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Bharatiya Janata Party

May 14, 2023

"BJP" redirects here. For other uses, see BJP (disambiguation).

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; [bʱaːɾətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrtiː] (listen); transl. Indian People's Party) is a political party in India, and one of the two major Indian political parties alongside the Indian National Congress.[38] It is the largest political party in the world.[39] Since 2014, it has been the ruling political party in India under Narendra Modi, the incumbent Indian prime minister.[40] The BJP is aligned with right-wing politics, and its policies adhere to Hindutva, a Hindu nationalist ideology.[41][42] it has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[43] As of March 2023, it is the country's biggest political party in terms of representation in the Parliament of India as well as state legislatures.

Bharatiya Janata Party
AbbreviationBJP
PresidentJ. P. Nadda[1]
General SecretaryB. L. Santhosh
Shiv Prakash[2]
PresidiumNational Executive[3]
Parliamentary ChairpersonNarendra Modi
(Prime Minister)
Lok Sabha LeaderNarendra Modi
(Leader of the House in Lok Sabha)[4]
Rajya Sabha LeaderPiyush Goyal
(Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha)
TreasurerRajesh Agarwal[5]
Founder
Founded6 April 1980 (43 years ago) (1980-04-06)[7]
Split fromJanata Party[7]
Preceded byBharatiya Jana Sangh
(1951–1977)[7]
Janata Party
(1977–1980)[7]
Headquarters6-A, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg,
New Delhi, Delhi, India[8]
Think tankPublic Policy Research Centre[9][10]
Student wingAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
(unofficial)[11]
Youth wingBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha[12]
Women's wingBJP Mahila Morcha[13]
Labour wingBharatiya Mazdoor Sangh[14]
Peasant's wingBharatiya Kisan Sangh[15]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[22]
International affiliationInternational Democrat Union[23][24]
Asia Pacific Democrat Union[25]
Colours  Saffron[26]
ECI StatusNational Party[27]
AllianceNational Democratic Alliance
(All India)[28]
North-East Democratic Alliance
(Northeast India)[29]
Seats in Lok Sabha
301 / 543
(543 MPs & 0 Vacant)[30]
Seats in Rajya Sabha
93 / 245
(237 MPs & 8 Vacant)[31][32]
Seats in State Legislative Assemblies
1,363 / 4,036

(4025 MLAs & 11 Vacant)

(see complete list)
Seats in State Legislative Councils
165 / 426

(403 MLCs & 23 Vacant)

(see complete list)
Number of states and union territories in government
16 / 31
(28 States and 3 UTs)[33]
Election symbol
Lotus
Party flag
Website
www.bjp.org
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The party's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.[44] After The Emergency of 1975–1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the Janata Party; it defeated the then-incumbent Indian National Congress in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata Party dissolved in 1980, with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern-day BJP. Although initially unsuccessful—winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the movement around Ram Janmabhoomi in Uttar Pradesh. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government, under its then-leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee, lasted for only 13 days.[45]

After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government—again headed by Vajpayee—lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years, the BJP was the principal opposition party. Narendra Modi, then the chief minister of Gujarat, led the party to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Modi has since led the NDA government as Indian prime minister, including being re-elected in the 2019 general election. As of December 2022, the alliance governs 16 Indian states and union territories.

The official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism, first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. During its first period in national government, the BJP avoided its Hindu-nationalist priorities, and focused on a largely liberal economic policy that prioritised globalisation and economic growth over social welfare.[46] Since returning to government in 2014, the BJP government has enacted several priorities of the RSS, including criminalising the practice of triple talaq, and revoking Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir, and also abrogating its statehood.[47] India has experienced nationwide democratic backsliding under the BJP's rule since 2014.[48][49]

History

Predecessors

Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)

Influential figures
 
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh
 
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first BJP prime minister (1998–2004)
 
Lal Krishna Advani, deputy Prime Minister under Vajpayee and one of the architects of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement
Main article: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

The BJP's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh, founded by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party. It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS.[50] The Jana Sangh's aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground. Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967.[51][52]

The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India.[53] Mukherjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir. He died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail.[53] Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mukherjee; however, he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party, and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya. Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967, and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS. The party minimised engagement with the public, focusing instead on building its network of propagandists. Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism, which formed the official doctrine of the party.[54] Younger leaders, such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period, with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968. The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code, banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir.[55]

After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the Swatantra Party and the socialists. It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland, including Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office, albeit within a coalition; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh's more radical agenda.[56]

Janata Party (1977–80)

Main article: Janata Party

In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests, with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country. In 1977, the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum, including the Socialist Party, the Congress (O) and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party, with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi.[52] The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party's parliamentary contingent, with 93 seats or 31% of its strength. Vajpayee, previously the leader of the Jana Sangh, was appointed the Minister of External Affairs.[57]

The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. Political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot wrote that this proved to be impossible assimilation.[58] The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged, retaining a strong association with the RSS, which did not sit well with the moderate centre-right constituents of the Party.[59] Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government, with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots in Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978–79. The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS, which the Jana Sangh refused to do. Eventually, a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party (Secular). The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament, forcing its resignation. Following a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party fared poorly, winning only 31 seats. In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, known as the Bharatiya Janata Party.[60][57]

BJP (1980–present)

Formation and early days

Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president.[61] Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims. The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal, emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism.[62] This was unsuccessful, as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984.[62] The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats, contributing to the low number for the BJP.[63]

Ram Janmabhoomi movement

Main article: Ram Rath Yatra
Further information: Ayodhya dispute and Demolition of the Babri Masjid

The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism.[62][64] In 1984, Advani was appointed president of the party, and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. In the early 1980s, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527. There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there.[65] The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site is the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque.[66] The BJP threw its support behind this campaign and made it a part of their election platform. It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V. P. Singh.[67]

In September 1990, Advani began a rath yatra (chariot journey) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement. According to Guha, the imagery employed by the yatra was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim".[68] Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav. A large number of kar sevaks (religious volunteers) nonetheless converged at Ayodhya, and some attacked the mosque. Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks. Hindus were urged by VHP to "take revenge" for these deaths, resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh. [69] The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh general elections. The BJP further increased its tally to 120 seats, and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.[70]

On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.[70] The rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque.[70] Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.[70] The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.[71][72] Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.[70] In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.[45] Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.[45]

A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.[72] Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi. The report also criticised Kalyan Singh, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.[72] He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.[72] In 2020, the Supreme Court of India acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi.[73]

NDA government (1998, 1999 - 2004)

Further information: National Democratic Alliance

A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short-lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Biju Janata Dal. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one that had an ideology similar to the BJP; Amartya Sen, for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.[74] The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister.[75] However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were held again.[76]

On 13 October 1999, the NDA, without the AIADMK, won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister[a] and Home Minister. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo-liberal economic policies.[46] In 2001, Bangaru Laxman, then the BJP president, was filmed accepting a bribe in a sting operation.[77][78] He was compelled to resign and was subsequently prosecuted, eventually being sentenced to four years in prison.[79]

2002 Gujarat violence

Main article: 2002 Gujarat violence

On 27 February 2002, a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra, killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks.[80] The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.[81] Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.[81][82] The then-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.[83] In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT. BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment;[84][85] she was later acquitted by the Gujarat High Court.[86] Scholars such as Paul Brass, Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.[87][88][89]

General election defeats

Vajpayee called for early elections in 2004, six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "India Shining", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.[90] However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 186 seats in the Lok Sabha, compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies. Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.[90][91]

In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. It lost the Karnataka assembly election in 2013.[92]

NDA government (2014–present)

 
Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India since 2014
 
Amit Shah has been the longest (continuous) served National President of the BJP

In the 2014 Indian general election, the BJP won 282 seats, leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543-seat Lok Sabha.[93] Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 14th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014.[94][95] The vote share of the BJP was 31% of all votes cast, a low figure relative to the number of seats it won.[96] This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament[97] and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength. Support was concentrated in the Hindi-speaking belt in North-central India.[96] The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls.[96]

Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.[98] The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and Dalit people, as well as among Other Backward Classes.[99][96] Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.[99][96] The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters and raising voter turnout among them.[96]

In 2019, the BJP won the general election with a majority. Soon after coming to power, on 5 August 2019, the Modi administration revoked the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir—a region administered by India as a state and this states consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of dispute among India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.[100][101]

Later in 2019, the Modi government introduced the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, which was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act, 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal immigrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian religion, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.[102][103] Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility.[104] The act was the first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law.[104][b][c][d] A report by the V-Dem Institute described India as experiencing democratic backsliding during the Modi-led BJP's rule.[48][49]

Ideology and political positions

Social policies and Hindutva

Further information: Hindutva

The official philosophy of the BJP is "Integral humanism," a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965, who described it as advocating an "indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage."[105][106] It is committed to Hindutva, an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. According to the party, Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation, thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion.[62] Scholars and political analysts describe Hindutva as seeking to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions, making the BJP a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense.[70][62][107][108] The BJP moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998, due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies.[70][46]

The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the Ram Temple at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque.[107] This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections.[107] However, the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it, leading to a decline of the temple's prominence in its agenda.[107] The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools.[109] Various scholars have stated that this revision, especially in the case of history textbooks, was a covert attempt to "saffronise" Indian history.[109][110][111][112] The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula, despite opposition from several leading scientists.[113]

Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under the Modi administration. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns, while the Modi administration appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to prominent government positions.[114] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR).[115] Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned his credentials as a historian, and stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[115][116][117] Over its first term the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favoring the RSS increased. Scholars Nandini Sundar and Kiran Bhatty write that many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions.[47] The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks. These changes de-emphasizing the role of Jawaharlal Nehru, and glorifying that of Modi himself, while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, without conflict or inequity.[47][118]

The BJP supports a uniform civil code, which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion, replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community. Historian Yogendra Malik writes that this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority.[62][107] The BJP favoured, and in 2019 enacted,[119][120][121] the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a greater degree of autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian Union.[62] It simultaneously abrogated Jammu and Kashmir statehood, reorganizing it into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.[47]

The BJP opposes illegal immigration into India from Bangladesh.[108] The party states that this migration, mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal, threatens the security, economy and stability of the country.[108] Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees, and reserves the term "illegal" for Muslim migrants.[108] Academic Michael Gillan perceived it as an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful.[108][122] The party later became the party of government in Assam.[123] The Modi administration passed a citizenship law in 2019 which provided a pathway to Indian citizenship for persecuted religious minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians.[102][103] The law does not grant such eligibility to Muslims.[124][125][104] This was first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law: it attracted global criticism, and sparked widespread protests that were halted by the COVID-19 pandemic.[47][104][e] Counter-demonstrations against the protests developed into the 2020 Delhi riots, caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.[126][127] Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslim.[128][129][130][131][132]

In 2013, the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality. There was a popular outcry, although clerics, including Muslim religious leaders, stated that they supported the verdict.[133][134] BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported Section 377, because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural,[135] though the party softened the stance after its victory in the 2014 general elections.[136] The Modi government is opposed to same-sex marriage, stating in a legal affidavit that legalizing it would cause "complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country" and that it was "not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband, wife & children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as ‘husband’, a biological woman as ‘wife’ and children born out of union".[137]

Economic policies

The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the Jana Sangh, it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates. It supported swadeshi (the promotion of indigenous industries and products) and a protectionist export policy. However, it supported internal economic liberalisation, and opposed the state-driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress.[138] During the 1996 elections, and later when it was in government, the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation. The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India.[138] This was criticised, including by the BJP's affiliates, the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch:[138] the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology.[138]

The two NDA governments in the period 1998–2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government-owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P. V. Narasimha Rao-led Congress government in the early 1990s.[139] India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan India Shining was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.[140] After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.[90][91][141]

This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.[142] Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.[143][144] Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper-class constituency instead of the poor.[143]

The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, based on a neoliberal framework.[145][146] Modi liberalised India's foreign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including in defence and the railways.[145][147][148] Other proposed reforms included making it harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them;[146] some of these proposals were dropped after protests.[149] The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP.[146] The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, a constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations over labourers.[145] Modi has been described as taking a more economically populist approach on healthcare and agricultural policy.[150] Modi's government has also been described as taking a more protectionist turn on international trade during his second term, withdrawing from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership talks[151][152] and introducing the 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat economic plan, which emphasises national self-sufficiency.[153][154]

Defence and counterterrorism

Compared to Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.[155][156] The Vajpayee-led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act, which later came under heavy criticism.[155][156] It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil, and supported the United States War on Terror.[157]

Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran-II, a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.[155] The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.[155]

The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory, later known as the Kargil War.[158][159] Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.[158][159]

After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.[156] The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.[156] It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament, where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass.[156] The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.[156] However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties, and the National Human Rights Commission of India stated that it had been used to target Muslims.[156] It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.[160]

The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds. This included a 2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar against the National Socialist Council of Nagaland, the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and the 2019 Balakot airstrike in Pakistan.[161] It also militarily intervened in defence of Bhutan during the 2017 Doklam standoff with China.[162]

The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long-standing defence reforms.[163][164] In August 2019, the Modi government established the post of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) to ensure better coordination between all three services, a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War.[165] The Department of Military Affairs was also established and put under the CDS.[166]

Foreign policy

The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy, like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism.[167] The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.[167] This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.[167][168] During the Cold War, the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India's long standing policy of non-alignment, and instead advocated closeness to the United States.[167] In the post-Cold War era, the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States,[169] while stressing a desire for a more multipolar world order.[170]

The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it.[138][168] Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments, opting instead for realism.[171] His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan. In 1998, he made a landmark visit to Pakistan, and inaugurated the Delhi–Lahore Bus service.[167] Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration, which was an attempt to improve Indo-Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests.[167] However, the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later, causing the 1999 Kargil War. The war ended a couple of months later, with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later, without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries.[167] Despite the war, Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue. This was not well received among the BJP cadre, who criticised the government for being "weak".[167] This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post-Kargil Agra summit, preventing any significant deal from being reached. [167]

The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the U.S. War on Terror, in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.[157] However, the BJP strongly condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq, stating that it "deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States, Britain and their allies against Iraq".[172] The BJP also opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya and urged the Lok Sabha to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it.[173]

The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan, attempting to improve relations with Nawaz Sharif's government, culminating in Modi visiting Pakistan in 2015.[174] Relations subsequently deteriorated, particularly after Sharif was ousted in 2017.[175] The Modi government has since been described as taking a "hardline" approach on Pakistan, and the BJP has accused the opposition Congress of collaborating with Pakistan through its criticism of government policy.[176] In 2015, the Modi government was accused by the Nepalese government of imposing an undeclared blockade on Nepal.[177] The Modi government expressed concern following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, but maintained cordial relations with the military government, abstaining from a United Nations Security Council resolution regarding the situation there.[178][179] The Modi government remained neutral on the Russo-Ukrainian War,[180] abstaining from United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623, which condemned the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.[181] The leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the government's stance.[182]

Organisation and structure

Main article: Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party
Further information: List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party and National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party

The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the president being the highest authority in the party.[106] Until 2012, the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three-year term.[106] This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms.[183]

Below the president is the National Executive, which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country. It is the higher decision-making body of the party. Its members are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries, who work directly with the president.[106] An identical structure, with an executive committee led by a president, exists at the state, regional, district and local level.[106]

In April 2015, the BJP stated that it had more than 100 million registered members, which would make it the world's largest political party by primary membership.[184][185] As of September 2022, the party does not have a single Muslim representative in the parliament and state assemblies.[186][187]

The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies, such as the RSS, ABVP, BYSS, VHP and other Sangh Parivar-related oragnisations. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:[106]

The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:

  • The BJP Mahila Morcha (BJP Women's Front), its women's division[106]
  • The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (Indian People's Youth Front), its youth wing[106]
  • The BJP Minority Morcha (BJP Minority Front), its minority division[106]

General election results

See also: Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party

The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.[45] In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.[46] In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power.[188][f]

Lok Sabha seats

Year Legislature Party leader Seats won Change in seats Percentage
of votes 		Vote swing Outcome Ref.
1984 8th Lok Sabha Atal Bihari Vajpayee
2 / 543
   2 7.74% – Opposition [189]
1989 9th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani
85 / 543
   83 11.36%   3.62% Outside support for NF [190]
1991 10th Lok Sabha
120 / 543
   35 20.11%   8.75% Opposition [191]
1996 11th Lok Sabha Atal Bihari Vajpayee
161 / 543
   41 20.29%   0.18% Government, later opposition [192]
1998 12th Lok Sabha
182 / 543
   21 25.59%   5.30% Government [193]
1999 13th Lok Sabha
182 / 543
   23.75%   1.84% Government [194]
2004 14th Lok Sabha
138 / 543
   44 22.16%   1.69% Opposition [195]
2009 15th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani
116 / 543
   22 18.80%   3.36% Opposition [196]
2014 16th Lok Sabha Narendra Modi
282 / 543
   166 31.34%   12.54% Government [197]
2019 17th Lok Sabha
303 / 543
   21 37.46%   6.12% Government [198][199]

As of September 2022, 11 states have Chief Ministers from the BJP, and governments led by that party, sometimes including allied parties. The 11 states are Arunachal Pradesh, Assam (with Asom Gana Parishad and United People's Party Liberal), Goa, Gujarat, Haryana (with Jannayak Janta Party), Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur (with Naga People's Front, National People's Party and Lok Janshakti Party), Tripura (with Indigenous People's Front of Tripura), Uttar Pradesh (with Apna Dal (Sonelal)) and Uttarakhand.

In 4 other states and in the union territory of Puducherry, it participates in the government as the junior partner in the ruling alliance with other members of the National Democratic Alliance. The states are: Maharashtra (with Shiv Sena, other small parties and independents), Meghalaya (with the National People's Party, United Democratic Party, People's Democratic Front and Hill State People's Democratic Party), Nagaland (with the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party), and Puducherry (with the All India N.R. Congress). The BJP's ally, the Sikkim Krantikari Morcha, holds power in Sikkim, but the BJP has no ministers in the government.

The BJP has previously held power in Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Rajasthan and Jharkhand, and has been the junior coalition partner in governments in Andhra Pradesh (with the Telugu Desam Party), Jammu and Kashmir (with the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party), Odisha (with the Biju Janata Dal), Punjab (with the Shiromani Akali Dal), and Tamil Nadu (with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam). It has never held power in Kerala, Telangana, and West Bengal.

In addition to the NDA, the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the North-East Democratic Alliance.[200][201][202]

Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies

Legislative Assembly
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
0 / 175
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
49 / 60
Assam Legislative Assembly
63 / 126
Bihar Legislative Assembly
78 / 243
Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
14 / 90
Delhi Legislative Assembly
8 / 70
Goa Legislative Assembly
28 / 40
Gujarat Legislative Assembly
156 / 182
Haryana Legislative Assembly
41 / 90
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
25 / 68
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly†
0 / 90
Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
26 / 81
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
66 / 224
Kerala Legislative Assembly
0 / 140
Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
130 / 230
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
105 / 288
Manipur Legislative Assembly
37 / 60
Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
2 / 60
Mizoram Legislative Assembly
1 / 40
Nagaland Legislative Assembly
12 / 60
Odisha Legislative Assembly
22 / 147
Puducherry Legislative Assembly
6 / 30
Punjab Legislative Assembly
2 / 117
Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
70 / 200
Sikkim Legislative Assembly
12 / 32
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
4 / 234
Telangana Legislative Assembly
3 / 119
Tripura Legislative Assembly
31 / 60
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
255 / 403
Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
47 / 70
West Bengal Legislative Assembly
70 / 294

Current seats in State Legislative councils

Legislative Council
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
0 / 58
Bihar Legislative Council
23 / 75
Karnataka Legislative Council
38 / 75
Maharashtra Legislative Council
22 / 78
Telangana Legislative Council
1 / 40
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
82 / 100

List of prime ministers

Further information: List of prime ministers of India
No Portrait Prime minister Constituency Term in office Lok Sabha Cabinet
Start End Tenure
1   Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lucknow 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 6 years, 80 days 11th Vajpayee I
19 March 1998 22 May 2004 12th Vajpayee II
13th Vajpayee III
2   Narendra Modi Varanasi 26 May 2014 Incumbent 8 years, 353 days 16th Modi I
17th Modi II

List of deputy prime ministers

Further information: Deputy Prime Minister of India
No. Deputy PM Portrait Term in office Lok Sabha Prime Minister
Start End Tenure
1 Lal Krishna Advani   29 June 2002 22 May 2004 1 year, 328 days 13th Atal Bihari Vajpayee

List of current chief ministers

Main article: List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party

As of May 2022, 49 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister, 11 of whom are incumbent.

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ in 2002
  2. ^ Sharma (2019), p. 523: "First, citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea.... A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship, adopted since independence substantiates the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus."
  3. ^ Sen (2018), pp. 10–11: "Nehru's response [to Patel's warning] made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India... Thus, despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan, Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen-refugees in post-partition India."
  4. ^ Jayal (2019), pp. 34–35: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."
  5. ^ Jayal (2019), pp. 33–50: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."
  6. ^ For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.

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Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar
  • Ahuja, Gurdas M. (2004). Bharatiya Janata Party and Resurgent India. Ram Company.
  • Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press]. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
  • Bhambhri, C.P. (2001). Bharatiya Janata Party : Periphery to Centre. Delhi: Shipra. ISBN 978-81-7541-078-7.
  • Baxter, Craig (1971) [first published by University of Pennsylvania Press 1969]. The Jana Sangh — A Biography of an Indian Political Party. Oxford University Press, Bombay. ISBN 978-0-8122-7583-4.
  • Chadha, Kalyani; Guha, Pallavi (2016). "The Bharatiya Janata Party's online campaign and citizen involvement in India's 2014 election". International Journal of Communication. 10. from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  • Ganguly, Sumit (2015). (PDF). Transatlantic Academy Paper Series. 2: 1–15. ISBN 978-1-5292-0460-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  • Graham, B. D. (1990). Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38348-6.
  • Harriss, John. "Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38.4 (2015): 712-718 online 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Malik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V.B. (1994). Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-8810-6.
  • Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-301-1.
  • Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  • Jain, Varsha; B.E., Ganesh (2020). "Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi". Journal of Political Marketing. 19 (1–2): 15–33. doi:10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222. S2CID 202247610.
  • Mishra, Madhusudan (1997). Bharatiya Janata Party and India's Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Uppal Pub. House. ISBN 978-81-85565-79-8.
  • Nag, Kingshuk (2014). The Saffron Tide: The Rise of the BJP. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-8129134295.
  • Nag, Kingshuk. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Rupa Publications, 2016).
  • Palshikar, Suhas, Sanjay Kumar, and Sanjay Lodha, eds. Electoral Politics in India: The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (Taylor & Francis, 2017).
  • Raghavan, G.N.S. New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP (1996).
  • Sanjeev Kr, H.M. "Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations." Indian Journal of Political Science (2007): 275–291. online 13 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Sharma, C.P. Thakur, Devendra P. (1999). India under Atal Behari Vajpayee : The BJP Era. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7476-250-4.
  • Stein, Burton (2010). A history of India (edited by David Arnold. 2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
  • Rao, Ramesh (2001). Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs. Har Anand. ISBN 9788124108093.

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May 14, 2023
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BJP redirects here For other uses see BJP disambiguation The Bharatiya Janata Party BJP bʱaːɾetiːje dʒenetaː paːrtiː listen transl Indian People s Party is a political party in India and one of the two major Indian political parties alongside the Indian National Congress 38 It is the largest political party in the world 39 Since 2014 it has been the ruling political party in India under Narendra Modi the incumbent Indian prime minister 40 The BJP is aligned with right wing politics and its policies adhere to Hindutva a Hindu nationalist ideology 41 42 it has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS 43 As of March 2023 update it is the country s biggest political party in terms of representation in the Parliament of India as well as state legislatures Bharatiya Janata PartyAbbreviationBJPPresidentJ P Nadda 1 General SecretaryB L SanthoshShiv Prakash 2 PresidiumNational Executive 3 Parliamentary ChairpersonNarendra Modi Prime Minister Lok Sabha LeaderNarendra Modi Leader of the House in Lok Sabha 4 Rajya Sabha LeaderPiyush Goyal Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha TreasurerRajesh Agarwal 5 FounderAtal Bihari VajpayeeL K Advani 6 Founded6 April 1980 43 years ago 1980 04 06 7 Split fromJanata Party 7 Preceded byBharatiya Jana Sangh 1951 1977 7 Janata Party 1977 1980 7 Headquarters6 A Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg New Delhi Delhi India 8 Think tankPublic Policy Research Centre 9 10 Student wingAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad unofficial 11 Youth wingBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha 12 Women s wingBJP Mahila Morcha 13 Labour wingBharatiya Mazdoor Sangh 14 Peasant s wingBharatiya Kisan Sangh 15 IdeologyConservatism Indian 16 Hindu nationalism 17 Hindutva 18 Neoliberalism 19 Right wing populism 20 Integral humanism 21 Political positionRight wing 22 International affiliationInternational Democrat Union 23 24 Asia Pacific Democrat Union 25 Colours Saffron 26 ECI StatusNational Party 27 AllianceNational Democratic Alliance All India 28 North East Democratic Alliance Northeast India 29 Seats in Lok Sabha301 543 543 MPs amp 0 Vacant 30 Seats in Rajya Sabha93 245 237 MPs amp 8 Vacant 31 32 Seats in State Legislative Assemblies1 363 4 036 4025 MLAs amp 11 Vacant see complete list Seats in State Legislative Councils165 426 403 MLCs amp 23 Vacant see complete list Number of states and union territories in government16 31 28 States and 3 UTs 33 Election symbolLotusParty flagWebsitewww wbr bjp wbr orgPolitics of IndiaPolitical partiesElectionsThis article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text The party s origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee 44 After The Emergency of 1975 1977 the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the Janata Party it defeated the then incumbent Indian National Congress in the 1977 general election After three years in power the Janata Party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern day BJP Although initially unsuccessful winning only two seats in the 1984 general election it grew in strength on the back of the movement around Ram Janmabhoomi in Uttar Pradesh Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996 however it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament and its government under its then leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee lasted for only 13 days 45 After the 1998 general election the BJP led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance NDA under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year Following fresh elections the NDA government again headed by Vajpayee lasted for a full term in office this was the first non Congress government to do so In the 2004 general election the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal opposition party Narendra Modi then the chief minister of Gujarat led the party to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election Modi has since led the NDA government as Indian prime minister including being re elected in the 2019 general election As of December 2022 update the alliance governs 16 Indian states and union territories The official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965 The party advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles During its first period in national government the BJP avoided its Hindu nationalist priorities and focused on a largely liberal economic policy that prioritised globalisation and economic growth over social welfare 46 Since returning to government in 2014 the BJP government has enacted several priorities of the RSS including criminalising the practice of triple talaq and revoking Article 370 of the Indian constitution which granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir and also abrogating its statehood 47 India has experienced nationwide democratic backsliding under the BJP s rule since 2014 48 49 Contents 1 History 1 1 Predecessors 1 1 1 Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1951 77 1 1 2 Janata Party 1977 80 1 2 BJP 1980 present 1 2 1 Formation and early days 1 2 2 Ram Janmabhoomi movement 1 2 3 NDA government 1998 1999 2004 1 2 4 2002 Gujarat violence 1 2 5 General election defeats 1 2 6 NDA government 2014 present 2 Ideology and political positions 2 1 Social policies and Hindutva 2 2 Economic policies 2 3 Defence and counterterrorism 2 4 Foreign policy 3 Organisation and structure 4 General election results 4 1 Lok Sabha seats 4 2 Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies 4 3 Current seats in State Legislative councils 5 List of prime ministers 6 List of deputy prime ministers 7 List of current chief ministers 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Explanatory notes 9 2 Citations 9 3 General and cited sources 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistoryPredecessors Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1951 77 Influential figures Syama Prasad Mookerjee founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh Atal Bihari Vajpayee the first BJP prime minister 1998 2004 Lal Krishna Advani deputy Prime Minister under Vajpayee and one of the architects of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement Main article Bharatiya Jana Sangh The BJP s origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh popularly known as the Jana Sangh founded by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS 50 The Jana Sangh s aims included the protection of India s Hindu cultural identity in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks or full time workers to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya who was appointed General Secretary The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952 It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967 51 52 The Jana Sangh s first major campaign begun in early 1953 centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India 53 Mukherjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir He died of a heart attack the following month while still in jail 53 Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mukherjee however he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967 and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS The party minimised engagement with the public focusing instead on building its network of propagandists Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism which formed the official doctrine of the party 54 Younger leaders such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968 The major themes on the party s agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir 55 After assembly elections across the country in 1967 the party entered into a coalition with several other parties including the Swatantra Party and the socialists It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland including Madhya Pradesh Bihar and Uttar Pradesh It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office albeit within a coalition this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh s more radical agenda 56 Janata Party 1977 80 Main article Janata Party In 1975 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country In 1977 the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum including the Socialist Party the Congress O and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi 52 The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party s parliamentary contingent with 93 seats or 31 of its strength Vajpayee previously the leader of the Jana Sangh was appointed the Minister of External Affairs 57 The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles Political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot wrote that this proved to be impossible assimilation 58 The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged retaining a strong association with the RSS which did not sit well with the moderate centre right constituents of the Party 59 Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots in Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978 79 The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS which the Jana Sangh refused to do Eventually a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party Secular The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament forcing its resignation Following a brief period of coalition rule general elections were held in 1980 in which the Janata Party fared poorly winning only 31 seats In April 1980 shortly after the elections the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being dual members of party and the RSS In response the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party known as the Bharatiya Janata Party 60 57 BJP 1980 present Formation and early days Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor with Vajpayee being its first president 61 Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism 62 This was unsuccessful as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 62 The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats contributing to the low number for the BJP 63 Ram Janmabhoomi movement Main article Ram Rath Yatra Further information Ayodhya dispute and Demolition of the Babri Masjid Ram Rath Yatra The failure of Vajpayee s moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism 62 64 In 1984 Advani was appointed president of the party and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement In the early 1980s the Vishwa Hindu Parishad VHP began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527 There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there 65 The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site is the birthplace of Rama and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque 66 The BJP threw its support behind this campaign and made it a part of their election platform It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989 a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V P Singh 67 In September 1990 Advani began a rath yatra chariot journey to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement According to Guha the imagery employed by the yatra was religious allusive militant masculine and anti Muslim 68 Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav A large number of kar sevaks religious volunteers nonetheless converged at Ayodhya and some attacked the mosque Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks Hindus were urged by VHP to take revenge for these deaths resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh 69 The BJP withdrew its support from the V P Singh government leading to fresh general elections The BJP further increased its tally to 120 seats and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly 70 On 6 December 1992 the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100 000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque 70 The rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque 70 Over the following weeks waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country killing over 2 000 people 70 The government briefly banned the VHP and many BJP leaders including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition 71 72 Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar and not a spontaneous act 70 In the parliamentary elections in 1996 the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats making it the largest party in parliament 45 Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha forcing the government to resign after 13 days 45 A 2009 report authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition mostly leaders from the BJP 72 Among those named were Vajpayee Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi The report also criticised Kalyan Singh Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition 72 He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition 72 In 2020 the Supreme Court of India acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi 73 NDA government 1998 1999 2004 Further information National Democratic Alliance A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996 but this grouping was short lived and mid term polls were held in 1998 The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance NDA which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party the Shiromani Akali Dal the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam AIADMK and the Biju Janata Dal Among these regional parties the Shiv Sena was the only one that had an ideology similar to the BJP Amartya Sen for example called the coalition an ad hoc grouping 74 The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party TDP and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister 75 However the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK Jayalalitha withdrew her support and fresh elections were held again 76 On 13 October 1999 the NDA without the AIADMK won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183 Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time Advani became Deputy Prime Minister a and Home Minister This NDA government lasted its full term of five years Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo liberal economic policies 46 In 2001 Bangaru Laxman then the BJP president was filmed accepting a bribe in a sting operation 77 78 He was compelled to resign and was subsequently prosecuted eventually being sentenced to four years in prison 79 2002 Gujarat violence Main article 2002 Gujarat violence On 27 February 2002 a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra killing 59 people The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus and sparked off massive anti Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks 80 The death toll estimated was as high as 2000 while 150 000 were displaced 81 Rape mutilation and torture were also widespread 81 82 The then Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim owned properties 83 In April 2009 a Special Investigation Team SIT was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases In 2012 Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT BJP MLA Maya Kodnani who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment 84 85 she was later acquitted by the Gujarat High Court 86 Scholars such as Paul Brass Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents 87 88 89 General election defeats Vajpayee called for early elections in 2004 six months ahead of schedule The NDA s campaign was based on the slogan India Shining which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country 90 However the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat winning only 186 seats in the Lok Sabha compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance The NDA s failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat as was its divisive policy agenda 90 91 In May 2008 the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state In the 2009 general elections its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats It lost the Karnataka assembly election in 2013 92 NDA government 2014 present Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India since 2014 Amit Shah has been the longest continuous served National President of the BJP In the 2014 Indian general election the BJP won 282 seats leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543 seat Lok Sabha 93 Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 14th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 94 95 The vote share of the BJP was 31 of all votes cast a low figure relative to the number of seats it won 96 This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament 97 and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength Support was concentrated in the Hindi speaking belt in North central India 96 The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls 96 Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory including the popularity of Modi and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term 98 The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper caste upper class support base and received significant support from middle class and Dalit people as well as among Other Backward Classes 99 96 Its support among Muslims remained low only 8 of Muslim voters voted for the BJP 99 96 The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters and raising voter turnout among them 96 In 2019 the BJP won the general election with a majority Soon after coming to power on 5 August 2019 the Modi administration revoked the special status or limited autonomy granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir a region administered by India as a state and this states consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of dispute among India Pakistan and China since 1947 100 101 Later in 2019 the Modi government introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 which was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019 It amended the Citizenship Act 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal immigrants of Hindu Sikh Buddhist Jain Parsi or Christian religion who had fled persecution from Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014 102 103 Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility 104 The act was the first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law 104 b c d A report by the V Dem Institute described India as experiencing democratic backsliding during the Modi led BJP s rule 48 49 Ideology and political positionsSocial policies and Hindutva Further information Hindutva The official philosophy of the BJP is Integral humanism a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965 who described it as advocating an indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage 105 106 It is committed to Hindutva an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar According to the party Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion 62 Scholars and political analysts describe Hindutva as seeking to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions making the BJP a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense 70 62 107 108 The BJP moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998 due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies 70 46 The BJP s Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies It supports the construction of the Ram Temple at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque 107 This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections 107 However the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it leading to a decline of the temple s prominence in its agenda 107 The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools 109 Various scholars have stated that this revision especially in the case of history textbooks was a covert attempt to saffronise Indian history 109 110 111 112 The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula despite opposition from several leading scientists 113 Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under the Modi administration The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP s electoral campaigns while the Modi administration appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to prominent government positions 114 In 2014 Yellapragada Sudershan Rao who had previously been associated with the RSS became the chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research ICHR 115 Historians and former members of the ICHR including those sympathetic to the BJP questioned his credentials as a historian and stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism 115 116 117 Over its first term the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions and recruitment of faculty members favoring the RSS increased Scholars Nandini Sundar and Kiran Bhatty write that many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions 47 The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government approved history textbooks These changes de emphasizing the role of Jawaharlal Nehru and glorifying that of Modi himself while also portraying Indian society as harmonious without conflict or inequity 47 118 The BJP supports a uniform civil code which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community Historian Yogendra Malik writes that this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority 62 107 The BJP favoured and in 2019 enacted 119 120 121 the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India which granted a greater degree of autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian Union 62 It simultaneously abrogated Jammu and Kashmir statehood reorganizing it into two union territories Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh 47 The BJP opposes illegal immigration into India from Bangladesh 108 The party states that this migration mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal threatens the security economy and stability of the country 108 Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees and reserves the term illegal for Muslim migrants 108 Academic Michael Gillan perceived it as an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful 108 122 The party later became the party of government in Assam 123 The Modi administration passed a citizenship law in 2019 which provided a pathway to Indian citizenship for persecuted religious minorities from Afghanistan Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus Sikhs Buddhists Jains Parsis or Christians 102 103 The law does not grant such eligibility to Muslims 124 125 104 This was first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law it attracted global criticism and sparked widespread protests that were halted by the COVID 19 pandemic 47 104 e Counter demonstrations against the protests developed into the 2020 Delhi riots caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims 126 127 Of the 53 people killed two thirds were Muslim 128 129 130 131 132 In 2013 the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which among other things criminalises homosexuality There was a popular outcry although clerics including Muslim religious leaders stated that they supported the verdict 133 134 BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported Section 377 because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural 135 though the party softened the stance after its victory in the 2014 general elections 136 The Modi government is opposed to same sex marriage stating in a legal affidavit that legalizing it would cause complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country and that it was not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband wife amp children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as husband a biological woman as wife and children born out of union 137 Economic policies The BJP s economic policy has changed considerably since its founding There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party In the 1980s like the Jana Sangh it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates It supported swadeshi the promotion of indigenous industries and products and a protectionist export policy However it supported internal economic liberalisation and opposed the state driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress 138 During the 1996 elections and later when it was in government the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India 138 This was criticised including by the BJP s affiliates the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch 138 the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology 138 The two NDA governments in the period 1998 2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government owned enterprises It also introduced tariff reducing measures These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P V Narasimha Rao led Congress government in the early 1990s 139 India s GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA The 2004 campaign slogan India Shining was based on the party s belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society 140 After its unexpected defeat commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies 90 91 141 This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments especially in Gujarat where the BJP held power for 16 years 142 Modi s government in power from 2002 to 2014 followed a strongly neo liberal agenda presented as a drive towards development 143 144 Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations While this was praised by the business community commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP s upper class constituency instead of the poor 143 The economic policies of Modi s government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy based on a neoliberal framework 145 146 Modi liberalised India s foreign direct investment policies allowing more foreign investment in several industries including in defence and the railways 145 147 148 Other proposed reforms included making it harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them 146 some of these proposals were dropped after protests 149 The reforms drew strong opposition from unions on 2 September 2015 eleven of the country s largest unions went on strike including one affiliated with the BJP 146 The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh a constituent of the Sangh Parivar stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations over labourers 145 Modi has been described as taking a more economically populist approach on healthcare and agricultural policy 150 Modi s government has also been described as taking a more protectionist turn on international trade during his second term withdrawing from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership talks 151 152 and introducing the 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat economic plan which emphasises national self sufficiency 153 154 Defence and counterterrorism Compared to Congress the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism 155 156 The Vajpayee led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act which later came under heavy criticism 155 156 It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil and supported the United States War on Terror 157 Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test the Vajpayee government broke with India s historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran II a series of five nuclear tests in 1998 155 The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium range ballistic missile They were seen as an attempt to display India s military prowess to the world and a reflection of anti Pakistan sentiment within the BJP 155 The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory later known as the Kargil War 158 159 Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian controlled territory 158 159 After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act 156 The aim of the act was to improve the government s ability to deal with terrorism 156 It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha therefore the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass 156 The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism 156 However it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties and the National Human Rights Commission of India stated that it had been used to target Muslims 156 It was later repealed by the Congress led UPA government in 2004 160 The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds This included a 2015 Indian counter insurgency operation in Myanmar against the National Socialist Council of Nagaland the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike in Pakistan administered Kashmir and the 2019 Balakot airstrike in Pakistan 161 It also militarily intervened in defence of Bhutan during the 2017 Doklam standoff with China 162 The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long standing defence reforms 163 164 In August 2019 the Modi government established the post of the Chief of Defence Staff CDS to ensure better coordination between all three services a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War 165 The Department of Military Affairs was also established and put under the CDS 166 Foreign policy The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism 167 The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India as a result its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate 167 This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP s ideology 167 168 During the Cold War the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India s long standing policy of non alignment and instead advocated closeness to the United States 167 In the post Cold War era the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States 169 while stressing a desire for a more multipolar world order 170 The Vajpayee government s foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it 138 168 Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments opting instead for realism 171 His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan In 1998 he made a landmark visit to Pakistan and inaugurated the Delhi Lahore Bus service 167 Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration which was an attempt to improve Indo Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests 167 However the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later causing the 1999 Kargil War The war ended a couple of months later with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries 167 Despite the war Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue This was not well received among the BJP cadre who criticised the government for being weak 167 This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post Kargil Agra summit preventing any significant deal from being reached 167 The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the U S War on Terror in the hope of better addressing India s issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir This led to closer defence ties with the US including negotiations for the sale of weapons 157 However the BJP strongly condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq stating that it deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States Britain and their allies against Iraq 172 The BJP also opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya and urged the Lok Sabha to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it 173 The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan attempting to improve relations with Nawaz Sharif s government culminating in Modi visiting Pakistan in 2015 174 Relations subsequently deteriorated particularly after Sharif was ousted in 2017 175 The Modi government has since been described as taking a hardline approach on Pakistan and the BJP has accused the opposition Congress of collaborating with Pakistan through its criticism of government policy 176 In 2015 the Modi government was accused by the Nepalese government of imposing an undeclared blockade on Nepal 177 The Modi government expressed concern following the 2021 Myanmar coup d etat but maintained cordial relations with the military government abstaining from a United Nations Security Council resolution regarding the situation there 178 179 The Modi government remained neutral on the Russo Ukrainian War 180 abstaining from United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623 which condemned the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine 181 The leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the government s stance 182 Organisation and structure A diagram of the structure of the Bharatiya Janata Party Main article Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party Further information List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party and National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical with the president being the highest authority in the party 106 Until 2012 the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three year term 106 This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms 183 Below the president is the National Executive which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country It is the higher decision making body of the party Its members are several vice presidents general secretaries treasurers and secretaries who work directly with the president 106 An identical structure with an executive committee led by a president exists at the state regional district and local level 106 In April 2015 the BJP stated that it had more than 100 million registered members which would make it the world s largest political party by primary membership 184 185 As of September 2022 update the party does not have a single Muslim representative in the parliament and state assemblies 186 187 The BJP is a cadre based party It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies such as the RSS ABVP BYSS VHP and other Sangh Parivar related oragnisations The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP s Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates loosely known as the Sangh Parivar 106 The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad All India Students Union the students wing of the RSS 106 The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Indian Farmer s Union the farmers division 106 The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Indian Labourers Union the labour union associated with the RSS 106 The party has subsidiary organisations of its own such as The BJP Mahila Morcha BJP Women s Front its women s division 106 The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Indian People s Youth Front its youth wing 106 The BJP Minority Morcha BJP Minority Front its minority division 106 General election resultsSee also Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980 and the first general election it contested was in 1984 in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats Following the election in 1996 the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time but the government it formed was short lived 45 In the elections of 1998 and 1999 it remained the largest party and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions 46 In the 2014 general election it won an outright majority in parliament From 1991 onwards a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power 188 f Lok Sabha seats Year Legislature Party leader Seats won Change in seats Percentageof votes Vote swing Outcome Ref 1984 8th Lok Sabha Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2 543 2 7 74 Opposition 189 1989 9th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani 85 543 83 11 36 3 62 Outside support for NF 190 1991 10th Lok Sabha 120 543 35 20 11 8 75 Opposition 191 1996 11th Lok Sabha Atal Bihari Vajpayee 161 543 41 20 29 0 18 Government later opposition 192 1998 12th Lok Sabha 182 543 21 25 59 5 30 Government 193 1999 13th Lok Sabha 182 543 23 75 1 84 Government 194 2004 14th Lok Sabha 138 543 44 22 16 1 69 Opposition 195 2009 15th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani 116 543 22 18 80 3 36 Opposition 196 2014 16th Lok Sabha Narendra Modi 282 543 166 31 34 12 54 Government 197 2019 17th Lok Sabha 303 543 21 37 46 6 12 Government 198 199 As of September 2022 update 11 states have Chief Ministers from the BJP and governments led by that party sometimes including allied parties The 11 states are Arunachal Pradesh Assam with Asom Gana Parishad and United People s Party Liberal Goa Gujarat Haryana with Jannayak Janta Party Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Manipur with Naga People s Front National People s Party and Lok Janshakti Party Tripura with Indigenous People s Front of Tripura Uttar Pradesh with Apna Dal Sonelal and Uttarakhand In 4 other states and in the union territory of Puducherry it participates in the government as the junior partner in the ruling alliance with other members of the National Democratic Alliance The states are Maharashtra with Shiv Sena other small parties and independents Meghalaya with the National People s Party United Democratic Party People s Democratic Front and Hill State People s Democratic Party Nagaland with the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party and Puducherry with the All India N R Congress The BJP s ally the Sikkim Krantikari Morcha holds power in Sikkim but the BJP has no ministers in the government The BJP has previously held power in Chhattisgarh Delhi Rajasthan and Jharkhand and has been the junior coalition partner in governments in Andhra Pradesh with the Telugu Desam Party Jammu and Kashmir with the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Odisha with the Biju Janata Dal Punjab with the Shiromani Akali Dal and Tamil Nadu with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam It has never held power in Kerala Telangana and West Bengal In addition to the NDA the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the North East Democratic Alliance 200 201 202 Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies Legislative AssemblyAndhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly0 175 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly49 60 Assam Legislative Assembly63 126 Bihar Legislative Assembly78 243 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly14 90 Delhi Legislative Assembly8 70 Goa Legislative Assembly28 40 Gujarat Legislative Assembly156 182 Haryana Legislative Assembly41 90 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly25 68 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 0 90 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly26 81 Karnataka Legislative Assembly66 224 Kerala Legislative Assembly0 140 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly130 230 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly105 288 Manipur Legislative Assembly37 60 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly2 60 Mizoram Legislative Assembly1 40 Nagaland Legislative Assembly12 60 Odisha Legislative Assembly22 147 Puducherry Legislative Assembly6 30 Punjab Legislative Assembly2 117 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly70 200 Sikkim Legislative Assembly12 32 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly4 234 Telangana Legislative Assembly3 119 Tripura Legislative Assembly31 60 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly255 403 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly47 70 West Bengal Legislative Assembly70 294 Current seats in State Legislative councils Legislative CouncilAndhra Pradesh Legislative Council0 58 Bihar Legislative Council23 75 Karnataka Legislative Council38 75 Maharashtra Legislative Council22 78 Telangana Legislative Council1 40 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council82 100List of prime ministersFurther information List of prime ministers of India No Portrait Prime minister Constituency Term in office Lok Sabha CabinetStart End Tenure1 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lucknow 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 6 years 80 days 11th Vajpayee I19 March 1998 22 May 2004 12th Vajpayee II13th Vajpayee III2 Narendra Modi Varanasi 26 May 2014 Incumbent 8 years 353 days 16th Modi I17th Modi IIList of deputy prime ministersFurther information Deputy Prime Minister of India No Deputy PM Portrait Term in office Lok Sabha Prime MinisterStart End Tenure1 Lal Krishna Advani 29 June 2002 22 May 2004 1 year 328 days 13th Atal Bihari VajpayeeList of current chief ministersMain article List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party As of May 2022 update 49 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister 11 of whom are incumbent Incumbent chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party No State Portrait Name Cabinet Governing coalition1 Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Khandu II BJPNPP2 Assam Himanta Biswa Sarma Sarma BJPAGPUPPL3 Goa Pramod Sawant Sawant II BJPMGPIND4 Gujarat Bhupendrabhai Patel Patel II BJP5 Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Khattar II BJPJJPHLPIND6 Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Chouhan IV BJPIND7 Manipur N Biren Singh Singh II BJPNPPNPFKPAIND8 Tripura Manik Saha Saha II BJPIPFT9 Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Adityanath II BJPAD S NP10 Uttarakhand Pushkar Singh Dhami Dhami II BJPINDSee alsoLeader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India List of political parties in India List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party Politics of India List of ruling political parties by countryReferencesExplanatory notes in 2002 Sharma 2019 p 523 First citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship adopted 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Nationalism in Power Journal of Democracy 25 4 34 45 doi 10 1353 jod 2014 0071 S2CID 144608424 Further readingMain article Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar Ahuja Gurdas M 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party and Resurgent India Ram Company Andersen Walter K Damle Shridhar D 1987 Originally published by Westview Press The Brotherhood in Saffron The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism Delhi Vistaar Publications Bhambhri C P 2001 Bharatiya Janata Party Periphery to Centre Delhi Shipra ISBN 978 81 7541 078 7 Baxter Craig 1971 first published by University of Pennsylvania Press 1969 The Jana Sangh A Biography of an Indian Political Party Oxford University Press Bombay ISBN 978 0 8122 7583 4 Chadha Kalyani Guha Pallavi 2016 The Bharatiya Janata Party s online campaign and citizen involvement in India s 2014 election International Journal of Communication 10 Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 16 May 2021 Ganguly Sumit 2015 Hindu nationalism and the foreign policy of India s Bharatiya Janata Party PDF Transatlantic Academy Paper Series 2 1 15 ISBN 978 1 5292 0460 5 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2021 Retrieved 11 January 2021 Graham B D 1990 Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 38348 6 Harriss John Hindu Nationalism in Action The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics South Asia Journal of South Asian Studies 38 4 2015 712 718 online Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Malik Yogendra K Singh V B 1994 Hindu Nationalists in India The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party Boulder Colorado Westview Press ISBN 978 0 8133 8810 6 Jaffrelot Christophe 1996 The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics C Hurst amp Co Publishers ISBN 978 1 85065 301 1 Jaffrelot Christophe July 2003 Communal Riots in Gujarat The State at Risk PDF Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics 16 Archived PDF from the original on 4 December 2013 Retrieved 5 November 2013 Jain Varsha B E Ganesh 2020 Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders A Case of India and Narendra Modi Journal of Political Marketing 19 1 2 15 33 doi 10 1080 15377857 2019 1652222 S2CID 202247610 Mishra Madhusudan 1997 Bharatiya Janata Party and India s Foreign Policy New Delhi Uppal Pub House ISBN 978 81 85565 79 8 Nag Kingshuk 2014 The Saffron Tide The Rise of the BJP Rupa Publications ISBN 978 8129134295 Nag Kingshuk Atal Bihari Vajpayee Rupa Publications 2016 Palshikar Suhas Sanjay Kumar and Sanjay Lodha eds Electoral Politics in India The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party Taylor amp Francis 2017 Raghavan G N S New Era in the Indian Polity A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP 1996 Sanjeev Kr H M Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations Indian Journal of Political Science 2007 275 291 online Archived 13 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Sharma C P Thakur Devendra P 1999 India under Atal Behari Vajpayee The BJP Era New Delhi UBS Publishers Distributors ISBN 978 81 7476 250 4 Stein Burton 2010 A history of India edited by David Arnold 2nd ed Chichester UK Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 9509 6 Rao Ramesh 2001 Coalition conundrum the BJP s trials tribulations and triumphs Har Anand ISBN 9788124108093 External links Wikinews has news related to Bharatiya Janata Party Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bharatiya Janata Party category Official website BJP web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries BJP at Curlie Works by or about Bharatiya Janata Party at Internet Archive Bharatiya Janata Party at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Portals Conservatism India Politics Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bharatiya Janata Party amp oldid 1154733295, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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