citation needed]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Myers, Richard (2003). The basics of chemistry. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 172–4. ISBN 978-0-313-31664-7.
  2. ^ Mouritsen, Henrik (June 2018). "Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals". Nature. 558 (7708): 50–59. Bibcode:2018Natur.558...50M. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0176-1. PMID 29875486. S2CID 46953903.
  3. ^ Wiltschko, Roswitha; Wiltschko, Wolfgang (4 September 2019). "Magnetoreception in birds". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 16 (158): 20190295. doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0295. PMC 6769297. PMID 31480921.
  4. ^ Wu, Le-Qing; Dickman, J. David (25 May 2012). "Neural Correlates of a Magnetic Sense". Science. 336 (6084): 1054–1057. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1054W. doi:10.1126/science.1216567. PMID 22539554. S2CID 206538783.
  5. ^ Wu, Le-Qing; Dickman, J. David (8 March 2011). "Magnetoreception in an Avian Brain in Part Mediated by Inner Ear Lagena". Current Biology. 21 (5): 418–423. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.058. PMC 3062271. PMID 21353559.
  6. ^ Nimpf, Simon; Nordmann, Gregory Charles; Kagerbauer, Daniel; Malkemper, Erich Pascal; Landler, Lukas; Papadaki-Anastasopoulou, Artemis; Ushakova, Lyubov; Wenninger-Weinzierl, Andrea; Novatchkova, Maria; Vincent, Peter; Lendl, Thomas; Colombini, Martin; Mason, Matthew J.; Keays, David Anthony (2 December 2019). "A Putative Mechanism for Magnetoreception by Electromagnetic Induction in the Pigeon Inner Ear". Current Biology. 29 (23): 4052–4059.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.048. PMID 31735675.
  7. ^ Wiltschko, Roswitha; Wiltschko, Wolfgang (4 September 2019). "Magnetoreception in birds". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 16 (158): 20190295. doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0295. PMC 6769297. PMID 31480921.
  8. ^ Wu, Le-Qing; Dickman, J. David (25 May 2012). "Neural Correlates of a Magnetic Sense". Science. 336 (6084): 1054–1057. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1054W. doi:10.1126/science.1216567. PMID 22539554. S2CID 206538783.
  9. ^ Wu, Le-Qing; Dickman, J. David (8 March 2011). "Magnetoreception in an Avian Brain in Part Mediated by Inner Ear Lagena". Current Biology. 21 (5): 418–423. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.058. PMC 3062271. PMID 21353559.
  10. ^ "Hazards of the MR Environment". Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  11. ^ Binhi, 2002
  12. ^ Rohan, Michael; Parow, Aimee; Stoll, Andrew L; Demopulos, Christina; Friedman, Seth; Dager, Stephen; Hennen, John; Cohen, Bruce M; Renshaw, Perry F (2004). (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (1): 93–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.93. PMID 14702256. S2CID 14432285. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-27.
  13. ^ Thomas, A.W; White, K.P; Drost, D.J; Cook, C.M; Prato, F.S (2001). "A comparison of rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls exposed to a pulsed (200 μT) magnetic field: effects on normal standing balance". Neuroscience Letters. 309 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02009-2. PMID 11489536. S2CID 6634766.
  14. ^ Shupak, Naomi M; Prato, Frank S; Thomas, Alex W (2004). "Human exposure to a specific pulsed magnetic field: effects on thermal sensory and pain thresholds". Neuroscience Letters. 363 (2): 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.069. PMID 15172106. S2CID 41394936.
  15. ^ Todd Hutton, Karl Lanocha, M.D Richard Bermudes, Kimberly Cress. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: what you need to know.
  16. ^ Roth, Bradley J; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Cohen, Leonardo G; Hallett, Mark (1992). "The heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: A possible safety hazard". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section. 85 (2): 116–23. doi:10.1016/0168-5597(92)90077-O. PMID 1373364.
  17. ^ Wassermann, Eric M (1998). "Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section. 108 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0168-5597(97)00096-8. PMID 9474057.
  18. ^ Rossi, Simone; Hallett, Mark; Rossini, Paolo M; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro (2009). "Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research". Clinical Neurophysiology. 120 (12): 2008–39. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016. hdl:11572/145680. PMC 3260536. PMID 19833552.
  19. ^ Funk, Richard HW; Monsees, Thomas K (2006). "Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Cells: Physiological and Therapeutical Approaches and Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction". Cells Tissues Organs. 182 (2): 59–78. doi:10.1159/000093061. PMID 16804297. S2CID 10705650.
  20. ^ Shahin, Saba; Banerjee, Somanshu; Singh, Surya Pal; Chaturvedi, Chandra Mohini (2015). "2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism". Toxicological Sciences. 148 (2): 380–99. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv205. PMID 26396154.
  21. ^ IGARASHI, YUTAKA; MATSUDA, YOKO; FUSE, AKIRA; ISHIWATA, TOSHIYUKI; NAITO, ZENYA; YOKOTA, HIROYUKI (2015). "Pathophysiology of microwave-induced traumatic brain injury". Biomedical Reports. 3 (4): 468–472. doi:10.3892/br.2015.454. PMC 4487000. PMID 26171150.
  22. ^ Retrieved Aug 2013.
  23. ^ Wartenberg, Maria; Wirtz, Nina; Grob, Alexander; Niedermeier, Wilhelm; Hescheler, Jürgen; Peters, Saskia C; Sauer, Heinrich (2008). "Direct current electrical fields induce apoptosis in oral mucosa cancer cells by NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species". Bioelectromagnetics. 29 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1002/bem.20361. PMID 17786977. S2CID 21881355.

References Edit

Organizations Edit

  • The Bioelectromagnetics Society (BEMS)
  • European BioElectromagnetics Association (EBEA)
  • Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine (SPRBM) (formerly the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society, BRAGS)
  • International Society for Bioelectromagnetism (ISBEM)
  • The Bioelectromagnetics Lab at University College Cork, Ireland
  • Institute of Bioelectromagnetism
  • Vanderbilt University, Living State Physics Group, archived page
  • Ragnar Granit Institute.
  • Institute of Photonics and Electronics AS CR, Department of Bioelectrodynamics.

Books Edit

  • Becker, Robert O.; Andrew A. Marino, , State University of New York Press, Albany, 1982. ISBN 0-87395-561-7.
  • Becker, Robert O.; The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life, William Morrow & Co, 1985. ISBN 0-688-00123-8.
  • Becker, Robert O.; Cross Currents: The Promise of Electromedicine, the Perils of Electropollution, Tarcher, 1989. ISBN 0-87477-536-1.
  • Binhi, V.N., Magnetobiology: Underlying Physical Problems. San Diego: Academic Press, 2002. ISBN 0-12-100071-0.
  • Brodeur Paul; Currents of Death, Simon & Schuster, 2000. ISBN 0-7432-1308-4.
  • Carpenter, David O.; Sinerik Ayrapetyan, Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Volume 1 : Sources and Mechanisms, Academic Press, 1994. ISBN 0-12-160261-3.
  • Carpenter, David O.; Sinerik Ayrapetyan, Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields : Beneficial and Harmful Effects (Vol 2), Academic Press, 1994. ISBN 0-12-160261-3.
  • Chiabrera A. (Editor), Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells, Springer, 1985. ISBN 0-306-42083-X.
  • Habash, Riadh W. Y.; Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation: Human Bioeffects and Safety, Marcel Dekker, 2001. ISBN 0-8247-0677-3.
  • Horton William F.; Saul Goldberg, Power Frequency Magnetic Fields and Public Health, CRC Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8493-9420-1.
  • Mae-Wan, Ho; et al., Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication, World Scientific, 1994. ISBN 981-02-1665-3.
  • Malmivuo, Jaakko; Robert Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields, Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-505823-2.
  • O'Connor, Mary E. (Editor), et al., Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine, Springer, 1990. ISBN 0-387-97224-2.

Journals Edit

  • Bioelectromagnetics
  • Bioelectrochemistry
  • European Biophysics Journal
  • International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism, ISBEM, 1999–present, (ISSN 1456-7865)
  • BioMagnetic Research and Technology archive (no longer publishing)
  • Biophysics, English version of the Russian "Biofizika" (ISSN 0006-3509)
  • Radiatsionnaya Bioliogiya Radioecologia ("Radiation Biology and Radioecology", in Russian) (ISSN 0869-8031)

External links Edit

  • A brief history of Bioelectromagnetism, by Jaakko and Plonsey.

October 21, 2023
bioelectromagnetics, scientific, journal, journal, also, bioelectronics, bioelectromagnetic, medicine, confused, with, biomagnetics, biomagnetism, also, known, bioelectromagnetism, study, interaction, between, electromagnetic, fields, biological, entities, are. For the scientific journal see Bioelectromagnetics journal See also Bioelectronics and Bioelectromagnetic medicine Not to be confused with Biomagnetics or Biomagnetism Bioelectromagnetics also known as bioelectromagnetism is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities Areas of study include electromagnetic fields produced by living cells tissues or organisms the effects of man made sources of electromagnetic fields like mobile phones and the application of electromagnetic radiation toward therapies for the treatment of various conditions Contents 1 Biological phenomena 2 Bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation 3 Effects of electromagnetic radiation on human health 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Organizations 6 2 Books 6 3 Journals 7 External linksBiological phenomena Edit nbsp Interactions of organisms with electromagnetic fields from across the electromagnetic spectrum are part of bioelectromagnetic studies Bioelectromagnetism is studied primarily through the techniques of electrophysiology In the late eighteenth century the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani first recorded the phenomenon while dissecting a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the phenomenon while contemporaries labeled it galvanism Galvani and contemporaries regarded muscle activation as resulting from an electrical fluid or substance in the nerves 1 Short lived electrical events called action potentials occur in several types of animal cells which are called excitable cells a category of cell include neurons muscle cells and endocrine cells as well as in some plant cells These action potentials are used to facilitate inter cellular communication and activate intracellular processes The physiological phenomena of action potentials are possible because voltage gated ion channels allow the resting potential caused by electrochemical gradient on either side of a cell membrane to resolve citation needed Several animals are suspected to have the ability to sense electromagnetic fields for example several aquatic animals have structures potentially capable of sensing changes in voltage caused by a changing magnetic field 2 while migratory birds are thought to use magnetoreception in navigation 3 4 5 nbsp Pigeons and other migratory birds are thought to use a sense of the Earth s magnetic field in navigation 6 7 8 9 Bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation EditMost of the molecules in the human body interact weakly with electromagnetic fields in the radio frequency or extremely low frequency bands citation needed One such interaction is absorption of energy from the fields which can cause tissue to heat up more intense fields will produce greater heating This can lead to biological effects ranging from muscle relaxation as produced by a diathermy device to burns 10 Many nations and regulatory bodies like the International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection have established safety guidelines to limit EMF exposure to a non thermal level This can be defined as either heating only to the point where the excess heat can be dissipated or as a fixed increase in temperature not detectable with current instruments like 0 1 C citation needed However biological effects have been shown to be present for these non thermal exposures citation needed Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain these 11 and there may be several mechanisms underlying the differing phenomena observed Many behavioral effects at different intensities have been reported from exposure to magnetic fields particularly with pulsed magnetic fields The specific pulseform used appears to be an important factor for the behavioural effect seen for example a pulsed magnetic field originally designed for spectroscopic MRI referred to as Low Field Magnetic Stimulation was found to temporarily improve patient reported mood in bipolar patients 12 while another MRI pulse had no effect A whole body exposure to a pulsed magnetic field was found to alter standing balance and pain perception in other studies 13 14 A strong changing magnetic field can induce electrical currents in conductive tissue such as the brain Since the magnetic field penetrates tissue it can be generated outside of the head to induce currents within causing transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS These currents depolarize neurons in a selected part of the brain leading to changes in the patterns of neural activity 15 In repeated pulse TMS therapy or rTMS the presence of incompatible EEG electrodes can result in electrode heating and in severe cases skin burns 16 A number of scientists and clinicians are attempting to use TMS to replace electroconvulsive therapy ECT to treat disorders such as severe depression and hallucinations Instead of one strong electric shock through the head as in ECT a large number of relatively weak pulses are delivered in TMS therapy typically at the rate of about 10 pulses per second If very strong pulses at a rapid rate are delivered to the brain the induced currents can cause convulsions much like in the original electroconvulsive therapy 17 18 Sometimes this is done deliberately in order to treat depression such as in ECT Effects of electromagnetic radiation on human health EditWhile health effects from extremely low frequency ELF electric and magnetic fields 0 to 300 Hz generated by power lines and radio microwave frequencies RF 10 MHz 300 GHz 19 20 emitted by radio antennas and wireless networks have been well studied the intermediate range IR 300 Hz to 10 MHz has been studied far less citation needed Direct effects of low power radiofrequency electromagnetism on human health have been difficult to prove and documented life threatening effects from radiofrequency electromagnetic fields are limited to high power sources capable of causing significant thermal effects 21 and medical devices such as pacemakers and other electronic implants 22 However many studies have been conducted with electromagnetic fields to investigate their effects on cell metabolism apoptosis and tumor growth 23 Electromagnetic radiation in the intermediate frequency range has found a place in modern medical practice for the treatment of bone healing and for nerve stimulation and regeneration It is also approved as cancer therapy in form of Tumor Treating Fields using alternating electric fields in the frequency range of 100 300 kHz citation needed Since some of these methods involve magnetic fields that invoke electric currents in biological tissues and others only involve electric fields they are strictly speaking electrotherapies albeit their application modi with modern electronic equipment have placed them in the category of bioelectromagnetic interactions citation needed See also EditBioelectrogenesis Biomagnetism Bioelectricity Bioelectrochemistry Bioelectrodynamics Biophotonics Biophysics Electric fish Electrical brain stimulation Electroencephalography Electromagnetic radiation and health Electromyography Electrotaxis Kirlian photography Magnetobiology Magnetoception Magnetoelectrochemistry Mobile phone radiation and health Radiobiology Specific absorption rate Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulationNotes Edit Myers Richard 2003 The basics of chemistry Westport Conn Greenwood Press pp 172 4 ISBN 978 0 313 31664 7 Mouritsen Henrik June 2018 Long distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals Nature 558 7708 50 59 Bibcode 2018Natur 558 50M doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0176 1 PMID 29875486 S2CID 46953903 Wiltschko Roswitha Wiltschko Wolfgang 4 September 2019 Magnetoreception in birds Journal of the Royal Society Interface 16 158 20190295 doi 10 1098 rsif 2019 0295 PMC 6769297 PMID 31480921 Wu Le Qing Dickman J David 25 May 2012 Neural Correlates of a Magnetic Sense Science 336 6084 1054 1057 Bibcode 2012Sci 336 1054W doi 10 1126 science 1216567 PMID 22539554 S2CID 206538783 Wu Le Qing Dickman J David 8 March 2011 Magnetoreception in an Avian Brain in Part Mediated by Inner Ear Lagena Current Biology 21 5 418 423 doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 01 058 PMC 3062271 PMID 21353559 Nimpf Simon Nordmann Gregory Charles Kagerbauer Daniel Malkemper Erich Pascal Landler Lukas Papadaki Anastasopoulou Artemis Ushakova Lyubov Wenninger Weinzierl Andrea Novatchkova Maria Vincent Peter Lendl Thomas Colombini Martin Mason Matthew J Keays David Anthony 2 December 2019 A Putative Mechanism for Magnetoreception by Electromagnetic Induction in the Pigeon Inner Ear Current Biology 29 23 4052 4059 e4 doi 10 1016 j cub 2019 09 048 PMID 31735675 Wiltschko Roswitha Wiltschko Wolfgang 4 September 2019 Magnetoreception in birds Journal of the Royal Society Interface 16 158 20190295 doi 10 1098 rsif 2019 0295 PMC 6769297 PMID 31480921 Wu Le Qing Dickman J David 25 May 2012 Neural Correlates of a Magnetic Sense Science 336 6084 1054 1057 Bibcode 2012Sci 336 1054W doi 10 1126 science 1216567 PMID 22539554 S2CID 206538783 Wu Le Qing Dickman J David 8 March 2011 Magnetoreception in an Avian Brain in Part Mediated by Inner Ear Lagena Current Biology 21 5 418 423 doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 01 058 PMC 3062271 PMID 21353559 Hazards of the MR Environment Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Retrieved 19 March 2013 Binhi 2002 Rohan Michael Parow Aimee Stoll Andrew L Demopulos Christina Friedman Seth Dager Stephen Hennen John Cohen Bruce M Renshaw Perry F 2004 Low Field Magnetic Stimulation in Bipolar Depression Using an MRI Based Stimulator PDF American Journal of Psychiatry 161 1 93 8 doi 10 1176 appi ajp 161 1 93 PMID 14702256 S2CID 14432285 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 02 27 Thomas A W White K P Drost D J Cook C M Prato F S 2001 A comparison of rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls exposed to a pulsed 200 mT magnetic field effects on normal standing balance Neuroscience Letters 309 1 17 20 doi 10 1016 S0304 3940 01 02009 2 PMID 11489536 S2CID 6634766 Shupak Naomi M Prato Frank S Thomas Alex W 2004 Human exposure to a specific pulsed magnetic field effects on thermal sensory and pain thresholds Neuroscience Letters 363 2 157 162 doi 10 1016 j neulet 2004 03 069 PMID 15172106 S2CID 41394936 Todd Hutton Karl Lanocha M D Richard Bermudes Kimberly Cress Transcranial magnetic stimulation what you need to know Roth Bradley J Pascual Leone Alvaro Cohen Leonardo G Hallett Mark 1992 The heating of metal electrodes during rapid rate magnetic stimulation A possible safety hazard Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Evoked Potentials Section 85 2 116 23 doi 10 1016 0168 5597 92 90077 O PMID 1373364 Wassermann Eric M 1998 Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation June 5 7 1996 Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Evoked Potentials Section 108 1 1 16 doi 10 1016 S0168 5597 97 00096 8 PMID 9474057 Rossi Simone Hallett Mark Rossini Paolo M Pascual Leone Alvaro 2009 Safety ethical considerations and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research Clinical Neurophysiology 120 12 2008 39 doi 10 1016 j clinph 2009 08 016 hdl 11572 145680 PMC 3260536 PMID 19833552 Funk Richard HW Monsees Thomas K 2006 Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Cells Physiological and Therapeutical Approaches and Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction Cells Tissues Organs 182 2 59 78 doi 10 1159 000093061 PMID 16804297 S2CID 10705650 Shahin Saba Banerjee Somanshu Singh Surya Pal Chaturvedi Chandra Mohini 2015 2 45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative Nitrosative Stress Induced p53 Dependent Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism Toxicological Sciences 148 2 380 99 doi 10 1093 toxsci kfv205 PMID 26396154 IGARASHI YUTAKA MATSUDA YOKO FUSE AKIRA ISHIWATA TOSHIYUKI NAITO ZENYA YOKOTA HIROYUKI 2015 Pathophysiology of microwave induced traumatic brain injury Biomedical Reports 3 4 468 472 doi 10 3892 br 2015 454 PMC 4487000 PMID 26171150 Electromagnetic fields amp public health Intermediate Frequencies IF Information sheet February 2005 World Health Organization Retrieved Aug 2013 Wartenberg Maria Wirtz Nina Grob Alexander Niedermeier Wilhelm Hescheler Jurgen Peters Saskia C Sauer Heinrich 2008 Direct current electrical fields induce apoptosis in oral mucosa cancer cells by NADPH oxidase derived reactive oxygen species Bioelectromagnetics 29 1 47 54 doi 10 1002 bem 20361 PMID 17786977 S2CID 21881355 References EditOrganizations Edit The Bioelectromagnetics Society BEMS European BioElectromagnetics Association EBEA Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine SPRBM formerly the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society BRAGS International Society for Bioelectromagnetism ISBEM The Bioelectromagnetics Lab at University College Cork Ireland Institute of Bioelectromagnetism Vanderbilt University Living State Physics Group archived page Ragnar Granit Institute Institute of Photonics and Electronics AS CR Department of Bioelectrodynamics Books Edit Becker Robert O Andrew A Marino Electromagnetism and Life State University of New York Press Albany 1982 ISBN 0 87395 561 7 Becker Robert O The Body Electric Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life William Morrow amp Co 1985 ISBN 0 688 00123 8 Becker Robert O Cross Currents The Promise of Electromedicine the Perils of Electropollution Tarcher 1989 ISBN 0 87477 536 1 Binhi V N Magnetobiology Underlying Physical Problems San Diego Academic Press 2002 ISBN 0 12 100071 0 Brodeur Paul Currents of Death Simon amp Schuster 2000 ISBN 0 7432 1308 4 Carpenter David O Sinerik Ayrapetyan Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields Volume 1 Sources and Mechanisms Academic Press 1994 ISBN 0 12 160261 3 Carpenter David O Sinerik Ayrapetyan Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields Beneficial and Harmful Effects Vol 2 Academic Press 1994 ISBN 0 12 160261 3 Chiabrera A Editor Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells Springer 1985 ISBN 0 306 42083 X Habash Riadh W Y Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation Human Bioeffects and Safety Marcel Dekker 2001 ISBN 0 8247 0677 3 Horton William F Saul Goldberg Power Frequency Magnetic Fields and Public Health CRC Press 1995 ISBN 0 8493 9420 1 Mae Wan Ho et al Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication World Scientific 1994 ISBN 981 02 1665 3 Malmivuo Jaakko Robert Plonsey Bioelectromagnetism Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0 19 505823 2 O Connor Mary E Editor et al Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine Springer 1990 ISBN 0 387 97224 2 Journals Edit Bioelectromagnetics Bioelectrochemistry European Biophysics Journal International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism ISBEM 1999 present ISSN 1456 7865 BioMagnetic Research and Technology archive no longer publishing Biophysics English version of the Russian Biofizika ISSN 0006 3509 Radiatsionnaya Bioliogiya Radioecologia Radiation Biology and Radioecology in Russian ISSN 0869 8031 External links EditA brief history of Bioelectromagnetism by Jaakko and Plonsey Direct and Inverse Bioelectric Field Problems Human body meshes for MATLAB Ansoft ANSYS HFSS Octave surface meshes from real subjects meshes for Visible Human Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bioelectromagnetics amp oldid 1170208036, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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