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Frank Lloyd Wright

January 19, 2023

Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing architects worldwide through his works and hundreds of apprentices in his Taliesin Fellowship.[1][2] Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture".[3]

Frank Lloyd Wright
Wright in 1954
Born(1867-06-08)June 8, 1867
Richland Center, Wisconsin, U.S.
DiedApril 9, 1959(1959-04-09) (aged 91)
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
OccupationArchitect
Spouses
  • Catherine Tobin
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1889; div. 1922)​
  • Miriam Noel
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1923; div. 1927)​
  • ​
    (m. 1928)​
Children8, including Lloyd Wright and John Lloyd Wright
AwardsRIBA Gold Medal
AIA Gold Medal
Twenty-five Year Award (4)
Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity
Buildings
ProjectsUsonian Houses
Broadacre City
Signature

Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture and also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City, his vision for urban planning in the United States. He also designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums, and other commercial projects. Wright-designed interior elements (including leaded glass windows, floors, furniture and even tableware) were integrated into these structures. He wrote several books and numerous articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time".[3] In 2019, a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Raised in rural Wisconsin, Wright studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin and then apprenticed in Chicago, briefly with Joseph Lyman Silsbee, and then with Louis Sullivan at Adler & Sullivan. Wright opened his own successful Chicago practice in 1893 and established a studio in his Oak Park, Illinois home in 1898. His fame increased and his personal life sometimes made headlines: leaving his first wife Catherine Tobin for Mamah Cheney in 1909; the murder of Mamah and her children and others at his Taliesin estate by a staff member in 1914; his tempestuous marriage with second wife Miriam Noel (m. 1923–1927); and his courtship and marriage with Olgivanna Lazović (m. 1928–1959).

Early years

Ancestry

Frank Lloyd Wright was born on June 8, 1867, in the town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, but maintained throughout his life that he was born in 1869.[4][5] In 1987 a biographer of Wright suggested that he may have been christened as "Frank Lincoln Wright" or "Franklin Lincoln Wright" but these assertions were not supported by any evidence.[6]

Wright's father, William Cary Wright (1825–1904), was a "gifted musician, orator, and sometime preacher who had been admitted to the bar in 1857."[7] He was also a published composer.[8] Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, but he later joined his wife's family in the Unitarian faith.

Wright's mother, Anna Lloyd Jones (1838/39–1923) was a teacher and a member of the Lloyd Jones clan; her parents had emigrated from Wales to Wisconsin.[9] One of Anna's brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Midwest.

Childhood (1867–1885)

According to Wright's autobiography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings. She decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infant's ambition.[10]

Wright grew up in a "unstable household, [...] constant lack of resources, [...] unrelieved poverty and anxiety" and had a "deeply disturbed and obviously unhappy childhood".[11] His father held pastorates in McGregor, Iowa (1869), Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1871), and Weymouth, Massachusetts (1874). Because the Wright family struggled financially also in Weymouth, they returned to Spring Green, where the supportive Lloyd Jones family could help William find employment. In 1877, they settled in Madison, where William gave music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society. Although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music with his children.[11]

In 1876, Anna saw an exhibit of educational blocks called the Froebel Gifts, the foundation of an innovative kindergarten curriculum. Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which the 9-year old Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form two- and three-dimensional compositions. In his autobiography, Wright described the influence of these exercises on his approach to design: "For several years, I sat at the little kindergarten table-top... and played... with the cube, the sphere and the triangle— these smooth wooden maple blocks... All are in my fingers to this day... "[12]

In 1881, soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated. In 1884, his father sued for a divorce from Anna on the grounds of "... emotional cruelty and physical violence and spousal abandonment".[13] Wright attended Madison High School, but there is no evidence that he graduated.[14] His father left Wisconsin after the divorce was granted in 1885. Wright said that he never saw his father again.[15]

Education (1885–1887)

In 1886, at age 19, Wright wanted to become an architect; he was admitted to the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a special student and worked under Allan D. Conover, a professor of civil engineering, before leaving the school without taking a degree.[16] Wright was granted an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the university in 1955.[17] In 1886 Wright collaborated with the Chicago architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee —accredited as draftsman and construction supervisor— on the 1886 Unity Chapel for Wright's family in Spring Green, Wisconsin.[18]

Early career

Silsbee and other early work experience (1887–1888)

In 1887, Wright arrived in Chicago in search of employment. As a result of the devastating Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and a population boom, new development was plentiful. Wright later recorded in his autobiography that his first impression of Chicago was as an ugly and chaotic city.[19] Within days of his arrival, and after interviews with several prominent firms, he was hired as a draftsman with Joseph Lyman Silsbee.[20] While with the firm, he also worked on two other family projects: All Souls Church in Chicago for his uncle, Jenkin Lloyd Jones, and the Hillside Home School I in Spring Green for two of his aunts.[21] Other draftsmen who worked for Silsbee in 1887 included future architects Cecil Corwin, George W. Maher, and George G. Elmslie. Wright soon befriended Corwin, with whom he lived until he found a permanent home.[22]

Feeling that he was underpaid for the quality of his work for Silsbee at $8 a week, the young draftsman quit and found work as an architectural designer at the firm of Beers, Clay, and Dutton. However, Wright soon realized that he was not ready to handle building design by himself; he left his new job to return to Joseph Silsbee—this time with a raise in salary.[23] Although Silsbee adhered mainly to Victorian and Revivalist architecture, Wright found his work to be more "gracefully picturesque" than the other "brutalities" of the period.[24]

Adler & Sullivan (1888–1893)

Wright learned that the Chicago firm of Adler & Sullivan was "... looking for someone to make the finished drawings for the interior of the Auditorium Building".[25] Wright demonstrated that he was a competent impressionist of Louis Sullivan's ornamental designs and two short interviews later, was an official apprentice in the firm.[26] Wright did not get along well with Sullivan's other draftsmen; he wrote that several violent altercations occurred between them during the first years of his apprenticeship. For that matter, Sullivan showed very little respect for his own employees as well.[27] In spite of this, "Sullivan took [Wright] under his wing and gave him great design responsibility."[28] As an act of respect, Wright would later refer to Sullivan as Lieber Meister (German for "Dear Master").[28] He also formed a bond with office foreman Paul Mueller. Wright later engaged Mueller in the construction of several of his public and commercial buildings between 1903 and 1923.[29]

By 1890, Wright had an office next to Sullivan's that he shared with friend and draftsman George Elmslie, who had been hired by Sullivan at Wright's request.[29][30] Wright had risen to head draftsman and handled all residential design work in the office. As a general rule, the firm of Adler & Sullivan did not design or build houses, but would oblige when asked by the clients of their important commercial projects.[citation needed] Wright was occupied by the firm's major commissions during office hours, so house designs were relegated to evening and weekend overtime hours at his home studio. He later claimed total responsibility for the design of these houses, but a careful inspection of their architectural style (and accounts from historian Robert Twombly) suggests that Sullivan dictated the overall form and motifs of the residential works; Wright's design duties were often reduced to detailing the projects from Sullivan's sketches.[30] During this time, Wright worked on Sullivan's bungalow (1890) and the James A. Charnley bungalow (1890) in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, the Berry-MacHarg House, James A. Charnley House (both 1891), and the Louis Sullivan House (1892), all in Chicago.[31][32]

 
The Walter Gale House, Oak Park, Illinois (1893). While a Queen Anne in style, it features window bands and a cantilevered porch roof which hint at Wright's developing aesthetics.

Despite Sullivan's loan and overtime salary, Wright was constantly short on funds. Wright admitted that his poor finances were likely due to his expensive tastes in wardrobe and vehicles, and the extra luxuries he designed into his house.[citation needed] To supplement his income and repay his debts, Wright accepted independent commissions for at least nine houses. These "bootlegged" houses, as he later called them, were conservatively designed in variations of the fashionable Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles. Nevertheless, unlike the prevailing architecture of the period, each house emphasized simple geometric massing and contained features such as bands of horizontal windows, occasional cantilevers, and open floor plans, which would become hallmarks of his later work. Eight of these early houses remain today, including the Thomas Gale, Robert Parker, George Blossom, and Walter Gale houses.[33]

As with the residential projects for Adler & Sullivan, he designed his bootleg houses on his own time. Sullivan knew nothing of the independent works until 1893, when he recognized that one of the houses was unmistakably a Frank Lloyd Wright design.[citation needed] This particular house, built for Allison Harlan, was only blocks away from Sullivan's townhouse in the Chicago community of Kenwood.[citation needed] Aside from the location, the geometric purity of the composition and balcony tracery in the same style as the Charnley House likely gave away Wright's involvement.[citation needed] Since Wright's five-year contract forbade any outside work, the incident led to his departure from Sullivan's firm.[32] Several stories recount the break in the relationship between Sullivan and Wright; even Wright later told two different versions of the occurrence. In An Autobiography, Wright claimed that he was unaware that his side ventures were a breach of his contract. When Sullivan learned of them, he was angered and offended; he prohibited any further outside commissions and refused to issue Wright the deed to his Oak Park house until after he completed his five years. Wright could not bear the new hostility from his master and thought that the situation was unjust. He "... threw down [his] pencil and walked out of the Adler & Sullivan office never to return". Dankmar Adler, who was more sympathetic to Wright's actions, later sent him the deed.[34] However, Wright told his Taliesin apprentices (as recorded by Edgar Tafel) that Sullivan fired him on the spot upon learning of the Harlan House. Tafel also recounted that Wright had Cecil Corwin sign several of the bootleg jobs, indicating that Wright was aware of their forbidden nature. Regardless of the correct series of events, Wright and Sullivan did not meet or speak for 12 years.[32][35]

Transition and experimentation (1893–1900)

After leaving Adler & Sullivan, Wright established his own practice on the top floor of the Sullivan-designed Schiller Building on Randolph Street in Chicago. Wright chose to locate his office in the building because the tower location reminded him of the office of Adler & Sullivan. Cecil Corwin followed Wright and set up his architecture practice in the same office, but the two worked independently and did not consider themselves partners.[36]

In 1896, Wright moved from the Schiller Building to the nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall building. The loft space was shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr., Myron Hunt, and Dwight H. Perkins.[37] These young architects, inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement and the philosophies of Louis Sullivan, formed what became known as the Prairie School.[38] They were joined by Perkins' apprentice Marion Mahony, who in 1895 transferred to Wright's team of drafters and took over production of his presentation drawings and watercolor renderings. Mahony, the third woman to be licensed as an architect in Illinois and one of the first licensed female architects in the U.S., also designed furniture, leaded glass windows, and light fixtures, among other features, for Wright's houses. Between 1894 and the early 1910s, several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright's future employees launched their careers in the offices of Steinway Hall.[39][40]

Wright's projects during this period followed two basic models. His first independent commission, the Winslow House, combined Sullivanesque ornamentation with the emphasis on simple geometry and horizontal lines. The Francis Apartments (1895, demolished 1971), Heller House (1896), Rollin Furbeck House (1897) and Husser House (1899, demolished 1926) were designed in the same mode. For his more conservative clients, Wright designed more traditional dwellings. These included the Dutch Colonial Revival style Bagley House (1894), Tudor Revival style Moore House I (1895), and Queen Anne style Charles E. Roberts House (1896).[41] While Wright could not afford to turn down clients over disagreements in taste, even his most conservative designs retained simplified massing and occasional Sullivan-inspired details.[42]

 
Nathan G. Moore House, Oak Park, Illinois (1895)

Soon after the completion of the Winslow House in 1894, Edward Waller, a friend and former client, invited Wright to meet Chicago architect and planner Daniel Burnham. Burnham had been impressed by the Winslow House and other examples of Wright's work; he offered to finance a four-year education at the École des Beaux-Arts and two years in Rome. To top it off, Wright would have a position in Burnham's firm upon his return. In spite of guaranteed success and support of his family, Wright declined the offer. Burnham, who had directed the classical design of the World's Columbian Exposition and was a major proponent of the Beaux Arts movement, thought that Wright was making a foolish mistake.[citation needed] Yet for Wright, the classical education of the École lacked creativity and was altogether at odds with his vision of modern American architecture.[43][44]

 
Wright's studio viewed from Chicago Avenue (1898)

Wright relocated his practice to his home in 1898 to bring his work and family lives closer. This move made further sense as the majority of the architect's projects at that time were in Oak Park or neighboring River Forest. The birth of three more children prompted Wright to sacrifice his original home studio space for additional bedrooms and necessitated his design and construction of an expansive studio addition to the north of the main house. The space, which included a hanging balcony within the two-story drafting room, was one of Wright's first experiments with innovative structure. The studio embodied Wright's developing aesthetics and would become the laboratory from which his next 10 years of architectural creations would emerge.[45]

Prairie Style houses (1900–1914)

By 1901, Wright had completed about 50 projects, including many houses in Oak Park. As his son John Lloyd Wright wrote:[46]

William Eugene Drummond, Francis Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin, Albert Chase McArthur, Marion Mahony, Isabel Roberts, and George Willis were the draftsmen. Five men, two women. They wore flowing ties, and smocks suitable to the realm. The men wore their hair like Papa, all except Albert, he didn't have enough hair. They worshiped Papa! Papa liked them! I know that each one of them was then making valuable contributions to the pioneering of the modern American architecture for which my father gets the full glory, headaches, and recognition today!

 
Arthur Heurtley House, Oak Park, Illinois (1902)
 
Hillside Home School, Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin (1902)

Between 1900 and 1901, Frank Lloyd Wright completed four houses, which have since been identified as the onset of the "Prairie Style". Two, the Hickox and Bradley Houses, were the last transitional step between Wright's early designs and the Prairie creations.[47] Meanwhile, the Thomas House and Willits House received recognition as the first mature examples of the new style.[48][49] At the same time, Wright gave his new ideas for the American house widespread awareness through two publications in the Ladies' Home Journal. The articles were in response to an invitation from the president of Curtis Publishing Company, Edward Bok, as part of a project to improve modern house design.[citation needed] "A Home in a Prairie Town" and "A Small House with Lots of Room in it" appeared respectively in the February and July 1901 issues of the journal. Although neither of the affordable house plans was ever constructed, Wright received increased requests for similar designs in following years.[47] Wright came to Buffalo and designed homes for three of the company's executives: the Darwin D. Martin House (1904), the William R. Heath House 1905), and the Walter V. Davidson House (1908). Other Wright houses considered to be masterpieces of the Prairie Style are the Frederick Robie House in Chicago and the Avery and Queene Coonley House in Riverside, Illinois. The Robie House, with its extended cantilevered roof lines supported by a 110-foot-long (34 m) channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. With this and other buildings, included in the publication of the Wasmuth Portfolio (1910), Wright's work became known to European architects and had a profound influence on them after World War I.

Wright's residential designs of this era were known as "prairie houses" because the designs complemented the land around Chicago.[citation needed] Prairie Style houses often have a combination of these features: one or two stories with one-story projections, an open floor plan, low-pitched roofs with broad, overhanging eaves, strong horizontal lines, ribbons of windows (often casements), a prominent central chimney, built-in stylized cabinetry, and a wide use of natural materials—especially stone and wood.[50]

By 1909, Wright had begun to reject the upper-middle-class Prairie Style single-family house model, shifting his focus to a more democratic architecture.[51] Wright went to Europe in 1909 with a portfolio of his work and presented it to Berlin publisher Ernst Wasmuth.[52] Studies and Executed Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright, published in 1911, was the first major exposure of Wright's work in Europe. The work contained more than 100 lithographs of Wright's designs and is commonly known as the Wasmuth Portfolio.[53]

Notable public works (1900–1917)

Wright designed the house of Cornell's chapter of Alpha Delta Phi literary society (1900), the Hillside Home School II (built for his aunts) in Spring Green, Wisconsin (1901) and the Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois.[54][55] As a lifelong Unitarian and member of Unity Temple, Wright offered his services to the congregation after their church burned down, working on the building from 1905 to 1909. Wright later said that Unity Temple was the edifice in which he ceased to be an architect of structure, and became an architect of space.[56]

Some other early notable public buildings and projects in this era: the Larkin Administration Building (1905); the Geneva Inn (Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, 1911); the Midway Gardens (Chicago, Illinois, 1913); the Banff National Park Pavilion (Alberta, Canada, 1914).

Designing in Japan (1917–1922)

 
Hotel Imperial, 1930s

While working in Japan, Frank Lloyd Wright left an impressive architectural heritage. The Imperial Hotel, completed in 1923, is the most important.[57] Thanks to its solid foundations and steel construction, the hotel survived the Great Kanto Earthquake almost unscathed.[58] The hotel was damaged during the bombing of Tokyo and by the subsequent US military occupation of it after World War II.[59] As land in the center of Tokyo increased in value the hotel was deemed obsolete and was demolished in 1968 but the lobby was saved and later re-constructed at the Meiji Mura architecture museum in Nagoya in 1976.[60]

 
Jiyu Gakuen Main Building
 
Yodoko Guesthouse

Jiyu Gakuen was founded as a girls' school in 1921. The construction of the main building began in 1921 under Wright's direction and, after his departure, was continued by Endo.[61] The school building, like the Imperial Hotel, is covered with Ōya stones.[citation needed]

The Yodoko Guesthouse (designed in 1918 and completed in 1924) was built as the summer villa for Tadzaemon Yamamura.

Frank Lloyd Wright's architecture had a strong influence on young Japanese architects. The Japanese architects Wright commissioned to carry out his designs were Arata Endo, Takehiko Okami, Taue Sasaki and Kameshiro Tsuchiura. Endo supervised the completion of the Imperial Hotel after Wright's departure in 1922 and also supervised the construction of the Jiyu Gakuen Girls' School and the Yodokō Guest House. Tsuchiura went on to create so-called "light" buildings, which had similarities to Wright's later work.[62]

Textile concrete block system

See also: Mayan Revival architecture
 
Wright in 1926

In the early 1920s, Wright designed a "textile" concrete block system. The system of precast blocks, reinforced by an internal system of bars, enabled "fabrication as infinite in color, texture, and variety as in that rug."[63] Wright first used his textile block system on the Millard House in Pasadena, California, in 1923. Typically Wrightian is the joining of the structure to its site by a series of terraces that reach out into and reorder the landscape, making it an integral part of the architect's vision.[64] With the Ennis House and the Samuel Freeman House (both 1923), Wright had further opportunities to test the limits of the textile block system, including limited use in the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in 1927.[65] The Ennis house is often used in films, television, and print media to represent the future.[64] Wright's son, Lloyd Wright, supervised construction for the Storer, Freeman, and Ennis Houses. Architectural historian Thomas Hines has suggested that Lloyd's contribution to these projects is often overlooked.[66]

After World War II, Wright updated the concrete block system, calling it the "Usonian Automatic" system, resulting in the construction of several notable homes. As he explained in The Natural House (1954), "The original blocks are made on the site by ramming concrete into wood or metal wrap-around forms, with one outside face (which may be pattered), and one rear or inside face, generally coffered, for lightness."[63]

Midlife problems

Family turmoil

 
Aerial photo of Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin

In 1903, while Wright was designing a house for Edwin Cheney (a neighbor in Oak Park), he became enamored with Cheney's wife, Mamah. Mamah Borthwick Cheney was a modern woman with interests outside the home. She was an early feminist, and Wright viewed her as his intellectual equal. Their relationship became the talk of the town; they often could be seen taking rides in Wright's automobile through Oak Park.[citation needed] In 1909, Wright and Mamah Cheney met up in Europe, leaving their spouses and children behind. Wright remained in Europe for almost a year, first in Florence, Italy (where he lived with his eldest son Lloyd) and, later, in Fiesole, Italy, where he lived with Mamah. During this time, Edwin Cheney granted Mamah a divorce, though Kitty still refused to grant one to her husband.[citation needed] After Wright returned to the United States in October 1910, he persuaded his mother to buy land for him in Spring Green, Wisconsin. The land, bought on April 10, 1911, was adjacent to land held by his mother's family, the Lloyd-Joneses. Wright began to build himself a new home, which he called Taliesin, by May 1911. The recurring theme of Taliesin also came from his mother's side: Taliesin in Welsh mythology was a poet, magician, and priest. The family motto, "Y Gwir yn Erbyn y Byd" ("The Truth Against the World"), was taken from the Welsh poet Iolo Morganwg, who also had a son named Taliesin. The motto is still used today as the cry of the druids and chief bard of the Eisteddfod in Wales.[67]

Tragedy at Taliesin

On August 15, 1914, while Wright was working in Chicago, a servant (Julian Carlton) set fire to the living quarters of Taliesin and then murdered seven people with an axe as the fire burned.[68][69][70] The dead included Mamah; her two children, John and Martha Cheney; a gardener (David Lindblom); a draftsman (Emil Brodelle); a workman (Thomas Brunker); and another workman's son (Ernest Weston). Two people survived the mayhem, one of whom, William Weston, helped to put out the fire that almost completely consumed the residential wing of the house. Carlton swallowed hydrochloric acid immediately following the attack in an attempt to kill himself.[69] He was nearly lynched on the spot, but was taken to the Dodgeville jail.[69] Carlton died from starvation seven weeks after the attack, despite medical attention.[69]

Divorces

In 1922, Kitty Wright finally granted Wright a divorce. Under the terms of the divorce, Wright was required to wait one year before he could marry his then-mistress, Maude "Miriam" Noel. In 1923, Wright's mother, Anna (Lloyd Jones) Wright, died. Wright wed Miriam Noel in November 1923, but her addiction to morphine led to the failure of the marriage in less than one year.[71] In 1924, after the separation, but while still married, Wright met Olga (Olgivanna) Lazovich Hinzenburg. They moved in together at Taliesin in 1925, and soon after Olgivanna became pregnant. Their daughter, Iovanna, was born on December 3, 1925.[72][73]

On April 20, 1925, another fire destroyed the bungalow at Taliesin. Crossed wires from a newly installed telephone system were deemed to be responsible for the blaze, which destroyed a collection of Japanese prints that Wright estimated to be worth $250,000 to $500,000 ($3,863,000 to $7,726,000 in 2021).[74] Wright rebuilt the living quarters, naming the home "Taliesin III".[75]

In 1926, Olga's ex-husband, Vlademar Hinzenburg, sought custody of his daughter, Svetlana. In October 1926, Wright and Olgivanna were accused of violating the Mann Act and arrested in Tonka Bay, Minnesota.[76] The charges were later dropped.[77]

Wright and Miriam Noel's divorce was finalized in 1927. Wright was again required to wait for one year before remarrying. Wright and Olgivanna married in 1928.[78][79]

Later career

Taliesin Fellowship

In 1932, Wright and his wife Olgivanna put out a call for students to come to Taliesin to study and work under Wright while they learned architecture and spiritual development. Olgivanna Wright had been a student of G. I. Gurdjieff who had previously established a similar school. Twenty-three came to live and work that year, including John (Jack) H. Howe, who would become Wright's chief draftsman.[80] A total of 625 people joined The Fellowship in Wright's lifetime.[81] The Fellowship was a source of workers for Wright's later projects, including: Fallingwater; The Johnson Wax Headquarters; and The Guggenheim Museum in New York City.[82]

Considerable controversy exists over the living conditions and education of the fellows.[83][84] Wright was reputedly a difficult person to work with. One apprentice wrote: "He is devoid of consideration and has a blind spot regarding others' qualities. Yet I believe, that a year in his studio would be worth any sacrifice."[85] The Fellowship evolved into The School of Architecture at Taliesin which was an accredited school until it closed under acrimonious circumstances in 2020.[86][87]Taking on the name "The School of Architecture" in June 2020, the school moved to the Cosanti Foundation, which it had worked with in the past.[88]

Usonian Houses

 
Charles Weltzheimer Residence, Oberlin, Ohio (1948)
Main article: Usonia

Wright is responsible for a series of concepts of suburban development united under the term Broadacre City. He proposed the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932 and unveiled a 12-square-foot (1.1 m2) model of this community of the future, showing it in several venues in the following years.[citation needed] Concurrent with the development of Broadacre City, also referred to as Usonia, Wright conceived a new type of dwelling that came to be known as the Usonian House. Although an early version of the form can be seen in the Malcolm Willey House (1934) in Minneapolis, the Usonian ideal emerged most completely in the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House (1937) in Madison, Wisconsin.[citation needed] Designed on a gridded concrete slab that integrated the house's radiant heating system, the house featured new approaches to construction, including walls composed of a "sandwich" of wood siding, plywood cores and building paper—a significant change from typically framed walls.[citation needed] Usonian houses commonly featured flat roofs and were usually constructed without basements or attics, all features that Wright had been promoting since the early 20th century.[89]

Usonian houses were Wright's response to the transformation of domestic life that occurred in the early 20th century when servants had become less prominent or completely absent from most American households. By developing homes with progressively more open plans, Wright allotted the woman of the house a "workspace", as he often called the kitchen, where she could keep track of and be available for the children and/or guests in the dining room.[90] As in the Prairie Houses, Usonian living areas had a fireplace as a point of focus. Bedrooms, typically isolated and relatively small, encouraged the family to gather in the main living areas. The conception of spaces instead of rooms was a development of the Prairie ideal.[citation needed] The built-in furnishings related to the Arts and Crafts movement's principles that influenced Wright's early work.[citation needed] Spatially and in terms of their construction, the Usonian houses represented a new model for independent living and allowed dozens of clients to live in a Wright-designed house at relatively low cost.[citation needed] His Usonian homes set a new style for suburban design that influenced countless postwar developers. Many features of modern American homes date back to Wright: open plans, slab-on-grade foundations, and simplified construction techniques that allowed more mechanization and efficiency in building.[91]

Significant later works

Fallingwater, one of Wright's most famous private residences (completed 1937), was built for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann, Sr., at Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Constructed over a 30-foot waterfall, it was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings. The house was intended to be more of a family getaway, rather than a live-in home.[92] The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000 (equivalent to $2,922,000 in 2021), including the architect's fee of $8,000 (equivalent to $151,000 in 2021). It was one of Wright's most expensive pieces.[92] Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, post-tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed.[citation needed]

Taliesin West, Wright's winter home and studio complex in Scottsdale, Arizona, was a laboratory for Wright from 1937 to his death in 1959. It is now the home of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation.[93]

 
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City (1959)

The design and construction of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City occupied Wright from 1943 until 1959[94] and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building's unique central geometry was meant to allow visitors to easily experience Guggenheim's collection of nonobjective geometric paintings by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp.[citation needed]

The only realized skyscraper designed by Wright is the Price Tower, a 19-story tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. It is also one of the two existing vertically oriented Wright structures (the other is the S.C. Johnson Wax Research Tower in Racine, Wisconsin). The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. On March 29, 2007, Price Tower was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior, one of only 20 such properties in Oklahoma.[95]

Monona Terrace, originally designed in 1937 as municipal offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior, with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice Tony Puttnam. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the 60 years between the original design and the completion of the structure.[96]

Florida Southern College, located in Lakeland, Florida, constructed 12 (out of 18 planned) Frank Lloyd Wright buildings between 1941 and 1958 as part of the Child of the Sun project. It is the world's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture.[97]

Personal style and concepts

Design elements

 
An open office area in Wright's Johnson Wax Headquarters complex, Racine, Wisconsin (1939)

His Prairie houses use themed, coordinated design elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in windows, carpets, and other fittings.[citation needed] He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete blocks, glass bricks, and zinc cames (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight windows, and he famously used Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson Wax Headquarters.[citation needed] Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some of the first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel spherical glass lampshade (a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting).[citation needed] In 1897, Wright received a patent for "Prism Glass Tiles" that were used in storefronts to direct light toward the interior.[98] Wright fully embraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architecture. According to Wright's organic theory, all components of the building should appear unified, as though they belong together. Nothing should be attached to it without considering the effect on the whole. To unify the house to its site, Wright often used large expanses of glass to blur the boundary between the indoors and outdoors.[99] Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements. In 1928, Wright wrote an essay on glass in which he compared it to the mirrors of nature: lakes, rivers and ponds.[100] One of Wright's earliest uses of glass in his works was to string panes of glass along whole walls in an attempt to create light screens to join solid walls. By using this large amount of glass, Wright sought to achieve a balance between the lightness and airiness of the glass and the solid, hard walls. Arguably, Wright's best-known art glass is that of the Prairie style. The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent some of the most integral ornamentation of his career.[101]

Wright also designed some of his own clothing.[102] His fashion sense was unique and he usually wore expensive suits, flowing neckties, and capes.[citation needed] He had a fascination with automobiles, purchasing his first car in 1909, a Stoddard-Dayton roadster, and owned many exotic vehicles over the years. During the cash-strapped Depression, Wright drove cheaper vehicles. Some of his last cars in the 1950s included four Volkswagens and a Chevrolet Nomad wagon along with flashier articles such as a Jaguar Mark VII. He owned some 50 cars between 1909 and his death, of which 10 are known to survive.[103]

Influences and collaborations

 
Wright-designed window in Robie House, Chicago (1906)
 
Interior from the Marin County Civic Center. Designed toward the end of Wright's life, the expansive public project was built posthumously in the 1960s.

Wright strongly believed in individualism and did not affiliate with the American Institute of Architects during his career, going so far as to call the organization "a harbor of refuge for the incompetent," and "a form of refined gangsterism".[104] When an associate referred to him as "an old amateur" Wright confirmed, "I am the oldest."[105] Wright rarely credited any influences on his designs, but most architects, historians and scholars agree he had five major influences:[citation needed]

  1. Louis Sullivan, whom he considered to be his Lieber Meister (dear master)
  2. Nature, particularly shapes/forms and colors/patterns of plant life
  3. Music (his favorite composer was Ludwig van Beethoven)
  4. Japanese art, prints and buildings
  5. Froebel Gifts[106]

He routinely claimed the work of architects and architectural designers who were his employees as his own designs, and that the rest of the Prairie School architects were merely his followers, imitators, and subordinates.[107] As with any architect, though, Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others. In his earlier days, Wright worked with some of the top architects of the Chicago School, including Sullivan. In his Prairie School days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects, including William Eugene Drummond, John Van Bergen, Isabel Roberts, Francis Barry Byrne, Albert McArthur, Marion Mahony Griffin, and Walter Burley Griffin. The Czech-born architect Antonin Raymond worked for Wright at Taliesin and led the construction of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. He subsequently stayed in Japan and opened his own practice. Rudolf Schindler also worked for Wright on the Imperial Hotel and his own work is often credited as influencing Wright's Usonian houses. Schindler's friend Richard Neutra also worked briefly for Wright and became an internationally successful architect. In the Taliesin days, Wright employed many architects and artists who later become notable, such as Aaron Green, John Lautner, E. Fay Jones, Henry Klumb, William Bernoudy, and Paolo Soleri.

Community planning

Frank Lloyd Wright was interested in site and community planning throughout his career. His commissions and theories on urban design began as early as 1900 and continued until his death. He had 41 commissions on the scale of community planning or urban design.[108]

His thoughts on suburban design started in 1900 with a proposed subdivision layout for Charles E. Roberts entitled the "Quadruple Block Plan". This design strayed from traditional suburban lot layouts and set houses on small square blocks of four equal-sized lots surrounded on all sides by roads instead of straight rows of houses on parallel streets. The houses, which used the same design as published in "A Home in a Prairie Town" from the Ladies' Home Journal, were set toward the center of the block to maximize the yard space and included private space in the center. This also allowed for far more interesting views from each house. Although this plan was never realized, Wright published the design in the Wasmuth Portfolio in 1910.[109]

The more ambitious designs of entire communities were exemplified by his entry into the City Club of Chicago Land Development Competition in 1913. The contest was for the development of a suburban quarter section. This design expanded on the Quadruple Block Plan and included several social levels. The design shows the placement of the upscale homes in the most desirable areas and the blue collar homes and apartments separated by parks and common spaces. The design also included all the amenities of a small city: schools, museums, markets, etc.[110] This view of decentralization was later reinforced by theoretical Broadacre City design. The philosophy behind his community planning was decentralization. The new development must be away from the cities. In this decentralized America, all services and facilities could coexist "factories side by side with farm and home".[111]

Notable community planning designs:

  • 1900–03 – Quadruple Block Plan, 24 homes in Oak Park, Illinois (unbuilt);
  • 1909 – Como Orchard Summer Colony, town site development for new town in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana;
  • 1913 – Chicago Land Development competition, suburban Chicago quarter section;
  • 1934–59 – Broadacre City, theoretical decentralized city plan, exhibits of large-scale model;
  • 1938 – Suntop Homes, also known as Cloverleaf Quadruple Housing Project – commission from Federal Works Agency, Division of Defense Housing, a low-cost multifamily housing alternative to suburban development;
  • 1942 – Cooperative Homesteads, commissioned by a group of auto workers, teachers and other professionals, 160-acre farm co-op was to be the pioneer of rammed earth and earth berm construction[112] (unbuilt);
  • 1945 – Usonia Homes, 47 homes (three designed by Wright) in Pleasantville, New York;
  • 1949 – The Acres, also known as Galesburg Country Homes, five homes (four designed by Wright) in Charleston Township, Michigan;
  • 1949 – Parkwyn neighborhood, a plat in Kalamazoo, Michigan, developed by Wright containing mostly Usonian homes on circular lots with common spaces in between (since replatted).

Japanese art

Though most famous as an architect, Wright was an active dealer in Japanese art, primarily ukiyo-e woodblock prints. He frequently served as both architect and art dealer to the same clients; he designed a home, then provided the art to fill it.[113] For a time, Wright made more from selling art than from his work as an architect. Wright was also an avid collector of Japanese prints and used them as teaching aids with his apprentices in what were called "print parties".[114]

Wright first traveled to Japan in 1905, where he bought hundreds of prints. The following year, he helped organize the world's first retrospective exhibition of works by Hiroshige, held at the Art Institute of Chicago.[113] For many years, he was a major presence in the Japanese art world, selling a great number of works to prominent collectors such as John Spaulding of Boston,[113] and to prominent museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[115] He penned a book on Japanese art in 1912.[115]

In 1920, however, rival art dealers began to spread rumors that Wright was selling retouched prints. This circumstance, combined with Wright's tendency to live beyond his means (and other factors), led to great financial troubles for the architect. Though he provided his clients with genuine prints as replacements for those he was accused of retouching, it marked the end of the high point of his career as an art dealer.[115] He was forced to sell off much of his art collection in 1927 to pay off outstanding debts. The Bank of Wisconsin claimed his Taliesin home the following year and sold thousands of his prints for only one dollar a piece to collector Edward Burr Van Vleck.[113]

Wright continued to collect and deal in prints until his death in 1959, using prints as collateral for loans, often relying upon his art business to remain financially solvent.[115]

The extent of his dealings in Japanese art went largely unknown, or underestimated, among art historians for decades. In 1980 Julia Meech, then associate curator of Japanese art at the Metropolitan Museum, began researching the history of the museum's collection of Japanese prints. She discovered "a three-inch-deep 'clump of 400 cards' from 1918, each listing a print bought from the same seller—'F. L. Wright'" and a number of letters exchanged between Wright and the museum's first curator of Far Eastern Art, Sigisbert C. Bosch Reitz. These discoveries and subsequent research led to a renewed understanding of Wright's career as an art dealer.[115]

Personal life and death

Family

Frank Lloyd Wright was married three times, fathering four sons and three daughters. He also adopted Svetlana Milanoff, the daughter of his third wife, Olgivanna Lloyd Wright.[116]

His wives were:

  • Catherine "Kitty" (Tobin) Wright (1871–1959); social worker, socialite (married in June 1889; divorced November 1922)
  • Maude "Miriam" (Noel) Wright (1869–1930), artist (married in November 1923; divorced August 1927)
  • Olga Ivanovna "Olgivanna" (Lazovich Milanoff) Lloyd Wright (1897–1985), dancer and writer (married in August 1928)

His children with Catherine were:

His children with Olgivanna were:

  • Svetlana Peters (1917–1946, adopted daughter of Olgivanna) was a musician who died in an automobile accident with her son Daniel. After Svetlana's death her other son, Brandoch Peters (1942– ), was raised by Frank and Olgivanna. Svetlana's widower, William Wesley Peters, was later briefly married to Svetlana Alliluyeva, the youngest child and only daughter of Joseph Stalin. Peters served as chairman of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation from 1985 to 1991.
  • Iovanna Lloyd Wright (1925–2015) was an artist and musician.

Death

On April 4, 1959, Wright was hospitalized for abdominal pains and was operated on April 6. He seemed to be recovering, but he died quietly on April 9 at the age of 91 years. The New York Times then reported he was 89.[122][123]

After his death, Wright's legacy was plagued with turmoil for years. His third wife Olgivanna's dying wish had been that she and Wright, and her daughter by her first marriage, would all be cremated and interred together in a memorial garden being built at Taliesin West. According to his own wishes, Wright's body had lain in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery, next to the Unity Chapel, within view of Taliesin in Wisconsin. Although Olgivanna had taken no legal steps to move Wright's remains (and against the wishes of other family members and the Wisconsin legislature), his remains were removed from his grave in 1985 by members of the Taliesin Fellowship. They were cremated and sent to Scottsdale where they were later interred as per Olgivanna's instructions. The original grave site in Wisconsin is now empty but is still marked with Wright's name.[124]

Legacy

Archives

After Wright's death, most of his archives were stored at the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin (in Wisconsin), and Taliesin West (in Arizona). These collections included more than 23,000 architectural drawings, some 44,000 photographs, 600 manuscripts, and more than 300,000 pieces of office and personal correspondence. It also contained about 40 large-scale architectural models, most of which were constructed for MoMA's retrospective of Wright in 1940.[125] In 2012, to guarantee a high level of conservation and access, as well as to transfer the considerable financial burden of maintaining the archive,[126] the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation partnered with the Museum of Modern Art and the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library to move the archive's content to New York. Wright's furniture and art collection remains with the foundation, which will also have a role in monitoring the archive. These three parties established an advisory group to oversee exhibitions, symposiums, events, and publications.[125]

Photographs and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The architect's personal archives are located at Taliesin West in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Frank Lloyd Wright archives include photographs of his drawings, indexed correspondence beginning in the 1880s and continuing through Wright's life, and other ephemera. The Getty Research Center, Los Angeles, also has copies of Wright's correspondence and photographs of his drawings in their Frank Lloyd Wright Special Collection. Wright's correspondence is indexed in An Index to the Taliesin Correspondence, ed. by Professor Anthony Alofsin, which is available at larger libraries.

Destroyed Wright buildings

Wright designed over 400 built structures[127] of which about 300 survived as of 2005. At least five have been lost to forces of nature: the waterfront house for W. L. Fuller in Pass Christian, Mississippi, destroyed by Hurricane Camille in August 1969; the Louis Sullivan Bungalow of Ocean Springs, Mississippi, destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005; and the Arinobu Fukuhara House (1918) in Hakone, Japan, destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. In January 2006, the Wilbur Wynant House in Gary, Indiana was destroyed by fire.[128] In 2018 the Arch Oboler complex in Malibu, California was gutted in the Woolsey Fire.[129]

Many other notable Wright buildings were intentionally demolished: Midway Gardens (built 1913, demolished 1929), the Larkin Administration Building (built 1903, demolished 1950), the Francis Apartments and Francisco Terrace Apartments (Chicago, built 1895, demolished 1971 and 1974, respectively), the Geneva Inn (Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, built 1911, demolished 1970), and the Banff National Park Pavilion (built 1914, demolished 1934). The Imperial Hotel (built 1923) survived the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, but was demolished in 1968 due to urban developmental pressures.[130] The Hoffman Auto Showroom in New York City (built 1954) was demolished in 2013.[131]

Unbuilt, or built after Wright's death

 
The unbuilt Crystal Heights project in Washington, D.C.
  • Crystal Heights, a large mixed-use development in Washington, D.C., 1940 (unbuilt)
  • The Illinois, mile-high tower in Chicago, 1956 (unbuilt)
  • Monona Terrace, convention center in Madison, Wisconsin, designed 1938–1959, built in 1997
  • Clubhouse at the Nakoma Golf Resort, Plumas County, California, designed in 1923; opened in 2000
  • Passive Solar Hemi-Cycle Home in Hawaii, designed in 1954, built in 1995; only Wright home in Hawaii

Recognition

 
1966 U.S. postage stamp honoring Frank Lloyd Wright

Later in his life (and after his death in 1959), Wright was accorded significant honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements. He received a Gold Medal award from The Royal Institute of British Architects in 1941. The American Institute of Architects awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1949. That medal was a symbolic "burying the hatchet" between Wright and the AIA. In a radio interview, he commented, "Well, the AIA I never joined, and they know why. When they gave me the gold medal in Houston, I told them frankly why. Feeling that the architecture profession is all that's the matter with architecture, why should I join them?"[105] He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Frank P. Brown Medal in 1953. He received honorary degrees from several universities (including his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin), and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. In 2000, Fallingwater was named "The Building of the 20th century" in an unscientific "Top-Ten" poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia.[citation needed] On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the USA's other greatest architects including Eero Saarinen, I.M. Pei, Louis Kahn, Philip Johnson, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the Guggenheim Museum, the Frederick C. Robie House, and the Johnson Wax Building.

In 1992, the Madison Opera in Madison, Wisconsin, commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow, by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals, including a June 2013 revival at Fallingwater, in Bull Run, Pennsylvania, by Opera Theater of Pittsburgh. In 2000, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright, a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater.

In 1966, the United States Postal Service honored Wright with a Prominent Americans series 2¢ postage stamp.[132]

"So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright" is a song written by Paul Simon. Art Garfunkel has stated that the origin of the song came from his request that Simon write a song about the famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Simon himself stated that he knew nothing about Wright, but proceeded to write the song anyway.[133]

In 1957, Arizona made plans to construct a new capitol building. Believing that the submitted plans for the new capitol were tombs to the past, Frank Lloyd Wright offered Oasis as an alternative to the people of Arizona.[134] In 2004, one of the spires included in his design was erected in Scottsdale.[135]

The city of Scottsdale, Arizona renamed a portion of Bell Road, a major east–west thoroughfare in the Phoenix metropolitan area, in honor of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Eight of Wright's buildings – Fallingwater, the Guggenheim Museum, the Hollyhock House, the Jacobs House, the Robie House, Taliesin, Taliesin West, and the Unity Temple – were inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the title The 20th-century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright in July 2019. UNESCO stated that these buildings were "innovative solutions to the needs for housing, worship, work or leisure" and "had a strong impact on the development of modern architecture in Europe".[136][137]

Selected works

Main article: List of Frank Lloyd Wright works

Books

  • Ausgeführte Bauten und Entwürfe von Frank Lloyd Wright (Wasmuth Portfolio) (1910)
  • An Organic Architecture: The Architecture of Democracy (1939)
  • In the Cause of Architecture: Essays by Frank Lloyd Wright for Architectural Record 1908–1952 (1987)
  • Visions of Wright: Photographs by Farrell Grehan, Introduction by Terence Riley ISBN 0-8212-2470-0 (1997)

Buildings

 
The Robie House on the University of Chicago campus (1909)
 
Frank W. Thomas House, Oak Park, Illinois (1901)
 
Taliesin West panorama, Scottsdale, Arizona (1937)
 
Gammage Auditorium, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (1964)
 
Beth Sholom Synagogue, Wright's only synagogue design, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania (1954)

See also

References

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Further reading

Wright's philosophy

  • Hoffmann, Donald. Understanding Frank Lloyd Wright's Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-486-28364-X
  • Kienitz, John Fabian. "Fifty-two years of Frank Lloyd Wright's progressivism, 1893–1945". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 29, no. 1 (September 1945):61–71.
  • McCarter, Robert (ed.). Frank Lloyd Wright: A Primer on Architectural Principles. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1991. ISBN 1-878271-26-1
  • Meehan, Patrick, ed. Truth Against the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture. New York: Wiley, 1987. ISBN 0-471-84509-4
  • Rosenbaum, Alvin. Usonia : Frank Lloyd Wright's Design for America. Washington, DC: Preservation Press, 1993. ISBN 0-89133-201-4
  • Sergeant, John. Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses: The Case for Organic Architecture. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1984. ISBN 0-8230-7178-2
  • Wright, Frank Lloyd (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). The Works of the Mind: The Architect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 752682744.
  • Wright, Frank Lloyd. "In the Cause of Architecture", Architectural Record, March 1908. Reprinted in Frank Lloyd Wright: Collected Writings, vol. 1: 1894–1930. New York: Rizzoli, 1992. ISBN 0-8478-1546-3
  • Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Natural House. New York: Horizon Press, 1954.

Biographies

  • Alofsin, Anthony. Frank Lloyd Wright: the Lost Years, 1910–1922: A Study of Influence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
  • Alofsin, Anthony. Wright and New York: The Making of America's Architect. Yale University Press, 2019.
  • Farr, Finis. Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography. New York: Scribner, 1961.
  • Friedland, Roger and Harold Zellman. The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship. New York: Regan Books, 2006. ISBN 0-06-039388-2
  • Gill, Brendan. Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: Putnam, 1987. ISBN 0-399-13232-5
  • Huxtable, Ada Louise. Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: Lipper/Viking, 2004. ISBN 0-670-03342-1
  • Nisbet, Earl. Taliesin Reflections: My Years Before, During, and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright. Petaluma, Calif.: Meridian Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9778951-0-6
  • Russell, Virginia L. "You Dear Old Prima Donna: The Letters of Frank Lloyd Wright and Jens Jensen", Landscape Journal, 20.2 (2001): 141–155.
  • Seckel, Harry. "Frank Lloyd Wright". The North American Review, vol. 246, no. 1 (1938): 48–64.
  • Secrest, Meryle. Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1992. ISBN 0-394-56436-7
  • Treiber, Daniel. Frank Lloyd Wright. 2nd ed. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008. ISBN 978-3-7643-8697-9
  • Twombly, Robert C. Frank Lloyd Wright: His Life and Architecture. New York: Wiley, 1979. ISBN 0-471-03400-2
  • Wright, Frank Lloyd. Frank Lloyd Wright: An Autobiography. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1943.
  • Wright, Iovanna Lloyd. Architecture: Man in Possession of His Earth. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962.
  • Wright, John Lloyd. My Father Who Is On Earth. New York: G.P. Putnam's sons, 1946. ISBN 0-8093-1749-4
  • Frank Lloyd Wright – American Architect

Surveys of Wright's work

  • Clearly, Richard. Frank Lloyd Wright: From Within Outward. Skira Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-0847832637
  • Betsky, Aaron, Gideon Fink Shapiro, Andrew Pielage. 50 Lessons to Learn from Frank Lloyd Wright: Rizzoli, 2021. ISBN 978-0847865369
  • Aguar, Charles and Berdeana Aguar. Wrightscapes: Frank Lloyd Wright's Landscape Designs. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. ISBN 0-07-140953-X
  • Blake, Peter. Frank Lloyd Wright: Architecture and Space. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1964.
  • Fell, Derek. The Gardens of Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Frances Lincoln, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7112-2967-9
  • Heinz, Thomas A. Frank Lloyd Wright Field Guide. Chichester, West Sussex: Academy Editions, 1999. ISBN 0-8101-2244-8
  • Hildebrand, Grant. The Wright Space: Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wright's Houses. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991. ISBN 0-295-97005-7
  • Larkin, David and Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer. Frank Lloyd Wright: The Masterworks. New York: Rizzoli, 1993. ISBN 0-8478-1715-6
  • Levine, Neil. The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-691-03371-4
  • Lind, Carla. Frank Lloyd Wright's Glass Designs. San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1995. ISBN 0-87654-468-5
  • McCarter, Robert. Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Phaidon Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7148-3148-4
  • Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867–1959: Building for Democracy. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2004. ISBN 3-8228-2757-6
  • Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks and Peter Gössel (eds.). Frank Lloyd Wright: The Complete Works. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8228-5770-0
  • Riley, Terence and Peter Reed (eds.). Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1994. ISBN 0-87070-642-X
  • Smith, Kathryn. Frank Lloyd Wright: America's Master Architect. New York: Abbeville Press, 1998. ISBN 0-7892-0287-5
  • Storrer, William Allin. The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. ISBN 0-226-77620-4
  • Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. ISBN 0-226-77621-2

Selected books about specific Wright projects

  • Lind, Carla. Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses. San Francisco: Promegranate Artbooks, 1994. ISBN 1-56640-998-5
  • Toker, Franklin. Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House. New York: Alford A. Knopf, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4026-4
  • Whiting, Henry, II. At Nature's Edge: Frank Lloyd Wright's Artist Studio. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87480-877-3

The women in his life

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Lloyd Wright.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Frank Lloyd Wright.
  • Frank Lloyd Wright at archINFORM
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation official website
  • Guide to the Photographs of Frank Lloyd Wright 1950 May 16
  • Taliesin Preservation, stewards of Wright's home Taliesin
  • The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives December 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at Columbia University
  • Frank Lloyd Wright documents at the Wisconsin Historical Society
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy
  • Works by or about Frank Lloyd Wright in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust – FLW Home and Studio, Robie House
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Heritage Tourism Program
  • Frank Lloyd Wright – PBS documentary by Ken Burns and resources
  • Frank Lloyd Wright. Designs for an American Landscape 1922–1932
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey
  • Frank Lloyd Wright – Famous Interior Designers
  • Complete list of Wright buildings by location
  • Sullivan, Wright, Prairie School, & Organic Architecture
  • Audio interview with Martin Filler on Frank Lloyd Wright from The New York Review of Books
  • Frank Lloyd Wright January 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview recorded September 1 & 28, 1957
  • Interactive Map of Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings, created in the Harvard WorldMap Platform
  • Map of the Frank Lloyd Wright works – Wikiartmap, the art map of the public space
  • Fay Jones and Frank Lloyd Wright: Organic Architecture Comes to Arkansas digital exhibit, University of Arkansas Libraries
  • Frank Lloyd Wright's Personal Manuscripts and Letters
  • Passive Solar Hemi-Cycle Home in Hawaii, designed in 1954, built in 1995; only Wright home in Hawaii. Interactive Tour.
  • Taylor A. Woolley Papers at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections
  • Wright's Tokaido—FLLW's annotated Hiroshige album—documentary at hiroshige.org.uk

January 19, 2023
frank, lloyd, wright, some, this, article, listed, sources, reliable, please, help, this, article, looking, better, more, reliable, sources, unreliable, citations, challenged, deleted, january, 2023, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, june, 1867, ap. Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Frank Lloyd Wright June 8 1867 April 9 1959 was an American architect designer writer and educator He designed more than 1 000 structures over a creative period of 70 years Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century influencing architects worldwide through his works and hundreds of apprentices in his Taliesin Fellowship 1 2 Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment a philosophy he called organic architecture This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater 1935 which has been called the best all time work of American architecture 3 Frank Lloyd WrightWright in 1954Born 1867 06 08 June 8 1867Richland Center Wisconsin U S DiedApril 9 1959 1959 04 09 aged 91 Phoenix Arizona U S Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonOccupationArchitectSpousesCatherine Tobin m 1889 div 1922 wbr Miriam Noel m 1923 div 1927 wbr Olga Lazovic m 1928 wbr Children8 including Lloyd Wright and John Lloyd WrightAwardsRIBA Gold MedalAIA Gold MedalTwenty five Year Award 4 Order of the Star of Italian SolidarityBuildingsFallingwaterKentuck KnobSolomon R Guggenheim MuseumJohnson Wax HeadquartersTaliesinTaliesin WestRobie HouseImperial Hotel TokyoDarwin D Martin HouseUnity TempleEnnis HouseLarkin Administration BuildingAffleck HouseDana Thomas HouseCoonley HouseMarin County Civic CenterFirst Unitarian Society of MadisonPrice TowerWestcott HouseMonona TerraceMeyer May HouseAllen HouseAnnunciation Greek Orthodox ChurchGraycliffWesthopeProjectsUsonian HousesBroadacre CitySignatureWright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture and also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City his vision for urban planning in the United States He also designed original and innovative offices churches schools skyscrapers hotels museums and other commercial projects Wright designed interior elements including leaded glass windows floors furniture and even tableware were integrated into these structures He wrote several books and numerous articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time 3 In 2019 a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Raised in rural Wisconsin Wright studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin and then apprenticed in Chicago briefly with Joseph Lyman Silsbee and then with Louis Sullivan at Adler amp Sullivan Wright opened his own successful Chicago practice in 1893 and established a studio in his Oak Park Illinois home in 1898 His fame increased and his personal life sometimes made headlines leaving his first wife Catherine Tobin for Mamah Cheney in 1909 the murder of Mamah and her children and others at his Taliesin estate by a staff member in 1914 his tempestuous marriage with second wife Miriam Noel m 1923 1927 and his courtship and marriage with Olgivanna Lazovic m 1928 1959 Contents 1 Early years 1 1 Ancestry 1 2 Childhood 1867 1885 1 3 Education 1885 1887 2 Early career 2 1 Silsbee and other early work experience 1887 1888 2 2 Adler amp Sullivan 1888 1893 2 3 Transition and experimentation 1893 1900 2 4 Prairie Style houses 1900 1914 2 5 Notable public works 1900 1917 2 6 Designing in Japan 1917 1922 2 7 Textile concrete block system 3 Midlife problems 3 1 Family turmoil 3 2 Tragedy at Taliesin 3 3 Divorces 4 Later career 4 1 Taliesin Fellowship 4 2 Usonian Houses 4 3 Significant later works 5 Personal style and concepts 5 1 Design elements 5 2 Influences and collaborations 5 3 Community planning 5 4 Japanese art 6 Personal life and death 6 1 Family 6 2 Death 7 Legacy 7 1 Archives 7 2 Destroyed Wright buildings 7 3 Unbuilt or built after Wright s death 7 4 Recognition 8 Selected works 8 1 Books 8 2 Buildings 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11 1 Wright s philosophy 11 2 Biographies 11 3 Surveys of Wright s work 11 4 Selected books about specific Wright projects 11 5 The women in his life 12 External linksEarly years EditAncestry Edit Frank Lloyd Wright was born on June 8 1867 in the town of Richland Center Wisconsin but maintained throughout his life that he was born in 1869 4 5 In 1987 a biographer of Wright suggested that he may have been christened as Frank Lincoln Wright or Franklin Lincoln Wright but these assertions were not supported by any evidence 6 Wright s father William Cary Wright 1825 1904 was a gifted musician orator and sometime preacher who had been admitted to the bar in 1857 7 He was also a published composer 8 Originally from Massachusetts William Wright had been a Baptist minister but he later joined his wife s family in the Unitarian faith Wright s mother Anna Lloyd Jones 1838 39 1923 was a teacher and a member of the Lloyd Jones clan her parents had emigrated from Wales to Wisconsin 9 One of Anna s brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Midwest Childhood 1867 1885 Edit According to Wright s autobiography his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings She decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infant s ambition 10 Wright grew up in a unstable household constant lack of resources unrelieved poverty and anxiety and had a deeply disturbed and obviously unhappy childhood 11 His father held pastorates in McGregor Iowa 1869 Pawtucket Rhode Island 1871 and Weymouth Massachusetts 1874 Because the Wright family struggled financially also in Weymouth they returned to Spring Green where the supportive Lloyd Jones family could help William find employment In 1877 they settled in Madison where William gave music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society Although William was a distant parent he shared his love of music with his children 11 In 1876 Anna saw an exhibit of educational blocks called the Froebel Gifts the foundation of an innovative kindergarten curriculum Anna a trained teacher was excited by the program and bought a set with which the 9 year old Wright spent much time playing The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form two and three dimensional compositions In his autobiography Wright described the influence of these exercises on his approach to design For several years I sat at the little kindergarten table top and played with the cube the sphere and the triangle these smooth wooden maple blocks All are in my fingers to this day 12 In 1881 soon after Wright turned 14 his parents separated In 1884 his father sued for a divorce from Anna on the grounds of emotional cruelty and physical violence and spousal abandonment 13 Wright attended Madison High School but there is no evidence that he graduated 14 His father left Wisconsin after the divorce was granted in 1885 Wright said that he never saw his father again 15 Education 1885 1887 Edit In 1886 at age 19 Wright wanted to become an architect he was admitted to the University of Wisconsin Madison as a special student and worked under Allan D Conover a professor of civil engineering before leaving the school without taking a degree 16 Wright was granted an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the university in 1955 17 In 1886 Wright collaborated with the Chicago architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee accredited as draftsman and construction supervisor on the 1886 Unity Chapel for Wright s family in Spring Green Wisconsin 18 Early career EditSilsbee and other early work experience 1887 1888 Edit In 1887 Wright arrived in Chicago in search of employment As a result of the devastating Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and a population boom new development was plentiful Wright later recorded in his autobiography that his first impression of Chicago was as an ugly and chaotic city 19 Within days of his arrival and after interviews with several prominent firms he was hired as a draftsman with Joseph Lyman Silsbee 20 While with the firm he also worked on two other family projects All Souls Church in Chicago for his uncle Jenkin Lloyd Jones and the Hillside Home School I in Spring Green for two of his aunts 21 Other draftsmen who worked for Silsbee in 1887 included future architects Cecil Corwin George W Maher and George G Elmslie Wright soon befriended Corwin with whom he lived until he found a permanent home 22 Feeling that he was underpaid for the quality of his work for Silsbee at 8 a week the young draftsman quit and found work as an architectural designer at the firm of Beers Clay and Dutton However Wright soon realized that he was not ready to handle building design by himself he left his new job to return to Joseph Silsbee this time with a raise in salary 23 Although Silsbee adhered mainly to Victorian and Revivalist architecture Wright found his work to be more gracefully picturesque than the other brutalities of the period 24 Adler amp Sullivan 1888 1893 Edit Wright learned that the Chicago firm of Adler amp Sullivan was looking for someone to make the finished drawings for the interior of the Auditorium Building 25 Wright demonstrated that he was a competent impressionist of Louis Sullivan s ornamental designs and two short interviews later was an official apprentice in the firm 26 Wright did not get along well with Sullivan s other draftsmen he wrote that several violent altercations occurred between them during the first years of his apprenticeship For that matter Sullivan showed very little respect for his own employees as well 27 In spite of this Sullivan took Wright under his wing and gave him great design responsibility 28 As an act of respect Wright would later refer to Sullivan as Lieber Meister German for Dear Master 28 He also formed a bond with office foreman Paul Mueller Wright later engaged Mueller in the construction of several of his public and commercial buildings between 1903 and 1923 29 Wright s home in Oak Park Illinois 1889 By 1890 Wright had an office next to Sullivan s that he shared with friend and draftsman George Elmslie who had been hired by Sullivan at Wright s request 29 30 Wright had risen to head draftsman and handled all residential design work in the office As a general rule the firm of Adler amp Sullivan did not design or build houses but would oblige when asked by the clients of their important commercial projects citation needed Wright was occupied by the firm s major commissions during office hours so house designs were relegated to evening and weekend overtime hours at his home studio He later claimed total responsibility for the design of these houses but a careful inspection of their architectural style and accounts from historian Robert Twombly suggests that Sullivan dictated the overall form and motifs of the residential works Wright s design duties were often reduced to detailing the projects from Sullivan s sketches 30 During this time Wright worked on Sullivan s bungalow 1890 and the James A Charnley bungalow 1890 in Ocean Springs Mississippi the Berry MacHarg House James A Charnley House both 1891 and the Louis Sullivan House 1892 all in Chicago 31 32 The Walter Gale House Oak Park Illinois 1893 While a Queen Anne in style it features window bands and a cantilevered porch roof which hint at Wright s developing aesthetics Despite Sullivan s loan and overtime salary Wright was constantly short on funds Wright admitted that his poor finances were likely due to his expensive tastes in wardrobe and vehicles and the extra luxuries he designed into his house citation needed To supplement his income and repay his debts Wright accepted independent commissions for at least nine houses These bootlegged houses as he later called them were conservatively designed in variations of the fashionable Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles Nevertheless unlike the prevailing architecture of the period each house emphasized simple geometric massing and contained features such as bands of horizontal windows occasional cantilevers and open floor plans which would become hallmarks of his later work Eight of these early houses remain today including the Thomas Gale Robert Parker George Blossom and Walter Gale houses 33 As with the residential projects for Adler amp Sullivan he designed his bootleg houses on his own time Sullivan knew nothing of the independent works until 1893 when he recognized that one of the houses was unmistakably a Frank Lloyd Wright design citation needed This particular house built for Allison Harlan was only blocks away from Sullivan s townhouse in the Chicago community of Kenwood citation needed Aside from the location the geometric purity of the composition and balcony tracery in the same style as the Charnley House likely gave away Wright s involvement citation needed Since Wright s five year contract forbade any outside work the incident led to his departure from Sullivan s firm 32 Several stories recount the break in the relationship between Sullivan and Wright even Wright later told two different versions of the occurrence In An Autobiography Wright claimed that he was unaware that his side ventures were a breach of his contract When Sullivan learned of them he was angered and offended he prohibited any further outside commissions and refused to issue Wright the deed to his Oak Park house until after he completed his five years Wright could not bear the new hostility from his master and thought that the situation was unjust He threw down his pencil and walked out of the Adler amp Sullivan office never to return Dankmar Adler who was more sympathetic to Wright s actions later sent him the deed 34 However Wright told his Taliesin apprentices as recorded by Edgar Tafel that Sullivan fired him on the spot upon learning of the Harlan House Tafel also recounted that Wright had Cecil Corwin sign several of the bootleg jobs indicating that Wright was aware of their forbidden nature Regardless of the correct series of events Wright and Sullivan did not meet or speak for 12 years 32 35 Transition and experimentation 1893 1900 Edit After leaving Adler amp Sullivan Wright established his own practice on the top floor of the Sullivan designed Schiller Building on Randolph Street in Chicago Wright chose to locate his office in the building because the tower location reminded him of the office of Adler amp Sullivan Cecil Corwin followed Wright and set up his architecture practice in the same office but the two worked independently and did not consider themselves partners 36 In 1896 Wright moved from the Schiller Building to the nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall building The loft space was shared with Robert C Spencer Jr Myron Hunt and Dwight H Perkins 37 These young architects inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement and the philosophies of Louis Sullivan formed what became known as the Prairie School 38 They were joined by Perkins apprentice Marion Mahony who in 1895 transferred to Wright s team of drafters and took over production of his presentation drawings and watercolor renderings Mahony the third woman to be licensed as an architect in Illinois and one of the first licensed female architects in the U S also designed furniture leaded glass windows and light fixtures among other features for Wright s houses Between 1894 and the early 1910s several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright s future employees launched their careers in the offices of Steinway Hall 39 40 William H Winslow House in River Forest Illinois 1893 Wright s projects during this period followed two basic models His first independent commission the Winslow House combined Sullivanesque ornamentation with the emphasis on simple geometry and horizontal lines The Francis Apartments 1895 demolished 1971 Heller House 1896 Rollin Furbeck House 1897 and Husser House 1899 demolished 1926 were designed in the same mode For his more conservative clients Wright designed more traditional dwellings These included the Dutch Colonial Revival style Bagley House 1894 Tudor Revival style Moore House I 1895 and Queen Anne style Charles E Roberts House 1896 41 While Wright could not afford to turn down clients over disagreements in taste even his most conservative designs retained simplified massing and occasional Sullivan inspired details 42 Nathan G Moore House Oak Park Illinois 1895 Soon after the completion of the Winslow House in 1894 Edward Waller a friend and former client invited Wright to meet Chicago architect and planner Daniel Burnham Burnham had been impressed by the Winslow House and other examples of Wright s work he offered to finance a four year education at the Ecole des Beaux Arts and two years in Rome To top it off Wright would have a position in Burnham s firm upon his return In spite of guaranteed success and support of his family Wright declined the offer Burnham who had directed the classical design of the World s Columbian Exposition and was a major proponent of the Beaux Arts movement thought that Wright was making a foolish mistake citation needed Yet for Wright the classical education of the Ecole lacked creativity and was altogether at odds with his vision of modern American architecture 43 44 Wright s studio viewed from Chicago Avenue 1898 Wright relocated his practice to his home in 1898 to bring his work and family lives closer This move made further sense as the majority of the architect s projects at that time were in Oak Park or neighboring River Forest The birth of three more children prompted Wright to sacrifice his original home studio space for additional bedrooms and necessitated his design and construction of an expansive studio addition to the north of the main house The space which included a hanging balcony within the two story drafting room was one of Wright s first experiments with innovative structure The studio embodied Wright s developing aesthetics and would become the laboratory from which his next 10 years of architectural creations would emerge 45 Prairie Style houses 1900 1914 Edit By 1901 Wright had completed about 50 projects including many houses in Oak Park As his son John Lloyd Wright wrote 46 William Eugene Drummond Francis Barry Byrne Walter Burley Griffin Albert Chase McArthur Marion Mahony Isabel Roberts and George Willis were the draftsmen Five men two women They wore flowing ties and smocks suitable to the realm The men wore their hair like Papa all except Albert he didn t have enough hair They worshiped Papa Papa liked them I know that each one of them was then making valuable contributions to the pioneering of the modern American architecture for which my father gets the full glory headaches and recognition today Arthur Heurtley House Oak Park Illinois 1902 Hillside Home School Taliesin Spring Green Wisconsin 1902 Darwin D Martin House Buffalo New York 1904 Meyer May House Grand Rapids Michigan 1909 Between 1900 and 1901 Frank Lloyd Wright completed four houses which have since been identified as the onset of the Prairie Style Two the Hickox and Bradley Houses were the last transitional step between Wright s early designs and the Prairie creations 47 Meanwhile the Thomas House and Willits House received recognition as the first mature examples of the new style 48 49 At the same time Wright gave his new ideas for the American house widespread awareness through two publications in the Ladies Home Journal The articles were in response to an invitation from the president of Curtis Publishing Company Edward Bok as part of a project to improve modern house design citation needed A Home in a Prairie Town and A Small House with Lots of Room in it appeared respectively in the February and July 1901 issues of the journal Although neither of the affordable house plans was ever constructed Wright received increased requests for similar designs in following years 47 Wright came to Buffalo and designed homes for three of the company s executives the Darwin D Martin House 1904 the William R Heath House 1905 and the Walter V Davidson House 1908 Other Wright houses considered to be masterpieces of the Prairie Style are the Frederick Robie House in Chicago and the Avery and Queene Coonley House in Riverside Illinois The Robie House with its extended cantilevered roof lines supported by a 110 foot long 34 m channel of steel is the most dramatic Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space With this and other buildings included in the publication of the Wasmuth Portfolio 1910 Wright s work became known to European architects and had a profound influence on them after World War I Wright s residential designs of this era were known as prairie houses because the designs complemented the land around Chicago citation needed Prairie Style houses often have a combination of these features one or two stories with one story projections an open floor plan low pitched roofs with broad overhanging eaves strong horizontal lines ribbons of windows often casements a prominent central chimney built in stylized cabinetry and a wide use of natural materials especially stone and wood 50 By 1909 Wright had begun to reject the upper middle class Prairie Style single family house model shifting his focus to a more democratic architecture 51 Wright went to Europe in 1909 with a portfolio of his work and presented it to Berlin publisher Ernst Wasmuth 52 Studies and Executed Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright published in 1911 was the first major exposure of Wright s work in Europe The work contained more than 100 lithographs of Wright s designs and is commonly known as the Wasmuth Portfolio 53 Notable public works 1900 1917 Edit Wright designed the house of Cornell s chapter of Alpha Delta Phi literary society 1900 the Hillside Home School II built for his aunts in Spring Green Wisconsin 1901 and the Unity Temple 1905 in Oak Park Illinois 54 55 As a lifelong Unitarian and member of Unity Temple Wright offered his services to the congregation after their church burned down working on the building from 1905 to 1909 Wright later said that Unity Temple was the edifice in which he ceased to be an architect of structure and became an architect of space 56 Some other early notable public buildings and projects in this era the Larkin Administration Building 1905 the Geneva Inn Lake Geneva Wisconsin 1911 the Midway Gardens Chicago Illinois 1913 the Banff National Park Pavilion Alberta Canada 1914 Designing in Japan 1917 1922 Edit Hotel Imperial 1930s While working in Japan Frank Lloyd Wright left an impressive architectural heritage The Imperial Hotel completed in 1923 is the most important 57 Thanks to its solid foundations and steel construction the hotel survived the Great Kanto Earthquake almost unscathed 58 The hotel was damaged during the bombing of Tokyo and by the subsequent US military occupation of it after World War II 59 As land in the center of Tokyo increased in value the hotel was deemed obsolete and was demolished in 1968 but the lobby was saved and later re constructed at the Meiji Mura architecture museum in Nagoya in 1976 60 Jiyu Gakuen Main Building Yodoko Guesthouse Jiyu Gakuen was founded as a girls school in 1921 The construction of the main building began in 1921 under Wright s direction and after his departure was continued by Endo 61 The school building like the Imperial Hotel is covered with Ōya stones citation needed The Yodoko Guesthouse designed in 1918 and completed in 1924 was built as the summer villa for Tadzaemon Yamamura Frank Lloyd Wright s architecture had a strong influence on young Japanese architects The Japanese architects Wright commissioned to carry out his designs were Arata Endo Takehiko Okami Taue Sasaki and Kameshiro Tsuchiura Endo supervised the completion of the Imperial Hotel after Wright s departure in 1922 and also supervised the construction of the Jiyu Gakuen Girls School and the Yodokō Guest House Tsuchiura went on to create so called light buildings which had similarities to Wright s later work 62 Textile concrete block system Edit See also Mayan Revival architecture Wright in 1926In the early 1920s Wright designed a textile concrete block system The system of precast blocks reinforced by an internal system of bars enabled fabrication as infinite in color texture and variety as in that rug 63 Wright first used his textile block system on the Millard House in Pasadena California in 1923 Typically Wrightian is the joining of the structure to its site by a series of terraces that reach out into and reorder the landscape making it an integral part of the architect s vision 64 With the Ennis House and the Samuel Freeman House both 1923 Wright had further opportunities to test the limits of the textile block system including limited use in the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in 1927 65 The Ennis house is often used in films television and print media to represent the future 64 Wright s son Lloyd Wright supervised construction for the Storer Freeman and Ennis Houses Architectural historian Thomas Hines has suggested that Lloyd s contribution to these projects is often overlooked 66 After World War II Wright updated the concrete block system calling it the Usonian Automatic system resulting in the construction of several notable homes As he explained in The Natural House 1954 The original blocks are made on the site by ramming concrete into wood or metal wrap around forms with one outside face which may be pattered and one rear or inside face generally coffered for lightness 63 Midlife problems EditFamily turmoil Edit Aerial photo of Taliesin Spring Green Wisconsin In 1903 while Wright was designing a house for Edwin Cheney a neighbor in Oak Park he became enamored with Cheney s wife Mamah Mamah Borthwick Cheney was a modern woman with interests outside the home She was an early feminist and Wright viewed her as his intellectual equal Their relationship became the talk of the town they often could be seen taking rides in Wright s automobile through Oak Park citation needed In 1909 Wright and Mamah Cheney met up in Europe leaving their spouses and children behind Wright remained in Europe for almost a year first in Florence Italy where he lived with his eldest son Lloyd and later in Fiesole Italy where he lived with Mamah During this time Edwin Cheney granted Mamah a divorce though Kitty still refused to grant one to her husband citation needed After Wright returned to the United States in October 1910 he persuaded his mother to buy land for him in Spring Green Wisconsin The land bought on April 10 1911 was adjacent to land held by his mother s family the Lloyd Joneses Wright began to build himself a new home which he called Taliesin by May 1911 The recurring theme of Taliesin also came from his mother s side Taliesin in Welsh mythology was a poet magician and priest The family motto Y Gwir yn Erbyn y Byd The Truth Against the World was taken from the Welsh poet Iolo Morganwg who also had a son named Taliesin The motto is still used today as the cry of the druids and chief bard of the Eisteddfod in Wales 67 Tragedy at Taliesin Edit On August 15 1914 while Wright was working in Chicago a servant Julian Carlton set fire to the living quarters of Taliesin and then murdered seven people with an axe as the fire burned 68 69 70 The dead included Mamah her two children John and Martha Cheney a gardener David Lindblom a draftsman Emil Brodelle a workman Thomas Brunker and another workman s son Ernest Weston Two people survived the mayhem one of whom William Weston helped to put out the fire that almost completely consumed the residential wing of the house Carlton swallowed hydrochloric acid immediately following the attack in an attempt to kill himself 69 He was nearly lynched on the spot but was taken to the Dodgeville jail 69 Carlton died from starvation seven weeks after the attack despite medical attention 69 Divorces Edit In 1922 Kitty Wright finally granted Wright a divorce Under the terms of the divorce Wright was required to wait one year before he could marry his then mistress Maude Miriam Noel In 1923 Wright s mother Anna Lloyd Jones Wright died Wright wed Miriam Noel in November 1923 but her addiction to morphine led to the failure of the marriage in less than one year 71 In 1924 after the separation but while still married Wright met Olga Olgivanna Lazovich Hinzenburg They moved in together at Taliesin in 1925 and soon after Olgivanna became pregnant Their daughter Iovanna was born on December 3 1925 72 73 On April 20 1925 another fire destroyed the bungalow at Taliesin Crossed wires from a newly installed telephone system were deemed to be responsible for the blaze which destroyed a collection of Japanese prints that Wright estimated to be worth 250 000 to 500 000 3 863 000 to 7 726 000 in 2021 74 Wright rebuilt the living quarters naming the home Taliesin III 75 In 1926 Olga s ex husband Vlademar Hinzenburg sought custody of his daughter Svetlana In October 1926 Wright and Olgivanna were accused of violating the Mann Act and arrested in Tonka Bay Minnesota 76 The charges were later dropped 77 Wright and Miriam Noel s divorce was finalized in 1927 Wright was again required to wait for one year before remarrying Wright and Olgivanna married in 1928 78 79 Later career EditTaliesin Fellowship Edit In 1932 Wright and his wife Olgivanna put out a call for students to come to Taliesin to study and work under Wright while they learned architecture and spiritual development Olgivanna Wright had been a student of G I Gurdjieff who had previously established a similar school Twenty three came to live and work that year including John Jack H Howe who would become Wright s chief draftsman 80 A total of 625 people joined The Fellowship in Wright s lifetime 81 The Fellowship was a source of workers for Wright s later projects including Fallingwater The Johnson Wax Headquarters and The Guggenheim Museum in New York City 82 Considerable controversy exists over the living conditions and education of the fellows 83 84 Wright was reputedly a difficult person to work with One apprentice wrote He is devoid of consideration and has a blind spot regarding others qualities Yet I believe that a year in his studio would be worth any sacrifice 85 The Fellowship evolved into The School of Architecture at Taliesin which was an accredited school until it closed under acrimonious circumstances in 2020 86 87 Taking on the name The School of Architecture in June 2020 the school moved to the Cosanti Foundation which it had worked with in the past 88 Usonian Houses Edit Charles Weltzheimer Residence Oberlin Ohio 1948 Main article Usonia Wright is responsible for a series of concepts of suburban development united under the term Broadacre City He proposed the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932 and unveiled a 12 square foot 1 1 m2 model of this community of the future showing it in several venues in the following years citation needed Concurrent with the development of Broadacre City also referred to as Usonia Wright conceived a new type of dwelling that came to be known as the Usonian House Although an early version of the form can be seen in the Malcolm Willey House 1934 in Minneapolis the Usonian ideal emerged most completely in the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House 1937 in Madison Wisconsin citation needed Designed on a gridded concrete slab that integrated the house s radiant heating system the house featured new approaches to construction including walls composed of a sandwich of wood siding plywood cores and building paper a significant change from typically framed walls citation needed Usonian houses commonly featured flat roofs and were usually constructed without basements or attics all features that Wright had been promoting since the early 20th century 89 Usonian houses were Wright s response to the transformation of domestic life that occurred in the early 20th century when servants had become less prominent or completely absent from most American households By developing homes with progressively more open plans Wright allotted the woman of the house a workspace as he often called the kitchen where she could keep track of and be available for the children and or guests in the dining room 90 As in the Prairie Houses Usonian living areas had a fireplace as a point of focus Bedrooms typically isolated and relatively small encouraged the family to gather in the main living areas The conception of spaces instead of rooms was a development of the Prairie ideal citation needed The built in furnishings related to the Arts and Crafts movement s principles that influenced Wright s early work citation needed Spatially and in terms of their construction the Usonian houses represented a new model for independent living and allowed dozens of clients to live in a Wright designed house at relatively low cost citation needed His Usonian homes set a new style for suburban design that influenced countless postwar developers Many features of modern American homes date back to Wright open plans slab on grade foundations and simplified construction techniques that allowed more mechanization and efficiency in building 91 Significant later works Edit Fallingwater Mill Run Pennsylvania 1937 Fallingwater one of Wright s most famous private residences completed 1937 was built for Mr and Mrs Edgar J Kaufmann Sr at Mill Run Pennsylvania Constructed over a 30 foot waterfall it was designed according to Wright s desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings The house was intended to be more of a family getaway rather than a live in home 92 The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals The house cost 155 000 equivalent to 2 922 000 in 2021 including the architect s fee of 8 000 equivalent to 151 000 in 2021 It was one of Wright s most expensive pieces 92 Kaufmann s own engineers argued that the design was not sound They were overruled by Wright but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements In 1994 Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure In the late 1990s steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done In March 2002 post tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed citation needed Taliesin West Wright s winter home and studio complex in Scottsdale Arizona was a laboratory for Wright from 1937 to his death in 1959 It is now the home of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation 93 Solomon R Guggenheim Museum New York City 1959 The design and construction of the Solomon R Guggenheim Museum in New York City occupied Wright from 1943 until 1959 94 and is probably his most recognized masterpiece The building s unique central geometry was meant to allow visitors to easily experience Guggenheim s collection of nonobjective geometric paintings by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending central spiral ramp citation needed Price Tower in Bartlesville Oklahoma 1956 The only realized skyscraper designed by Wright is the Price Tower a 19 story tower in Bartlesville Oklahoma It is also one of the two existing vertically oriented Wright structures the other is the S C Johnson Wax Research Tower in Racine Wisconsin The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C Price of the H C Price Company a local oil pipeline and chemical firm On March 29 2007 Price Tower was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior one of only 20 such properties in Oklahoma 95 Monona Terrace originally designed in 1937 as municipal offices for Madison Wisconsin was completed in 1997 on the original site using a variation of Wright s final design for the exterior with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center The as built design was carried out by Wright s apprentice Tony Puttnam Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the 60 years between the original design and the completion of the structure 96 Florida Southern College located in Lakeland Florida constructed 12 out of 18 planned Frank Lloyd Wright buildings between 1941 and 1958 as part of the Child of the Sun project It is the world s largest single site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture 97 Personal style and concepts EditDesign elements Edit An open office area in Wright s Johnson Wax Headquarters complex Racine Wisconsin 1939 His Prairie houses use themed coordinated design elements often based on plant forms that are repeated in windows carpets and other fittings citation needed He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete blocks glass bricks and zinc cames instead of the traditional lead for his leadlight windows and he famously used Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson Wax Headquarters citation needed Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom made electric light fittings including some of the first electric floor lamps and his very early use of the then novel spherical glass lampshade a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting citation needed In 1897 Wright received a patent for Prism Glass Tiles that were used in storefronts to direct light toward the interior 98 Wright fully embraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architecture According to Wright s organic theory all components of the building should appear unified as though they belong together Nothing should be attached to it without considering the effect on the whole To unify the house to its site Wright often used large expanses of glass to blur the boundary between the indoors and outdoors 99 Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements In 1928 Wright wrote an essay on glass in which he compared it to the mirrors of nature lakes rivers and ponds 100 One of Wright s earliest uses of glass in his works was to string panes of glass along whole walls in an attempt to create light screens to join solid walls By using this large amount of glass Wright sought to achieve a balance between the lightness and airiness of the glass and the solid hard walls Arguably Wright s best known art glass is that of the Prairie style The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent some of the most integral ornamentation of his career 101 Wright also designed some of his own clothing 102 His fashion sense was unique and he usually wore expensive suits flowing neckties and capes citation needed He had a fascination with automobiles purchasing his first car in 1909 a Stoddard Dayton roadster and owned many exotic vehicles over the years During the cash strapped Depression Wright drove cheaper vehicles Some of his last cars in the 1950s included four Volkswagens and a Chevrolet Nomad wagon along with flashier articles such as a Jaguar Mark VII He owned some 50 cars between 1909 and his death of which 10 are known to survive 103 Influences and collaborations Edit Wright designed window in Robie House Chicago 1906 Interior from the Marin County Civic Center Designed toward the end of Wright s life the expansive public project was built posthumously in the 1960s Wright strongly believed in individualism and did not affiliate with the American Institute of Architects during his career going so far as to call the organization a harbor of refuge for the incompetent and a form of refined gangsterism 104 When an associate referred to him as an old amateur Wright confirmed I am the oldest 105 Wright rarely credited any influences on his designs but most architects historians and scholars agree he had five major influences citation needed Louis Sullivan whom he considered to be his Lieber Meister dear master Nature particularly shapes forms and colors patterns of plant life Music his favorite composer was Ludwig van Beethoven Japanese art prints and buildings Froebel Gifts 106 He routinely claimed the work of architects and architectural designers who were his employees as his own designs and that the rest of the Prairie School architects were merely his followers imitators and subordinates 107 As with any architect though Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others In his earlier days Wright worked with some of the top architects of the Chicago School including Sullivan In his Prairie School days Wright s office was populated by many talented architects including William Eugene Drummond John Van Bergen Isabel Roberts Francis Barry Byrne Albert McArthur Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin The Czech born architect Antonin Raymond worked for Wright at Taliesin and led the construction of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo He subsequently stayed in Japan and opened his own practice Rudolf Schindler also worked for Wright on the Imperial Hotel and his own work is often credited as influencing Wright s Usonian houses Schindler s friend Richard Neutra also worked briefly for Wright and became an internationally successful architect In the Taliesin days Wright employed many architects and artists who later become notable such as Aaron Green John Lautner E Fay Jones Henry Klumb William Bernoudy and Paolo Soleri Community planning Edit Frank Lloyd Wright was interested in site and community planning throughout his career His commissions and theories on urban design began as early as 1900 and continued until his death He had 41 commissions on the scale of community planning or urban design 108 His thoughts on suburban design started in 1900 with a proposed subdivision layout for Charles E Roberts entitled the Quadruple Block Plan This design strayed from traditional suburban lot layouts and set houses on small square blocks of four equal sized lots surrounded on all sides by roads instead of straight rows of houses on parallel streets The houses which used the same design as published in A Home in a Prairie Town from the Ladies Home Journal were set toward the center of the block to maximize the yard space and included private space in the center This also allowed for far more interesting views from each house Although this plan was never realized Wright published the design in the Wasmuth Portfolio in 1910 109 The more ambitious designs of entire communities were exemplified by his entry into the City Club of Chicago Land Development Competition in 1913 The contest was for the development of a suburban quarter section This design expanded on the Quadruple Block Plan and included several social levels The design shows the placement of the upscale homes in the most desirable areas and the blue collar homes and apartments separated by parks and common spaces The design also included all the amenities of a small city schools museums markets etc 110 This view of decentralization was later reinforced by theoretical Broadacre City design The philosophy behind his community planning was decentralization The new development must be away from the cities In this decentralized America all services and facilities could coexist factories side by side with farm and home 111 Notable community planning designs 1900 03 Quadruple Block Plan 24 homes in Oak Park Illinois unbuilt 1909 Como Orchard Summer Colony town site development for new town in the Bitterroot Valley Montana 1913 Chicago Land Development competition suburban Chicago quarter section 1934 59 Broadacre City theoretical decentralized city plan exhibits of large scale model 1938 Suntop Homes also known as Cloverleaf Quadruple Housing Project commission from Federal Works Agency Division of Defense Housing a low cost multifamily housing alternative to suburban development 1942 Cooperative Homesteads commissioned by a group of auto workers teachers and other professionals 160 acre farm co op was to be the pioneer of rammed earth and earth berm construction 112 unbuilt 1945 Usonia Homes 47 homes three designed by Wright in Pleasantville New York 1949 The Acres also known as Galesburg Country Homes five homes four designed by Wright in Charleston Township Michigan 1949 Parkwyn neighborhood a plat in Kalamazoo Michigan developed by Wright containing mostly Usonian homes on circular lots with common spaces in between since replatted Japanese art Edit Though most famous as an architect Wright was an active dealer in Japanese art primarily ukiyo e woodblock prints He frequently served as both architect and art dealer to the same clients he designed a home then provided the art to fill it 113 For a time Wright made more from selling art than from his work as an architect Wright was also an avid collector of Japanese prints and used them as teaching aids with his apprentices in what were called print parties 114 Wright first traveled to Japan in 1905 where he bought hundreds of prints The following year he helped organize the world s first retrospective exhibition of works by Hiroshige held at the Art Institute of Chicago 113 For many years he was a major presence in the Japanese art world selling a great number of works to prominent collectors such as John Spaulding of Boston 113 and to prominent museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York 115 He penned a book on Japanese art in 1912 115 In 1920 however rival art dealers began to spread rumors that Wright was selling retouched prints This circumstance combined with Wright s tendency to live beyond his means and other factors led to great financial troubles for the architect Though he provided his clients with genuine prints as replacements for those he was accused of retouching it marked the end of the high point of his career as an art dealer 115 He was forced to sell off much of his art collection in 1927 to pay off outstanding debts The Bank of Wisconsin claimed his Taliesin home the following year and sold thousands of his prints for only one dollar a piece to collector Edward Burr Van Vleck 113 Wright continued to collect and deal in prints until his death in 1959 using prints as collateral for loans often relying upon his art business to remain financially solvent 115 The extent of his dealings in Japanese art went largely unknown or underestimated among art historians for decades In 1980 Julia Meech then associate curator of Japanese art at the Metropolitan Museum began researching the history of the museum s collection of Japanese prints She discovered a three inch deep clump of 400 cards from 1918 each listing a print bought from the same seller F L Wright and a number of letters exchanged between Wright and the museum s first curator of Far Eastern Art Sigisbert C Bosch Reitz These discoveries and subsequent research led to a renewed understanding of Wright s career as an art dealer 115 Personal life and death EditFamily Edit Frank Lloyd Wright was married three times fathering four sons and three daughters He also adopted Svetlana Milanoff the daughter of his third wife Olgivanna Lloyd Wright 116 His wives were Catherine Kitty Tobin Wright 1871 1959 social worker socialite married in June 1889 divorced November 1922 Maude Miriam Noel Wright 1869 1930 artist married in November 1923 divorced August 1927 Olga Ivanovna Olgivanna Lazovich Milanoff Lloyd Wright 1897 1985 dancer and writer married in August 1928 His children with Catherine were Frank Lloyd Wright Jr known as Lloyd Wright 1890 1978 became a notable architect in Los Angeles Lloyd s son Eric Lloyd Wright is currently an architect in Malibu California specializing in residences but has also designed civic and commercial buildings John Lloyd Wright 1892 1972 invented Lincoln Logs in 1918 and practiced architecture extensively in the San Diego area John s daughter Elizabeth Wright Ingraham 1922 2013 was an architect in Colorado Springs Colorado She was the mother of Christine an interior designer in Connecticut and Catherine an architecture professor at the Pratt Institute 117 Catherine Wright Baxter 1894 1979 was a homemaker and the mother of Oscar winning actress Anne Baxter David Samuel Wright 1895 1997 was a building products representative for whom Wright designed the David amp Gladys Wright House which was rescued from demolition and given to the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture 118 119 120 Frances Wright Caroe 1898 1959 was an arts administrator Robert Llewellyn Wright 1903 1986 was an attorney for whom Wright designed a house in Bethesda Maryland 121 His children with Olgivanna were Svetlana Peters 1917 1946 adopted daughter of Olgivanna was a musician who died in an automobile accident with her son Daniel After Svetlana s death her other son Brandoch Peters 1942 was raised by Frank and Olgivanna Svetlana s widower William Wesley Peters was later briefly married to Svetlana Alliluyeva the youngest child and only daughter of Joseph Stalin Peters served as chairman of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation from 1985 to 1991 Iovanna Lloyd Wright 1925 2015 was an artist and musician Death Edit On April 4 1959 Wright was hospitalized for abdominal pains and was operated on April 6 He seemed to be recovering but he died quietly on April 9 at the age of 91 years The New York Times then reported he was 89 122 123 After his death Wright s legacy was plagued with turmoil for years His third wife Olgivanna s dying wish had been that she and Wright and her daughter by her first marriage would all be cremated and interred together in a memorial garden being built at Taliesin West According to his own wishes Wright s body had lain in the Lloyd Jones cemetery next to the Unity Chapel within view of Taliesin in Wisconsin Although Olgivanna had taken no legal steps to move Wright s remains and against the wishes of other family members and the Wisconsin legislature his remains were removed from his grave in 1985 by members of the Taliesin Fellowship They were cremated and sent to Scottsdale where they were later interred as per Olgivanna s instructions The original grave site in Wisconsin is now empty but is still marked with Wright s name 124 Legacy EditArchives Edit After Wright s death most of his archives were stored at the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin in Wisconsin and Taliesin West in Arizona These collections included more than 23 000 architectural drawings some 44 000 photographs 600 manuscripts and more than 300 000 pieces of office and personal correspondence It also contained about 40 large scale architectural models most of which were constructed for MoMA s retrospective of Wright in 1940 125 In 2012 to guarantee a high level of conservation and access as well as to transfer the considerable financial burden of maintaining the archive 126 the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation partnered with the Museum of Modern Art and the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library to move the archive s content to New York Wright s furniture and art collection remains with the foundation which will also have a role in monitoring the archive These three parties established an advisory group to oversee exhibitions symposiums events and publications 125 Photographs and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago The architect s personal archives are located at Taliesin West in Scottsdale Arizona The Frank Lloyd Wright archives include photographs of his drawings indexed correspondence beginning in the 1880s and continuing through Wright s life and other ephemera The Getty Research Center Los Angeles also has copies of Wright s correspondence and photographs of his drawings in their Frank Lloyd Wright Special Collection Wright s correspondence is indexed in An Index to the Taliesin Correspondence ed by Professor Anthony Alofsin which is available at larger libraries Destroyed Wright buildings Edit Imperial Hotel Tokyo 1923 Wright designed over 400 built structures 127 of which about 300 survived as of 2005 update At least five have been lost to forces of nature the waterfront house for W L Fuller in Pass Christian Mississippi destroyed by Hurricane Camille in August 1969 the Louis Sullivan Bungalow of Ocean Springs Mississippi destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Arinobu Fukuhara House 1918 in Hakone Japan destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake In January 2006 the Wilbur Wynant House in Gary Indiana was destroyed by fire 128 In 2018 the Arch Oboler complex in Malibu California was gutted in the Woolsey Fire 129 Many other notable Wright buildings were intentionally demolished Midway Gardens built 1913 demolished 1929 the Larkin Administration Building built 1903 demolished 1950 the Francis Apartments and Francisco Terrace Apartments Chicago built 1895 demolished 1971 and 1974 respectively the Geneva Inn Lake Geneva Wisconsin built 1911 demolished 1970 and the Banff National Park Pavilion built 1914 demolished 1934 The Imperial Hotel built 1923 survived the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake but was demolished in 1968 due to urban developmental pressures 130 The Hoffman Auto Showroom in New York City built 1954 was demolished in 2013 131 Unbuilt or built after Wright s death Edit The unbuilt Crystal Heights project in Washington D C Crystal Heights a large mixed use development in Washington D C 1940 unbuilt The Illinois mile high tower in Chicago 1956 unbuilt Monona Terrace convention center in Madison Wisconsin designed 1938 1959 built in 1997 Clubhouse at the Nakoma Golf Resort Plumas County California designed in 1923 opened in 2000 Passive Solar Hemi Cycle Home in Hawaii designed in 1954 built in 1995 only Wright home in HawaiiRecognition Edit 1966 U S postage stamp honoring Frank Lloyd Wright Later in his life and after his death in 1959 Wright was accorded significant honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements He received a Gold Medal award from The Royal Institute of British Architects in 1941 The American Institute of Architects awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1949 That medal was a symbolic burying the hatchet between Wright and the AIA In a radio interview he commented Well the AIA I never joined and they know why When they gave me the gold medal in Houston I told them frankly why Feeling that the architecture profession is all that s the matter with architecture why should I join them 105 He was awarded the Franklin Institute s Frank P Brown Medal in 1953 He received honorary degrees from several universities including his alma mater the University of Wisconsin and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and or architecture In 2000 Fallingwater was named The Building of the 20th century in an unscientific Top Ten poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia citation needed On that list Wright was listed along with many of the USA s other greatest architects including Eero Saarinen I M Pei Louis Kahn Philip Johnson and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list The other three buildings were the Guggenheim Museum the Frederick C Robie House and the Johnson Wax Building In 1992 the Madison Opera in Madison Wisconsin commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wright s life The work has since received numerous revivals including a June 2013 revival at Fallingwater in Bull Run Pennsylvania by Opera Theater of Pittsburgh In 2000 Work Song Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright s life debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater In 1966 the United States Postal Service honored Wright with a Prominent Americans series 2 postage stamp 132 So Long Frank Lloyd Wright is a song written by Paul Simon Art Garfunkel has stated that the origin of the song came from his request that Simon write a song about the famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright Simon himself stated that he knew nothing about Wright but proceeded to write the song anyway 133 In 1957 Arizona made plans to construct a new capitol building Believing that the submitted plans for the new capitol were tombs to the past Frank Lloyd Wright offered Oasis as an alternative to the people of Arizona 134 In 2004 one of the spires included in his design was erected in Scottsdale 135 The city of Scottsdale Arizona renamed a portion of Bell Road a major east west thoroughfare in the Phoenix metropolitan area in honor of Frank Lloyd Wright Eight of Wright s buildings Fallingwater the Guggenheim Museum the Hollyhock House the Jacobs House the Robie House Taliesin Taliesin West and the Unity Temple were inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the title The 20th century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright in July 2019 UNESCO stated that these buildings were innovative solutions to the needs for housing worship work or leisure and had a strong impact on the development of modern architecture in Europe 136 137 Selected works EditMain article List of Frank Lloyd Wright works Books Edit Ausgefuhrte Bauten und Entwurfe von Frank Lloyd Wright Wasmuth Portfolio 1910 An Organic Architecture The Architecture of Democracy 1939 In the Cause of Architecture Essays by Frank Lloyd Wright for Architectural Record 1908 1952 1987 Visions of Wright Photographs by Farrell Grehan Introduction by Terence Riley ISBN 0 8212 2470 0 1997 Buildings Edit The Robie House on the University of Chicago campus 1909 Frank W Thomas House Oak Park Illinois 1901 Taliesin West panorama Scottsdale Arizona 1937 Gammage Auditorium Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 1964 Beth Sholom Synagogue Wright s only synagogue design Elkins Park Pennsylvania 1954 Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio Oak Park Illinois 1889 1909 William H Winslow House River Forest Illinois 1894 Frank Thomas House Oak Park Illinois 1901 Ward Winfield Willits Residence and Gardener s Cottage and Stables Highland Park Illinois 1901 Dana Thomas House Springfield Illinois 1902 Larkin Administration Building Buffalo New York 1903 demolished 1950 Darwin D Martin House Buffalo New York 1903 1905 Unity Temple Oak Park Illinois 1904 Dr G C Stockman House Mason City Iowa 1908 Cedar Rock Lowell E Walter House Quasqueton Iowa 1950 Douglas and Charlotte Grant House Marion Iowa 1951 Edward E Boynton House Rochester New York 1908 Frederick C Robie Residence Chicago Illinois 1909 Park Inn Hotel the last standing Wright designed hotel Mason City Iowa 1910 Taliesin Spring Green Wisconsin 1911 amp 1925 Midway Gardens Chicago Illinois 1913 demolished 1929 Hollyhock House Aline Barnsdall Residence Los Angeles 1919 1921 Ennis House Los Angeles 1923 Imperial Hotel Tokyo Japan 1923 demolished 1968 entrance hall reconstructed at Meiji Mura near Nagoya Japan 1976 Graycliff Derby New York 1926 Westhope Richard Lloyd Jones Residence Tulsa Oklahoma 1929 Malcolm Willey House 1934 Minneapolis Minnesota Fallingwater Edgar J Kaufmann Sr Residence Mill Run Pennsylvania 1935 1937 Johnson Wax Headquarters Racine Wisconsin 1936 First Jacobs House Madison Wisconsin 1936 1937 Usonian homes various locations 1930s 1950s Taliesin West Scottsdale Arizona 1937 Herbert F Johnson Residence Wingspread Wind Point Wisconsin 1937 Ben Rebhuhn House Great Neck Estates New York 1938 Pope Leighey House Alexandria Virginia 1941 Child of the Sun Florida Southern College Lakeland Florida 1941 1958 site of the largest collection of the architect s work First Unitarian Society of Madison Shorewood Hills Wisconsin 1947 V C Morris Gift Shop San Francisco 1948 Kenneth Laurent House Rockford Illinois only home Wright designed to be handicapped accessible 1951 Patrick and Margaret Kinney House Lancaster Wisconsin 1951 1953 Lindholm House Mantyla Minnesota 1952 Bachman Wilson House 1952 Reconstructed at Crystal Bridges Museum of Art Bentonville Arkansas 2015 Price Tower Bartlesville Oklahoma 1952 1956 Beth Sholom Synagogue Elkins Park Pennsylvania 1954 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church Wauwatosa Wisconsin 1956 1961 Kentuck Knob Ohiopyle Pennsylvania 1956 Marshall Erdman Prefab Houses various locations 1956 1960 Duncan House Lisle Illinois 1957 Marin County Civic Center San Rafael California 1957 1966 R W Lindholm Service Station Cloquet Minnesota 1958 Solomon R Guggenheim Museum New York City 1956 1959 Gammage Auditorium Tempe Arizona 1959 1964See also Edit Biography portal Architecture portalRichard Bock Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy Frank Lloyd Wright Prairie School of Architecture Historic District George Mann Niedecken List of Frank Lloyd Wright works List of Frank Lloyd Wright works by location Jaroslav Joseph Polivka Roman brick The 20th century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright UNESCO World Heritage site Category Frank Lloyd Wright buildingsReferences Edit Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge p 777 ISBN 978 0 415 86287 5 A Directory of Frank Lloyd Wright Associates APPRENTICES 1929 to 1959 Archived September 29 2020 at the Wayback Machine jgonwright net accessed February 10 2021 a b Brewster Mike July 28 2004 Frank Lloyd Wright America s Architect Business Week The McGraw Hill Companies Archived from the original on March 2 2008 Retrieved January 22 2008 Hines Thomas S 1967 Frank Lloyd Wright The Madison Years Records versus Recollections The Wisconsin Magazine of History 50 2 109 119 ISSN 0043 6534 JSTOR 4634222 Huxtable Ada Louise October 31 2004 Frank Lloyd Wright The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 1 2022 Gill Brendan Many Masks a Life of Frank Lloyd Wright Ballantine Books 1987 p 25 Huxtable Ada Louise 2008 Frank Lloyd Wright A Life Penguin p 5 ISBN 978 1 4406 3173 3 Kimber Marian Wilson 2014 Various Artists The Music of William C Wright Solo Piano and Vocal Works 1847 1893 Permelia Records 010225 2013 Journal of the Society for American Music 8 2 274 276 doi 10 1017 S1752196314000169 ISSN 1752 1963 S2CID 190701799 Secrest Meryle 1998 Frank Lloyd Wright A Biography University of Chicago Press p 36 Secrest p 58 a b Huxtable Ada Louise October 31 2004 Frank Lloyd Wright The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 9 2022 Alofsin Anthony 1993 Frank Lloyd Wright the Lost Years 1910 1922 A Study of Influence University of Chicago Press p 359 ISBN 0 226 01366 9 Hersey George 2000 Architecture and Geometry in the Age of the Baroque University of Chicago Press p 205 ISBN 0 226 32783 3 Hendrickson Paul Plagued By Fire New York Alfred A Knopf 2019 p 399 Secrest p 72 Wright Frank Lloyd An Autobiography Duell Sloan and Pearce New York City 1943 p 51 Secrest p 82 Honorary Degree Recipients 1856 2017 Archived December 10 2017 at the Wayback Machine University of Wisconsin Madison A brief Biography Wright s Life Work Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation 2010 Retrieved May 16 2010 McCarter Robert 1997 Frank Lloyd Wright Phaidon Press ISBN 978 0714831480 Wright Frank Lloyd 2005 Frank Lloyd Wright An Autobiography Petaluma CA Pomegranate Communications pp 60 63 ISBN 978 0 7649 3243 4 O Gorman Thomas J 2004 Frank Lloyd Wright s Chicago San Diego Thunder Bay Press pp 31 33 ISBN 978 1 59223 127 0 Secrest p 89 Wright 2005 p 69 Wright 2005 p 66 Wright 2005 p 83 Wright 2005 p 86 Wright 2005 pp 89 94 a b Tafel Edgar 1985 Years With Frank lloyd Wright Apprentice to Genius Mineola N Y Dover Publications p 31 ISBN 978 0 486 24801 1 a b Saint Andrew May 2004 Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller the architect and his builder of choice PDF Architectural Research Quarterly Cambridge Cambridge University Press 7 2 157 167 doi 10 1017 S1359135503002112 S2CID 108461943 Retrieved March 16 2010 a b Gebhard David Patricia Gebhard 2006 Purcell amp Elmslie Prairie Progressive Architects Salt Lake City Gibbs Smith p 32 ISBN 978 1 4236 0005 3 Wright 2005 p 100 a b c Lind Carla 1996 Lost Wright Frank Lloyd Wright s Vanished Masterpieces New York Simon amp Schuster Inc pp 40 43 ISBN 978 0 684 81306 6 O Gorman 2004 pp 38 54 Wright 2005 p 101 Tafel 1985 p 41 Wright 2005 p 112 Wright 2005 p 119 Brooks H Allen 2005 Architecture The Prairie School Encyclopedia of Chicago Chicago Historical Society Retrieved May 25 2010 Cassidy Victor M October 21 2005 Lost Woman Artnet Magazine Retrieved May 24 2010 Marion Mahony Griffin 1871 1962 From Louis Sullivan to SOM Boston Grads Go to Chicago Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1996 Retrieved May 24 2010 O Gorman 2004 pp 56 109 Wright 2005 p 116 Wright 2005 pp 114 116 Goldberger Paul March 9 2009 Toddlin Town Daniel Burnham s great Chicago Plan turns one hundred The New Yorker Retrieved March 26 2009 Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust 2001 pp 6 9 My Father Frank Lloyd Wright by John Lloyd Wright 1992 p 35 a b Clayton Marie 2002 Frank Lloyd Wright Field Guide Running Press pp 97 102 ISBN 978 0 7624 1324 9 Sommer Robin Langley 1997 Frank W Thomas House Frank Lloyd Wright A Gatefold Portfolio Hong Kong Barnes amp Noble Books ISBN 978 0 7607 0463 9 O Gorman 2004 p 134 Prairie School Architecture www antiquehome org Retrieved May 31 2017 Storrer William Allin 2007 The architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright a complete catalog Updated 3rd ed Chicago University of Chicago Press p xvii ISBN 978 0 226 77620 0 Secrest p 202 Wasmuth Portfolio Volume 1 Rare Books Collection collections lib utah edu Retrieved July 12 2022 Lui Ann January 29 2009 Cornell Architecture Myths Busted The Cornell Daily Sun Retrieved May 31 2017 Unity Temple Frank Lloyd Wright Trust flwright org Frank Lloyd Wright Houses His 20 Most Famous Homes Buildings amp Studios Architecture amp Design Retrieved September 8 2022 Nute K Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan The Role of Traditional Japanese Art and Architecture in the Work of Frank Lloyd Wright London Routledge Publ 2000 明石 信道 村井 修 March 1 2004 フランク ロイド ライトの帝国ホテル ASIN 4874608140 ケヴィン ニュート Nute Kevin September 1 1997 フランク ロイド ライトと日本文化 Translated by 大木 順子 ASIN 4306043541 Imperial Hotel Lobby Reconstruction 谷川 正己 宮本 和義 June 10 2016 フランク ロイド ライト 自由学園明日館 ASIN 4902930331 Koyama Hisao Sergeant John Nute Kevin July 1 2000 Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan The Role of Traditional Japanese Art and Architecture in the Work of Frank Lloyd Wright ASIN 0415232694 a b Wright Frank Lloyd 2008 Pfeiffer Bruce Brooks ed The Essential Frank Lloyd Wright Critical Writings on Architecture Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 14632 4 Retrieved May 7 2019 a b American Treasures of the Library of Congress The Genius of Frank Lloyd Wright Library of Congress Retrieved February 28 2014 Sanderson Arlene Wright Sites Princeton Architectural Press 1995 p 16 Hines Thomas S 2010 Architecture of the sun Los Angeles modernism 1900 1970 New York Rizzoli ISBN 978 0 8478 3320 7 Home Country Unitychapel org July 1 2005 Archived from the original on December 28 2005 Retrieved October 16 2009 Hendrickson Paul Plagued by Fire Knopf 2019 pp 8 194 97 a b c d Mystery of the murders at Taliesin BBC News Taliesin Massacre Frank Lloyd Wright How Frank Lloyd Wright Worked HowStuffWorks September 22 2008 Retrieved September 3 2020 Iovanna Lloyd Wright Obituary 2015 New York Times Legacy com Retrieved October 28 2022 Friedland Roger Zellman Harold The Fellowship The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Harper Perennial p 104 Secrest p 315 317 Brooks Pfeiffer Bruce ed 1992 Frank Lloyd Wright An Autobiography Frank Lloyd Wright Collected Writings 1930 32 Vol 2 New York City Rizzoli International Publications Inc p 295 Minnesota Historical Society Collections Up Close Frank Lloyd Wright Arrested in Minnesota Archived May 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine Weiner Eric March 11 2008 The Long Colorful History of the Mann Act NPR org Retrieved September 27 2021 Wilson Richard G October 1973 An Organic Architecture The Architecture of Democracy Frank Lloyd Wright Genius and the Mobocracy Frank Lloyd Wright The Industrial Revolution Runs Away Frank Lloyd Wright The Imperial Hotel Frank Lloyd Wright and the Architecture of Unity Cary James Frank Lloyd Wright Public Buildings Martin Pawley PDF Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 32 3 262 263 doi 10 2307 988805 ISSN 0037 9808 JSTOR 988805 Saxon Wolfgang March 2 1985 Olgivanna Lloyd Wright Wife of the Architect Is Dead at 85 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 19 2019 Hession Jane and Quigley Tim John H Howe Architect University of Minnesota Press 2015 A Directory of Frank Lloyd Wright Associates APPRENTICES 1929 to 1959 Archived September 29 2020 at the Wayback Machine jgonwright net accessed February 10 2021 Friedland Roger and Zellman Harold The Fellowship The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright amp the Taliesin Fellowship New York Harper Perennial 2007 p 483 Friedland and Zellman p 197 Marty Myron A and Marty Shirley L Frank Lloyd Wright s Taliesin Fellowship Kirksville Mo Truman State University Press 1999 Field Marcus March 8 2009 Architect of desire Frank Lloyd Wright s private life was even more unforgettable than his buildings The Independent Retrieved December 6 2017 Taliesin Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture taliesin edu Retrieved May 31 2017 Frank Lloyd Wright s legacy to live on after School of Architecture closes May 7 2020 Gifford Jim Phoenix Business Journal June 17 2020 Twombly p 242 Twombly p 257 Twombly p 244 a b Twombly Robert 1979 Frank Lloyd Wright His Life and Architecture Canada A Wiley Interscience pp 276 278 About Taliesin West Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Retrieved April 24 2022 The Frank Lloyd Wright Building November 10 2015 Retrieved May 31 2017 National Park Service Archived November 3 2013 at the Wayback Machine National Historic Landmarks Designated April 13 2007 Monona Terrace Convention Center history web page PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 31 2017 74 years later Frank Lloyd Wright structure built at Florida Southern College Building Design amp Construction Magazine October 31 2013 Retrieved July 16 2015 Feo Anthony de May 3 2017 The Prismatic Glass Tiles of Frank Lloyd Wright DailyArtMagazine com Art History Stories Lync Voice UC Industry News The Textile Block System Concrete International TMCnet Retrieved February 28 2014 Frank Lloyd Wright In the Cause of Architecture VI The Meaning of Materials Glass The Architectural Record 64 July 1928 10 16 Lind Carla 1995 Frank Lloyd Wright s glass designs San Francisco Pomegranate Artbooks p 57 ISBN 978 0 87654 468 6 Gorman Carma R 1995 Fitting Rooms The Dress Designs of Frank Lloyd Wright Winterthur Portfolio 30 4 259 277 doi 10 1086 wp 30 4 4618516 ISSN 0084 0416 JSTOR 4618516 S2CID 163500254 Frank Lloyd Wright owned cars Archived January 2 2023 at the Wayback Machine Sonja Haller www azcentral com accessed February 10 2021 Wright Frank Lloyd 1984 The master architect conversations with Frank Lloyd Wright Patrick Joseph Meehan New York Wiley ISBN 0 471 80025 2 OCLC 10825185 a b Biography in Sound Frank Lloyd Wright Old Time Radio Retrieved September 9 2012 Rubin Jeanne S March 1 1989 The Froebel Wright Kindergarten Connection A New Perspective Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48 1 24 37 doi 10 2307 990404 ISSN 0037 9808 JSTOR 990404 Griffin Marion Mahony The Magic of America typescript 1947 Charles E and Berdeana Aguar Wrightscapes Frank Lloyd Wright s Landscape Designs McGraw Hill 2002 p 344 Aguar Charles E Aguar Berdeana 2002 Wrightscapes Frank Lloyd Wright s Landscape Designs McGraw Hill pp 51 56 Undoing the City Frank Lloyd Wright s Planned Communities American Quarterly 24 4 544 October 1972 Undoing the City Frank Lloyd Wright s Planned Communities American Quarterly 24 4 542 October 1972 Treasures of Taliesin Seventy Seven Unbuilt Designs Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer Director of the Frank Lloyd Wright Archive a b c d Cotter Holland April 6 2001 Seeking Japan s Prints Out of Love and Need The New York Times Meech Julia Frank Lloyd Wright and the Art of Japan The Architect s Other Passion New York Abrams 2000 a b c d e Reif Rita March 18 2001 Frank Lloyd Wright s Love of Japanese Prints Helped Pay the Bills The New York Times ascedia com Taliesin Preservation Inc Frank Lloyd Wright FAQs Taliesinpreservation org Archived from the original on June 10 2008 Retrieved October 16 2009 Mann Leslie February 1 2008 Reflecting pools Descendants follow in Frank Lloyd Wright s footsteps Chicago Tribune Retrieved March 28 2008 Kimmelman Michael October 2 2012 Wright Masterwork Is Seen in a New Light A Fight for Its Life The New York Times Rose Jaimee March 14 2009 Growing up Wright The Arizona Republic Step Inside a Frank Lloyd Wright House Saved From Demolition Houzz Robert Llewellyn Wright House Maryland Historical Trust Frank Lloyd Wright Dies Famed Architect Was 89 The New York Times April 10 1959 Retrieved April 17 2022 Huxtable p 245 Secrest p 213 a b Pogrebin Robin September 3 2012 A Vast Frank Lloyd Wright Archive Is Moving to New York Archived October 8 2020 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Pogrebin Robin March 9 2014 Models Preserve Wright s Dreams Archived June 14 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright A Complete Catalog by William Allin Storrer University of Chicago Press 1992 third edition Preservation Online Today s News Archives Fire Guts Rare FLW House in Indiana Nationaltrust org Archived from the original on February 20 2008 Retrieved October 16 2009 Frank Lloyd Wright s Arch Oboler Complex Appears Gutted by California Fire Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation November 28 2018 Berstein Fred A Near Nagoya Architecture From When the East Looked West Archived June 20 2012 at the Wayback Machine New York Times April 2 2006 Remembering Frank Lloyd Wright s Demolished Car Showroom May 9 2013 2c Frank Lloyd Wright single postalmuseum si edu Retrieved May 24 2022 Browne D 2011 Fire and Rain The Beatles Simon and Garfunkel James Taylor CSNY and the Bittersweet Story of 1970 Da Capo Press pp 45 46 164 65 ISBN 978 0 306 81850 9 Oasis Frank Lloyd Wright s Design for the Capitol Arizona Library Arizona Capitol Museum Archived from the original on September 26 2012 Retrieved November 27 2014 Frank Lloyd Wright Spire Two cultural sites added to UNESCO s World Heritage List UNESCO July 7 2019 Axelrod Josh July 7 2019 UNESCO Adds 8 Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings To Its List Of World Heritage Sites NPR Retrieved July 7 2019 Further reading EditWright s philosophy Edit Hoffmann Donald Understanding Frank Lloyd Wright s Architecture New York Dover Publications 1995 ISBN 0 486 28364 X Kienitz John Fabian Fifty two years of Frank Lloyd Wright s progressivism 1893 1945 Wisconsin Magazine of History vol 29 no 1 September 1945 61 71 McCarter Robert ed Frank Lloyd Wright A Primer on Architectural Principles New York Princeton Architectural Press 1991 ISBN 1 878271 26 1 Meehan Patrick ed Truth Against the World Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture New York Wiley 1987 ISBN 0 471 84509 4 Rosenbaum Alvin Usonia Frank Lloyd Wright s Design for America Washington DC Preservation Press 1993 ISBN 0 89133 201 4 Sergeant John Frank Lloyd Wright s Usonian Houses The Case for Organic Architecture New York Watson Guptill 1984 ISBN 0 8230 7178 2 Wright Frank Lloyd 1947 Heywood Robert B ed The Works of the Mind The Architect Chicago University of Chicago Press OCLC 752682744 Wright Frank Lloyd In the Cause of Architecture Architectural Record March 1908 Reprinted in Frank Lloyd Wright Collected Writings vol 1 1894 1930 New York Rizzoli 1992 ISBN 0 8478 1546 3 Wright Frank Lloyd The Natural House New York Horizon Press 1954 Biographies Edit Alofsin Anthony Frank Lloyd Wright the Lost Years 1910 1922 A Study of Influence Chicago University of Chicago Press 1993 Alofsin Anthony Wright and New York The Making of America s Architect Yale University Press 2019 Farr Finis Frank Lloyd Wright A Biography New York Scribner 1961 Friedland Roger and Harold Zellman The Fellowship The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship New York Regan Books 2006 ISBN 0 06 039388 2 Gill Brendan Many Masks A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright New York Putnam 1987 ISBN 0 399 13232 5 Huxtable Ada Louise Frank Lloyd Wright New York Lipper Viking 2004 ISBN 0 670 03342 1 Nisbet Earl Taliesin Reflections My Years Before During and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright Petaluma Calif Meridian Press 2006 ISBN 0 9778951 0 6 Russell Virginia L You Dear Old Prima Donna The Letters of Frank Lloyd Wright and Jens Jensen Landscape Journal 20 2 2001 141 155 Seckel Harry Frank Lloyd Wright The North American Review vol 246 no 1 1938 48 64 Secrest Meryle Frank Lloyd Wright A Biography New York Knopf 1992 ISBN 0 394 56436 7 Treiber Daniel Frank Lloyd Wright 2nd ed Basel Birkhauser 2008 ISBN 978 3 7643 8697 9 Twombly Robert C Frank Lloyd Wright His Life and Architecture New York Wiley 1979 ISBN 0 471 03400 2 Wright Frank Lloyd Frank Lloyd Wright An Autobiography New York Duell Sloan and Pearce 1943 Wright Iovanna Lloyd Architecture Man in Possession of His Earth Garden City NY Doubleday 1962 Wright John Lloyd My Father Who Is On Earth New York G P Putnam s sons 1946 ISBN 0 8093 1749 4 Frank Lloyd Wright American ArchitectSurveys of Wright s work Edit Clearly Richard Frank Lloyd Wright From Within Outward Skira Rizzoli 2009 ISBN 978 0847832637 Betsky Aaron Gideon Fink Shapiro Andrew Pielage 50 Lessons to Learn from Frank Lloyd Wright Rizzoli 2021 ISBN 978 0847865369 Aguar Charles and Berdeana Aguar Wrightscapes Frank Lloyd Wright s Landscape Designs New York McGraw Hill 2002 ISBN 0 07 140953 X Blake Peter Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture and Space Baltimore MD Penguin Books 1964 Fell Derek The Gardens of Frank Lloyd Wright London Frances Lincoln 2009 ISBN 978 0 7112 2967 9 Heinz Thomas A Frank Lloyd Wright Field Guide Chichester West Sussex Academy Editions 1999 ISBN 0 8101 2244 8 Hildebrand Grant The Wright Space Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wright s Houses Seattle University of Washington Press 1991 ISBN 0 295 97005 7 Larkin David and Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer Frank Lloyd Wright The Masterworks New York Rizzoli 1993 ISBN 0 8478 1715 6 Levine Neil The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1996 ISBN 0 691 03371 4 Lind Carla Frank Lloyd Wright s Glass Designs San Francisco Pomegranate Artbooks 1995 ISBN 0 87654 468 5 McCarter Robert Frank Lloyd Wright London Phaidon Press 1997 ISBN 0 7148 3148 4 Pfeiffer Bruce Brooks Frank Lloyd Wright 1867 1959 Building for Democracy Los Angeles Taschen 2004 ISBN 3 8228 2757 6 Pfeiffer Bruce Brooks and Peter Gossel eds Frank Lloyd Wright The Complete Works Los Angeles Taschen 2009 ISBN 978 3 8228 5770 0 Riley Terence and Peter Reed eds Frank Lloyd Wright Architect New York Museum of Modern Art 1994 ISBN 0 87070 642 X Smith Kathryn Frank Lloyd Wright America s Master Architect New York Abbeville Press 1998 ISBN 0 7892 0287 5 Storrer William Allin The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright A Complete Catalog 3rd ed Chicago University of Chicago Press 2007 ISBN 0 226 77620 4 Storrer William Allin The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion Chicago University of Chicago Press 1993 ISBN 0 226 77621 2Selected books about specific Wright projects Edit Lind Carla Frank Lloyd Wright s Usonian Houses San Francisco Promegranate Artbooks 1994 ISBN 1 56640 998 5 Toker Franklin Fallingwater Rising Frank Lloyd Wright E J Kaufmann and America s Most Extraordinary House New York Alford A Knopf 2003 ISBN 1 4000 4026 4 Whiting Henry II At Nature s Edge Frank Lloyd Wright s Artist Studio Salt Lake City University of Utah Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 87480 877 3The women in his life Edit Boyle T Coraghessan 2009 The women a novel New York Viking ISBN 978 0 670 02041 6 OCLC 233548516 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Lloyd Wright Wikiquote has quotations related to Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright at archINFORM Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation official website Guide to the Photographs of Frank Lloyd Wright 1950 May 16 Taliesin Preservation stewards of Wright s home Taliesin The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives Archived December 21 2018 at the Wayback Machine at Columbia University Frank Lloyd Wright documents at the Wisconsin Historical Society Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy Works by or about Frank Lloyd Wright in libraries WorldCat catalog Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust FLW Home and Studio Robie House Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Heritage Tourism Program Frank Lloyd Wright PBS documentary by Ken Burns and resources Frank Lloyd Wright Designs for an American Landscape 1922 1932 Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey Frank Lloyd Wright Famous Interior Designers Complete list of Wright buildings by location Sullivan Wright Prairie School amp Organic Architecture Audio interview with Martin Filler on Frank Lloyd Wright from The New York Review of Books Frank Lloyd Wright and Quebec Frank Lloyd Wright Archived January 19 2013 at the Wayback Machine interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview recorded September 1 amp 28 1957 Interactive Map of Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings created in the Harvard WorldMap Platform Map of the Frank Lloyd Wright works Wikiartmap the art map of the public space Fay Jones and Frank Lloyd Wright Organic Architecture Comes to Arkansas digital exhibit University of Arkansas Libraries Frank Lloyd Wright s Personal Manuscripts and Letters Passive Solar Hemi Cycle Home in Hawaii designed in 1954 built in 1995 only Wright home in Hawaii Interactive Tour Taylor A Woolley Papers at University of Utah Digital Library Marriott Library Special Collections Wright s Tokaido FLLW s annotated Hiroshige album documentary at hiroshige org uk Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Frank Lloyd Wright amp oldid 1133030954, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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