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Wikipedia

OpenStreetMap

December 30, 2022

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free, open geographic database updated and maintained by a community of volunteers via open collaboration. Contributors collect data from surveys, trace from aerial imagery and also import from other freely licensed geodata sources. OpenStreetMap is freely licensed under the Open Database License and as a result commonly used to make electronic maps, inform turn-by-turn navigation, assist in humanitarian aid and data visualisation. OpenStreetMap uses its own topology to store geographical features which can then be exported into other GIS file formats. The OpenStreetMap website itself is an online map, geodata search engine and editor.

OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap homepage, showing the world map
Available in96 languages and variants,[1] local languages for map data
Country of originUnited Kingdom
OwnerOpenStreetMap Foundation
Created bySteve Coast
ProductsEditable geographic data, tiled web map layer
URLwww.openstreetmap.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationRequired for contributors, not required for viewing
Users9.8 million[2]
Launched9 August 2004; 18 years ago (2004-08-09)[3]
Current statusActive
Content license
Open Database License

In 2004, OpenStreetMap was created by Steve Coast in response to the Ordnance Survey, the United Kingdom's national mapping agency, failing to release its data to the public and under free licences. Initially, maps were created only via GPS traces, but it was quickly populated by importing public domain geographical data such as the U.S. TIGER and tracing permitted aerial photography. OpenStreetMap's adoption was accelerated by Google Maps's introduction of pricing in 2012 and the development of supporting software and applications. The database is hosted by the OpenStreetMap Foundation, a non-profit organisation registered in England and Wales and is funded mostly via donations.

History

 
The founder of OpenStreetMap, Steve Coast, in 2009

Steve Coast founded the project in 2004 while at university in Britain,[4] initially focusing on mapping the United Kingdom. In the UK and elsewhere, government-run and tax-funded projects like the Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but declined to freely and widely distribute them. The first contribution was made in the city of London in 2005.[5]

In April 2006, the OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage the growth, development and distribution of free geospatial data and provide geospatial data for anybody to use and share. In December 2006, Yahoo! confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use its aerial photography as a backdrop for map production.[6]

In April 2007, Automotive Navigation Data (AND) donated a complete road data set for the Netherlands and trunk road data for India and China to the project[7] and by July 2007, when the first OpenStreetMap international The State of the Map conference[8] was held, there were 9,000 registered users. Sponsors of the event included Google, Yahoo! and Multimap. In October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset.[9] In December 2007, Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website.[10]

Ways to import and export data have continued to grow – by 2008, the project developed tools to export OpenStreetMap data to power portable GPS units, replacing their existing proprietary and out-of-date maps.[11] In March, two founders of CloudMade, a commercial company that uses OpenStreetMap data, announced that they had received venture capital funding of €2.4 million.[12] In November 2010, Bing changed their licence to allow use of their satellite imagery for making maps.[13]

In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors.[14] Chief among these were Foursquare and Craigslist, which adopted OpenStreetMap, and Apple, which ended a contract with Google and launched a self-built mapping platform using TomTom and OpenStreetMap data.[15]

In 2017, DigitalGlobe started providing satellite imagery to aid OpenStreetMap contributions.[16]

In June 2021, OpenStreetMap Foundation announced plans to move from the United Kingdom to a country in the European Union, citing Brexit as the inciting factor. According to the organisation, there are several reasons for the move, including "the failure of the UK and EU to agree on mutual recognition of database rights", the rising difficulties in "banking, finance and using PayPal in the UK" and the loss of .eu domains.[17]

In mid-December 2022, the Linux Foundation announced the launch of a new mapping collaboration, the Overture Maps Foundation.[18] Its stated mission is "powering current and next-generation map products by creating reliable, easy-to-use, and interoperable open map data." Overture founding members were Amazon Web Services (AWS), Meta, Microsoft and TomTom.[19][20][21] Overture is to be complementary to OpenStreetMap and Overture encourages members to contribute data directly to OpenStreetMap.[22]

Data structure

OpenStreetMap uses a topological data structure, with four core elements (also known as data primitives):

  • Nodes are points with a geographic position, stored as coordinates (pairs of a latitude and a longitude) according to WGS 84.[23] Outside of their usage in ways, they are used to represent map features without a size, such as points of interest or mountain peaks.
  • Ways are ordered lists of nodes, representing a polyline, or possibly a polygon if they form a closed loop. They are used both for representing linear features such as streets and rivers, and areas, like forests, parks, parking areas and lakes.
  • Relations are ordered lists of nodes, ways and relations (together called "members"), where each member can optionally have a "role" (a string). Relations are used for representing the relationship of existing nodes and ways. Examples include turn restrictions on roads, routes that span several existing ways (for instance, a long-distance motorway), and areas with holes.
  • Tags are key-value pairs (both arbitrary strings). They are used to store metadata about the map objects (such as their type, their name and their physical properties). Tags are not freestanding, but are always attached to an object: to a node, a way or a relation. A recommended ontology of map features (the meaning of tags) is maintained on a wiki. New tagging schemes can always be proposed by a popular vote of a written proposal in OpenStreetMap wiki, however, there is no requirement to follow this process. There are over 89 million different kinds of tags in use as of June 2017.[24]

The OpenStreetMap data primitives are stored and processed in different formats.

The main copy of the OpenStreetMap data is stored in OpenStreetMap's main database. The main database is a PostgreSQL database, which has one table for each data primitive, with individual objects stored as rows.[25][26] All edits happen in this database, and all other formats are created from it.[citation needed]

For data transfer, several database dumps are created, which are available for download. The complete dump is called planet.osm. These dumps exist in two formats, one using XML and one using the Protocol Buffer Binary Format (PBF).[citation needed]

Data collection

 
Editing with JOSM after a ground survey

Map data is collected from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using tools such as a handheld GPS unit, a notebook, digital camera, or a voice recorder. The data is then entered into the OpenStreetMap database using a number of software tools including JOSM and Merkaator. Mapathon competition events are also held by OpenStreetMap team and by non-profit organisations and local governments to map a particular area.

The availability of aerial photography and other data from commercial and government sources has added important sources of data for manual editing and automated imports. Special processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems.[27] OpenStreetMap data has been favourably compared with proprietary datasources,[28] although as of 2009 data quality varied across the world.[29][30][needs update]

Software

 
StreetComplete asking user a question. User filled in the answer. After tapping "OK" this answer will be added to an OpenStreetMap database.

Editing of maps can be done using the default web browser editor called iD, an HTML5 application using D3.js and written by Mapbox,[31] which was originally financed by the Knight Foundation.[32] JOSM, Potlatch,[33] and Merkaartor[34] are more powerful desktop editing applications that are better suited for advanced users.

Vespucci[35] is the primary full-featured editor for Android; it has been regularly released since 2009.[36] StreetComplete[37] is an Android app launched in 2016,[38] which allows users without any OpenStreetMap knowledge to answer simple questions for existing data in OpenStreetMap, and thus contribute data.[39] Maps.me and OsmAnd, two offline mobile map applications available for Android and iOS, both include limited OpenStreetMap data editors.[40][41] Go Map!! is an iOS app that lets users create and edit information in OpenStreetMap.[42] Pushpin is another iOS app that lets users add POI on the go.[43]

Surveys and personal knowledge

 
Surveying routes with a Satellite navigation device

Ground surveys are performed by a mapper, on foot, bicycle, or in a car, motorcycle, or boat. Map data was typically recorded on a GPS unit. In late 2006 Yahoo! made their aerial imagery available for tracing to OpenStreetMap contributors, which simplified mapping of readily visible and identifiable features.[44] The project still makes use of GPS traces from volunteers which are used to delineate the more difficult to identify and classify features such as footpath, as well as providing ground-truth for aerial imagery alignment.[citation needed]

Once the data has been collected, it is entered into the database by uploading it onto the project's website together with appropriate attribute data. As collecting and uploading data may be separated from editing objects, contribution to the project is possible without using a GPS unit.[citation needed]

Some committed contributors adopt the task of mapping whole towns and cities, or organising mapping parties to gather the support of others to complete a map area. A large number of less active users contribute corrections and small additions to the map.[citation needed]

Street-level image data

In addition to several different sets of satellite image backgrounds available to OpenStreetMap editors, data from several street-level image platforms are available as map data photo overlays: Bing Streetside 360° image tracks, and the open and crowdsourced Mapillary and KartaView platforms, generally smartphone and other windshield-mounted camera images. Additionally, a Mapillary traffic sign data layer can be enabled; it is the product of user-submitted images.[45]

Government data

Some government agencies have released official data on appropriate licences. This includes the United States, where works of the federal government are placed under public domain.[46]

Globally, OpenStreetMap initially used the Prototype Global Shoreline from NOAA. Due to it being oversimplified and crude, it has been mainly replaced by other government sources or manual tracing.[citation needed]

In the United States, most roads originate from TIGER from the Census Bureau.[47] Geographic names were initially sourced from Geographic Names Information System, and some areas contain water features from the National Hydrography Dataset. In the UK, some Ordnance Survey OpenData is imported. In Canada Natural Resources Canada's CanVec vector data and GeoBase provide landcover and streets.[citation needed]

Out-of-copyright maps can be good sources of information about features that do not change frequently. Copyright periods vary, but in the UK Crown copyright expires after 50 years and hence Ordnance Survey maps until the 1960s can legally be used. A complete set of UK 1 inch/mile maps from the late 1940s and early 1950s has been collected, scanned, and is available online as a resource for contributors.[48]

Contributors

 
Field survey in various parts of the Guagua by a group of mappers. They took notes and photos, and recorded GPS tracks. Shown in the photo is the Betis group standing beside one of the Death March trail monuments.

The project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to emphasis of local knowledge and "on-the-ground" situation in the process of data collection.[49] Many early contributors were cyclists who survey with and for bicyclists, charting cycleroutes and navigable trails.[50] Others are GIS professionals who contribute data with an extension for ArcGIS.[51] Contributors are predominately men, with only 3–5% being women.[52]

By August 2008, shortly after the second The State of the Map conference was held, there were over 50,000 registered contributors; by March 2009, there were 100,000 and by the end of 2009 the figure was nearly 200,000. In April 2012, OpenStreetMap cleared 600,000 registered contributors.[53] On 6 January 2013, OpenStreetMap reached one million registered users.[54] Around 30% of users have contributed at least one point to the OpenStreetMap database.[55][56]

Since 2007, the OpenStreetMap community has held an annual, international conference called State of the Map. There are also various national, regional and continental SotM conferences, such as SotM U.S., SotM Baltics, SotM Asia & SotM Africa.[57]

Commercial contributors

Some OpenStreetMap data is supplied by companies that choose to freely license either actual street data or satellite imagery sources from which OpenStreetMap contributors can trace roads and features.

Notably, Automotive Navigation Data provided a complete road data set for Netherlands and details of trunk roads in China and India. In December 2006, Yahoo! confirmed that OpenStreetMap was able to make use of their vertical aerial imagery and this photography was available within the editing software as an overlay. Contributors could create their vector based maps as a derived work, released with a free and open licence,[6] until the shutdown of the Yahoo! Maps API on 13 September 2011.[58] In November 2010, Microsoft announced that the OpenStreetMap community could use Bing vertical aerial imagery as a backdrop in its editors.[59] For a period from 2009 to 2011, NearMap Pty Ltd made their high-resolution PhotoMaps (of major Australian cities, plus some rural Australian areas) available for deriving OpenStreetMap data under a CC BY-SA licence.[60]

In June 2018, the Microsoft Bing team announced a major contribution of 125 million U.S. building footprints to the project – four times the number contributed by users and government data imports.[61][62]

Sister projects

Several open collaborative mapping projects integrate with the OpenStreetMap database or are otherwise affiliated with the OpenStreetMap project:

  • OpenHistoricalMap is a world historical map based on the OpenStreetMap software platform.[63]
  • OpenRailwayMap is a detailed online map of the world's railway infrastructure, built on OpenStreetMap data. It has been available since mid-2013 at openrailwaymap.org.[64]
  • OpenSeaMap is a world nautical chart built as a mashup of OpenStreetMap, crowdsourced water depth tracks, and third-party weather and bathymetric data.
  • Wheelmap.org is a portal for mapping, browsing, and reviewing wheelchair-accessible places.

Usage

World map

 
OpenStreetMap of Soho, central London, shown in "standard" OpenStreetMap layer
 
Raw OpenStreetMap data of India loading in QGIS for analysis and mapmaking
See also: Comparison of free off-line GPS software § Free maps
Web browser
Data provided by the OpenStreetMap project can be viewed in a web browser with JavaScript support on its official website. The basic map views offered are: Standard, Cycle map, Transport map and Humanitarian. Map display and category options are available using OpenStreetBrowser.
OsmAnd
OsmAnd is free software for Android and iOS mobile devices that can use offline vector data from OpenStreetMap. It also supports layering OpenStreetMap vector data with prerendered raster map tiles from OpenStreetMap and other sources.
Locus Map
Locus Map is both free software and premium for Android mobile devices that can use offline vector data from OpenStreetMap. It also supports layering OpenStreetMap vector data with prerendered raster map tiles from OpenStreetMap and other sources.
Maps.me
Maps.me is free software for Android and iOS mobile devices that provides offline maps based on OpenStreetMap data.
Organic Maps
Organic Maps is a mobile map and navigation app with a focus on privacy. It is free software for Android and iOS mobile devices, and provides offline maps based on OpenStreetMap data.
GNOME Maps
GNOME Maps is a graphical front-end written in JavaScript and introduced in GNOME 3.10. It provides a mechanism to find the user's location with the help of GeoClue, finds directions via GraphHopper and it can deliver a list as answer to queries.
Marble
Marble is a KDE virtual globe application which received support for OpenStreetMap.
Virtlo
Virtlo[65] is a AR based free mobile application for iOS and Android which show's OpenStreetMap data through Augmented Reality.
FoxtrotGPS
FoxtrotGPS is a GTK+-based map viewer, that is especially suited to touch input.[66] It is available in the SHR or Debian repositories.[67]

The web site OpenStreetMap.org provides a slippy map interface based on the Leaflet JavaScript library (and formerly built on OpenLayers), displaying map tiles rendered by the Mapnik rendering engine, and tiles from other sources including OpenCycleMap.org.[68]

Custom maps can also be generated from OpenStreetMap data through various software including Jawg Maps, Mapnik, Mapbox Studio, Mapzen's Tangrams.[citation needed]

OpenStreetMap maintains lists of online and offline routing engines available, such as the Open Source Routing Machine.[69] OpenStreetMap data is popular with routing researchers, and is also available to open-source projects and companies to build routing applications (or for any other purpose).[citation needed]

Humanitarian aid

 
OpenStreetMap Philippines GPS map, an end-product of over a thousand crisis mappers that contributed almost 5 million map updates during the 2013 Haiyan humanitarian activation.[70]
See also: Crisis mapping, Smart mob, and Ushahidi

The 2010 Haiti earthquake has established a model for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to collaborate with international organisations. OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons volunteers using available satellite imagery to map the roads, buildings and refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in just two days, building "the most complete digital map of Haiti's roads".[71][72][73]

The resulting data and maps have been used by several organisations providing relief aid, such as the World Bank, the European Commission Joint Research Centre, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNOSAT and others.[74][75][76][77]

NGOs, like the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team and others, have worked with donors like United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to map other parts of Haiti and parts of many other countries, both to create map data for places that were blank, and to engage and build capacity of local people.[78]

After Haiti, the OpenStreetMap community continued mapping to support humanitarian organisations for various crises and disasters. After the Northern Mali conflict (January 2013), Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (November 2013), and the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa (March 2014), the OpenStreetMap community has shown it can play a significant role in supporting humanitarian organisations.[79][80][81][82]

The Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team acts as an interface between the OpenStreetMap community and the humanitarian organisations.

Along with post-disaster work, the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team has worked to build better risk models and grow the local OpenStreetMap communities in multiple countries including Uganda, Senegal, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in partnership with the Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontières, World Bank, and other humanitarian groups.[83][84][85]

Scientific research

 
The Forest Landscape Integrity Index, which incorporates a global planet dump of OpenStreetMap.[citation needed]

OpenStreetMap data was used in scientific studies. For example, road data was used for research of remaining roadless areas[86] and in the creation of the annual Forest Landscape Integrity Index.[87]

Route planning

In February 2015, OpenStreetMap added route planning functionality to the map on its official website. The routing uses external services, namely OSRM, GraphHopper and MapQuest.[88]

Downstream users

 
Moovit Navigate

A variety of popular services incorporate some sort of geolocation or map-based component. Notable services using OpenStreetMap for this include:

  • Amazon uses OpenStreetMap for navigation and has a team who revises the map based on feedback from drivers.[89]
  • Apple Inc. unexpectedly created an OpenStreetMap-based map for iPhoto for iOS on 7 March 2012 (2012-03-07), and launched the maps without properly citing the data source – though this was corrected in 1.0.1. OpenStreetMap is one of the many cited sources for Apple's custom maps in iOS 6, though the majority of map data is provided by TomTom. As of February 2021, Apple was the most prolific corporate editor, responsible for 80% of edits to existing roads.[89]
  • Ballardia (games developer) launched World of the Living Dead: Resurrection in October 2013,[90] which has incorporated OpenStreetMap into its game engine, along with census information, to create a browser-based game mapping over 14,000 square kilometres of greater Los Angeles and survival strategy gameplay. Its previous incarnation had used Google Maps,[91] which had proven incapable of supporting high volumes of players, so during 2013 they shut down the Google Maps version and ported the game to OpenStreetMap.[92]
  • Craigslist switched to OpenStreetMap in 2012, rendering their own tiles based on the data.[93]
  • Facebook uses the map directly in its website/mobile app (depending on the zoom level, the area and the device), with a rendering style designed by Stamen Design as of 2021.[94] Facebook has also used AI technology to detect roads absent from OpenStreetMap but visible in aerial imagery ("mapwith.ai" / "Map with AI"), and has developed an OpenStreetMap editing tool ("RapiD") for adding these roads to OpenStreetMap.[95][96] The "Daylight Map Distribution" is a snapshot of OpenStreetMap data created by Facebook that claims to be clean of vandalism.[97]
  • Flickr uses OpenStreetMap data for various cities around the world, including Baghdad, Beijing, Kabul, Santiago, Sydney and Tokyo.[98][99][100] In 2012, the maps switched to use Nokia data primarily, with OpenStreetMap being used in areas where the commercial provider lacked performance.[101]
  • Foursquare started using OpenStreetMap via Mapbox's rendering and infrastructure of OpenStreetMap.[102]
  • Garmin uses OpenStreetMap data for some maps for GPSs units.
  • Geotab uses OpenStreetMap data in their Vehicle Tracking Software platform, MyGeotab.[103]
  • Hasbro, the toy company behind the real estate-themed board game Monopoly, launched Monopoly City Streets, a massively multiplayer online game (MMORPG) which allowed players to "buy" streets all over the world. The game used map tiles from Google Maps and the Google Maps API to display the game board, but the underlying street data was obtained from OpenStreetMap.[104] The online game was a limited time offering, its servers were shut down in the end of January 2010.[105]
  • Komoot, a route planning service for running, cycling and hiking uses OpenStreetMap data[106]
  • Mapbox, a provider of custom online maps for websites and applications
  • MapQuest announced a service based on OpenStreetMap in 2010, which eventually became MapQuest Open.[107]
  • Mapy.cz is based on OpenStreetMap and extends it by allowing users to upload photos, by making web searches by categories like travel tips, restaurant, accommodation, and by featuring 3D views, areal views, historical photos and haptic mode for blind people. It has apps for both Android and iOS with offline maps.[108]
  • Moovit uses maps based on OpenStreetMap in their free mobile application for public transit navigation.[109]
  • Niantic switched to OpenStreetMap based maps from Google Maps on 1 December 2017 for their games Ingress and Pokémon Go.[110][111]
  • Nominatim[112][113] (from the Latin, 'by name') is a tool to search OpenStreetMap data by name and address (geocoding) and then to generate synthetic addresses of OpenStreetMap points (reverse geocoding).
  • OpenTopoMap renders topographic maps based on OpenStreetMap data and on SRTM data.[114]
  • Petal Maps is a free mobile map application developed by Huawei. From its copyright statement, OpenStreetMap is one of their map data sources.[115]
  • Snapchat's June 2017 update introduced its Snap Map with data from Mapbox, OpenStreetMap, and DigitalGlobe.[116]
  • Strava switched to OpenStreetMap rendered and hosted by Mapbox from Google Maps in July 2015.[117]
  • Tableau has integrated OpenStreetMap for all their mapping needs. It has been integrated in all of their products.
  • TCDD Taşımacılık uses OpenStreetMap as a location map on passenger seats on YHTs.
  • Tesla Smart Summon feature released widely in US in October 2019 uses OSM data to navigate vehicles in private parking areas autonomously (without a safety driver)[118]
  • Wahoo uses OpenStreetMap for mapping and giving turn-by-turn navigation in their ELEMNT cycling computers.
  • Webots uses OpenStreetMap data to create a virtual environment for autonomous vehicle simulations.[119]
  • Gurtam uses OpenStreetMap data in their GPS Tracking Software platform, Wialon.[120]
  • Wikimedia projects uses OpenStreetMap as a locator map for cities and travel points of interest.
  • Wikipedia uses OpenStreetMap data to render custom maps used by the articles. Many languages are included in the WIWOSM project (Wikipedia Where in OpenStreetMap) which aims to show OpenStreetMap objects on a slippy map, directly visible on the article page.[121]

Licensing terms

OpenStreetMap data was originally published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence (CC BY-SA) with the intention of promoting free use and redistribution of the data. In September 2012, the licence was changed to the Open Database Licence (ODbL) published by Open Data Commons (ODC) in order to more specifically define its bearing on data rather than representation.[122][123]

As part of this relicensing process, some of the map data was removed from the public distribution. This included all data contributed by members that did not agree to the new licensing terms, as well as all subsequent edits to those affected objects. It also included any data contributed based on input data that was not compatible with the new terms. Estimates suggested that over 97% of data would be retained globally, but certain regions would be affected more than others, such as in Australia where 24 to 84% of objects would be retained, depending on the type of object.[124] Ultimately, more than 99% of the data was retained, with Australia and Poland being the countries most severely affected by the change.[125]

All data added to the project needs to have a licence compatible with the Open Database Licence. This can include out-of-copyright information, public domain or other licences. Contributors agree to a set of terms which require compatibility with the current licence. This may involve examining licences for government data to establish whether it is compatible.[citation needed]

Software used in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data is available from many different projects and each may have its own licensing. The application — what users access to edit maps and view changelogs, is powered by Ruby on Rails. The application also uses PostgreSQL for storage of user data and edit metadata. The default map is rendered by Mapnik, stored in PostGIS, and powered by an Apache module called mod_tile. Certain parts of the software, such as the map editor Potlatch2, have been made available as public domain.[126]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Bennett, Jonathan (2010). OpenStreetMap: Be Your Own Cartographer. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84719-750-4.
  • Ramm, Frederik; Topf, Jochen; Chilton, Steve (2010). OpenStreetMap: Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World. UIT Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-906860-11-0.

External links

  • Official website  

December 30, 2022
openstreetmap, free, open, geographic, database, updated, maintained, community, volunteers, open, collaboration, contributors, collect, data, from, surveys, trace, from, aerial, imagery, also, import, from, other, freely, licensed, geodata, sources, freely, l. OpenStreetMap OSM is a free open geographic database updated and maintained by a community of volunteers via open collaboration Contributors collect data from surveys trace from aerial imagery and also import from other freely licensed geodata sources OpenStreetMap is freely licensed under the Open Database License and as a result commonly used to make electronic maps inform turn by turn navigation assist in humanitarian aid and data visualisation OpenStreetMap uses its own topology to store geographical features which can then be exported into other GIS file formats The OpenStreetMap website itself is an online map geodata search engine and editor OpenStreetMapOpenStreetMap homepage showing the world mapAvailable in96 languages and variants 1 local languages for map dataCountry of originUnited KingdomOwnerOpenStreetMap FoundationCreated bySteve CoastProductsEditable geographic data tiled web map layerURLwww wbr openstreetmap wbr orgCommercialNoRegistrationRequired for contributors not required for viewingUsers9 8 million 2 Launched9 August 2004 18 years ago 2004 08 09 3 Current statusActiveContent licenseOpen Database LicenseIn 2004 OpenStreetMap was created by Steve Coast in response to the Ordnance Survey the United Kingdom s national mapping agency failing to release its data to the public and under free licences Initially maps were created only via GPS traces but it was quickly populated by importing public domain geographical data such as the U S TIGER and tracing permitted aerial photography OpenStreetMap s adoption was accelerated by Google Maps s introduction of pricing in 2012 and the development of supporting software and applications The database is hosted by the OpenStreetMap Foundation a non profit organisation registered in England and Wales and is funded mostly via donations Contents 1 History 2 Data structure 3 Data collection 3 1 Software 3 2 Surveys and personal knowledge 3 3 Street level image data 3 4 Government data 4 Contributors 4 1 Commercial contributors 4 2 Sister projects 5 Usage 5 1 World map 5 2 Humanitarian aid 5 3 Scientific research 5 4 Route planning 5 5 Downstream users 6 Licensing terms 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory Edit The founder of OpenStreetMap Steve Coast in 2009 Steve Coast founded the project in 2004 while at university in Britain 4 initially focusing on mapping the United Kingdom In the UK and elsewhere government run and tax funded projects like the Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but declined to freely and widely distribute them The first contribution was made in the city of London in 2005 5 In April 2006 the OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage the growth development and distribution of free geospatial data and provide geospatial data for anybody to use and share In December 2006 Yahoo confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use its aerial photography as a backdrop for map production 6 In April 2007 Automotive Navigation Data AND donated a complete road data set for the Netherlands and trunk road data for India and China to the project 7 and by July 2007 when the first OpenStreetMap international The State of the Map conference 8 was held there were 9 000 registered users Sponsors of the event included Google Yahoo and Multimap In October 2007 OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset 9 In December 2007 Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website 10 Ways to import and export data have continued to grow by 2008 the project developed tools to export OpenStreetMap data to power portable GPS units replacing their existing proprietary and out of date maps 11 In March two founders of CloudMade a commercial company that uses OpenStreetMap data announced that they had received venture capital funding of 2 4 million 12 In November 2010 Bing changed their licence to allow use of their satellite imagery for making maps 13 In 2012 the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors 14 Chief among these were Foursquare and Craigslist which adopted OpenStreetMap and Apple which ended a contract with Google and launched a self built mapping platform using TomTom and OpenStreetMap data 15 In 2017 DigitalGlobe started providing satellite imagery to aid OpenStreetMap contributions 16 In June 2021 OpenStreetMap Foundation announced plans to move from the United Kingdom to a country in the European Union citing Brexit as the inciting factor According to the organisation there are several reasons for the move including the failure of the UK and EU to agree on mutual recognition of database rights the rising difficulties in banking finance and using PayPal in the UK and the loss of eu domains 17 In mid December 2022 the Linux Foundation announced the launch of a new mapping collaboration the Overture Maps Foundation 18 Its stated mission is powering current and next generation map products by creating reliable easy to use and interoperable open map data Overture founding members were Amazon Web Services AWS Meta Microsoft and TomTom 19 20 21 Overture is to be complementary to OpenStreetMap and Overture encourages members to contribute data directly to OpenStreetMap 22 Data structure EditOpenStreetMap uses a topological data structure with four core elements also known as data primitives Nodes are points with a geographic position stored as coordinates pairs of a latitude and a longitude according to WGS 84 23 Outside of their usage in ways they are used to represent map features without a size such as points of interest or mountain peaks Ways are ordered lists of nodes representing a polyline or possibly a polygon if they form a closed loop They are used both for representing linear features such as streets and rivers and areas like forests parks parking areas and lakes Relations are ordered lists of nodes ways and relations together called members where each member can optionally have a role a string Relations are used for representing the relationship of existing nodes and ways Examples include turn restrictions on roads routes that span several existing ways for instance a long distance motorway and areas with holes Tags are key value pairs both arbitrary strings They are used to store metadata about the map objects such as their type their name and their physical properties Tags are not freestanding but are always attached to an object to a node a way or a relation A recommended ontology of map features the meaning of tags is maintained on a wiki New tagging schemes can always be proposed by a popular vote of a written proposal in OpenStreetMap wiki however there is no requirement to follow this process There are over 89 million different kinds of tags in use as of June 2017 24 The OpenStreetMap data primitives are stored and processed in different formats The main copy of the OpenStreetMap data is stored in OpenStreetMap s main database The main database is a PostgreSQL database which has one table for each data primitive with individual objects stored as rows 25 26 All edits happen in this database and all other formats are created from it citation needed For data transfer several database dumps are created which are available for download The complete dump is called planet osm These dumps exist in two formats one using XML and one using the Protocol Buffer Binary Format PBF citation needed Data collection Edit Editing with JOSM after a ground survey Map data is collected from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using tools such as a handheld GPS unit a notebook digital camera or a voice recorder The data is then entered into the OpenStreetMap database using a number of software tools including JOSM and Merkaator Mapathon competition events are also held by OpenStreetMap team and by non profit organisations and local governments to map a particular area The availability of aerial photography and other data from commercial and government sources has added important sources of data for manual editing and automated imports Special processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems 27 OpenStreetMap data has been favourably compared with proprietary datasources 28 although as of 2009 update data quality varied across the world 29 30 needs update Software Edit StreetComplete asking user a question User filled in the answer After tapping OK this answer will be added to an OpenStreetMap database Editing of maps can be done using the default web browser editor called iD an HTML5 application using D3 js and written by Mapbox 31 which was originally financed by the Knight Foundation 32 JOSM Potlatch 33 and Merkaartor 34 are more powerful desktop editing applications that are better suited for advanced users Vespucci 35 is the primary full featured editor for Android it has been regularly released since 2009 36 StreetComplete 37 is an Android app launched in 2016 38 which allows users without any OpenStreetMap knowledge to answer simple questions for existing data in OpenStreetMap and thus contribute data 39 Maps me and OsmAnd two offline mobile map applications available for Android and iOS both include limited OpenStreetMap data editors 40 41 Go Map is an iOS app that lets users create and edit information in OpenStreetMap 42 Pushpin is another iOS app that lets users add POI on the go 43 Surveys and personal knowledge Edit Surveying routes with a Satellite navigation device Ground surveys are performed by a mapper on foot bicycle or in a car motorcycle or boat Map data was typically recorded on a GPS unit In late 2006 Yahoo made their aerial imagery available for tracing to OpenStreetMap contributors which simplified mapping of readily visible and identifiable features 44 The project still makes use of GPS traces from volunteers which are used to delineate the more difficult to identify and classify features such as footpath as well as providing ground truth for aerial imagery alignment citation needed Once the data has been collected it is entered into the database by uploading it onto the project s website together with appropriate attribute data As collecting and uploading data may be separated from editing objects contribution to the project is possible without using a GPS unit citation needed Some committed contributors adopt the task of mapping whole towns and cities or organising mapping parties to gather the support of others to complete a map area A large number of less active users contribute corrections and small additions to the map citation needed Street level image data Edit In addition to several different sets of satellite image backgrounds available to OpenStreetMap editors data from several street level image platforms are available as map data photo overlays Bing Streetside 360 image tracks and the open and crowdsourced Mapillary and KartaView platforms generally smartphone and other windshield mounted camera images Additionally a Mapillary traffic sign data layer can be enabled it is the product of user submitted images 45 Government data Edit Some government agencies have released official data on appropriate licences This includes the United States where works of the federal government are placed under public domain 46 Globally OpenStreetMap initially used the Prototype Global Shoreline from NOAA Due to it being oversimplified and crude it has been mainly replaced by other government sources or manual tracing citation needed In the United States most roads originate from TIGER from the Census Bureau 47 Geographic names were initially sourced from Geographic Names Information System and some areas contain water features from the National Hydrography Dataset In the UK some Ordnance Survey OpenData is imported In Canada Natural Resources Canada s CanVec vector data and GeoBase provide landcover and streets citation needed Out of copyright maps can be good sources of information about features that do not change frequently Copyright periods vary but in the UK Crown copyright expires after 50 years and hence Ordnance Survey maps until the 1960s can legally be used A complete set of UK 1 inch mile maps from the late 1940s and early 1950s has been collected scanned and is available online as a resource for contributors 48 Contributors Edit Field survey in various parts of the Guagua by a group of mappers They took notes and photos and recorded GPS tracks Shown in the photo is the Betis group standing beside one of the Death March trail monuments The project has a geographically diverse user base due to emphasis of local knowledge and on the ground situation in the process of data collection 49 Many early contributors were cyclists who survey with and for bicyclists charting cycleroutes and navigable trails 50 Others are GIS professionals who contribute data with an extension for ArcGIS 51 Contributors are predominately men with only 3 5 being women 52 By August 2008 shortly after the second The State of the Map conference was held there were over 50 000 registered contributors by March 2009 there were 100 000 and by the end of 2009 the figure was nearly 200 000 In April 2012 OpenStreetMap cleared 600 000 registered contributors 53 On 6 January 2013 OpenStreetMap reached one million registered users 54 Around 30 of users have contributed at least one point to the OpenStreetMap database 55 56 Since 2007 the OpenStreetMap community has held an annual international conference called State of the Map There are also various national regional and continental SotM conferences such as SotM U S SotM Baltics SotM Asia amp SotM Africa 57 Commercial contributors Edit Some OpenStreetMap data is supplied by companies that choose to freely license either actual street data or satellite imagery sources from which OpenStreetMap contributors can trace roads and features Notably Automotive Navigation Data provided a complete road data set for Netherlands and details of trunk roads in China and India In December 2006 Yahoo confirmed that OpenStreetMap was able to make use of their vertical aerial imagery and this photography was available within the editing software as an overlay Contributors could create their vector based maps as a derived work released with a free and open licence 6 until the shutdown of the Yahoo Maps API on 13 September 2011 58 In November 2010 Microsoft announced that the OpenStreetMap community could use Bing vertical aerial imagery as a backdrop in its editors 59 For a period from 2009 to 2011 NearMap Pty Ltd made their high resolution PhotoMaps of major Australian cities plus some rural Australian areas available for deriving OpenStreetMap data under a CC BY SA licence 60 In June 2018 the Microsoft Bing team announced a major contribution of 125 million U S building footprints to the project four times the number contributed by users and government data imports 61 62 Sister projects Edit Several open collaborative mapping projects integrate with the OpenStreetMap database or are otherwise affiliated with the OpenStreetMap project OpenHistoricalMap is a world historical map based on the OpenStreetMap software platform 63 OpenRailwayMap is a detailed online map of the world s railway infrastructure built on OpenStreetMap data It has been available since mid 2013 at openrailwaymap org 64 OpenSeaMap is a world nautical chart built as a mashup of OpenStreetMap crowdsourced water depth tracks and third party weather and bathymetric data Wheelmap org is a portal for mapping browsing and reviewing wheelchair accessible places Usage EditWorld map Edit OpenStreetMap of Soho central London shown in standard OpenStreetMap layer Raw OpenStreetMap data of India loading in QGIS for analysis and mapmakingSee also Comparison of free off line GPS software Free maps Web browser Data provided by the OpenStreetMap project can be viewed in a web browser with JavaScript support on its official website The basic map views offered are Standard Cycle map Transport map and Humanitarian Map display and category options are available using OpenStreetBrowser OsmAnd OsmAnd is free software for Android and iOS mobile devices that can use offline vector data from OpenStreetMap It also supports layering OpenStreetMap vector data with prerendered raster map tiles from OpenStreetMap and other sources Locus Map Locus Map is both free software and premium for Android mobile devices that can use offline vector data from OpenStreetMap It also supports layering OpenStreetMap vector data with prerendered raster map tiles from OpenStreetMap and other sources Maps me Maps me is free software for Android and iOS mobile devices that provides offline maps based on OpenStreetMap data Organic Maps Organic Maps is a mobile map and navigation app with a focus on privacy It is free software for Android and iOS mobile devices and provides offline maps based on OpenStreetMap data GNOME Maps GNOME Maps is a graphical front end written in JavaScript and introduced in GNOME 3 10 It provides a mechanism to find the user s location with the help of GeoClue finds directions via GraphHopper and it can deliver a list as answer to queries Marble Marble is a KDE virtual globe application which received support for OpenStreetMap Virtlo Virtlo 65 is a AR based free mobile application for iOS and Android which show s OpenStreetMap data through Augmented Reality FoxtrotGPS FoxtrotGPS is a GTK based map viewer that is especially suited to touch input 66 It is available in the SHR or Debian repositories 67 The web site OpenStreetMap org provides a slippy map interface based on the Leaflet JavaScript library and formerly built on OpenLayers displaying map tiles rendered by the Mapnik rendering engine and tiles from other sources including OpenCycleMap org 68 Custom maps can also be generated from OpenStreetMap data through various software including Jawg Maps Mapnik Mapbox Studio Mapzen s Tangrams citation needed OpenStreetMap maintains lists of online and offline routing engines available such as the Open Source Routing Machine 69 OpenStreetMap data is popular with routing researchers and is also available to open source projects and companies to build routing applications or for any other purpose citation needed Humanitarian aid Edit OpenStreetMap Philippines GPS map an end product of over a thousand crisis mappers that contributed almost 5 million map updates during the 2013 Haiyan humanitarian activation 70 See also Crisis mapping Smart mob and Ushahidi The 2010 Haiti earthquake has established a model for non governmental organisations NGOs to collaborate with international organisations OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons volunteers using available satellite imagery to map the roads buildings and refugee camps of Port au Prince in just two days building the most complete digital map of Haiti s roads 71 72 73 The resulting data and maps have been used by several organisations providing relief aid such as the World Bank the European Commission Joint Research Centre the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNOSAT and others 74 75 76 77 NGOs like the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team and others have worked with donors like United States Agency for International Development USAID to map other parts of Haiti and parts of many other countries both to create map data for places that were blank and to engage and build capacity of local people 78 After Haiti the OpenStreetMap community continued mapping to support humanitarian organisations for various crises and disasters After the Northern Mali conflict January 2013 Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines November 2013 and the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa March 2014 the OpenStreetMap community has shown it can play a significant role in supporting humanitarian organisations 79 80 81 82 The Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team acts as an interface between the OpenStreetMap community and the humanitarian organisations Along with post disaster work the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team has worked to build better risk models and grow the local OpenStreetMap communities in multiple countries including Uganda Senegal the Democratic Republic of the Congo in partnership with the Red Cross Medecins Sans Frontieres World Bank and other humanitarian groups 83 84 85 Scientific research Edit The Forest Landscape Integrity Index which incorporates a global planet dump of OpenStreetMap citation needed OpenStreetMap data was used in scientific studies For example road data was used for research of remaining roadless areas 86 and in the creation of the annual Forest Landscape Integrity Index 87 Route planning Edit In February 2015 OpenStreetMap added route planning functionality to the map on its official website The routing uses external services namely OSRM GraphHopper and MapQuest 88 Downstream users Edit Moovit Navigate A variety of popular services incorporate some sort of geolocation or map based component Notable services using OpenStreetMap for this include Amazon uses OpenStreetMap for navigation and has a team who revises the map based on feedback from drivers 89 Apple Inc unexpectedly created an OpenStreetMap based map for iPhoto for iOS on 7 March 2012 2012 03 07 and launched the maps without properly citing the data source though this was corrected in 1 0 1 OpenStreetMap is one of the many cited sources for Apple s custom maps in iOS 6 though the majority of map data is provided by TomTom As of February 2021 Apple was the most prolific corporate editor responsible for 80 of edits to existing roads 89 Ballardia games developer launched World of the Living Dead Resurrection in October 2013 90 which has incorporated OpenStreetMap into its game engine along with census information to create a browser based game mapping over 14 000 square kilometres of greater Los Angeles and survival strategy gameplay Its previous incarnation had used Google Maps 91 which had proven incapable of supporting high volumes of players so during 2013 they shut down the Google Maps version and ported the game to OpenStreetMap 92 Craigslist switched to OpenStreetMap in 2012 rendering their own tiles based on the data 93 Facebook uses the map directly in its website mobile app depending on the zoom level the area and the device with a rendering style designed by Stamen Design as of 2021 94 Facebook has also used AI technology to detect roads absent from OpenStreetMap but visible in aerial imagery mapwith ai Map with AI and has developed an OpenStreetMap editing tool RapiD for adding these roads to OpenStreetMap 95 96 The Daylight Map Distribution is a snapshot of OpenStreetMap data created by Facebook that claims to be clean of vandalism 97 Flickr uses OpenStreetMap data for various cities around the world including Baghdad Beijing Kabul Santiago Sydney and Tokyo 98 99 100 In 2012 the maps switched to use Nokia data primarily with OpenStreetMap being used in areas where the commercial provider lacked performance 101 Foursquare started using OpenStreetMap via Mapbox s rendering and infrastructure of OpenStreetMap 102 Garmin uses OpenStreetMap data for some maps for GPSs units Geotab uses OpenStreetMap data in their Vehicle Tracking Software platform MyGeotab 103 Hasbro the toy company behind the real estate themed board game Monopoly launched Monopoly City Streets a massively multiplayer online game MMORPG which allowed players to buy streets all over the world The game used map tiles from Google Maps and the Google Maps API to display the game board but the underlying street data was obtained from OpenStreetMap 104 The online game was a limited time offering its servers were shut down in the end of January 2010 105 Komoot a route planning service for running cycling and hiking uses OpenStreetMap data 106 Mapbox a provider of custom online maps for websites and applications MapQuest announced a service based on OpenStreetMap in 2010 which eventually became MapQuest Open 107 Mapy cz is based on OpenStreetMap and extends it by allowing users to upload photos by making web searches by categories like travel tips restaurant accommodation and by featuring 3D views areal views historical photos and haptic mode for blind people It has apps for both Android and iOS with offline maps 108 Moovit uses maps based on OpenStreetMap in their free mobile application for public transit navigation 109 Niantic switched to OpenStreetMap based maps from Google Maps on 1 December 2017 for their games Ingress and Pokemon Go 110 111 Nominatim 112 113 from the Latin by name is a tool to search OpenStreetMap data by name and address geocoding and then to generate synthetic addresses of OpenStreetMap points reverse geocoding OpenTopoMap renders topographic maps based on OpenStreetMap data and on SRTM data 114 Petal Maps is a free mobile map application developed by Huawei From its copyright statement OpenStreetMap is one of their map data sources 115 Snapchat s June 2017 update introduced its Snap Map with data from Mapbox OpenStreetMap and DigitalGlobe 116 Strava switched to OpenStreetMap rendered and hosted by Mapbox from Google Maps in July 2015 117 Tableau has integrated OpenStreetMap for all their mapping needs It has been integrated in all of their products TCDD Tasimacilik uses OpenStreetMap as a location map on passenger seats on YHTs Tesla Smart Summon feature released widely in US in October 2019 uses OSM data to navigate vehicles in private parking areas autonomously without a safety driver 118 Wahoo uses OpenStreetMap for mapping and giving turn by turn navigation in their ELEMNT cycling computers Webots uses OpenStreetMap data to create a virtual environment for autonomous vehicle simulations 119 Gurtam uses OpenStreetMap data in their GPS Tracking Software platform Wialon 120 Wikimedia projects uses OpenStreetMap as a locator map for cities and travel points of interest Wikipedia uses OpenStreetMap data to render custom maps used by the articles Many languages are included in the WIWOSM project Wikipedia Where in OpenStreetMap which aims to show OpenStreetMap objects on a slippy map directly visible on the article page 121 Licensing terms EditOpenStreetMap data was originally published under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike licence CC BY SA with the intention of promoting free use and redistribution of the data In September 2012 the licence was changed to the Open Database Licence ODbL published by Open Data Commons ODC in order to more specifically define its bearing on data rather than representation 122 123 As part of this relicensing process some of the map data was removed from the public distribution This included all data contributed by members that did not agree to the new licensing terms as well as all subsequent edits to those affected objects It also included any data contributed based on input data that was not compatible with the new terms Estimates suggested that over 97 of data would be retained globally but certain regions would be affected more than others such as in Australia where 24 to 84 of objects would be retained depending on the type of object 124 Ultimately more than 99 of the data was retained with Australia and Poland being the countries most severely affected by the change 125 All data added to the project needs to have a licence compatible with the Open Database Licence This can include out of copyright information public domain or other licences Contributors agree to a set of terms which require compatibility with the current licence This may involve examining licences for government data to establish whether it is compatible citation needed Software used in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data is available from many different projects and each may have its own licensing The application what users access to edit maps and view changelogs is powered by Ruby on Rails The application also uses PostgreSQL for storage of user data and edit metadata The default map is rendered by Mapnik stored in PostGIS and powered by an Apache module called mod tile Certain parts of the software such as the map editor Potlatch2 have been made available as public domain 126 See also EditBuilding information modelling Collaborative mapping Comparison of web map services Counter mapping Neogeography Turn by turn navigation Volunteered geographic information Other collaborative mapping projects Google Map Maker HERE Map Creator Waze Wikimapia Yandex Map editor Mobile applications OsmAnd Karta GPS MAPS ME Virtlo AR 65 Street mapReferences Edit openstreetmap website config locales at master Archived from the original on 28 February 2017 Retrieved 30 September 2019 via GitHub OpenStreetMap Statistics OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap Foundation Archived from the original on 13 August 2021 Retrieved 27 December 2022 History of OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap wiki 20 August 2019 Archived from the original 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their code available under different licencesFurther reading EditBennett Jonathan 2010 OpenStreetMap Be Your Own Cartographer Packt Publishing ISBN 978 1 84719 750 4 Ramm Frederik Topf Jochen Chilton Steve 2010 OpenStreetMap Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World UIT Cambridge ISBN 978 1 906860 11 0 External links EditOpenStreetMap at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta Wiki Documentation from MediaWiki Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title OpenStreetMap amp oldid 1129890765, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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