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Ahmedabad

January 01, 1970

"Amdavad" redirects here. For other uses, see Ahmadabad (disambiguation).

Ahmedabad (/ˈɑːmədəbæd, -bɑːd/ AH-mə-də-ba(h)d; Gujarati: Amdavad [ˈəmdɑːʋɑːd] ⓘ[13]) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per the 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India,[14] and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India. Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the Sabarmati River,[15] 25 km (16 mi)[16] from the capital of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, also known as its twin city.[17]

Ahmedabad
Karnavati, Ashaval
Metropolis
Amdavad
Skyline of SG Highway
Ahmedabad Aerial View
Nickname: 
Heritage City of India
Coordinates: 23°01′21″N 72°34′17″E / 23.02250°N 72.57139°E / 23.02250; 72.57139
Country India
StateGujarat
DistrictAhmedabad
Establishment11th Century as Ashaval
Founded byKing Asha Bhil
Named forAhmad Shah I
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyAmdavad Municipal Corporation
 • MayorPratibha Jain (BJP)[1]
 • Deputy MayorJatin Patel (BJP)[1]
 • Municipal commissionerM. Thennarasan[2]
 • Police commissionerSanjay Shrivastav IPS[3]
Area
[4]
 • Total1,866 km2 (720 sq mi)
 • Rank8th in India (1st in Gujarat State)
Elevation
[5]
69.65 m (228.51 ft)
Population
 (2023)[6]
 • TotalEst 8,650,605
 • Rank5th
Demonym(s)Amdavadi, Ahmedabadi
Language
 • OfficialGujarati
 • Additional officialEnglish
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
3800xx
Area code+9179xxxxxxxx
Vehicle registrationGJ-01 (west), GJ-27 (East), GJ-38 Bavla (Rural)[7]
HDI (2016)0.867[8]
Sex ratio1.11[9] ♂/♀
Literacy rate85.3%[10]
Gross domestic product$68 billion[11] [12]
Websiteahmedabadcity.gov.in
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (v)
Reference1551
Inscription2017 (41st Session)
Area535.7 ha (2.068 sq mi)
Buffer zone395 ha (1.53 sq mi)

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India, due to which it was known as the 'Manchester of India' along with Kanpur. Ahmedabad's stock exchange (before it was shut down in 2018) was the country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad; a newly built stadium, called Narendra Modi Stadium, at Motera can accommodate 132,000 spectators, making it the largest stadium in the world. The world-class Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is currently under construction and once complete, it will be one of the biggest sports centers (Sports City) in India. The effects of the liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce, communication and construction.[18] Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries, resulting in the development of skyscrapers.[19]

In 2010, Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes's list of fastest growing cities of the decade.[20] In 2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in.[21] The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $68 billion in 2020.[22] In 2020, Ahmedabad was ranked as the third-best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index.[23] In July 2022, Time magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world's 50 greatest places of 2022.[24]

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[25] In July 2017, the historic city of Ahmedabad, or Old Ahmedabad, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage City.[26]

History edit

Main article: History of Ahmedabad

Toponymy edit

Based on relics found in several neighbourhoods of the old city and on writings of the Persian historian al-Biruni, it is surmised that an early Bhil tribal group settlement was known as Ashaval.[27][28]

According to Merutunga, Karna, the Chaulukya (Solanki) ruler of Anhilvada (modern Patan), successfully launched a military campaign against Ashaval and founded a city nearby called Karnavati.[27] The location of Karnavati is not definitively known.[28] References from the 14th and 15th centuries mention Ashaval but do not mention Karnavati.[28]

Ahmad Shah I of the Gujarat Sultanate transferred its capital from Anhilvada to Ashaval in 1411 CE; as was custom, the city was subsequently renamed Ahmedabad after the Sultan.[29]

Early history edit

The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval.[30] At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval,[31] and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati.[32] Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I, thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty.[33][34][35] In 1411, the area came under the control of his grandson, Sultan Ahmed Shah, who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for his new capital. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself.[36][37] According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed.[38] Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411[39] (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year 813[40]) at Manek Burj. Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th-century Hindu saint, Maneknath, who intervened to help Ahmed Shah I build Bhadra Fort in 1411.[36][41][42][43] Ahmed Shah I chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.[44] Chandan and Rajesh Nath, 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath, perform puja and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad's foundation day and for the Vijayadashami festival every year.[36][42][45][46]

 
City Walls of Ahmedabad, 1866

In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions, and over 6,000 battlements.[47] In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu.[48] Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler Shah Jahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686.[49] Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas.[50]

Modern history edit

 
A market scene in Ahmedabad, 1901.

During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda.[51] In 1780, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.[38] A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858.[38] Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai (then Bombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city.[38] Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "Manchester of the East".[52]

 
Ahmedabad and its environs, ca 1914

The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams – the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Ashram) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist activities.[38][53] During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement.

Post-Independence edit

Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947. Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan,[54] who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares.[55] It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960.[56] During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for higher education, science, and technology.[57] Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied Ahmedabad's second "Five-Year Plan".[58] Post independence Ahmedabad has seen development in manufacturing and infrastructure.[59][60]

 
Sabarmati Ashram, established by Mahatma Gandhi

In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start of a long period of decline in Ahmedabad, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 Navnirman agitation – a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad – snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat.[61] In the 1980s, a reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes.[62] The city was considerably impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage.[63] The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad; in eastern Chamanpura, 69 people were killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre on 28 February 2002.[64] Refugee camps were set up around the city, housing 50,000 Muslims, as well as some small Hindu camps.[65]

The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.[66] The terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks.[67]

Ahmedabad is one of few cities in India that has hosted the premiers of major economies such as the US, China, and Canada. On 24 February 2020, President Donald Trump became the first US president to visit the city. The event was named Namaste Trump. Earlier, President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the city.[68][69][70]

Demographics edit

Population edit

Population census
YearPop.±%
1872 119,762—    
1881 127,621+6.6%
1891 148,412+16.3%
1901 185,889+25.3%
1911 216,777+16.6%
1921 274,007+26.4%
1931 313,789+14.5%
1941 595,210+89.7%
YearPop.±%
1951 842,643+41.6%
1961 1,156,788+37.3%
1971 1,750,134+51.3%
1981 2,534,641+44.8%
1991 3,324,197+31.2%
2001 4,488,237+35.0%
2011 5,633,927+25.5%
Source: Census of India

City population increased by 23.43% from 4,519,000 as of the 2001 census of India to 5,577,940 (2,938,985 males and 2,638,955 females resulting in a sex ratio of 898 females per 1,000 males) as of the 2011 census of India making Ahmedabad the fifth most populous city in India.[71][72][73] The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad had a population of 6,352,254 and was the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India as of the 2011 census of India.[72][74] The population of children aged 0 to 6 was 621,034 (336,063 males and 284,971 females resulting in a child sex ratio of 848 females per 1,000 males) as of the 2011 census of India.[71] The city had an average literacy rate of 88.29%, a male literacy rate of 92.30%, and a female literacy rate of 83.85%.[71]

Estimated population of Ahmedabad city is 7,692,000 while that of the urban agglomeration area is 8,772,000 as of 2023.[71] The 2021 census of India has been delayed to 2024-25 and the deadline to freeze administrative boundaries has been extended to 1 January 2024.[75]

Poverty edit

In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms. Several mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums.[76]

Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993–1994 to 10% in 2011–2012.[76] This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through projects and programs, the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, some challenges remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, clean running water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. There remains to be seen a concerted effort to balance pro-poor, inclusive development with national initiatives that aim to create 'global cities' that are the focus of capital investment and technological innovation.

Informal housing and slums edit

As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing, with the other 34% living in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant, and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements, and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.[76][needs update?]

Slum Networking Project edit

In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues, they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households.[76] This project, also known as Parivartan (Change), involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training).[77] In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of ₹4,350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed ₹600 million, NGOs provided ₹90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project.[77] Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home.[76]

This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most work out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance.[78] The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment.[79] However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks.[76]

Religion and ethnicity edit

Religions in Ahmedabad City (2011)[80]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 81.56%
Islam
 
 13.51%
Jainism
 
 3.62%
Christianity
 
 0.85%
Sikhism
 
 0.24%
Other or not stated
 
 0.24%

According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56% of the population followed by Muslims (13.51%), Jains (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and Sikhs (0.24%).[80] Buddhists, people following other religions and those who did not state any religion make up the remainder.

Religious group 1891[86]
Pop. %
Hinduism   102,619 69.14%
Islam   30,946 20.85%
Jainism   12,747 8.59%
Christianity   1,031 0.69%
Zoroastrianism   723 0.49%
Animism 156 0.11%
Judaism   153 0.1%
Other 37 0.02%
Total population 148,412 100%

Geography edit

Main article: Geography of Ahmedabad
 
19th-century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad lies in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 505 km2 (195 sq mi).[87][88][89][90] The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451.[91]

According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).[92]

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship.[93] A pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion.[94][95] This is a list of pols in the old walled city[94] of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. Heritage of these pols[96] has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO's Tentative Lists, in selection criteria II, III and IV.[97] The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12,000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses.[98] The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center. The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol.[99] The old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of the Sabarmati river, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 (and later the modern Nehru Bridge). The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road, C. G. Road, and Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway.[100]

 
There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.

The Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront area being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, its construction began in 2005, and it opened in 2012.[101]

Climate edit

Ahmedabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is 43 °C (109 °F), and the average minimum is 24 °C (75 °F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F), and the average minimum is 13 °C (55 °F). Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres (31 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016, with it reaching 48 °C (118 °F).[102]

Climate data for Ahmedabad (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.1
(97.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		43.9
(111.0) 		46.2
(115.2) 		48.0
(118.4) 		47.2
(117.0) 		42.2
(108.0) 		40.4
(104.7) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		48.0
(118.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 27.9
(82.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.8
(96.4) 		39.7
(103.5) 		41.8
(107.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		33.7
(92.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		34.4
(93.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.9
(89.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.3
(91.9) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		21.2
(70.2)
Record low °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.2
(36.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.2
(0.05) 		0.6
(0.02) 		1.1
(0.04) 		2.5
(0.10) 		5.5
(0.22) 		84.3
(3.32) 		310.1
(12.21) 		242.2
(9.54) 		120.2
(4.73) 		13.1
(0.52) 		1.9
(0.07) 		0.9
(0.04) 		783.6
(30.85)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 3.9 11.3 10.3 6.1 0.9 0.3 0.1 33.9
Average relative humidity (%) 35 26 21 20 25 44 69 72 63 43 39 38 41
Average dew point °C (°F) 9
(48) 		10
(50) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		19
(66) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		19
(66) 		14
(57) 		11
(52) 		17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 287.3 274.3 277.5 297.2 329.6 238.3 130.1 111.4 220.6 290.7 274.1 288.6 3,019.7
Average ultraviolet index 6 8 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 7 6 10
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2012)[103][104][105][106] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[107]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1971–1990),[108] IEM ASOS (May record high)[109]Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[110] Weather Atlas[111] [112]

Following a heat wave in May 2010, which reached 46.8 °C (116.2 °F) and claimed hundreds of lives,[113] the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan.[114] Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.[115] It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit.[116]

Cityscape edit

Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style.[117] Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion.[117] Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings.[94] A pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad.

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn, who designed the IIM-A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owners' Association Building, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome.[118][119] B. V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture (now CEPT). His local works include Sangath, Amdavad ni Gufa, Tagore Memorial Hall and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde, and the Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association complex.[120][121][122] Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area.[123] Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn's IIM-A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD.[124]

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden, and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law located nearby. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden, and Lal Darwaja Garden.[125] Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, caracals, Asiatic wolves, and chinkara.[126]

The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 CE, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.[127] In earlier days, it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj-e-Kutub.[128] Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).[129] Vastrapur Lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens.[130] Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home to cormorants, painted storks, and spoonbills.[131] During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll.[132] There is a recently developed lake in Naroda,[133] and there is also the world's largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).[134] AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront.[135]

Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air.[136]

Civic administration edit

 
Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district and is administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the mayor of Ahmedabad. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018.[137] The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure.[90] AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."[138] Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour.[139]

The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards.[140][141] The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).

Public services edit

  • Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia.[144]
  • Electricity is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited, which is owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company (a previously state-run corporation).[145] Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised.[146]

Culture edit

Main article: Culture of Ahmedabad
 
Navaratri celebrations in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is known for its rich architecture, traditional housing designs, community-oriented settlement patterns, urban structure, as well as its unique crafts and mercantile culture.[147] The people of Ahmedabad celebrate a vast range of festivals. Celebrations and observances include Uttarayan, a harvest festival which involves kite-flying on 14 and 15 January. The nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The annual Rath Yatra procession takes place on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Christmas, and Muharram (pan-Indian festivals) are also celebrated.[148][149]

Cuisine edit

One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is the Gujarati thali, which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.[150] It consists of roti (chapati), dal, rice, and shaak (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes include laddoo, mango, and vedhmi. Dhoklas, theplas, and dhebras are other popularly consumed dishes in Ahmedabad.[151] Beverages include buttermilk and tea. Drinking alcohol is legally banned in Ahmedabad as Gujarat is a 'dry' state.[152]

There are many restaurants, which serve Indian and international cuisines. Most of food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as there exists a strong tradition of vegetarianism that has been maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities over centuries.[153] The first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad.[154] KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen,[155][156] as does McDonald's.[157][158] Ahmedabad has a number of restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and Jamalpur.[159] Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is best known for becoming a vast congregation of food stalls in the evening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath.[160]

Art & Crafts edit

Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie-dyed bandhinis, while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi (also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of the Hindu deity Ganesha and other religious icons are made in large numbers by artisans in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there was a surge in demand for eco-friendly idols due to increased awareness surrounding the effects of submerging the traditional plaster-of-paris idols in the Sabarmati river.[161] The shops at the Law Garden sell mirrorwork handicrafts.[125]

 
Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar.[162][163]

The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a museum displaying the city's history, art, culture, and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs, documents, and other articles relating to the Gujarat-born Indian independence movement leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments, and textiles.[164] The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and Turkish.[165] The Vechaar Utensils Museum has stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc, and German silver tools on display.[166][167] The Conflictorium is an interactive installation space that explores conflict in society through art.

The Shreyas Foundation has four museums on its campus. The Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from various Gujarati communities. The Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins, and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.[168][169][170]

The L. D. Institute of Indology houses 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore, and art of Nepal and Tibet.[171] The N. C. Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.[172]

In 1949, the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and his wife, Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai. Its influence has led Ahmedabad to become a centre of Indian classical dance.[173]

Education edit

 
Gujarat university, Ahmedabad
Main article: Education in Ahmedabad

Primary and secondary education edit

Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the AMC, or privately by entities, trusts, and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, International Baccalaureate, and National Institute of Open School.

Higher education and research organizations edit

Several institutions of higher education with a focus on engineering, management, and design are located in Ahmedabad.[citation needed] Among the universities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University is a collegiate university established in 1949[174] and has 286 affiliated colleges, 22 recognized institutions, and 36 postgraduate departments.[175] Indira Gandhi National Open University, commonly known as IGNOU is a public university in India and having an active regional centre in Ahmedabad region to offer 290 ODL programs and 40+ online programs to the students lives in the city. [176] Other state universities in the city include Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University,[177] Gujarat Technological University,[178] and Kaushalya Skill University.[179] Gujarat Vidyapith, located near the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 and became a deemed university in 1963.[180]

Private universities located in the city include Ahmedabad University,[181] CEPT University (formerly Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology),[182] Indus University,[183] Nirma University,[184] GLS University,[185] and Silver Oak University.[186] Two Institutes of National Importance are located in the city—Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad[187] and National Institute of Design.[188]

 
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

Other institutions located in the city include the Physical Research Laboratory, which was established in 1947 by the physicist and astronomer Vikram Sarabhai.[189] It is an autonomous research institute under the Department of Space with a focus on research in astronomy, experimental and theoretical physics, and earth sciences.[189] The Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (ATIRA), registered in 1947, is an autonomous, non-profit association engaged in operational and applied research in the textile industry.[190]

Media edit

 
Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan

Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India, Indian Express, DNA, The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Ahmedabad Mirror, and Metro.[191] Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi.[191] The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.[192]

The state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on medium wave bands and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city.[193] It competes with five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under the media co-operation model.[194] In March 2012, Gujarat University started a campus radio service on 90.8 MHz, which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India.[195]

The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while three multi system operators—InCablenet, Siti Cable, and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via cable.[196] Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio, BSNL Mobile, Airtel, and Vodafone Idea.[197]

Economy edit

Main article: Economy of Ahmedabad
 
Torrent Power thermal power station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad

The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at $64 billion in 2014.[198][199] The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.[200] In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited,[201] followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills, Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city.[202] The textile industry underwent rapid expansion during the First World War and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.[203] Ahmedabad was known as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.[53] The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India.[18] The automobile industry is also important to the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford, Suzuki and Peugeot have established engine and vehicle manufacturing plants near Ahmedabad.[204][205][206]

The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange. It is now defunct.[207] Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India—Zydus Lifesciences and Torrent Pharmaceuticals—are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a multinational trading and infrastructure development company.[208] The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city.[209] The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city.[210] A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.[211] The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.[212] Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as Cadila Healthcare, Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.[213] Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad.[214][215][216][217][218] Textiles are one of the major industries of the city.[219] Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.[220]

Infrastructure edit

 
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad
 
Sabarmati Railway Station
 
Ahmedabad Metro

Transportation edit

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, located in Hansol and operated by the Adani Group, is Ahmedabad's principal airport.[221] The Dholera International Airport, located 110 km southwest of central Ahmedabad in Navagam village, is currently under construction and expects completion of its first phase by 2025.[222]

The Ahmedabad railway division, an operating division under the Western Railway zone of Indian Railways, is headquartered in the city.[223] Ahmedabad Junction railway station, locally known as Kalupur railway station,[224] is Ahmedabad's primary and Gujarat's busiest railway hub.[225] Other major railway stations that service the city include Chandlodiya,[226] Gandhigram,[227] Maninagar,[228] and Sabarmati Junction.[229][230]

Public transit includes the Ahmedabad Metro, a rapid transit system inaugurated in March 2019 with 40 km of track on two lines (East-West and North-South) and a daily ridership of 90,000.[231] Phase 2 of the Ahmedabad Metro—connecting Motera Stadium northwards to Mahatma Mandir in Gandhinagar—began construction in February 2021 and is expected to be complete by 2026.[232] Other public transit options include the Ahmedabad BRTS, also known as Janmarg (people's way), a bus rapid transit system inaugurated in October 2009 with a total fleet of 325 buses over 19 routes and a daily ridership of 190,000.[233] Bus transportation is also provided by Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS) with 700 buses over 149 routes.[233] Both the Ahmedabad BRTS and the AMTS are overseen by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.[234][235] Ahmedabad also has self drive car rental service provided by private companies like Just Drive Self Drive Cars.

The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation introduced "AmdaBike," a public bicycle sharing system, in December 2019 to improve last mile connectivity.[236] MYBYK is the main service provider for AmdaBike with 300 bicycle stations—including at Ahmedabad BRTS stations—and 4,000 bicycles.[236]

Road edit

National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with New Delhi and Mumbai. The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a 94 km (58 mi)-long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project.[237]

In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of ₹10,000 to convert the fuel of all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as the 50th most-polluted city in India.[238]

 
Ahmedabad 132 feet Ring Road Skyline

Sports edit

 
EKA Arena is a multi-purpose stadium in the city

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city.[239] Narendra Modi Stadium, also known as the Motera Stadium, originally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium built in 1982, hosts both one day internationals and test matches. It is the largest stadium in the world by capacity, with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.[240] It hosted the 1987, 1996, 2011, and 2023 Cricket World Cups.[241] It is the home ground of the Gujarat cricket team, a first-class team, which competes in domestic tournaments. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's Sports Club of Gujarat.[242] The final of 2023 Cricket World cup was held at the Narendra Modi Stadium.[243] Ahmedabad is also home to the IPL team Gujarat Titans, who won its first title in 2022 in front of its home crowd.[244]

Other popular sports include field hockey, badminton, tennis, squash and golf. Ahmedabad has nine golf courses.[245] Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports.[246] Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis.[247] Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One design concepts.[248][249]

 
Participants in the Sabarmati Marathon

Sabarmati Marathon has been organized every year December–January since 2011; it has categories like a full and half-marathon, a 7 km dream run, a 5 km run for the visually disabled, and a 5 km wheelchair run.[250] In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games.[251] The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia (a renovated Kankaria football ground). Geet Sethi, a five-time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad.[252]

The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the Adani Group every year since 2017; it attracted 8,000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with COVID-19 guidelines.[253]

Ahmedabad 2036 Olympics Bid edit

Ahmedabad has been identified as a potential host city for the 2036 Summer Olympics. The Gujarat government has identified 33 sites in and around Ahmedabad for the development of infrastructure to support the Olympic bid.[254] The city's bid is also being shaped with international expertise, including Australian consultants.[255] A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) is being set up by the Gujarat government to manage Ahmedabad's bid for the games.[256] The fate of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium is under consideration as part of the city's preparation for the Olympics.[257]

Notable places edit

Heritage edit

Mosques and tombs edit

Museums edit

Stepwells edit

Temples edit

Houses edit

Others edit

International relations edit

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India
class=notpageimage|
Sister cities of Ahmedabad

See also edit

Notes edit

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References edit

  • Michell, George; Shah, Snehal, eds. (1988), Ahmadabad, Marg Publications, ISBN 8185026033
  • Bobbio, Tommaso (2015), Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000, Routledge, ISBN 9781315718774

Further reading edit

  • Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. History of Interior Design in India Vol 1: Ahmedabad (2007) ISBN 81-904096-0-3
  • Kenneth L. Gillion (1968). Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History. University of California Press. from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. A History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (From the Earliest Times Down to the Moslem Conquest). ASIN B0008B2NGA.
  • Crook, Nigel (1993). India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563172-2.
  • Rajan, K. V. Soundra (1989). Ahmadabad. Archaeological Survey of India.
  • Forrest, George William. Cities of India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0-543-93823-9.
  • Gandhi, R (1990). Patel: A Life. Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.
  • Michell, George (2003). Ahmadabad. Art Media Resources. ISBN 81-85026-03-3.
  • Spodek, Howard (2011). Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35587-4.

External links edit

 
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January 01, 1970
ahmedabad, amdavad, redirects, here, other, uses, ahmadabad, disambiguation, ɑː, ɑː, gujarati, amdavad, ˈəmdɑːʋɑːd, most, populous, city, indian, state, gujarat, administrative, headquarters, district, seat, gujarat, high, court, population, 2011, population, . Amdavad redirects here For other uses see Ahmadabad disambiguation Ahmedabad ˈ ɑː m e d e b ae d b ɑː d AH me de ba h d Gujarati Amdavad ˈemdɑːʋɑːd 13 is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court Ahmedabad s population of 5 570 585 per the 2011 population census makes it the fifth most populous city in India 14 and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6 357 693 is the seventh most populous in India Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the Sabarmati River 15 25 km 16 mi 16 from the capital of Gujarat Gandhinagar also known as its twin city 17 Ahmedabad Karnavati AshavalMetropolisAmdavadSkyline of SG HighwayHutheesing TempleAtal Pedestrian BridgeSabarmati RiverfrontAhmedabad Aerial ViewAhmedabad BRTS StationNarendra Modi StadiumJama MosqueNickname Heritage City of IndiaShow Ahmedabad DistrictShow GujaratShow IndiaCoordinates 23 01 21 N 72 34 17 E 23 02250 N 72 57139 E 23 02250 72 57139Country IndiaStateGujaratDistrictAhmedabadEstablishment11th Century as AshavalFounded byKing Asha BhilNamed forAhmad Shah IGovernment TypeMayor Council BodyAmdavad Municipal Corporation MayorPratibha Jain BJP 1 Deputy MayorJatin Patel BJP 1 Municipal commissionerM Thennarasan 2 Police commissionerSanjay Shrivastav IPS 3 Area 4 Total1 866 km2 720 sq mi Rank8th in India 1st in Gujarat State Elevation 5 69 65 m 228 51 ft Population 2023 6 TotalEst 8 650 605 Rank5thDemonym s Amdavadi AhmedabadiLanguage OfficialGujarati Additional officialEnglishTime zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN3800xxArea code 9179xxxxxxxxVehicle registrationGJ 01 west GJ 27 East GJ 38 Bavla Rural 7 HDI 2016 0 867 8 Sex ratio1 11 9 Literacy rate85 3 10 Gross domestic product 68 billion 11 12 Websiteahmedabadcity wbr gov wbr inUNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteriaCultural ii v Reference1551Inscription2017 41st Session Area535 7 ha 2 068 sq mi Buffer zone395 ha 1 53 sq mi Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India It is the second largest producer of cotton in India due to which it was known as the Manchester of India along with Kanpur Ahmedabad s stock exchange before it was shut down in 2018 was the country s second oldest Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad a newly built stadium called Narendra Modi Stadium at Motera can accommodate 132 000 spectators making it the largest stadium in the world The world class Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is currently under construction and once complete it will be one of the biggest sports centers Sports City in India The effects of the liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city s economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce communication and construction 18 Ahmedabad s increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries resulting in the development of skyscrapers 19 In 2010 Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes s list of fastest growing cities of the decade 20 In 2012 The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India s best city to live in 21 The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at 68 billion in 2020 22 In 2020 Ahmedabad was ranked as the third best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index 23 In July 2022 Time magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world s 50 greatest places of 2022 24 Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Government of India s flagship Smart Cities Mission 25 In July 2017 the historic city of Ahmedabad or Old Ahmedabad was declared a UNESCO World Heritage City 26 Contents 1 History 1 1 Toponymy 1 2 Early history 1 3 Modern history 1 3 1 Post Independence 2 Demographics 2 1 Population 2 2 Poverty 2 2 1 Informal housing and slums 2 2 2 Slum Networking Project 2 3 Religion and ethnicity 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Cityscape 4 Civic administration 4 1 Public services 5 Culture 5 1 Cuisine 5 2 Art amp Crafts 6 Education 6 1 Primary and secondary education 6 2 Higher education and research organizations 7 Media 8 Economy 9 Infrastructure 9 1 Transportation 9 2 Road 10 Sports 10 1 Ahmedabad 2036 Olympics Bid 11 Notable places 11 1 Heritage 11 2 Mosques and tombs 11 3 Museums 11 4 Stepwells 11 5 Temples 11 6 Houses 11 7 Others 12 International relations 12 1 Twin towns sister cities 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistory editMain article History of Ahmedabad Toponymy edit Based on relics found in several neighbourhoods of the old city and on writings of the Persian historian al Biruni it is surmised that an early Bhil tribal group settlement was known as Ashaval 27 28 According to Merutunga Karna the Chaulukya Solanki ruler of Anhilvada modern Patan successfully launched a military campaign against Ashaval and founded a city nearby called Karnavati 27 The location of Karnavati is not definitively known 28 References from the 14th and 15th centuries mention Ashaval but do not mention Karnavati 28 Ahmad Shah I of the Gujarat Sultanate transferred its capital from Anhilvada to Ashaval in 1411 CE as was custom the city was subsequently renamed Ahmedabad after the Sultan 29 Early history edit The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century when it was known as Ashaval 30 At that time Karna the Chaulukya Solanki ruler of Anhilwara modern Patan waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval 31 and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati 32 Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century However by the earlier 15th century the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty 33 34 35 In 1411 the area came under the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for his new capital He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself 36 37 According to other versions he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed 38 Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 39 at 1 20 pm Thursday the second day of Dhu al Qi dah Hijri year 813 40 at Manek Burj Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th century Hindu saint Maneknath who intervened to help Ahmed Shah I build Bhadra Fort in 1411 36 41 42 43 Ahmed Shah I chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411 44 Chandan and Rajesh Nath 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath perform puja and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad s foundation day and for the Vijayadashami festival every year 36 42 45 46 nbsp City Walls of Ahmedabad 1866 In 1487 Mahmud Begada the grandson of Ahmed Shah fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km 6 2 mi in circumference and consisting of twelve gates 189 bastions and over 6 000 battlements 47 In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat Bahadur Shah fled to Diu 48 Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar During the Mughal reign Ahmedabad became one of the Empire s thriving centres of trade mainly in textiles which were exported as far as Europe The Mughal ruler Shah Jahan spent the prime of his life in the city sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug The Deccan Famine of 1630 32 affected the city as did famines in 1650 and 1686 49 Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758 when they surrendered the city to the Marathas 50 Modern history edit nbsp A market scene in Ahmedabad 1901 During the period of Maratha Empire governance the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda 51 In 1780 during the First Anglo Maratha War a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo Maratha War 38 A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858 38 Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region In 1864 a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai then Bombay was established by the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway BB amp CI enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city 38 Over time the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry which earned it the nickname Manchester of the East 52 nbsp Ahmedabad and its environs ca 1914 The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram now Sabarmati Ashram on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 which would become centres of nationalist activities 38 53 During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919 textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War In the 1920s textile workers and teachers went on strike demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions In 1930 Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March The city s administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement Post Independence edit Following independence and the partition of India in 1947 the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947 Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan 54 who expanded the city s population and transformed its demographics and economy By 1960 Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people with classical and colonial European style buildings lining the city s thoroughfares 55 It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960 56 During this period a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city making it a centre for higher education science and technology 57 Ahmedabad s economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period Many countries sought to emulate India s economic planning strategy and one of them South Korea copied Ahmedabad s second Five Year Plan 58 Post independence Ahmedabad has seen development in manufacturing and infrastructure 59 60 nbsp Sabarmati Ashram established by Mahatma Gandhi In the late 1970s the capital shifted to the newly built city of Gandhinagar This marked the start of a long period of decline in Ahmedabad marked by a lack of development The 1974 Navnirman agitation a protest against a 20 hike in the hostel food fees at the L D College of Engineering in Ahmedabad snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel then chief minister of Gujarat 61 In the 1980s a reservation policy was introduced in the country which led to anti reservation protests in 1981 and 1985 The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes 62 The city was considerably impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake up to 50 multi storey buildings collapsed killing 752 people and causing much damage 63 The following year a three day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat known as the 2002 Gujarat riots spread to Ahmedabad in eastern Chamanpura 69 people were killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre on 28 February 2002 64 Refugee camps were set up around the city housing 50 000 Muslims as well as some small Hindu camps 65 The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings a series of seventeen bomb blasts killed and injured several people 66 The terrorist group Harkat ul Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks 67 Ahmedabad is one of few cities in India that has hosted the premiers of major economies such as the US China and Canada On 24 February 2020 President Donald Trump became the first US president to visit the city The event was named Namaste Trump Earlier President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the city 68 69 70 Demographics editPopulation edit Population censusYearPop 1872119 762 1881127 621 6 6 1891148 412 16 3 1901185 889 25 3 1911216 777 16 6 1921274 007 26 4 1931313 789 14 5 1941595 210 89 7 YearPop 1951842 643 41 6 19611 156 788 37 3 19711 750 134 51 3 19812 534 641 44 8 19913 324 197 31 2 20014 488 237 35 0 20115 633 927 25 5 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Source Census of India City population increased by 23 43 from 4 519 000 as of the 2001 census of India update to 5 577 940 2 938 985 males and 2 638 955 females resulting in a sex ratio of 898 females per 1 000 males as of the 2011 census of India update making Ahmedabad the fifth most populous city in India 71 72 73 The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad had a population of 6 352 254 and was the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India as of the 2011 census of India update 72 74 The population of children aged 0 to 6 was 621 034 336 063 males and 284 971 females resulting in a child sex ratio of 848 females per 1 000 males as of the 2011 census of India update 71 The city had an average literacy rate of 88 29 a male literacy rate of 92 30 and a female literacy rate of 83 85 71 Estimated population of Ahmedabad city is 7 692 000 while that of the urban agglomeration area is 8 772 000 as of 2023 71 The 2021 census of India has been delayed to 2024 25 and the deadline to freeze administrative boundaries has been extended to 1 January 2024 75 Poverty edit In the mid 1970s and early 1980s the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad s wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms Several mills closed down leaving between 40 000 and 50 000 people without a source of income and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC the governing and administrative body of the city simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services In the 1990s newly emerging pharmaceutical chemical and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums 76 Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents The urban poverty rate has declined from 28 in 1993 1994 to 10 in 2011 2012 76 This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations CSOs representing poor residents Through projects and programs the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums However some challenges remain and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation clean running water and electricity Riots often rooted in religious tensions threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines There remains to be seen a concerted effort to balance pro poor inclusive development with national initiatives that aim to create global cities that are the focus of capital investment and technological innovation Informal housing and slums edit As of 2011 about 66 of the population lives in formal housing with the other 34 living in slums or chawls which are tenements for industrial workers There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad and 11 of the total housing stock is public housing The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25 6 of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4 5 in 2011 but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents 76 needs update Slum Networking Project edit In the 1990s the AMC faced increased slum populations They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water sewage and electricity but because of tenure issues they were paying higher prices for low quality informal connections To address this beginning in 1995 the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project SNP to improve basic services in 60 slums benefitting approximately 13 000 households 76 This project also known as Parivartan Change involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC private institutions microfinance lenders and local NGOs The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure including water supply sewers individual toilets paved roads storm drainage and tree planting and community development i e the formation of resident associations women s groups community health interventions and vocational training 77 In addition participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years The project cost a total of 4 350 million Community members and the private sector each contributed 600 million NGOs provided 90 million and the AMC paid for the rest of the project 77 Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12 of the cost of upgrading their home 76 This project has generally been regarded as a success Having access to basic services increased the residents working hours since most work out of their homes It also reduced the incidence of illness particularly water borne illness and increased children s rates of school attendance 78 The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment 79 However concerns remain about the community s responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure Additionally trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks 76 Religion and ethnicity edit Religions in Ahmedabad City 2011 80 Religion Percent Hinduism 81 56 Islam 13 51 Jainism 3 62 Christianity 0 85 Sikhism 0 24 Other or not stated 0 24 According to the 2011 census Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81 56 of the population followed by Muslims 13 51 Jains 3 62 Christians 0 85 and Sikhs 0 24 80 Buddhists people following other religions and those who did not state any religion make up the remainder The Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Mirzapur is the cathedral of the Diocese of Ahmedabad 81 82 Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis The city is home to some 2 000 Parsis Zoroastrians 83 and some 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community 84 There is also one synagogue in the city 85 Religious group 1891 86 Pop Hinduism nbsp 102 619 69 14 Islam nbsp 30 946 20 85 Jainism nbsp 12 747 8 59 Christianity nbsp 1 031 0 69 Zoroastrianism nbsp 723 0 49 Animism 156 0 11 Judaism nbsp 153 0 1 Other 37 0 02 Total population 148 412 100 Geography editMain article Geography of Ahmedabad nbsp 19th century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad Ahmedabad lies in western India at 53 metres 174 ft above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river in north central Gujarat It covers an area of 505 km2 195 sq mi 87 88 89 90 The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer leaving only a small stream of water and the city is in a sandy and dry area However with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year thereby eliminating Ahmedabad s water problems The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state however the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem Except for the small hills of Thaltej Jodhpur Tekra the city is almost flat Three lakes lie within the city s limits Kankaria Vastrapur and Chandola Kankaria in the neighbourhood of Maninagar is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat Qutb ud din in 1451 91 According to the Bureau of Indian Standards the town falls under seismic zone 3 in a scale of 2 to 5 in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes 92 Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions The eastern bank of the river houses the old city which includes the central town of Bhadra This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars the pol system of closely clustered buildings and numerous places of worship 93 A pol pronounced as pole is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group linked by caste profession or religion 94 95 This is a list of pols in the old walled city 94 of Ahmedabad in Gujarat India Heritage of these pols 96 has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO s Tentative Lists in selection criteria II III and IV 97 The secretary general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12 000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses 98 The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol 99 The old city also houses the main railway station the main post office and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of the Sabarmati river facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the modern Nehru Bridge The western part of the city houses educational institutions modern buildings residential areas shopping malls multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road C G Road and Sarkhej Gandhinagar Highway 100 nbsp There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions The Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront area being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad India Proposed in the 1960s its construction began in 2005 and it opened in 2012 101 Climate edit Ahmedabad has a hot semi arid climate Koppen climate classification BSh with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate There are three main seasons summer monsoon and winter Aside from the monsoon season the climate is extremely dry The weather is hot from March to June the average summer maximum is 43 C 109 F and the average minimum is 24 C 75 F From November to February the average maximum temperature is 30 C 86 F and the average minimum is 13 C 55 F Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid June to mid September The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres 31 in but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016 with it reaching 48 C 118 F 102 Climate data for Ahmedabad 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C F 36 1 97 0 40 6 105 1 43 9 111 0 46 2 115 2 48 0 118 4 47 2 117 0 42 2 108 0 40 4 104 7 41 7 107 1 42 8 109 0 38 9 102 0 35 6 96 1 48 0 118 4 Mean daily maximum C F 27 9 82 2 31 0 87 8 35 8 96 4 39 7 103 5 41 8 107 2 39 0 102 2 33 7 92 7 32 3 90 1 33 6 92 5 35 6 96 1 33 1 91 6 29 5 85 1 34 4 93 9 Daily mean C F 20 1 68 2 22 8 73 0 27 7 81 9 31 9 89 4 34 5 94 1 33 3 91 9 29 8 85 6 28 8 83 8 29 3 84 7 28 8 83 8 25 1 77 2 21 6 70 9 27 8 82 0 Mean daily minimum C F 12 4 54 3 14 6 58 3 19 6 67 3 24 2 75 6 27 3 81 1 27 7 81 9 26 1 79 0 25 3 77 5 24 9 76 8 21 8 71 2 17 2 63 0 13 6 56 5 21 2 70 2 Record low C F 3 3 37 9 2 2 36 0 9 4 48 9 12 8 55 0 19 1 66 4 19 4 66 9 20 4 68 7 21 2 70 2 17 2 63 0 12 6 54 7 8 3 46 9 3 6 38 5 2 2 36 0 Average rainfall mm inches 1 2 0 05 0 6 0 02 1 1 0 04 2 5 0 10 5 5 0 22 84 3 3 32 310 1 12 21 242 2 9 54 120 2 4 73 13 1 0 52 1 9 0 07 0 9 0 04 783 6 30 85 Average rainy days 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 3 9 11 3 10 3 6 1 0 9 0 3 0 1 33 9 Average relative humidity 35 26 21 20 25 44 69 72 63 43 39 38 41 Average dew point C F 9 48 10 50 10 50 14 57 19 66 23 73 25 77 25 77 24 75 19 66 14 57 11 52 17 62 Mean monthly sunshine hours 287 3 274 3 277 5 297 2 329 6 238 3 130 1 111 4 220 6 290 7 274 1 288 6 3 019 7 Average ultraviolet index 6 8 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 7 6 10 Source 1 India Meteorological Department record high and low up to 2012 103 104 105 106 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 107 Source 2 NOAA sun 1971 1990 108 IEM ASOS May record high 109 Tokyo Climate Center mean temperatures 1991 2020 110 Weather Atlas 111 112 Following a heat wave in May 2010 which reached 46 8 C 116 2 F and claimed hundreds of lives 113 the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate amp Development Knowledge Network developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 114 Aimed at increasing awareness sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health 115 It also focuses on community participation building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat related illnesses and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit 116 Cityscape edit Early in Ahmedabad s history under Ahmed Shah builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture giving rise to the Indo Saracenic style 117 Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion 117 Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings 94 A pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad After independence modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn who designed the IIM A Le Corbusier who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owners Association Building and Frank Lloyd Wright who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome 118 119 B V Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier s works and later set up the School of Architecture now CEPT His local works include Sangath Amdavad ni Gufa Tagore Memorial Hall and the School of Architecture Charles Correa who became a partner of Doshi s designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde and the Ahmedabad Textile Industry s Research Association complex 120 121 122 Christopher Charles Benninger s first work the Alliance Francaise is located in the Ellis Bridge area 123 Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn s IIM A campus namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD 124 Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika Law Garden was named after the College of Law located nearby Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria Bal Vatika is a children s park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and houses an amusement park Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden Usmanpura Garden Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden 125 Ahmedabad s Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes caracals Asiatic wolves and chinkara 126 The Kankaria Lake built in 1451 CE is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad 127 In earlier days it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj e Kutub 128 Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136 000 square metres In 2010 another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority AUDA 129 Vastrapur Lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad Beautified by local authorities in 2002 it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens 130 Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares It is home to cormorants painted storks and spoonbills 131 During the evening time many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll 132 There is a recently developed lake in Naroda 133 and there is also the world s largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm Dastan Farm 134 AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront 135 Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air 136 nbsp Sidi Saiyyed Mosque nbsp A marble screen from the exterior of the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque nbsp Jama Mosque nbsp Hutheesing Jain Derasar main entrance nbsp Pol area of Old Ahmedabad nbsp Sabarmati Riverfront nbsp Kankaria Lake AhmedabadCivic administration edit nbsp Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district and is administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949 The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service IAS officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers whereas the corporation is headed by the mayor of Ahmedabad The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city The mayor Bijal Patel was appointed on 14 June 2018 137 The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are water and sewerage services primary education health services fire services public transport and the city s infrastructure 90 AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for the best governance amp administrative practices in India in 2014 It scored 3 4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3 3 138 Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour 139 The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards 140 141 The city s urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority AUDA The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha state legislative assembly The Gujarat High Court is located in Ahmedabad making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat 142 Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police which is headed by the Police Commissioner an Indian Police Service IPS officer 143 Public services edit Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital the largest civil hospital in Asia 144 Electricity is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited which is owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company a previously state run corporation 145 Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised 146 Culture editMain article Culture of Ahmedabad nbsp Navaratri celebrations in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad is known for its rich architecture traditional housing designs community oriented settlement patterns urban structure as well as its unique crafts and mercantile culture 147 The people of Ahmedabad celebrate a vast range of festivals Celebrations and observances include Uttarayan a harvest festival which involves kite flying on 14 and 15 January The nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba the most popular folk dance of Gujarat at venues across the city The annual Rath Yatra procession takes place on the Ashadh sud bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple Festivals like Diwali Holi Christmas and Muharram pan Indian festivals are also celebrated 148 149 Cuisine edit One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is the Gujarati thali which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900 150 It consists of roti chapati dal rice and shaak cooked vegetables sometimes with curry with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads Sweet dishes include laddoo mango and vedhmi Dhoklas theplas and dhebras are other popularly consumed dishes in Ahmedabad 151 Beverages include buttermilk and tea Drinking alcohol is legally banned in Ahmedabad as Gujarat is a dry state 152 There are many restaurants which serve Indian and international cuisines Most of food outlets serve only vegetarian food as there exists a strong tradition of vegetarianism that has been maintained by the city s Jain and Hindu communities over centuries 153 The first all vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad 154 KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen 155 156 as does McDonald s 157 158 Ahmedabad has a number of restaurants serving typical Mughlai non vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali Kalupur and Jamalpur 159 Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon However it is best known for becoming a vast congregation of food stalls in the evening which sell local street food It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath 160 Art amp Crafts edit Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie dyed bandhinis while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi also known as mojri footwear Idols of the Hindu deity Ganesha and other religious icons are made in large numbers by artisans in the Gulbai Tekra area In 2019 there was a surge in demand for eco friendly idols due to increased awareness surrounding the effects of submerging the traditional plaster of paris idols in the Sabarmati river 161 The shops at the Law Garden sell mirrorwork handicrafts 125 nbsp Swaminarayan Temple Ahmedabad Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature Gujarat Vidhya Sabha Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar 162 163 The Sanskar Kendra one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier is a museum displaying the city s history art culture and architecture The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs documents and other articles relating to the Gujarat born Indian independence movement leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics garments and textiles 164 The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic Persian Urdu Sindhi and Turkish 165 The Vechaar Utensils Museum has stainless steel glass brass copper bronze zinc and German silver tools on display 166 167 The Conflictorium is an interactive installation space that explores conflict in society through art The Shreyas Foundation has four museums on its campus The Shreyas Folk Museum Lokayatan Museum has art forms and artefacts from various Gujarati communities The Kalpana Mangaldas Children s Museum has a collection of toys puppets dance and drama costumes coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries 168 169 170 The L D Institute of Indology houses 76 000 hand written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45 000 printed books making it the largest collection of Jain scripts Indian sculptures terracottas miniature paintings cloth paintings painted scrolls bronzes woodwork Indian coins textiles and decorative art paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet 171 The N C Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India 172 In 1949 the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the scientist Dr Vikram Sarabhai and his wife Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai Its influence has led Ahmedabad to become a centre of Indian classical dance 173 Education edit nbsp Gujarat university Ahmedabad Main article Education in Ahmedabad Primary and secondary education edit Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the AMC or privately by entities trusts and corporations The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School Higher education and research organizations edit Several institutions of higher education with a focus on engineering management and design are located in Ahmedabad citation needed Among the universities in Ahmedabad Gujarat University is a collegiate university established in 1949 174 and has 286 affiliated colleges 22 recognized institutions and 36 postgraduate departments 175 Indira Gandhi National Open University commonly known as IGNOU is a public university in India and having an active regional centre in Ahmedabad region to offer 290 ODL programs and 40 online programs to the students lives in the city 176 Other state universities in the city include Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University 177 Gujarat Technological University 178 and Kaushalya Skill University 179 Gujarat Vidyapith located near the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 and became a deemed university in 1963 180 Private universities located in the city include Ahmedabad University 181 CEPT University formerly Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology 182 Indus University 183 Nirma University 184 GLS University 185 and Silver Oak University 186 Two Institutes of National Importance are located in the city Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad 187 and National Institute of Design 188 nbsp Indian Institute of Management AhmedabadOther institutions located in the city include the Physical Research Laboratory which was established in 1947 by the physicist and astronomer Vikram Sarabhai 189 It is an autonomous research institute under the Department of Space with a focus on research in astronomy experimental and theoretical physics and earth sciences 189 The Ahmedabad Textile Industry s Research Association ATIRA registered in 1947 is an autonomous non profit association engaged in operational and applied research in the textile industry 190 Media edit nbsp Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India Indian Express DNA The Economic Times The Financial Express Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro 191 Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar Gujarat Samachar Sandesh Rajasthan Patrika Sambhaav and Aankhodekhi 191 The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi 192 The state owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on medium wave bands and FM bands 96 7 MHz in the city 193 It competes with five private local FM stations Radio City 91 1 MHz Red FM 93 5 MHz My FM 94 3 MHz Radio One 95 0 MHz Radio Mirchi 98 3 MHz and Mirchi Love 104 MHz Gyan Vani 104 5 MHz is an educational FM radio station run under the media co operation model 194 In March 2012 Gujarat University started a campus radio service on 90 8 MHz which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India 195 The state owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels while three multi system operators InCablenet Siti Cable and GTPL provide a mix of Gujarati Hindi English and other regional channels via cable 196 Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio BSNL Mobile Airtel and Vodafone Idea 197 Economy editMain article Economy of Ahmedabad nbsp Torrent Power thermal power station at Sabarmati Ahmedabad The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at 64 billion in 2014 198 199 The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012 200 In the 19th century the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited 201 followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city 202 The textile industry underwent rapid expansion during the First World War and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi s Swadeshi movement which promoted the purchase of Indian made goods 203 Ahmedabad was known as the Manchester of the East for its textile industry 53 The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India 18 The automobile industry is also important to the city after Tata s Nano project Ford Suzuki and Peugeot have established engine and vehicle manufacturing plants near Ahmedabad 204 205 206 The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange located in the Ambavadi area of the city is India s second oldest stock exchange It is now defunct 207 Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India Zydus Lifesciences and Torrent Pharmaceuticals are based in the city The Nirma group of industries which runs detergent and chemical industrial units has its corporate headquarters in the city The city houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group a multinational trading and infrastructure development company 208 The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city 209 The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city 210 A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the Super Nine Indian Destinations for IT enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country 211 The city s educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India 212 Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as Cadila Healthcare Rasna Wagh Bakri Cadila Pharmaceuticals and Intas Biopharmaceuticals Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat 213 Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad 214 215 216 217 218 Textiles are one of the major industries of the city 219 Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates 220 Infrastructure edit nbsp Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad nbsp Sabarmati Railway Station nbsp Ahmedabad Metro Transportation edit Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport located in Hansol and operated by the Adani Group is Ahmedabad s principal airport 221 The Dholera International Airport located 110 km southwest of central Ahmedabad in Navagam village is currently under construction and expects completion of its first phase by 2025 222 The Ahmedabad railway division an operating division under the Western Railway zone of Indian Railways is headquartered in the city 223 Ahmedabad Junction railway station locally known as Kalupur railway station 224 is Ahmedabad s primary and Gujarat s busiest railway hub 225 Other major railway stations that service the city include Chandlodiya 226 Gandhigram 227 Maninagar 228 and Sabarmati Junction 229 230 Public transit includes the Ahmedabad Metro a rapid transit system inaugurated in March 2019 with 40 km of track on two lines East West and North South and a daily ridership of 90 000 231 Phase 2 of the Ahmedabad Metro connecting Motera Stadium northwards to Mahatma Mandir in Gandhinagar began construction in February 2021 and is expected to be complete by 2026 232 Other public transit options include the Ahmedabad BRTS also known as Janmarg people s way a bus rapid transit system inaugurated in October 2009 with a total fleet of 325 buses over 19 routes and a daily ridership of 190 000 233 Bus transportation is also provided by Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service AMTS with 700 buses over 149 routes 233 Both the Ahmedabad BRTS and the AMTS are overseen by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation 234 235 Ahmedabad also has self drive car rental service provided by private companies like Just Drive Self Drive Cars The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation introduced AmdaBike a public bicycle sharing system in December 2019 to improve last mile connectivity 236 MYBYK is the main service provider for AmdaBike with 300 bicycle stations including at Ahmedabad BRTS stations and 4 000 bicycles 236 Road edit National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with New Delhi and Mumbai The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1 a 94 km 58 mi long expressway with two exits This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project 237 In 2001 Ahmedabad was ranked as the most polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of 10 000 to convert the fuel of all 37 733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution As a result in 2008 Ahmedabad was ranked as the 50th most polluted city in India 238 nbsp Ahmedabad 132 feet Ring Road SkylineSports edit nbsp EKA Arena is a multi purpose stadium in the city Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city 239 Narendra Modi Stadium also known as the Motera Stadium originally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium built in 1982 hosts both one day internationals and test matches It is the largest stadium in the world by capacity with a seating capacity of 132 000 spectators 240 It hosted the 1987 1996 2011 and 2023 Cricket World Cups 241 It is the home ground of the Gujarat cricket team a first class team which competes in domestic tournaments Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation s Sports Club of Gujarat 242 The final of 2023 Cricket World cup was held at the Narendra Modi Stadium 243 Ahmedabad is also home to the IPL team Gujarat Titans who won its first title in 2022 in front of its home crowd 244 Other popular sports include field hockey badminton tennis squash and golf Ahmedabad has nine golf courses 245 Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports 246 Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis 247 Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One design concepts 248 249 nbsp Participants in the Sabarmati Marathon Sabarmati Marathon has been organized every year December January since 2011 it has categories like a full and half marathon a 7 km dream run a 5 km run for the visually disabled and a 5 km wheelchair run 250 In 2007 Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games 251 The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia a renovated Kankaria football ground Geet Sethi a five time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India s highest sporting award the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna was raised in Ahmedabad 252 The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the Adani Group every year since 2017 it attracted 8 000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with COVID 19 guidelines 253 Ahmedabad 2036 Olympics Bid edit Ahmedabad has been identified as a potential host city for the 2036 Summer Olympics The Gujarat government has identified 33 sites in and around Ahmedabad for the development of infrastructure to support the Olympic bid 254 The city s bid is also being shaped with international expertise including Australian consultants 255 A Special Purpose Vehicle SPV is being set up by the Gujarat government to manage Ahmedabad s bid for the games 256 The fate of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium is under consideration as part of the city s preparation for the Olympics 257 Notable places editHeritage edit Gates of Ahmedabad Pols in Ahmedabad Bhadra Fort Teen Darwaza Manek Burj Mosques and tombs edit Ahmed Shah s Mosque Haibat Khan s Mosque Jama Mosque Sidi Bashir Mosque Shaking Minarets Sarkhej Roza Ahmad Shah s Tomb Rani no Hajiro Rani Rupamati s Mosque Qutbuddin Mosque Dariya Khan s Tomb Azam and Muazzam Khan s Tomb Qutub e Alam s Mosque Saiyad Usman Mosque Dastur Khan s Mosque Miya Khan Chishti s Mosque Shah e Alam s Roza Muhafiz Khan Mosque Achut Bibi s Mosque Rani Sipri s Mosque Malik Isan s Mosque Baba Lului s Mosque Mohammed Ghous Mosque Sidi Saiyyed Mosque Wajihuddin s Tomb Sardar Khan s Roza Museums edit Calico Museum of Textiles Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum Gujarat Science City Stepwells edit Mata Bhavani s Stepwell Dada Harir Stepwell Adalaj Stepwell Amritavarshini Vav Temples edit Hutheesing Jain Temple Shahibaug Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur Kalupur Shree Jagannath Mandir Jamalpur Camp Hanuman Mandir Shahibaug Houses edit Gaekwad Haveli Villa Sarabhai Villa Shodhan Others edit Shahibaug Sabarmati Ashram Sabarmati Riverfront Kankaria Lake Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park Atal Pedestrian BridgeInternational relations editTwin towns sister cities edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in India nbsp nbsp Ahmedabad nbsp Astrakhan nbsp Guangzhou nbsp Jersey Cityclass notpageimage Sister cities of Ahmedabad nbsp Astrakhan Russia 258 nbsp Columbus United States 2008 259 nbsp Guangzhou China September 2014 260 nbsp Jersey City United States 1994 261 See also editList of people from Ahmedabad List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad Timeline of AhmedabadNotes edit a b PTI BJP corporator Pratibha Jain elected as mayor of Ahmedabad Vadodara too gets new mayor Deccan Herald Retrieved 10 October 2023 Gujarat government transport 23 IAS officers AMC GMC get new commissioners DeshGujarat 12 October 2022 Archived from the original on 12 October 2022 Retrieved 12 October 2022 City police chief visits stadium ashram The Times of India 14 February 2020 Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 Retrieved 19 February 2020 About Us Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority Archived from the original on 20 February 2020 Retrieved 8 April 2023 Gujarat India State Major Agglomerations amp Cities Population Statistics in Maps and Charts citypopulation de Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 Ahmedabad Population worldpopulationreview com archived from the original on 22 July 2020 retrieved 22 July 2020 Kaushik Himanshu Parikh Niyati 3 January 2019 GJ 01 series registers 12 drop in one year The Times of India Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 Retrieved 8 August 2020 District Human Development Reports United Nations Development Programme UNDP Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Distribution of Population Decadal Growth Rate Sex Ratio and Population Density 2011 census of India Government of India Archived from the original on 13 November 2011 Retrieved 21 March 2012 Gujarat elections 2022 Seats with high literacy rates record low voting numbers The Times of India 8 December 2022 ISSN 0971 8257 Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Haritas Bhragu 28 June 2017 Richest Cities Of India BW Businessworld Archived from the original on 2 March 2020 Ahemadabad The largest city of Gujarat has an estimated GDP of 68 billion Tiwari Anuj 22 October 2021 Top 10 Richest Cities in India India Times Archived from the original on 11 August 2023 Retrieved 23 August 2023 The Manchester of East Ahmedabad is among the richest cities of India The city ranks eighth on the list with an estimated GDP of 68 billion Dave Jitendra 28 March 2012 Is it Ahmadabad or Amdavad No one knows for sure DNA India Archived from the original on 2 May 2021 Retrieved 23 October 2018 India s most populated citys https worldpopulationreview com countries cities india Archived 3 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine India States and Major Agglomerations Population Statistics Maps Charts Weather and Web Information citypopulation de 29 September 2016 Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 Major Agglomerations of the World Population Statistics and Maps citypopulation de 1 January 2017 Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 Ahmadabad amp Gandhinagar a tale of twin cities One India One People 1 December 2015 Archived from the original on 15 May 2023 Retrieved 15 May 2023 a b Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 2006 Profile of the City Ahmadabad PDF Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority and CEPT University Ahmadabad Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation Archived from the original PDF on 19 August 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2008 Ahmadabad joins ITES hot spots The Times of India 16 August 2002 Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 Retrieved 30 July 2006 Kotkin Joel In pictures The Next Decade s fastest growing cities Forbes Archived from the original on 14 October 2010 Retrieved 10 July 2010 Ahmedabad best city to live in Pune close second The Times of India Archived from the original on 12 December 2011 Retrieved 11 December 2011 Tiwari Anuj 22 October 2021 Richest Cities Of India India Times Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2021 The Manchester of East Ahmedabad is among the richest cities of India The city ranks eighth on the list with an estimated GDP of 68 billion Ahmedabad rated as third best city to live in moves up by 20 spots in a year www timesnownews com 5 March 2021 Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 20 June 2021 Ahmedabad India World s Greatest Places 2022 Time Archived from the original on 12 July 2022 Retrieved 13 July 2022 Government releases list of 20 smart cities The Times of India 28 January 2016 Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 Retrieved 6 February 2016 600 year old smart city gets World Heritage tag The Times of India 9 July 2017 Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 Retrieved 9 July 2017 a b Michell amp Shah 1988 p 17 a b c Bobbio 2015 p 164 Michell amp Shah 1988 p 18 Turner Jane 1996 The Dictionary of Art Vol 1 Grove p 471 ISBN 978 1 884446 00 9 Michell George Snehal Shah John Burton Page Mehta Dinesh 28 July 2006 Ahmadabad Marg Publications pp 17 19 ISBN 81 85026 03 3 Gopal Madan 1990 K S Gautam ed India Through the Ages Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India p 173 Wink Andre 1990 Indo Islamic Society 14th 15th Centuries Brill p 143 ISBN 978 90 04 13561 1 Zafar Khan Muzaffar the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert of a low subdivision called Tank originally from Southern Punjab Kapadia Aparna 2018 In Praise of Kings Rajputs Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth century Gujarat Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 120 ISBN 978 1 107 15331 8 Archived from the original on 3 June 2021 Retrieved 11 July 2021 Gujarati historian Sikandar does narrate the story of Muzaffar Shah s ancestors having once been Hindu Tanks a branch of Khatris who trace their dynasty 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Times Down to the Moslem Conquest ASIN B0008B2NGA Crook Nigel 1993 India s Industrial Cities Essays in Economy and Demography Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 563172 2 Rajan K V Soundra 1989 Ahmadabad Archaeological Survey of India Forrest George William Cities of India Adamant Media Corporation ISBN 0 543 93823 9 Gandhi R 1990 Patel A Life Navajivan Press Ahmedabad ASIN B0006EYQ0A Michell George 2003 Ahmadabad Art Media Resources ISBN 81 85026 03 3 Spodek Howard 2011 Ahmedabad Shock City of Twentieth Century India Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 35587 4 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Collectorate Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ahmedabad at Curlie Ahmadabad Encyclopaedia Britannica entry 245711197 Ahmedabad on OpenStreetMap Portal nbsp IndiaAhmedabad at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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