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François Magendie

February 16, 2024

For the Navy officer, see Jean-Jacques Magendie.

François Magendie (6 October 1783 – 7 October 1855) was a French physiologist, considered a pioneer of experimental physiology. He is known for describing the foramen of Magendie. There is also a Magendie sign, a downward and inward rotation of the eye due to a lesion in the cerebellum. Magendie was a faculty at the College of France, holding the Chair of Medicine from 1830 to 1855 (he was succeeded by Claude Bernard, who worked previously as his assistant).

François Magendie
François Magendie in 1822
Born6 October 1783
Bordeaux, France
Died7 October 1855 (aged 72)
Sannois, France
NationalityFrench
Known forForamen of Magendie Bell-Magendie law
Scientific career
FieldsPhysiology

In 1816 he published Précis élementaire de Physiologie which described an experiment first illustrating the concept of empty calories:[1]

I took a dog of three years old, fat, and in good health, and put it to feed upon sugar alone...It expired the 32nd day of the experiment.

His most important contribution to science was also his most disputed. Contemporaneous to Sir Charles Bell, Magendie conducted a number of experiments on the nervous system, in particular verifying the differentiation between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord, the so-called Bell–Magendie law. This led to an intense rivalry, with the British claiming that Bell published his discoveries first and that Magendie stole his experiments. The intensity of this scientific rivalry perhaps can only be compared to that between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke.

Magendie was also a notorious vivisector, shocking even many of his contemporaries with the live dissections that he performed at public lectures in physiology. Richard Martin, an Irish MP, in introducing his famous bill banning animal cruelty in the United Kingdom, described Magendie's public dissection of a greyhound, in which the beast was nailed down ear and paw, half the nerves of its face dissected then left overnight for further dissection, calling Magendie a "disgrace to Society." There was a belief among British physicians, even those who defended animal experimentation, that Magendie purposely subjected his experimental animals to needless torture. A Quaker once visited him, questioning him about vivisection; according to Anne Fagot-Largeault's inaugural lesson at the College of France, he responded with much patience, argumenting the reasons of animal experimentation.[2] Besides drawing sharp criticism from contemporaries in both Britain and France, Magendie's methods were later criticized by, among others, Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley.

Colin White credits to Magendie the earliest version of the phrase "Lies, damned lies, and statistics". While arguing against using blood-letting to treat fever, and confronted with statistical numbers he believed to be manufactured, Magendie stated: "Thus the alteration of the truth which is already manifesting itself in the progressive form of lying and perjury, offers us, in the superlative, the statistics."[3]

Works edit

  • Vorschriften für die Bereitung und Anwendung einiger neuen Arzneimittel als der Krähenaugen, des Morphins, der Blausäure ... der Jodine u. m. a. : a. d. Franz . Leop. Voß, Leipzig 1822 Digital edition / 1823 Digital edition / 1831 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Formulary for the preparation and mode of employing several new remedies . (2 volumes) Underwood, London 1824. Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • A Formulary for the Preparation and medical : administration of certain new Remedies / François Magendie. Transl. from the French of M. Magendie, with Annotations and additional Articles by James Manby Gully . Churchill, London 1835. Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Ira Wolinsky (1997) Nutrition in Exercise and Sport, 3rd edition, page 22, CRC Press ISBN 0849385601
  2. ^ Anne Fagot-Largeau's inaugural lesson 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine at the College of France (in French)
  3. ^ White 1964, p. 15, Ainsi l'altération de la vérité qui se manifeste déjà sous la forme progressive du mensonge et du parjure, nous offre-t-elle, au superlatif, la statistique.
  • Sourkes, Theodore L (March 2002). "Magendie and the chemists: the earliest chemical analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 11 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1076/jhin.11.1.2.9109. PMID 12012572. S2CID 12853527.
  • Haas, L F (June 1994). "François Magendie (1783-1855)". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 57 (6): 692. doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.6.692. PMC 1072971. PMID 8006648.
  • Saavedra-Delgado, A M (1991). "François Magendie on anaphylaxis (1839)". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 12 (5): 355–6. doi:10.2500/108854191778879160. PMID 1959774.
  • Bloch, H (October 1989). "Francois Magendie, Claude Bernard, and the interrelation of science, history, and philosophy". South. Med. J. 82 (10): 1259–61. doi:10.1097/00007611-198910000-00013. PMID 2678501.
  • Shampo, M A; Kyle R A (May 1987). "François Magendie: early French physiologist". Mayo Clin. Proc. 62 (5): 412. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65446-9. PMID 3553755.
  • Rice, G (April 1987). "The Bell–Magendie–Walker controversy". Medical History. 31 (2): 190–200. doi:10.1017/s0025727300046561. PMC 1139711. PMID 3550329.
  • Lazorthes, G; Campan L (1984). "[François Magendie (1783-1855)]". Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 168 (1–2): 105–11. PMID 6383530.
  • Breathnach, C S (November 1983). "Biographical sketches No. 34--Magendie". Irish Medical Journal. 76 (11): 471. PMID 6358120.
  • Gallistel, C R (April 1981). "Bell, Magendie, and the proposals to restrict the use of animals in neurobehavioral research". The American Psychologist. 36 (4): 357–60. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.357. PMID 7023302.
  • Albury, W R (1977). "Experiment and explanation in the physiology of Bichat and Magendie". Studies in History of Biology. 1: 47–131. PMID 11609978.
  • Gans, H (October 1972). "An early example of the use of surgical techniques in solving a physiologic problem (Francois Magendie)". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 135 (4): 616–22. PMID 4562124.
  • Schiller, F (July 1971). "Magendie on medicine". California Medicine. 115 (1): 98. PMC 1517894. PMID 4327773.
  • Poynter, F N (April 1968). "Doctors in The Human Comedy (Guillaume Dupuytren, Jean Baptiste Bouillaud, François Joseph Victor Broussais, François Magendie)". JAMA. 204 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1001/jama.204.1.7. PMID 4867960.
  • KARLIK, L N [in Russian] (February 1959). "[Francois Magendie; 175th anniversary of his birth (1783-1855).]". Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 37 (2): 142–7. PMID 13642635.
  • FENTON, P F (January 1951). "Francois Magendie (October 6, 1783-October 7, 1855)". J. Nutr. 43 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1093/jn/43.1.1. PMID 14851024.
  • White, Colin (December 1964). "Unkind Cuts at Statisticians". The American Statistician. 18 (5): 15–17. doi:10.1080/00031305.1964.10482634. eISSN 1537-2731. ISSN 0003-1305. JSTOR 2682462.

References edit

External links edit

  •   Media related to François Magendie at Wikimedia Commons

February 16, 2024
françois, magendie, navy, officer, jean, jacques, magendie, october, 1783, october, 1855, french, physiologist, considered, pioneer, experimental, physiology, known, describing, foramen, magendie, there, also, magendie, sign, downward, inward, rotation, lesion. For the Navy officer see Jean Jacques Magendie Francois Magendie 6 October 1783 7 October 1855 was a French physiologist considered a pioneer of experimental physiology He is known for describing the foramen of Magendie There is also a Magendie sign a downward and inward rotation of the eye due to a lesion in the cerebellum Magendie was a faculty at the College of France holding the Chair of Medicine from 1830 to 1855 he was succeeded by Claude Bernard who worked previously as his assistant Francois MagendieFrancois Magendie in 1822Born6 October 1783Bordeaux FranceDied7 October 1855 aged 72 Sannois FranceNationalityFrenchKnown forForamen of Magendie Bell Magendie lawScientific careerFieldsPhysiologyIn 1816 he published Precis elementaire de Physiologie which described an experiment first illustrating the concept of empty calories 1 I took a dog of three years old fat and in good health and put it to feed upon sugar alone It expired the 32nd day of the experiment His most important contribution to science was also his most disputed Contemporaneous to Sir Charles Bell Magendie conducted a number of experiments on the nervous system in particular verifying the differentiation between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord the so called Bell Magendie law This led to an intense rivalry with the British claiming that Bell published his discoveries first and that Magendie stole his experiments The intensity of this scientific rivalry perhaps can only be compared to that between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke Magendie was also a notorious vivisector shocking even many of his contemporaries with the live dissections that he performed at public lectures in physiology Richard Martin an Irish MP in introducing his famous bill banning animal cruelty in the United Kingdom described Magendie s public dissection of a greyhound in which the beast was nailed down ear and paw half the nerves of its face dissected then left overnight for further dissection calling Magendie a disgrace to Society There was a belief among British physicians even those who defended animal experimentation that Magendie purposely subjected his experimental animals to needless torture A Quaker once visited him questioning him about vivisection according to Anne Fagot Largeault s inaugural lesson at the College of France he responded with much patience argumenting the reasons of animal experimentation 2 Besides drawing sharp criticism from contemporaries in both Britain and France Magendie s methods were later criticized by among others Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley Colin White credits to Magendie the earliest version of the phrase Lies damned lies and statistics While arguing against using blood letting to treat fever and confronted with statistical numbers he believed to be manufactured Magendie stated Thus the alteration of the truth which is already manifesting itself in the progressive form of lying and perjury offers us in the superlative the statistics 3 Works editVorschriften fur die Bereitung und Anwendung einiger neuen Arzneimittel als der Krahenaugen des Morphins der Blausaure der Jodine u m a a d Franz Leop Voss Leipzig 1822 Digital edition 1823 Digital edition 1831 Digital edition by the University and State Library Dusseldorf Formulary for the preparation and mode of employing several new remedies 2 volumes Underwood London 1824 Digital edition by the University and State Library Dusseldorf A Formulary for the Preparation and medical administration of certain new Remedies Francois Magendie Transl from the French of M Magendie with Annotations and additional Articles by James Manby Gully Churchill London 1835 Digital edition by the University and State Library DusseldorfFootnotes edit Ira Wolinsky 1997 Nutrition in Exercise and Sport 3rd edition page 22 CRC Press ISBN 0849385601 Anne Fagot Largeau s inaugural lesson Archived 2007 10 21 at the Wayback Machine at the College of France in French White 1964 p 15 Ainsi l alteration de la verite qui se manifeste deja sous la forme progressive du mensonge et du parjure nous offre t elle au superlatif la statistique Sourkes Theodore L March 2002 Magendie and the chemists the earliest chemical analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11 1 2 10 doi 10 1076 jhin 11 1 2 9109 PMID 12012572 S2CID 12853527 Haas L F June 1994 Francois Magendie 1783 1855 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57 6 692 doi 10 1136 jnnp 57 6 692 PMC 1072971 PMID 8006648 Saavedra Delgado A M 1991 Francois Magendie on anaphylaxis 1839 Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 12 5 355 6 doi 10 2500 108854191778879160 PMID 1959774 Bloch H October 1989 Francois Magendie Claude Bernard and the interrelation of science history and philosophy South Med J 82 10 1259 61 doi 10 1097 00007611 198910000 00013 PMID 2678501 Shampo M A Kyle R A May 1987 Francois Magendie early French physiologist Mayo Clin Proc 62 5 412 doi 10 1016 s0025 6196 12 65446 9 PMID 3553755 Rice G April 1987 The Bell Magendie Walker controversy Medical History 31 2 190 200 doi 10 1017 s0025727300046561 PMC 1139711 PMID 3550329 Lazorthes G Campan L 1984 Francois Magendie 1783 1855 Bull Acad Natl Med 168 1 2 105 11 PMID 6383530 Breathnach C S November 1983 Biographical sketches No 34 Magendie Irish Medical Journal 76 11 471 PMID 6358120 Gallistel C R April 1981 Bell Magendie and the proposals to restrict the use of animals in neurobehavioral research The American Psychologist 36 4 357 60 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 36 4 357 PMID 7023302 Albury W R 1977 Experiment and explanation in the physiology of Bichat and Magendie Studies in History of Biology 1 47 131 PMID 11609978 Gans H October 1972 An early example of the use of surgical techniques in solving a physiologic problem Francois Magendie Surgery Gynecology amp Obstetrics 135 4 616 22 PMID 4562124 Schiller F July 1971 Magendie on medicine California Medicine 115 1 98 PMC 1517894 PMID 4327773 Poynter F N April 1968 Doctors in The Human Comedy Guillaume Dupuytren Jean Baptiste Bouillaud Francois Joseph Victor Broussais Francois Magendie JAMA 204 1 7 10 doi 10 1001 jama 204 1 7 PMID 4867960 KARLIK L N in Russian February 1959 Francois Magendie 175th anniversary of his birth 1783 1855 Klinicheskaia Meditsina 37 2 142 7 PMID 13642635 FENTON P F January 1951 Francois Magendie October 6 1783 October 7 1855 J Nutr 43 1 3 15 doi 10 1093 jn 43 1 1 PMID 14851024 White Colin December 1964 Unkind Cuts at Statisticians The American Statistician 18 5 15 17 doi 10 1080 00031305 1964 10482634 eISSN 1537 2731 ISSN 0003 1305 JSTOR 2682462 References editBiography from the French Ministry of Culture Leffingwell Albert An Ethical Problem Gray s Psychology Short biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of ScienceExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Francois Magendie at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Francois Magendie amp oldid 1179837769, wikipedia, 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