Roti
Roti (in English known as chapati)[5] is a round flatbread native to the Indian subcontinent. It is popular in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritius, and Fiji. It is made from stoneground whole wheat flour, traditionally known as gehu ka atta, and water that is combined into a dough.[6][7] Roti is consumed in many countries worldwide. Its defining characteristic is that it is unleavened. Naan from the Indian subcontinent, by contrast, is a yeast-leavened bread, as is kulcha. Like breads around the world, roti is a staple accompaniment to other foods.[5]
| Alternative names | Ruti |
|---|---|
| Type | Flatbread |
| Place of origin | Indian subcontinent[1][2][3] |
| Created by | Indus Valley civilization[1] |
| Main ingredients | Atta flour |
| Variations | Chapati, Bajra Roti,[4] Jowar Roti, Chawal ki Roti Makki ki roti, Rumali roti, Tandoori roti, Wrap roti, Roti canai, Paratha |
| |
Etymology
The word roti is derived from the Sanskrit word (roṭikā), meaning "bread".[8]
Preparation
Roti dough may be rolled out with a rolling pin to create flat, round pieces. This may be done on a circular, flat board called a roti board.[9]
Variants
Roti in the Indian subcontinent
Ceylon/Kerala-style roti (porotta) served with curry
Plain roti paratha
A roti wrap with boiled egg and smoked chicken in the Netherlands
Indian thali with chapati
Tandoori roti served with other dishes in an Indian restaurant
A chef preparing rumali roti in India
Bajhar ji maani (bajra roti) in Tharparkar, Sindh
Spicy vegetables served with rotis
Roti stuffed with bananas
Indian subcontinent
Many variations of flatbreads and roti are found in many cultures across the globe, from the Indian subcontinent to Africa to Oceania to the Malay Peninsula to the Americas.[5] The roti is a traditional flatbread from the Indian subcontinent.[10] It is normally eaten with cooked vegetables or curries; it can be called a carrier for them.[11] It is made most often from wheat flour, cooked on a flat or slightly concave iron griddle called a tawa.[12] Traditionally, rotis have also been made from the flour of millet, maize, jowar, bajra, and even rice.[13] Tandoori roti is cooked by sticking the flattened dough to the inside wall of a tandoor oven, where it bakes quickly at a high temperature.[14][15] Chapatis are made of whole-wheat flour known as atta, mixed into dough with water, edible oil and optional salt in a mixing utensil called a parat, and is cooked on a tava (flat skillet).[16][17] It is known as phulka in Punjabi and Saraiki, and maani in Sindhi.
Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, there is a variant of roti called pol roti (coconut roti),[18] made of wheat flour, and/or kurakkan flour, and scraped coconut. Sometimes, chopped green chilis and onion are added to the mixture before cooking. These are usually thicker and harder than other roti types. They are usually eaten with curries, or some types of sambol or lunu miris and considered a main meal rather than a supplement.
Another variety of roti popular in Sri Lanka is kottu roti,[19] which is made up of paratha or godamba roti, These are cut into small pieces,[19] small in size and rectangular or square in shape. Then on a square heating pan, vegetables and onions are fried. Eggs, cooked meat, or fish are added to fried vegetables and heated for a few minutes. Finally, the pieces of cut paratha are added. These are chopped and mixed by repeated pounding using heavy iron blades/spatula, the sound of which can be heard from a long distance. Depending upon what ingredients are used, the variations are vegetable, egg, chicken, beef, mutton, and fish kottu roti.[20] It is sometimes prepared and served as a fast food dish.[20]
Godamba roti is another variety found in Sri Lanka.[21] Plain godamba roti is eaten with curry[21] or it can also be wrapped around a savory filling.
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
46.36 g | |
| Sugars | 2.72 |
| Dietary fiber | 4.9 g |
7.45 g | |
11.25 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Thiamine (B1) | 48% 0.55 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 17% 0.2 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 45% 6.78 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 12% 0.58 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 21% 0.270 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 15% 61 μg |
| Vitamin E | 6% 0.88 mg |
| Vitamin K | 0% 0 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 9% 93 mg |
| Iron | 23% 3 mg |
| Magnesium | 17% 62 mg |
| Manganese | 60% 1.25 mg |
| Phosphorus | 26% 184 mg |
| Potassium | 6% 266 mg |
| Sodium | 27% 409 mg |
| Zinc | 17% 1.57 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 33 g |
| Selenium | 53.7 ug |
Link to USDA Database entry | |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
Caribbean
Roti is eaten widely across the Caribbean, especially in countries with large Indo-Caribbean populations such as Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, and Jamaica. Originally brought to the islands by indentured laborers from the Indian subcontinent, roti has become a popular staple in the culturally rich cuisines of these countries. In the Caribbean, roti is commonly eaten as an accompaniment to various curries and stews. The traditional way of eating roti is to break the roti by hand, using it to sop up sauce and pieces of meat from the curry. However, in the Caribbean, the term roti may refer to both the flatbread (roti) itself and the more popular street food item, in which the roti is folded around a savory filling in the form of a wrap.
The roti wrap is the commercialization of roti and curry together as a fast-food or street-food item in the Caribbean. This wrap form of roti originated in southern Trinidad. It was first created in the mid-1940s by Sackina Karamath, who later founded Hummingbird Roti Shop in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago. The wrap was convenient, as the meal could be eaten faster and while on the go, as well as keeping one's hands from getting dirty. In Trinidad and Tobago, various wrapped roti are served, including chicken, conch, goat, beef, and shrimp. Vegetables can also be added including potato, pumpkin, and spinach as well a variety of local condiments, with pepper sauce (hot sauce) and mango chutney being the most popular. The roti wrap quickly gained popularity across the island and spread throughout the rest of the Caribbean. The wrap is now simply referred to as a roti or just roti. The growth in popularity has recently led to referring to the flatbread itself (roti) that surrounds the filling as a "roti skin" or "roti shell", a practice that is now common in both restaurants and commercial companies. Various types of roti are eaten throughout the West Indies. They are most prominently featured in the diets of people in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. Caribbean-style roti is primarily made from wheat flour, baking powder, salt, and water, and cooked on a tawa. Certain rotis are also made with ghee or butter.
Trinidad and Tobago
| Food | Image | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sada roti | This is a plain roti, made of white flour. It is the simplest roti to make, and is the most commonly consumed roti in Trinidad. It is a popular breakfast option there,[22] and is enjoyed in combination with various curried meat and vegetable dishes. This type of roti is a staple food consumed for both breakfast and dinner by Trinidadians. | |
| Paratha roti | A layered roti made with butter, usually ghee (clarified butter), but any butter can be used.[23] Ghee is rubbed on both sides, then it is cooked on a tawa (a round, flat metal griddle used in Indian & Pakistani cooking). This gives the roti a crisp outside and small patches of light browning. When the roti is almost finished cooking, the cook begins to beat the roti while it is on the tawa, causing it to become light and flaky. Paratha roti is more rich and flavorful than plain roti. Paratha is enjoyed with almost any accompaniment. As with other rotis, it is commonly eaten with curries and stews. It is also traditionally eaten with fried eggs or egg dishes and a cup of tea. In Trinidad, parathas are colloquially called "buss-up shut" ("busted-up shirt") because the roti resembles a tattered and torn-up shirt. | |
| Puri | This is a roti where two layers are rolled out together and cooked (after rolled it's fried directly in hot oil. Some like to first half cook it on a tawa and then fry (because the puri then soaks up less oil) in the kadhai. This type of roti is eaten with a special halva when a child is born. | |
| Dhalpuri[24][better source needed] | A roti with a stuffing of ground yellow split peas, cumin (geera), garlic, and pepper: The split peas are boiled until they are al dente and then ground in a mill. The cumin is toasted until black and also ground. The stuffing is pushed into the roti dough, and sealed. When rolled flat, the filling is distributed within the roti. It is cooked on the tava and rubbed with oil for ease of cooking. This type of roti is most commonly eaten with a variety of curries. It is also the roti of choice for the making of wrap rotis. | |
| Wrap roti | A popular wrap made by folding a combination of meat and vegetable curries inside of a dhalpuri roti: The curry or stew often contains potatoes and/or chickpeas as a filler as well as the essential meat component, although vegetarian options are common as well. Popular fillings include curried chicken, goat, conch, duck, beef, shrimp, and vegetable. An assortment of optional condiments are also common such as pepper sauce and mango chutney. | |
| Aloo puri / potato puri | A roti similar to a dhalpuri, but with aloo (potato) substituted for the dhal. The aloo is boiled and milled, and spices and seasonings are added before being sealed in the dough. This aloo filling is also used when making aloo pie or aloo choka. |
Guyana
Dosti roti is common in Guyana.[a] A small amount of fat is placed in each piece of dough before it is rolled out to make the roti softer. Usually, vegetable oil is used, but butter, or margarine can also be used. Ghee is not used in everyday cooking, but is used on special occasions, especially amongst Hindus. The roti is usually clapped by hand or beaten a bit, hot off the tava, so it softens but does not break.
- A good roti in Guyana is very soft, with layers (almost like pastry layers if possible), which remains whole.
- The type of roti is determined by what is placed in the dough before it is rolled out. Various types include dhalpuri, aloo (potato) roti, and even sugar (to keep the kids busy, while the mother finishes cooking).
- In Guyana, a rolled-out, thin, flat dough like a roti that is deep-fried in ghee is called a puri. Therefore, a dhalpuri is not really a puri.
- Another item prepared like roti is bake or bakes or floats. A Guyanese or Trinidadian fry bake seems to be more similar to an Indian puri. A bake is made with butter or margarine and has a different ratio of flour to fat. It is made much quicker than roti and is usually made in the mornings. Dough is rolled out and cut into shapes or rolled into small rounds. Guyanese bakes are fried, but bakes from other parts of the West Indies can be baked in an oven. Bakes are usually paired with a quick fry-up for breakfast or dinner, stewed saltfish, or eggs ("western" style, with onions, tomatoes, green peppers). Bakes are also made in other parts of the West Indies, including Trinidad, Barbados, and St. Vincent. In Trinidad and Tobago, a "bake and shark" is a popular street-food sandwich in which fried shark is placed between two halves of a sliced bake with local condiments. Pepper sauce, shado beni, garlic sauce, tamarind, and mango chutney are most common, as well as lettuce, tomato, and cucumber for fillers.
Suriname
In Suriname, roti refers mainly to dhalpuri or aloo puri. It is most often eaten with curried chicken. As in Trinidad and the West Indies, roti can also refer to the stuffed roti wrap. This dish is usually eaten out of hand. Due to a mass emigration of Indian Surinamese in the 1970s, roti became a popular take-out dish in the Netherlands. It usually includes chicken curry, potatoes, a boiled egg, and various vegetables, most notably the kousenband or yardlong bean. Another variation includes shrimp and aubergine. The meat with gravy, potatoes, egg, and yardlong beans are served side by side on a plate, with the aloo puri folded in fours on top.
Southeast Asia
In Indonesia and Malaysia, the term encompasses all forms of bread, including Western-style bread, as well as the traditional Indian breads.[26]
In Thailand, โรตี is a popular street food that can be eaten as a dessert or as a side dish. Some Thai curries can also be accompanied with a side of roti, primarily Southern Thai curries.
In Cambodia, រ៉ូទី is a dessert that is sold as street food. It is similar to both a crêpe and paratha.
South Africa
Roti was initially introduced to South Africa by Indian migrants during the 19th century, and subsequently became incorporated into Durban cuisine. It is widely eaten by the Indian communities living in South Africa, and is either eaten as a flat bread or a wrap with locally made curries.
Mauritius
Similarly as with other countries that were part of the Indian diaspora, roti was introduced to Mauritius by Indian migrants/indentured labourers during the 19th century, and has since been a staple of Mauritian cuisine and a common street food.[27][28] Roti generally refers to farata (a local pronunciation of paratha), a pancake made of wheat flour and water;[27][29] other variants include dholl puri, which is layered, and stuffed with boiled and ground dal/split peas,[27][30] and ti puri, a smaller roti that is fried and usually served with seven different curries.[31]
Iran
In Iran, the two variants of roti are called khaboos[32][better source needed] and lavash. These two breads (the former of which is almost exactly prepared like Indian roti) are quite similar to other rotis.
North America
Roti shops are now abundant in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Owing to Canada's considerable immigrant populations from both South Asia and the Caribbean, roti and its variants are popular there. As Indo-Caribbeans moved to North American cities such as Toronto, New York City, Miami, Los Angeles, and Montreal, they exported with them the wrapped version of roti. A distinct Toronto offering is the "East Indian roti", a variation on the stuffed roti from the West Indies.[33]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b Alan Davidson (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. pp. 692–. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6.
- ^ Jim Smith (15 April 2008). Technology of Reduced Additive Foods. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-1-4051-4795-8.
- ^ Bruce Kraig; Colleen Taylor Sen (9 September 2013). Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 301–. ISBN 978-1-59884-955-4.
- ^ Aroona Reejhsinghani (June 2004). Feast on a Diabetic Diet. ISBN 9788180560118.
- ^ a b c Wrigley, C.W.; Corke, H.; Seetharaman, K.; Faubion, J. (2015). Encyclopedia of Food Grains. Elsevier Science. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-12-394786-4. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Davidson, A.; Jaine, T. (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. OUP Oxford. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Zahid, Anusha (9 October 2017). "Sunridge launches into atta". Aurora Magazine. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ "Rotika (रोटिका)". Spoken Sanskrit. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ Cheifitz, Phillippa (2009). South Africa Eats. Quivertree Publications. ISBN 978-0-9814287-2-7.
- ^ Kapoor, Sanjeev. Dal Roti. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788179915684 – via Google Books.
- ^ Choice, Antoinette; Choice, Joseph (19 December 2018). Dinosaurs Love Roti with Curry. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781546264620 – via Google Books.
- ^ Gadia, M. (2009). The Indian Vegan Kitchen: More Than 150 Quick and Healthy Homestyle Recipes. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-101-14541-8. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Śekhara, Sumana (10 April 2019). Roti: The Prime Need. Pragatisheel Prakashan. ISBN 9789386246769 – via Google Books.
- ^ Gocmen, D.; Inkaya, A.N.; Aydin, E. (2009). "Flat Breads" (PDF). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 15: 298–306.
- ^ Saxena, Dharmesh C.; Salimath, Paramahans V.; Rao, Punaroor Haridas (2000). "Indian wheat cultivars: their carbohydrate profile and its relation to tandoori roti quality". Food Chemistry. 68 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(99)00174-0.
- ^ Nandita Godbole, 2016, Roti: Easy Indian Breads & Sides.
- ^ Chitra Agrawal, 2017, Vibrant India: Fresh Vegetarian Recipes from Bangalore to Brooklyn, page 35.
- ^ "Experience true variety of cuisines at Hotel Riu Sri Lanka". Daily Mirror. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ a b Taylor, G. (2017). MasterChef: Street Food of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4729-4620-1. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ a b Briggs, P. (2018). Sri Lanka. Bradt Travel Guide. Sri Lanka. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-78477-057-0. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ a b Kraig, B.; Sen, C.T. (2013). Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-59884-955-4. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Mason, T. (2016). Caribbean Vegan: Meat-free, Egg-free, Dairy-free Authentic Island Cuisine for Every Occasion. The Experiment. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-61519-360-8. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Albala, K. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 12 January 2010.
- ^ Rickford, J.R. (1978). A Festival of Guyanese Words. University of Guyana. p. 127. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Makmoer, Haryanto (10 April 2003). Roti manis & donat. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 9789792201833 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c The rough guide to Mauritius. Rough Guides (First ed.). London. 2015. ISBN 978-0-241-01424-0. OCLC 905661042.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Republic of Mauritius. "Mauritian Cuisine". Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ Exotic Holiday Mauritius. . Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ Grihault, Nicki (14 January 2018). "Get stuffed in Mauritius … on dholl puri, the perfect savoury pancake". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ Restaurants.mu. "Ti Puri Sept Cari". Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "A Simple Recipe for This Indian-Influenced Roti Flatbread". The Spruce Eats.