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Wikipedia

Smart city

A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data. Information gained from that data is used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve operations across the city.[1] This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems,[2] power plants, utilities, urban forestry,[3] water supply networks, waste, criminal investigations, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.[4][5] Smart cities are defined as smart both in the ways in which their governments harness technology as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In smart cities, the sharing of data is not limited to the city itself but also includes businesses, citizens and other third parties that can benefit from various uses of that data. Sharing data from different systems and sectors creates opportunities for increased understanding and economic benefits.[6][7]

Possible scenario of smart and sustainable mobility

The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology ('ICT'), and various physical devices connected to the Internet of things ('IoT') network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.[8][9] Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government.[10] Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.[11] A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.[12][13] Yet, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.[14] Many cities have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.

Terminology Edit

Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer[15] list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:

  1. The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
  2. The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
  3. The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.
  4. The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.

Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.[16] A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.

Alternative definitions include:

  • Business Dictionary, 6 Nov 2011: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas: economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."[17]
  • Caragliu, Del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011: “A city can be defined as smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional transport and modern ICT infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”[18][19]
  • Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, UK 2013: "[T]he concept is not static: there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond quicker to new challenges."[20][21]
  • European Commission: "A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and business."[22]
  • Frost & Sullivan 2014: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."[23]
  • Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and Information and Communication Technologies economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."[24]
  • Indian Government 2015: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."[25]
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 23 Apr 2019:[26] "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."[27][26]
  • Paiho et al. 2022: Smart city is a city that uses technological solutions to improve the management and efficiency of the urban environment. Typically, smart cities are considered being advanced in six fields of actions, namely ‘smart government’, ‘smart economy’, ‘smart environment’, ‘smart living’, ‘smart mobility’ and ‘smart people’.[6]
  • Smart Cities Council, 1 May 2013 : "A smart city [is] one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions"[28][29]

Characteristics Edit

It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, business cluster, urban agglomeration or region) uses information technologies to:

  1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, built environment and other physical assets) through artificial intelligence and data analytics in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.[30]
  2. Engage effectively with local governance[31] by use of open innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through e-governance,[11] with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design.[32][33]
  3. Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.[11][34]

They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence, collective intelligence, and also artificial intelligence within the city.[35]: 112–113 [36] The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".[37]

These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways

 
Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.
  1. Orchestration intelligence:[11] Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.[38]
  2. Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide open platforms, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne and Kyiv.[39]
  3. Instrumentation intelligence: Where city infrastructure is made smart through real-time data collection, with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam.[40] This is realized through:[11]
    1. A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
    2. Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
    3. A number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
    4. Solar power garbage compactors, car recharging stations and energy saving lamps.

Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:

Innovation economy Urban infrastructure Governance
Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city Transport Administration services to the citizen
Knowledge workforce: Education and employment Energy / Utilities Participatory and direct democracy
Creation of knowledge-intensive companies Protection of the environment / Safety Services to the citizen: Quality of life

According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute, two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."[41]

Data collection Edit

Smart cities have been conceptualized using the OSI model of 'layer' abstractions. Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City application systems then use data to make better decisions when controlling different city infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using sensors. This data could be collected through sensors such as cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sends data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to send data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.[42][43]

Frameworks Edit

The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:[44]

Technology Edit

A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.[45]

  • Digital: A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."[46]
  • Intelligent: Cognitive technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[47]
  • Ubiquitous: A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.[48]
  • Wired: The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.[49] A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, robotics, IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.[50][51]
  • Hybrid: A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a virtual city related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.[52]
  • Information city: The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.[53]

Human Edit

Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.[54] The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.[55]

  • Creativity: Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.[56][57] Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.[58][59]
  • Learning: Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.[55] A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.[60]
  • Humanity: Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.[61] This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.[51]
  • Knowledge: The development of a knowledge economy is central to Smart city projects.[62] Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.[51]

Institutional Edit

According to Mary Anne Moser[60] since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. John M. Eger[63] said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser[60] explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, school overcrowding and air pollution.

Technological propagation is not an end in itself, but a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society.[51][58] Smart city initiatives require co-ordination and support from the city government and other governing bodies for their success. As has been noted by Fleur Johns, the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance. Data and infrastructure include digital platforms, algorithms, and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities. Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.[31] Care needs to be taken to ensure that the development of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gender,[64][65] age,[66][67] race, and other human characteristics.[68]

The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Andrea Caragliu et al., a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.[19]

Energy Edit

Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.[69] More formally, a smart city is: "An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information ... and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."[70] Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even Positive Energy Districts that produce more energy than consume.[71]

A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, smart buildings, distributed energy resources (DER), data analytics, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.[72]

Data Management Edit

Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.[73]

Roadmap Edit

A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:[5][74]

  1. Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.
  2. Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.
  3. Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a policy to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.
  4. Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of e-government initiatives, open data, sport events, etc.

In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.

Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A smart grid is the foundational piece in building a smart community.

— Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the Edison Electric Institute and president and CEO of PNM Resources.[75]

History Edit

Early conceptions of future smart cities were found in utopian works such as New Atlantis.[76] The idea and existence of smart cities is relatively new. Following in the path of "Wired Cities" and "Intelligent Cities", the concept of the smart city is focused on a city’s use of ICT in urban problem-solving. The use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960's[77] and the establishment by Singapore of the National Computer Board in 1981 are cited as among the earliest cybernetic interventions into urban planning.[78]

IBM (which counts among its founding patents a method for mechanical tabulation of population statistics for the United States Census Bureau in 1897), launched its “Smarter Cities” marketing initiative in 2008.[79] In 2010, Cisco Systems, with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended. The European Commission in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the European Union.[80] The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in the development of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT).[81]

In 2021, The People's Republic of China took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge, demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".[82] As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the world will keep increasing, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world's population is expected to inhabit a city.[83]

Policies Edit

ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across ASEAN by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.

The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' urban growth for its metropolitan city-regions.[84]: 337–355 [85] The EU has developed a range of programmes under "Europe's Digital Agenda".[86] In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.[85] Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020.[87]

The Smart Cities Mission is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.[88]

Technologies Edit

Smart grids are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.

Mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablets) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.[89][90][91]

Smart cities also rely on smart homes and specifically, the technology used in them.[92][93][94][95][96]

Bicycle-sharing systems are an important element in smart cities.[97]

Smart mobility is also important to smart cities.[98]

Intelligent transportation systems and CCTV systems are also being developed.[99]

Digital libraries have been established in several smart cities.[100][101][102][103][104][105]

Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.[106][107]

Additional supporting technology and trends include remote work,[108][109][110] telehealth,[111][112] the blockchain,[113][114] online banking technology,[115]

Electronic cards (known as smart cards) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or e-services) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.[15]

In 2022, the Russian corporation Rostec developed the SmartAirKey. This is an electronic key that gives access to doors, barriers, elevators and turnstiles. Registration takes place through the "Gosuslugi"[116][117]

Retractable bollards allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass[118] but can even be done by means of ANPR cameras connected to the bollard system.[119]

Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.[120]

Cost-benefit analysis Edit

Cost-benefit analysis has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other[121][122][123][124]

Commercialization Edit

Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as Apple, Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, Cisco, IBM, and Schneider Electric launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.

Research Edit

University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities.

Criticism Edit

The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:[30]

  • The high level of big data collection and analytics has raised questions regarding surveillance in smart cities, particularly as it relates to predictive policing and abuse by law enforcement.
  • A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring non-ICT centered modes of promising urban development.[149]
  • A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard and participatory. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".[150]
  • The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.[151]
  • As a globalized business model is based on capital mobility, following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."[30]
  • In the smart city environment there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals. The technology is involved in scanning, identification, checking the current location, including time and direction of movement. Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled.[152]
  • As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.[153]
  • Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.[154]
  • If a smart city strategy is not planned for people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.[155]
  • Digitalization can have a significant environmental footprint and there is potential for the externalization of environmental costs onto outside communities.[156][157][158]
  • Smart city can be used as a slogan only for land revenue generation, especially in the Global South.[159]

See also Edit

References Edit

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Further reading Edit

  • Shepard, Mark (2011). Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City. ISBN 978-0262515863. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Batty, M.; et al. (2012). "Smart Cities of the Future". European Physical Journal ST. 214: 481–518. Bibcode:2012EPJST.214..481B. doi:10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3.
  • Stratigea, Anastasia (30 October 2012). "The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development?". Networks and Communication Studies. 36 (3/4): 375–388. doi:10.4000/netcom.1105. hdl:10654/36935.
  • Townsend, Antony (2013). Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393082876.
  • Moir, E.; Moonen, T.; Clark, C. (2014). "What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses" (PDF). Foresight Future of Cities Project and Future Cities Catapult.
  • Viitanen, J.; Kingston, R. (2014). "Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector". Environment and Planning A. 46 (4): 803–819. doi:10.1068/a46242. S2CID 145283799.
  • LaFrance, Adrienne (10 July 2015). "When You Give a Tree an Email Address". The Atlantic.
  • Caragliu, Andrea; D Bo, Chiara; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter (1 January 2015). "Smart Cities". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 113–117. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7. ISBN 9780080970875.
  • Mohanty, Saraju P.; Choppali, Uma; Kougianos, Elias (July 2016). "Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities" (PDF). IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine. 6 (3): 60–70. doi:10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879. S2CID 206450227.
  • Borsekova, Kamila; Vanova, Anna; Vitalisova, Katarina (June 2016). "The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 223: 51–57. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289.
  • Hamilton, Emily (31 October 2016), The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies, Mercatus Center at George Mason University
  • Cavada, M.; et al. (2016). "Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions?" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability. 169 (6): 243–252. doi:10.1680/jensu.15.00032.
  • "Smart Cities Technology Roadmap". Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions. April 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  • Del Signore, Marcella (2018). Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture. [Trento]. ISBN 9788898774289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Zhou, Yong; Xiao, Fan; Deng, Weipeng (23 March 2022). "Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China". Asian Geographer. 40 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734. S2CID 259149515.

External links Edit

  • British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities
  • Future of Cities UK government 'Foresight' project on cities

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For the 2006 film see Smart City film For a list of smart cities see List of smart cities A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data Information gained from that data is used to manage assets resources and services efficiently in return that data is used to improve operations across the city 1 This includes data collected from citizens devices buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems 2 power plants utilities urban forestry 3 water supply networks waste criminal investigations information systems schools libraries hospitals and other community services 4 5 Smart cities are defined as smart both in the ways in which their governments harness technology as well as in how they monitor analyze plan and govern the city In smart cities the sharing of data is not limited to the city itself but also includes businesses citizens and other third parties that can benefit from various uses of that data Sharing data from different systems and sectors creates opportunities for increased understanding and economic benefits 6 7 Possible scenario of smart and sustainable mobilityThe smart city concept integrates information and communication technology ICT and various physical devices connected to the Internet of things IoT network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens 8 9 Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving ICT is used to enhance quality performance and interactivity of urban services to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government 10 Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real time responses 11 A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional transactional relationship with its citizens 12 13 Yet the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore open to many interpretations 14 Many cities have already adopted some sort of smart city technology Contents 1 Terminology 2 Characteristics 3 Data collection 4 Frameworks 4 1 Technology 4 2 Human 4 3 Institutional 4 4 Energy 4 5 Data Management 5 Roadmap 6 History 7 Policies 8 Technologies 8 1 Cost benefit analysis 9 Commercialization 10 Research 11 Criticism 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksTerminology EditDue to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city Deakin and Al Waer 15 list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market the citizens of the city and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city 16 A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community Alternative definitions include Business Dictionary 6 Nov 2011 A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas economy mobility environment people living and government Excelling in these key areas can be done through strong human capital social capital and or ICT infrastructure 17 Caragliu Del Bo amp Nijkamp 2011 A city can be defined as smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional transport and modern ICT infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life with a wise management of natural resources through participatory governance 18 19 Department for Business Innovation and Skills UK 2013 T he concept is not static there is no absolute definition of a smart city no end point but rather a process or series of steps by which cities become more liveable and resilient and hence able to respond quicker to new challenges 20 21 European Commission A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and business 22 Frost amp Sullivan 2014 We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city smart governance smart energy smart building smart mobility smart infrastructure smart technology smart healthcare and smart citizen 23 Giffinger et al 2007 Regional competitiveness transport and Information and Communication Technologies economics natural resources human and social capital quality of life and participation of citizens in the governance of cities 24 Indian Government 2015 Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents regardless of their level of education skills or income levels 25 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 23 Apr 2019 26 A smart city brings together technology government and society to enable the following characteristics a smart economy smart mobility a smart environment smart people smart living smart governance 27 26 Paiho et al 2022 Smart city is a city that uses technological solutions to improve the management and efficiency of the urban environment Typically smart cities are considered being advanced in six fields of actions namely smart government smart economy smart environment smart living smart mobility and smart people 6 Smart Cities Council 1 May 2013 A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions 28 29 Characteristics EditIt has been suggested that a smart city also community business cluster urban agglomeration or region uses information technologies to Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure roads built environment and other physical assets through artificial intelligence and data analytics in order to support a strong and healthy economic social cultural development 30 Engage effectively with local governance 31 by use of open innovation processes and e participation improving the collective intelligence of the city s institutions through e governance 11 with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co design 32 33 Learn adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city 11 34 They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence collective intelligence and also artificial intelligence within the city 35 112 113 36 The intelligence of cities resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks the nerves ubiquitously embedded intelligence the brains sensors and tags the sensory organs and software the knowledge and cognitive competence 37 These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways nbsp Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community Orchestration intelligence 11 Where cities establish institutions and community based problem solving and collaborations such as in Bletchley Park where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community 38 Empowerment intelligence Cities provide open platforms experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne and Kyiv 39 Instrumentation intelligence Where city infrastructure is made smart through real time data collection with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts There is much controversy surrounding this particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities Examples of Instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam 40 This is realized through 11 A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time A number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage Solar power garbage compactors car recharging stations and energy saving lamps Some major fields of intelligent city activation are Innovation economy Urban infrastructure GovernanceInnovation in industries clusters districts of a city Transport Administration services to the citizenKnowledge workforce Education and employment Energy Utilities Participatory and direct democracyCreation of knowledge intensive companies Protection of the environment Safety Services to the citizen Quality of lifeAccording to David K Owens the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a dynamic resilient grid 41 Data collection EditSmart cities have been conceptualized using the OSI model of layer abstractions Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city s public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers the perception layer the network layer and the application layer City application systems then use data to make better decisions when controlling different city infrastructures The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using sensors This data could be collected through sensors such as cameras RFID or GPS positioning The perception layer sends data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer The network layer utilizes a city s communication infrastructure to send data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives 42 43 Frameworks EditThe creation integration and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development 44 Technology Edit A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems 45 Digital A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city These include innovation services and communication infrastructure Yovanof G S amp Hazapis G N define a digital city as a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure a flexible service oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards and innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees citizens and businesses 46 Intelligent Cognitive technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings 47 Ubiquitous A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device U city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure 48 Wired The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early stage smart city development Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living 49 A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure The latest in telecommunications robotics IoT and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity 50 51 Hybrid A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a virtual city related to the physical space This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future state projects for smart city services and integration 52 Information city The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security 53 Human Edit Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors 54 The human framework of a smart city its economy knowledge networks and human support systems is an important indicator of its success 55 Creativity Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning 56 57 Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities 58 59 Learning Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary 55 A city s learning capacity includes its education system including available workforce training and support and its cultural development and exchange 60 Humanity Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones 61 This focus on social and relational capital means diversity inclusion and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning 51 Knowledge The development of a knowledge economy is central to Smart city projects 62 Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development 51 Institutional Edit According to Mary Anne Moser 60 since the 1990s the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions John M Eger 63 said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives Again Moser 60 explained that building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion school overcrowding and air pollution Technological propagation is not an end in itself but a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society 51 58 Smart city initiatives require co ordination and support from the city government and other governing bodies for their success As has been noted by Fleur Johns the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance Data and infrastructure include digital platforms algorithms and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways and its use is inherently political 31 Care needs to be taken to ensure that the development of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gender 64 65 age 66 67 race and other human characteristics 68 The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept According to the definition of smart city given by Andrea Caragliu et al a city is smart when investments in human social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance quality of life through participatory governance 19 Energy Edit Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies improve sustainability create economic development and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure 69 More formally a smart city is An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information and Internet of Things IoT sectors to better manage a city s assets 70 Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self sustaining areas or even Positive Energy Districts that produce more energy than consume 71 A smart city is powered by smart connections for various items such as street lighting smart buildings distributed energy resources DER data analytics and smart transportation Amongst these things energy is paramount this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities Electric companies working partnership with city officials technology companies and a number of other institutions are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America s smart cities 72 Data Management Edit Smart cities employ a combination of data collection processing and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include utilities health transportation entertainment and government services 73 Roadmap EditA smart city roadmap consists of four three the first is a preliminary check major components 5 74 Define exactly what is the community maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps it relates to geography links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them maybe even that in some Countries the definition of City community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what in fact happens in real life Study the Community Before deciding to build a smart city first we need to know why This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative Study the community to know the citizens the business s needs know the citizens and the community s unique attributes such as the age of the citizens their education hobbies and attractions of the city Develop a smart city Policy Develop a policy to drive the initiatives where roles responsibilities objective and goals can be defined Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved Engage The Citizens This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of e government initiatives open data sport events etc In short People Processes and Technology PPT are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative Cities must study their citizens and communities know the processes business drivers create policies and objectives to meet the citizens needs Then technology can be implemented to meet the citizens need in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures long term city planning and local regulations Whether to improve security resiliency sustainability traffic congestion public safety or city services each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart But all smart communities share common attributes and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry s smarter energy infrastructure A smart grid is the foundational piece in building a smart community Pat Vincent Collawn chairman of the Edison Electric Institute and president and CEO of PNM Resources 75 History EditEarly conceptions of future smart cities were found in utopian works such as New Atlantis 76 The idea and existence of smart cities is relatively new Following in the path of Wired Cities and Intelligent Cities the concept of the smart city is focused on a city s use of ICT in urban problem solving The use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960 s 77 and the establishment by Singapore of the National Computer Board in 1981 are cited as among the earliest cybernetic interventions into urban planning 78 IBM which counts among its founding patents a method for mechanical tabulation of population statistics for the United States Census Bureau in 1897 launched its Smarter Cities marketing initiative in 2008 79 In 2010 Cisco Systems with 25 million from the Clinton Foundation established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco Amsterdam and Seoul In 2011 a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended The European Commission in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the European Union 80 The 2015 Chancellor s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest 140 million in the development of smart cities and the Internet of Things IoT 81 In 2021 The People s Republic of China took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs by some estimates China has half of the world s smart cities 82 As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the world will keep increasing and by 2050 up to 70 of the world s population is expected to inhabit a city 83 Policies EditASEAN Smart Cities Network ASCN is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across ASEAN by facilitating cooperation on smart city development catalysing bankable projects with the private sector and securing funding and support from ASEAN s external partners The European Union EU has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving smart urban growth for its metropolitan city regions 84 337 355 85 The EU has developed a range of programmes under Europe s Digital Agenda 86 In 2010 it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life 85 Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban services will be 400 billion per annum by 2020 87 The Smart Cities Mission is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development Government of India The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid sized cities 88 Technologies EditSmart grids are an important technology in smart cities The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services 89 90 91 Smart cities also rely on smart homes and specifically the technology used in them 92 93 94 95 96 Bicycle sharing systems are an important element in smart cities 97 Smart mobility is also important to smart cities 98 Intelligent transportation systems and CCTV systems are also being developed 99 Digital libraries have been established in several smart cities 100 101 102 103 104 105 Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data 106 107 Additional supporting technology and trends include remote work 108 109 110 telehealth 111 112 the blockchain 113 114 online banking technology 115 Electronic cards known as smart cards are another common component in smart city contexts These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services or e services without setting up multiple accounts The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups This technology has been implemented in Southampton 15 In 2022 the Russian corporation Rostec developed the SmartAirKey This is an electronic key that gives access to doors barriers elevators and turnstiles Registration takes place through the Gosuslugi 116 117 Retractable bollards allow to restrict access inside city centers i e to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually through an electronic pass 118 but can even be done by means of ANPR cameras connected to the bollard system 119 Energy Data Management Systems EDMS can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency 120 Cost benefit analysis Edit Cost benefit analysis has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all and also compare the cost effectiveness of each technology among each other 121 122 123 124 Commercialization EditLarge IT telecommunication and energy management companies such as Apple Baidu Alibaba Tencent Huawei Google Microsoft Cisco IBM and Schneider Electric launched market initiatives for intelligent cities Baidu is working on Apollo a self driving technology 125 Alibaba has created the City Brain 126 127 Tencent is working on medical technology 125 such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare Tencent Doctorwork and AI Medical Innovation System AIMIS 128 Huawei has its Safe City Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities 129 130 131 Google s subsidiary Sidewalk Labs is focusing on smart cities Microsoft has CityNext 132 Cisco launched the global Intelligent Urbanization initiative 133 to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management better quality of life for citizens and economic development IBM announced its Smarter Cities Challenge 134 to stimulate economic growth and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the urban ecosystem Schneider Electric is working on EcoStruxure 135 136 Sensor developers and startup companies clarification needed are also continually developing new smart city applications Research EditUniversity research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities IGLUS is an action research project led by EPFL focused on developing governance systems for urban infrastructures IGLUS announced a MOOC through Coursera 137 MIT Smart Cities Lab 138 focuses upon intelligent sustainable buildings mobility systems GreenWheel electric bicycle mobility on demand CityCar Wheel Robots the IntelCities 139 research consortium for electronic government planning systems and citizen participation URENIO developed intelligent city platforms for the innovation economy 140 focusing on strategic intelligence technology transfer collaborative innovation and incubation while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning 141 the Smart Cities Academic Network 142 is working on e governance and e services in the North Sea region The MK Smart project 143 is focusing on issues of sustainable energy use water use and transport infrastructure alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement 144 alongside educating citizens about smart cities 145 146 Laboratory for AI Machine Learning Business amp Data Analytics LAMBDA at Tel Aviv University focuses on Digital Life Smart Transportation and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities 147 Research journals in this area include the UK IET Smart Cities which was launched in 2018 148 Criticism EditSee also Surveillance issues in smart cities The criticisms of smart cities revolve around 30 The high level of big data collection and analytics has raised questions regarding surveillance in smart cities particularly as it relates to predictive policing and abuse by law enforcement A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring non ICT centered modes of promising urban development 149 A smart city as a scientifically planned city would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard and participatory In that line of criticism the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all efficient embrace 150 The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart 151 As a globalized business model is based on capital mobility following a business oriented model may result in a losing long term strategy The spatial fix inevitably means that mobile capital can often write its own deals to come to town only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial or manufacturing city 30 In the smart city environment there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals The technology is involved in scanning identification checking the current location including time and direction of movement Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled 152 As of August 2018 the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process 153 Especially in low income countries smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization 154 If a smart city strategy is not planned for people with accessibility problems such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility vision hearing and cognitive function the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers 155 Digitalization can have a significant environmental footprint and there is potential for the externalization of environmental costs onto outside communities 156 157 158 Smart city can be used as a slogan only for land revenue generation especially in the Global South 159 See also EditCarfree city Career oriented social networking market Connected car Community driven development Eco cities Energy informatics Global brain Government by algorithm Intelligent environment Intelligent transportation system Mass surveillance Municipal wireless network Net metering Pervasive 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Environmental Change 60 102028 doi 10 1016 j gloenvcha 2019 102028 ISSN 0959 3780 S2CID 214411810 Zhou Yong Xiao Fan Deng Weipeng 23 March 2022 Is smart city a slogan Evidence from China Asian Geographer 40 2 185 202 doi 10 1080 10225706 2022 2052734 S2CID 259149515 Further reading EditShepard Mark 2011 Sentient City Ubiquitous Computing Architecture and the Future of Urban Space New York City ISBN 978 0262515863 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Batty M et al 2012 Smart Cities of the Future European Physical Journal ST 214 481 518 Bibcode 2012EPJST 214 481B doi 10 1140 epjst e2012 01703 3 Stratigea Anastasia 30 October 2012 The concept of smart cities Towards community development Networks and Communication Studies 36 3 4 375 388 doi 10 4000 netcom 1105 hdl 10654 36935 Townsend Antony 2013 Smart Cities Big Data Civic Hackers and the Quest for a New Utopia W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0393082876 Moir E Moonen T Clark C 2014 What are future cities origins meaning and uses PDF Foresight Future of Cities Project and Future Cities Catapult Viitanen J Kingston R 2014 Smart cities and green growth outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector Environment and Planning A 46 4 803 819 doi 10 1068 a46242 S2CID 145283799 LaFrance Adrienne 10 July 2015 When You Give a Tree an Email Address The Atlantic Caragliu Andrea D Bo Chiara Kourtit Karima Nijkamp Peter 1 January 2015 Smart Cities International Encyclopedia of the Social amp Behavioral Sciences Second ed Elsevier pp 113 117 doi 10 1016 b978 0 08 097086 8 74017 7 ISBN 9780080970875 Mohanty Saraju P Choppali Uma Kougianos Elias July 2016 Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities PDF IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 6 3 60 70 doi 10 1109 MCE 2016 2556879 S2CID 206450227 Borsekova Kamila Vanova Anna Vitalisova Katarina June 2016 The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 51 57 doi 10 1016 j sbspro 2016 05 289 Hamilton Emily 31 October 2016 The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers Use of Smart City Technologies Mercatus Center at George Mason University Cavada M et al 2016 Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions PDF Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Engineering Sustainability 169 6 243 252 doi 10 1680 jensu 15 00032 Smart Cities Technology Roadmap Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions April 2017 Retrieved 28 July 2017 Del Signore Marcella 2018 Urban Machines public space in a digital culture Trento ISBN 9788898774289 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Zhou Yong Xiao Fan Deng Weipeng 23 March 2022 Is smart city a slogan Evidence from China Asian Geographer 40 2 185 202 doi 10 1080 10225706 2022 2052734 S2CID 259149515 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smart cities British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities Future of Cities UK government Foresight project on cities Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Smart city amp oldid 1181400951, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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