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Wikipedia

Hardcore punk

January 01, 1970

Hardcore punk (commonly abbreviated to hardcore) is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock.[8] Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time. It was also inspired by Washington, D.C., and New York punk rock and early proto-punk.[1] Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock"[13] and often addresses social and political topics with "confrontational, politically charged lyrics".[14]

Hardcore punk
Minor Threat performing in 1981
Other namesHardcore
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsLate 1970s to early 1980s, Southern California,[2][3][4][5][6][7] Vancouver, Knoxville,[8] San Francisco,[7][1] Washington, D.C. area[7]
Derivative forms
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Local scenes
Other topics

Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Boston, and New York, as well as in Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight edge movement and its associated sub-movements, hardline and youth crew. Hardcore was heavily involved in the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and with the DIY ethics in underground music scenes. It has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including grunge and thrash metal.

Although the music genre started in English-speaking Western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy and Japan.

Characteristics edit

 
Bad Brains at 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C., 1983

Hardcore historian Steven Blush credits Minor Threat's Ian MacKaye with starting a "die-hard mindset that begat almost everything we now call Hardcore", which was virulently anti-music industry and anti-rock star.[15] An article in Drowned in Sound argues that late 1970s/early 1980s-era hardcore is the true spirit of punk, because "all the poseurs and fashionistas fucked off to the next trend of skinny pink ties with New Romantic haircuts, singing wimpy lyrics" and the punk scene now consisted of people like Minor Threat, Bad Brains, Black Flag, and Circle Jerks, dedicated to DIY ethics.[16] Other writers have also attributed hardcore to a reaction against artsy and mellower sub-genres that punk grew into, such as post-punk and new wave.[2][17] Hardcore punk additionally broke with original punk rock song patterns and visuals, favoring lower-key aesthetics.[18] According to Eli Enis of Billboard magazine, hardcore shows are known to be violent.[19] In 2002, during an interview with Nardwuar, Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra was asked what he believed to be the first hardcore record, he remarked: "Sound Of Imker Train of Doomsday single in the late '60s in Holland. The only true '60s hardcore record I know."[20]

Musical elements edit

One definition of the genre is "a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock".[21] Hardcore has been called a faster, meaner genre of punk rock, that was a stern refutation against it,[22] being more primal and immediate, with speed and aggression as the starting point.[15]

In the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rhythm rather than melody. Blush writes "The Sex Pistols were still rock'n'roll...like the craziest version of Chuck Berry. Hardcore was a radical departure from that. It wasn't verse-chorus rock. It dispelled any notion of what songwriting is supposed to be. It's its own form."[23] According to AllMusic, the overall blueprint for hardcore was playing louder, harder and faster.[24] Hardcore was a reaction to the "cosmopolitan art-school" style of new wave music.[25] Hardcore "eschew[ed] nuance, technique, [and] the avant-garde", and instead emphasized "speed and rhythmic intensity" using unpredictable song forms and abrupt tempo changes.[25]

The impact of powerful volume is important in hardcore. Noisey magazine describes one hardcore band as "an all-encompassing, full-volume assault" in which "[e]very instrument sounds like it's competing for the most power and highest volume".[26] Scott Wilson states that the hardcore of the Bad Brains emphasized two elements: "off-the-charts" loudness which reached a level of threatening, powerful "uncompromising noise" and rhythm, in place of the typically focused-on elements in mainstream rock music, harmony and pitch (i.e., melody).[27]

Hardcore vocalists often shout,[24] scream or chant along with the music, using "vocal intensity"[28] and an abrasive tone.[25] The shouting of hardcore vocalists is often accompanied by audience members who are singing along, making the hardcore vocalist like the "leader of a mob" commonly known as "gang vocals".[28] Steven Blush describes one early Minor Threat show where the crowd was singing the lyrics so loud they could be heard over the PA system.[29] Hardcore vocal lines are often based on minor scales[30] and songs may include shouted background vocals from the other band members. Hardcore lyrics expressed the "frustration and political disillusionment" of youth who were against 1980s-era affluence, consumerism, greed, Reagan politics and authority.[25] The polarizing sociopolitical messages in hardcore lyrics (and outrageous on-stage behaviour) meant that the genre garnered no mainstream popularity.[25]

In hardcore, guitarists frequently play fast power chords with a heavily distorted and amplified tone, creating what has been called a "buzzsaw" sound.[31] Guitar parts can sometimes be complex, technically versatile, and rhythmically challenging.[32] Guitar melody lines usually use the same minor scales used by vocalists (although some solos use pentatonic scales).[32] Hardcore guitarists sometimes play solos, octave leads and grooves, as well as tapping into the various feedback and harmonic noises available to them. There are generally fewer guitar solos in hardcore than in mainstream rock, because solos were viewed as representing the "excess and superficiality" of mainstream commercial rock.[25]

Hardcore bassists use varied rhythms in their basslines, ranging from longer held notes (whole notes and half notes) to quarter notes, to rapid eighth note or sixteenth note runs. To play rapid bass lines that would be hard to play with the fingers, some bassists use a pick.[32] Some bassists play fuzz bass by overdriving their bass tone.[33]

Hardcore drumming, with the drummer hitting them aggressively, has been called the "engine" and most essential element of the genre's aggressive sound of "unrelenting anger".[34] Two other key elements for hardcore drummers are playing "tight" with the other musicians, especially the bassist (this does not mean metronomic time; indeed, coordinated tempo shifts are used in many important hardcore albums) and the drummer should have listened to a lot of hardcore, so that they can understand the "raw emotions" it expresses.[34] Lucky Lehrer, the drummer and co-founder of the Circle Jerks in 1979, was an early developer of hardcore drumming; he has been called the "Godfather of hardcore drumming" and Flipside zine calls him the best punk drummer.[35] According to Tobias Hurwitz, "[h]ardcore drumming falls somewhere between the straight-ahead rock styles of old-school punk and the frantic, warp-speed bashing of thrash."[36] Some hardcore punk drummers play fast D-beat one moment and then drop tempo into elaborate musical breakdowns in the next. Drummers typically play eighth notes on the cymbals, because at the tempos used in hardcore, it would be difficult to play a smaller subdivision of the beat.[32]

Dancing edit

Further information: Moshing
 
Audience members moshing to Toxic Holocaust

The early 1980s hardcore punk scene developed slam dancing (also called moshing), a style of dance in which participants push or slam into each other, and stage diving. Moshing works as a vehicle for expressing anger by "represent[ing] a way of playing at violence or roughness that allowed participants to mark their difference from the banal niceties of middle-class culture".[37] Moshing is in another way a "parody of violence",[38][39] that nevertheless leaves participants bruised and sometimes bleeding.[38] The term mosh came into use in the early 1980s American hardcore scene in Washington, D.C. A performance by Fear on the 1981 Halloween episode of Saturday Night Live was cut short when moshers, including John Belushi and members of a few hardcore punk bands, invaded the stage, damaged studio equipment and used profanity.[40][41]

Fashion edit

Many North American hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans or work chinos, combat boots or sneakers, and crew cut-style haircuts.[42] Women in the hardcore scene typically wore army pants, band T-shirts and hooded sweatshirts.[43] The clothing style was a reflection of hardcore ideology, which included dissatisfaction with suburban America and the hypocrisy of American culture. It was essentially a deconstruction of American fashion staples—ripped jeans, holey T-shirts, torn stockings for women, and work boots.[44]

 
Negative Approach in T-shirts at a 2013 show

The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with the more provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers. Siri C. Brockmeier writes that "hardcore kids do not look like punks", since hardcore scene members wore basic clothing and short haircuts, in contrast to the "embellished leather jackets and pants" worn in the punk scene.[45] Lauraine Leblanc, however, claims that the standard hardcore punk clothing and styles included torn jeans, leather jackets, spiked armbands, dog collars, mohawk hairstyles, DIY ornamentation of clothes with studs, painted band names, political statements, and patches.[46] Tiffini A. Travis and Perry Hardy describe the look that was common in the San Francisco hardcore scene as consisting of biker-style leather jackets, chains, studded wristbands, multiple piercings, painted or tattooed statements (e.g., an anarchy symbol) and hairstyles ranging from military-style haircuts dyed black or blonde to mohawks and shaved heads.[47]

Circle Jerks frontman Keith Morris wrote: "[Punk] was basically based on English fashion. But we had nothing to do with that. Black Flag and the Circle Jerks were so far from that. We looked like the kid who worked at the gas station or sub. shop."[48] Henry Rollins stated that for him, getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants; taking an interest in fashion as being a distraction.[49] Jimmy Gestapo from Murphy's Law describes his own transition from dressing in a punk style (spiked hair and a bondage belt) to adopting a hardcore style (shaved head and boots) as being based on needing more functional clothing.[43]

Skateboard culture, streetwear, and workwear are also major influences on clothing worn by participants in both past and present eras of hardcore.[50][51]

Politics edit

See also: Punk ideologies

Music writer Barney Hoskyns attributed hardcore being younger, faster and angrier than punk rock, to adolescents who were sick of their life in a "bland Republican" America.[52] Hardcore punk lyrics often express antiestablishment, antimilitarist, antiauthoritarian, antiviolence, and pro-environmentalist sentiments, in addition to other typically left-wing, anarchist, or egalitarian political views. During the 1980s, the subculture often rejected what was perceived to be "yuppie" materialism and interventionist American foreign policy.[38] Numerous hardcore punk bands have taken far-left political stances, such as anarchism or other varieties of socialism, and in the 1980s expressed opposition to political leaders such as then U.S. president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher. Reagan's economic policies, sometimes dubbed Reaganomics, and social conservatism were common subjects for criticism by hardcore bands of the time.[53][54] Jimmy Gestapo of Murphy's Law, however, endorsed Reagan and even went as far to call then former president Jimmy Carter a "pussy" in a 1986 New York Magazine cover story.[55] Shortly after Reagan's death in 2004, the Maximumrocknroll radio show aired an episode composed of anti-Reagan songs by early hardcore punk bands.[56]

Certain hardcore punk bands have conveyed messages sometimes deemed "politically incorrect" by placing offensive content in their lyrics and relying on stage antics to shock listeners and people in their audience. Boston band The F.U.'s generated controversy with their 1983 album, My America, whose lyrics contained what appeared to be conservative and patriotic views. Its messages were sometimes taken literally, when they were actually intended as a parody of conservative bands.[57] Another act from Massachusetts, Vile, were known to insult women, minorities and gay people in their lyrics and would even go as far as putting their albums on the windshields of people's cars.[58] On the other hand, Tim Yohannan and the influential punk rock fanzine Maximumrocknroll were criticized by some punks for acting as the "politically correct scene police",[59] having what was perceived to be "a very narrow definition of what fits into Punk", apparently being "authoritarian and trying to dominate the scene" with their views.[60]

During the 2001–2009 United States presidency of George W. Bush, it was not uncommon for hardcore bands to express anti-Bush messages. During the 2004 United States presidential election, several hardcore punk artists and bands were involved with the anti-Bush political activist group PunkVoter.[61][62] A minority of hardcore musicians have expressed right-wing views, such as the band Antiseen, whose guitarist Joe Young ran for public office as a North Carolina Libertarian.[63] Former Misfits singer Michale Graves appeared on an episode of The Daily Show, voicing support for George W. Bush, on behalf of the Conservative Punk website, and in 2023 even testified on behalf of the far-right Proud Boys during their sedition trial for their role in attacking the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.[64][65]

Demographics edit

While the early hardcore scene was mostly young white males, both onstage and in the audience,[66][67] there are notable exceptions. Black musicians include Bad Brains, Fred "Freak" Smith of Beefeater,[68] Dead Kennedys drummer D.H. Peligro, and Scream bassist Skeeter Thompson.[69] Numerous Black and Latino members have been in the band Suicidal Tendencies, including Mike Muir, Rocky George, R.J. Herrera, Louiche Mayorga, Robert Trujillo, Thundercat, Dean Pleasants, Ra Díaz, Dave Lombardo, Eric Moore, Tim "Rawbiz" Williams, David Hidalgo Jr., and Ronald Bruner Jr.[70][71][72][73][74] Other Latinos in early hardcore bands include Black Flag members Ron Reyes, Dez Cadena, Robo, and Anthony Martinez,[75][76] Agnostic Front singer Roger Miret, his brother Madball singer Freddy Cricien, Adolescents guitarist Steve Soto, and Wasted Youth drummer Joey Castillo.[77][78][79][80] Soto would later form the all-Latino punk band Manic Hispanic, which also featured Efrem Schulz from Death By Stereo.[81] There are also notable women such as Crass singers Joy de Vivre and Eve Libertine,[82] Black Flag bassist Kira Roessler,[83] and Germs bassist Lorna Doom.[84]

Several documentaries, including 2003's Afro-Punk and 2016's Los Punks, chronicle these subcultures within American punk and hardcore.[85][86]

As of 2019, the genre is still overwhelmingly represented by white males.[19] However, as sonic diversity has increased in the genre, so too has its fanbase.[87] This has helped bring greater attention to inclusivity within the scene.[88] Bands like War On Women, Limp Wrist, Gouge Away, and G.L.O.S.S. have helped bring attention to subjects like women's rights, transphobia,[89] rape,[90] mental health,[91] queer rights,[92][93] and misogyny.[94]

Record labels edit

See also: Category:Hardcore record labels

Record labels in hardcore are often DIY endeavors, run by musicians or participants within the community. Largely inspired by early labels like Dischord Records, Alternative Tentacles, Epitaph Records, SST Records, Revelation Records, and Touch & Go Records, record labels are usually run on DIY ethic, collaboration, financial trust, and an emphasis on creative control.[95] Labels within hardcore are seldom large, profit-making operations, but rather collaborative music partners with the intent to document and release music for the underground community.

Ian Mackaye, co-founder of Dischord Records claimed, "We don't use contracts, lawyers, any of those kinds of things. We are partners – they make the music, and we make the records. From the beginning of this label, people have said that the way we do things is unsustainable, unrealistic, idealistic, and we were just dreaming", he said. "Well, the dream is now 35 years old, so they can go fuck themselves."[96]

Etymology edit

Steven Blush states that the Vancouver-based band D.O.A.'s 1981 album, Hardcore '81, "was where the genre got its name".[15] This album also helped to make people aware of the term "hardcore".[97][98] Konstantin Butz states that while the origin of the expression "hardcore" "cannot be ascribed to a specific place or time", the term is "usually associated with the further evolution of California's L.A. Punk Rock scene", which included young skateboarders.[52] A September 1981 article by Tim Sommer shows the author applying the term to the "15 or so" punk bands gigging around the city at that time, which he considered a belated development relative to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.[99] Blush said that the term "hardcore" is also a reference to the sense of being "fed up" with the existing punk and new wave music.[100] Blush also states that the term refers to "an extreme: the absolute most Punk".[101] Kelefa Sanneh states that the term "hardcore" referred to an attitude of "turning inwards" towards the scene and "ignoring broader society", all with the goal of achieving a sense of "shared purpose" and being part of a community.[22] Sanneh cites Agnostic Front's band member selection approach as an example of hardcore's emphasis on "scene citizenship"; prospective members of the band were chosen based on being part of the local hardcore scene and being regularly in the moshing pit at shows, rather than based on a musical audition.[22]

History edit

Late 1970s and early 1980s edit

United States edit

Los Angeles edit
 
Mike Watt, formerly the bassist for the Minutemen in a 2013 show

Michael Azerrad states that "[by] 1979 the original punk scene [in Southern California] had almost completely died out" and was replaced by punk music boiled down to its essence, but with faster tempos, which became known as "hardcore".[102] Steven Blush states that the first hardcore record to come out of the West Coast was Out of Vogue by the Santa Ana band Middle Class.[103] The band pioneered a shouted, fast version of punk rock which would shape the hardcore sound that would soon emerge. In terms of impact upon the hardcore scene, Black Flag has been deemed the most influential group. Azerrad calls Black Flag the "godfathers" of hardcore punk and states that even "...more than the flagship band of American hardcore", they were "...required listening for anyone who was interested in underground music."[104] Blush states that Black Flag were to hardcore what the Sex Pistols and Ramones were to punk.[105] Formed in Hermosa Beach, California by guitarist and primary songwriter Greg Ginn, they played their first show in December 1977. Originally called Panic, they changed their name to Black Flag in 1978.[106]

By 1979, Black Flag were joined by another South Bay hardcore band, the Minutemen, with whom they shared a practice space until both bands were evicted, as well as the Circle Jerks (which featured Black Flag's original singer, Keith Morris).[107] From Hollywood, two other bands playing hardcore punk, Fear and the Germs, were featured with Black Flag and the Circle Jerks in Penelope Spheeris' 1981 documentary The Decline of Western Civilization.[108] By the time the film was released, other hardcore bands from Los Angeles County were also making a name for themselves including Bad Religion, Descendents, Red Kross, Rhino 39, Suicidal Tendencies, Wasted Youth, Youth Brigade, and Youth Gone Mad.[109] Neighboring Orange County had the Adolescents, Agent Orange, China White, Social Distortion, Shattered Faith, T.S.O.L., and Uniform Choice, while north of Los Angeles, around Oxnard, California, a hardcore scene known as "nardcore" developed with bands like Agression, Ill Repute, Dr. Know, and Rich Kids on LSD.[110]

Whilst popular traditional punk bands such as the Clash, Ramones, and Sex Pistols were signed to major record labels, the hardcore punk bands were generally not. Black Flag, however, was briefly signed to MCA subsidiary Unicorn Records but were dropped because an executive considered their music to be "anti-parent".[111] Instead of trying to be courted by the major labels, hardcore bands started their own independent record labels and distributed their records themselves. Ginn started SST Records, which released Black Flag's debut EP Nervous Breakdown in 1979. SST went on to release a number of albums by other hardcore artists, and was described by Azerrad as "easily the most influential and popular underground indie of the Eighties."[104] SST was followed by a number of other successful artist-run labels—including BYO Records (started by Shawn and Mark Stern of Youth Brigade),[112] Epitaph Records (started by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion),[113] New Alliance Records (started by the Minutemen's D. Boon and Mike Watt),[114] as well as fan-run labels like Frontier Records and Slash Records.

Bands also funded and organized their own tours. Black Flag's tours in 1980 and 1981 brought them in contact with developing hardcore scenes in many parts of North America, and blazed trails that were followed by other touring bands.[115][116][117] Concerts in the early Los Angeles hardcore scene increasingly became sites of violent battles between police and concertgoers. Another source of violence in L.A. was tension created by what one writer calls the invasion of "antagonistic suburban poseurs" into hardcore venues.[118] Violence at hardcore concerts was portrayed in episodes of the popular television shows CHiPs and Quincy, M.E..[119]

In the pre-Internet era, fanzines, commonly called zines, enabled hardcore scene members to learn about bands, clubs, and record labels. Zines typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters, ads for records and labels, and were DIY products, "proudly amateur, usually handmade. A zine called We Got Power described the Los Angeles scene from 1981 to 1984, and it included show reviews and band interviews with groups including D.O.A., the Misfits, Black Flag, Suicidal Tendencies and the Circle Jerks.[120]

San Francisco edit
 
Jello Biafra performing with the Dead Kennedys

Shortly after Black Flag debuted in Los Angeles, Dead Kennedys were formed in San Francisco. While the band's early releases were played in a style closer to traditional punk rock, In God We Trust, Inc. (1981) marked a shift into hardcore. Similar to Black Flag and Youth Brigade, Dead Kennedys released their albums on their own label, which in DK's case was Alternative Tentacles. The scene was helped in particular by the San Francisco club Mabuhay Gardens, whose promoter, Dirk Dirksen, became known as "The Pope of Punk".[121] Another important local institution was Tim Yohannan's Maximumrocknroll, which started as a radio show in 1977, but branched out into a fanzine in 1982.[122]

While not as large as the scene in Los Angeles, the hardcore scene of the early 1980s included a number of noteworthy bands originating from the San Francisco Bay Area, including Bl'ast, Crucifix, the Faction, Fang, Flipper, and Whipping Boy.[123] Additionally, during this time, seminal Texas-based bands Dirty Rotten Imbeciles, the Dicks, MDC, Rhythm Pigs, and Verbal Abuse all relocated to San Francisco.[124] Further out of the Bay Area, Sacramento's Tales of Terror were cited by many, including Mark Arm, as a key inspiration for the grunge movement.[125]

Washington, D.C. edit
Main article: Washington, D.C. hardcore

The first hardcore punk band to form on the East Coast of the United States was Washington, D.C.'s Bad Brains. Initially formed in 1977 as a jazz fusion ensemble called Mind Power, and consisting of all African-American members, their early foray into hardcore featured some of the fastest tempos in rock music.[126] The band released its debut single, "Pay to Cum", in 1980, and were influential in establishing the D.C. hardcore scene. Hardcore historian Steven Blush calls the single the first East Coast hardcore record.[127]

Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson, influenced by Bad Brains, formed the band Teen Idles in 1979. The group broke up in 1980, and MacKaye and Nelson went on to form Minor Threat, a band which, apart from Bad Brains, has arguably had the biggest influence on the hardcore punk genre, and whose contributions to the music, ethics, aesthetic, and ethos are still widely acknowledged by hardcore bands of the 2020s.[128] The band used faster rhythms and more aggressive, less melodic riffs than was common at the time. Minor Threat popularized the straight edge movement with its song "Straight Edge", which spoke out against alcohol, drugs and promiscuity.[129][130] MacKaye and Nelson ran their own record label, Dischord Records, which released records by D.C. hardcore bands, including the Faith, Iron Cross, Scream, State of Alert, Government Issue, Void, and D.C.'s Youth Brigade. The Flex Your Head compilation was a seminal document of the early 1980s D.C. hardcore scene. The record label was run out of the Dischord House, a Washington, D.C., punk house. Henry Rollins, who would come to prominence as the lead singer of the California-based Black Flag, as well as his own later Rollins Band, grew up in Washington, D.C., singing for the State of Alert, and was influenced by the music of Bad Brains and the bands of his childhood friend Ian MacKaye.[131]

The tradition of holding all-ages shows at small DIY spaces, has roots in the early Washington, D.C., straight edge movement. It emerged from the idea that people of all ages should have access to music, regardless of if they're old enough to drink alcohol.[132]

Boston edit

Seminal Boston-area hardcore bands included the F.U.'s, the Freeze, Gang Green, Jerry's Kids, Siege, DYS, Negative FX, and SS Decontrol. Members of the latter three bands were influenced by D.C.'s straight edge scene, and were part of "the Boston Crew", a mostly straight edge group of friends known to physically fight people who used alcohol or drugs.[133] Members of the Boston Crew would later go on to form the band Slapshot,[133] and also included future Mighty Mighty Bosstones singer Dicky Barrett, who was then a member of the band Impact Unit,[134] and drew the artwork for the DYS album Brotherhood.[135]

In 1982, Modern Method Records released This Is Boston, Not L.A., a compilation album of the Boston hardcore scene. In addition to Modern Method was Taang! Records, who released material by a number of the aforementioned Boston hardcore bands.[136]

Further outside of Boston were Western Massachusetts bands Deep Wound (which featured future Dinosaur Jr. members J Mascis and Lou Barlow) and the Outpatients, both of whom would come to Boston to play shows.[137] From nearby Manchester, New Hampshire, was G.G. Allin, a solo singer who, contrary to straight edge, used large amounts of drugs and alcohol, eventually dying of a heroin overdose.[138] Allin's stage show included defecating on stage and then throwing his feces at the audience.[139]

New York edit
Main article: New York hardcore
 
Facade of the music club CBGB in New York City

The New York City hardcore scene emerged in 1981 when Bad Brains moved to the city from Washington, D.C.[140][141] Starting in 1981, there was an influx of new hardcore bands in the city including Agnostic Front, Beastie Boys, Cro-Mags, Cause for Alarm, the Mob, Murphy's Law, Reagan Youth, and Warzone. A number of other bands associated with New York hardcore scene came from New Jersey, including the Misfits, Adrenalin OD and Hogan's Heroes.[142][143] Steven Blush calls the Misfits "crucial to the rise of hardcore."[144] New York hardcore had more emphasis on rhythm, in part due to the use of palm-muted guitar chords, an approach called the NY hardcore "chug".[22] The New York scene was known for its tough ethos, its "thuggery", and club shows that were a chaotic "proving ground" or even a "battleground".[22]

In the early 1980s, the New York hardcore scene centered around squats and clubhouses.[22] After these were closed down, the scene was emanating in a small after-hours bar, A7, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, and later around the famous bar CBGB. For several years, CBGB held weekly hardcore matinées on Sundays, but they stopped in 1990 when violence led Kristal to ban hardcore shows at the club.[145]

 
Agnostic Front performing

Early radio support in New York's surrounding Tri-State area came from Pat Duncan, who had hosted live punk and hardcore bands weekly on WFMU since 1979.[146] Bridgeport, Connecticut's WPKN had a radio show featuring hardcore called Capital Radio, hosted by Brad Morrison, beginning in February 1979 and continuing weekly until late 1983. In New York City, Tim Sommer hosted Noise The Show on WNYU.[147]

By 1984, the Ramones, one of the original New York punk bands, were experimenting with hardcore, with two songs, "Wart Hog" and "Endless Vacation" on their album Too Tough To Die.[148]

Other American regions edit

Minneapolis hardcore consisted of bands such as Hüsker Dü and the Replacements, while Chicago had Articles of Faith, Big Black and Naked Raygun. The Detroit area was home to Crucifucks, Degenerates, the Meatmen, Negative Approach, Spite and Violent Apathy. From Ohio was Maumee's Necros and Dayton's Toxic Reasons.[149][150] The zine Touch and Go covered this Midwest hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983.[120]

JFA and Meat Puppets were both from Phoenix, Arizona; 7 Seconds were from Reno, Nevada; and Butthole Surfers, Big Boys, the Dicks, Dirty Rotten Imbeciles (D.R.I.), Really Red, Verbal Abuse and MDC were from Texas. Portland, Oregon, hardcore punk bands included Poison Idea and Final Warning, while north of there, Washington state included the Accüsed, Melvins, the Fartz, and 10 Minute Warning (the latter two included future Guns N' Roses member Duff McKagan).[151] Other prominent hardcore bands from this time that came from areas without large scenes include Raleigh, North Carolina's Corrosion of Conformity.

Canada edit

Main article: Canadian hardcore punk

D.O.A. formed in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1978 and were one of the first bands to refer to its style as "hardcore", with the release of their album Hardcore '81. Other early hardcore bands from British Columbia included Dayglo Abortions who formed in 1979, the Subhumans and the Skulls.

Nomeansno is a hardcore band originally from Victoria, British Columbia, and now located in Vancouver. SNFU formed in Edmonton in 1981 and also later relocated to Vancouver. Bunchofuckingoofs, from the Kensington Market neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, formed in November 1983 as a response to "a local war with glue huffing Nazi skinheads".[152] In Montreal, The Asexuals helped fertilize a scene that became a necessary tour stop for punk and hardcore bands headed to the Northeast.[153]

United Kingdom edit

Main article: Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom
 
The UK anarcho-punk and D-beat band Antisect playing in Brighton in 1985

In the United Kingdom, a fertile hardcore scene took root early on. Referred to under a number of names including "U.K. Hardcore", "UK 82", "second wave punk",[154] "real punk",[155] and "No Future punk",[156] it took the previous punk sound and added the incessant, heavy drumbeats and heavily distorted guitar sound of new wave of British heavy metal bands, especially Motörhead.[157] Formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent, Discharge played a large role in influencing other European hardcore bands. AllMusic calls the band's sound a "high-speed noise overload" characterized by "ferocious noise blasts."[158] Their style of hardcore punk was coined as D-beat, a term referring to a distinctive drum beat that a number of 1980s imitators of Discharge are associated with.[159]

Another UK band, the Varukers, were one of the original D-beat bands,[160] Scottish band the Exploited were also influential, with the term "UK 82" (used to refer to UK hardcore in the early 1980s) being taken from one of their songs. They contrasted with early American hardcore bands by placing an emphasis on appearance. Frontman Walter "Wattie" Buchan had a giant red mohawk and the band continued to wear swastikas, an approach influenced by the wearing of this symbol by 1970s punks such as Sid Vicious. Because of this, the Exploited were labeled by others in the scene as "cartoon punks".[161] Other influential UK hardcore bands from this period included GBH, Anti-Establishment, Antisect, Broken Bones, Chaos UK, Conflict, Dogsflesh, English Dogs, and grindcore innovators Napalm Death.

Other countries edit

There was an Italian hardcore punk scene in the 1980s that included groups like Wretched, Raw Power, and Negazione. Sweden developed several influential hardcore bands, including Anti Cimex, Disfear, and Mob 47. Finland produced some influential hardcore bands, including Terveet Kädet, one of the first hardcore groups to emerge in the country. In Eastern Europe, notable hardcore bands included Hungary's Galloping Coroners from 1975, Yugoslavia's 1980s-era Niet from Ljubljana, and KBO!

A Japanese hardcore scene arose to protest the social and economic changes sweeping the country in the late 1970s and during the 1980s. The band SS is regarded as the first, forming in 1977.[162] Bands such as the Stalin and GISM soon followed, both forming in 1980. Other notable Japanese hardcore bands include Balzac, Bomb Factory, Disclose (a D-beat band), Garlic Boys, Gauze, SOB,[163] and the Star Club.

Mid–to–late 1980s edit

 
Corrosion of Conformity playing in Denver in 1986

The mid-1980s were a time of transition for the hardcore scene, with a number of influential bands from earlier in the decade changing their sound or breaking up. For instance, Black Flag's 1984 album My War, which coincided with the band members growing their hair long, were criticized for having "gone heavy metal".[164] The album's second side was called a road map for sludge metal, as well as being influenced by doom metal bands.[164][165] Black Flag's eventual breakup in 1986 would coincide with the breakup of one of the other most influential hardcore bands, the Dead Kennedys.[166][167]

By 1985, Boston bands SS Decontrol and DYS became metal bands, while the F.U.'s did the same, but changed their name to "Straw Dogs".[168] By the end of the year, both SSD and DYS had broken up.[169][170] Other bands in the mid-'80s that went from being strictly hardcore to adding more metal riffs developed an even heavier sound, with Corrosion of Conformity, Cro-Mags and D.R.I., becoming known as crossover thrash bands.[171] Bands like Cro-Mags looked to early Bad Brains songs such as Supertouch/Shitfit as inspiration for heavy breakdowns in hardcore punk music.[172]

Bad Religion briefly broke up in 1984, after making the progressive rock album Into the Unknown. They returned to their roots on the 1985 Back to the Known EP, and then began their embrace of more melodic straightforward punk rock, starting with 1988's Suffer.[173] In 1986, Los Angeles's Youth Brigade changed their name to The Brigade, and changed their sound to a style that The Los Angeles Times compared to mainstream bands like U2, R.E.M., and Big Country.[174] They would break up the next year.[175]

Bands such as Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Hüsker Dü and the Replacements, changed their style, becoming alternative rock.[176] Around the same time, a social movement within the influential hardcore punk scene of Washington, D.C., occurred during the summer of 1985, dubbed Revolution Summer. The movement challenged the initial wave of hardcore music, the attitudes of fans and bands before them and also the image mainstream media portrayed of punks. The bands that spawned out of Revolution Summer often took a stand against violence, especially at shows in the form of slam dancing, as well as standing up against the sexism of the scene. Bands associated with the movement, such as Rites of Spring, Embrace, and Dag Nasty, are notable for having inspired the emotional hardcore and the original emo genre of the late 1980s and 1990s.[177][178] The subsequent post-hardcore music genre, spearheaded by bands like Fugazi, is an evolution of hardcore which was created by participants of the Revolution Summer movement.[179] T.S.O.L., who had already embraced goth rock, became a hard rock band with 1986's Revenge, being compared to Poison and Faster Pussycat, and touring with Guns N' Roses.[180] Red Kross's second album, 1987's Neurotica, was described as a blend of pop rock and art rock.[181] The Beastie Boys gained fame by playing hip hop, and Bad Brains incorporated more reggae into their music, such as in their 1989 album Quickness.[182]

 
Youth of Today at a 2010 show

Starting in 1986, the youth crew movement, became prominent in New York hardcore. Inspired by early hardcore bands such as 7 Seconds, Minor Threat and SSD, whose members were all straight edge and lyrical concerns included brotherhood and community values, youth crew was a reaction against the prevailing metal influence in hardcore at the time. The movement was based around Youth of Today, and fleshed out by bands signed to Youth of Today vocalist Ray Cappo's record label Revelation Records, including Gorilla Biscuits, Bold and Side by Side.[183] Following the release of their second album Break Down the Walls (1986), Youth of Today toured extensively across the United States and internationally, leading to youth crew ideals spreading and the formation of many subsequent bands. Youth crew took a particular hold in Southern California,[184] where Chain of Strength became one of the style's premier bands.[183] As the style progressed, it too became influenced by the metal it originally opposed, seen in the musical style of Judge.[185]

In the late 1980s, a more militant subculture of straight edge called hardline emerged through members of the anarcho punk scene and embraced veganism and radical environmentalism. Vegan Reich began as a crew of Animal Liberationists before becoming a band in order to promote their views in 1986; however, the group split from the wider U.S. anarchist movement in 1988 due to backlash from the community for their anti-carnist views.[186] Vegan Reich vocalist Sean Muttaqi and Raid vocalist Steve Lovett created hardline philosophy and pioneered its musical movement alongside the English band Statement. Although hardline was overtly a political, anarchist school of thought rather than a hardcore subculture, hardline activists began to push their views specifically towards those in the mid to late 1980s straight edge scene due to the scene's wider appeal.[187] The movement quickly gained popularity in Memphis and Indianapolis, before then spreading to Salt Lake City and Syracuse.[188]

1990s edit

 
Integrity were one of the pioneers of metalcore in the early 1990s.

The early 1990s saw the pioneering of metalcore. One of the earliest metalcore scenes was that of Cleveland, Ohio, fronted by Integrity and Ringworm.[189] Integrity's debut album Those Who Fear Tomorrow (1991) merged hardcore with apocalyptic lyrics and metal's guitar solos and chugging riffs to create one of the primeval albums in the genre.[190] Revolver magazine writer Elis Enis stated that the album "influenced practically every breakdown that's been recorded since".[191] Philadelphia's Starkweather and New Jersey's Rorschach were also early bands in the genre.[192][193] In 1993, Earth Crisis released "Firestorm", one of the most influential songs in the genre.[194] which ultimately popularised the militant vegan straight edge ethic and chug riffs.[195] Soon after, the sound spread to Boston with Overcast and Converge[196] and New York City with All Out War and Merauder.[197]

During this era in mainstream music, punk rock became a success in 1994 with popular bands like Green Day, the Offspring, and Rancid.[198] While typically playing pop punk, Green Day's 1997 album Nimrod contained two songs ("Platypus [I Hate You]" and "Take Back") that were described as hardcore;[199][200][201][202] meanwhile, Rancid would record a hardcore album with 2000's Rancid.[203] The same year, punk became popular again in 1994, Sick of It All released the major label album Scratch the Surface. According to lead singer Lou Koller, people thought that they would go from a hardcore band to sounding like Green Day, so they intentionally made an album heavier than anything they'd done before. The album became a surprise success, with the single "Step Down" becoming a staple on MTV, thanks to a tongue-in-cheek music video featuring a roving reporter "exposing" the world of hardcore, and showing how to do various hardcore dance moves.[204] The decade also saw a rise in pop-punk bands like New Found Glory and Saves the Day, which garnered attention from fans of hardcore due to band member connections to the contemporary hardcore scene.[205][206]

As a reaction against the dominance of metal-influenced hardcore amongst straight edge bands, around 1996, a revival of the sound of the youth crew bands began.[207] Bands including In My Eyes, Bane, Ten Yard Fight and Floorpunch, used the key aspects of late 1980s bands such as the gang vocals, high tempos and lyrical themes of straight edge, unity and vegetarianism.[208][209] Additionally, at this time, Youth of Today's Ray Cappo formed Better Than a Thousand with Ken Olden and Graham Land of early 1990s straight edge band Battery, creating a sound, too, harkening back to this era.[210] Further bands meshed straight edge with additional causes, such as Christian hardcore bands Call to Preserve,[211] the Red Baron,[212] xLooking Forwardx,[213] Jewish band Sons of Abraham,[214] queercore band Limp Wrist,[215] right-wing anti-immigrant band One Life Crew,[216][217] and anti-capitalism bands Manliftingbanner and Refused.[218]

In the late 1990s, a number of movements that attempted to rebel against the hypermasculinity that hardcore had come to embrace. One of these was fashioncore, which originated from Orange County, California metalcore bands, particularly Eighteen Visions. The movement placed emphasis on the fashion style of the musicians and saw many in hardcore begin to wear skinny jeans, collared shirts and white belts and adopting dyed, straightened and swooping fringed hairstyles. Sass music began with this same intention, doing so by incorporating elements such as homoerotic lyrics, lisped vocals, dance parts and sometimes synths.[219]

As the 1990s drew to a close, a wave of metalcore bands began incorporating elements of melodic death metal into their sound. This formed an early version of what would become the melodic metalcore genre, with Shadows Fall's Somber Eyes to the Sky (1997), Undying's This Day All Gods Die (1999), Darkest Hour's The Prophecy Fulfilled (1999), Unearth's Above the Fall of Man (1999), Prayer for Cleansing's Rain in Endless Fall (1999) being some of the style's earliest releases.[220] CMJ writer Anthony Delia also credited Florida's Poison the Well and their first two releases The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation (1999) and Tear from the Red (2002) as "design[ing] the template for most of" the melodic metalcore bands to come.[221]

2000s edit

 
Singer Nuno Pereira performing at A Wilhelm Scream show

By 1999 and 2000, the youth crew revival was in decline, with Ten Yard Fight, In My Eyes and Floorpunch all disbanding. As a reaction against the homogeneity and simplicity that scene had developed, Ten Yard Fight guitarist Tim Cossar and the band's roadie Wesley Eisold formed American Nightmare.[222] Although still musically rooted in the youth crew revival, the band's negative, poetic lyrics of self-loathing were inspired by groups like the Smiths.[208][223] American Nightmare's influence was apparent promptly in their home of Boston,[222] then expanded nationally with the release of their 2001 debut album Background Music,[208] being followed by a wave bands including Ceremony, Ruiner, Modern Life Is War, the Hope Conspiracy and Killing the Dream.[224][225] A reaction against this movement also took place, which began with Mental, who were quickly followed by Have Heart.[226] Have Heart's success led to the rise in popularity of other positive hardcore groups like Champion, Verse and Sinking Ships, and the rise in prominence of Bridge 9 Records.[227][228] In an AllMusic review, Greg Prato wrote about the label's band Energy that "While you wouldn't go quite as far as calling Energy "a hardcore boy band," the group's leanings toward the mainstream are undeniable throughout Invasions of the Mind.[229] In the late 1990s, Elgin James, a musician involved in the militant faction of the Boston straight edge scene, helped found the organization Friends Stand United.[230] By the early 2000s, there were FSU chapters in Philadelphia, Chicago, Arizona, Los Angeles, Seattle, upstate New York and New Jersey, and they were considered to have about 200 members.[231] The Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually classified FSU as a street gang, which used violent methods and repeatedly assault people at hardcore shows and on Boston streets. In conjunction with the gang activities, James eventually did time in jail for extortion.[232]

With the increased popularity of punk rock in the mid-1990s and the 2000s, additional hardcore bands signed with major record labels. In 2001, New York's H2O released the album Go on MCA, but it failed at bringing the band big success, and fell flat with longtime fans.[233] In 2002, AFI signed to DreamWorks Records but changed their sound considerably for its successful major label debut Sing the Sorrow. Chicago's Rise Against were signed by Geffen Records, and three of its releases on the label were certified platinum by the RIAA.[234] Like AFI, Rise Against gradually removed elements of hardcore from their music, culminating with 2008's Appeal to Reason, which lacked the intensity found in their earlier albums.[235] United Kingdom band Gallows were signed to Warner Bros. Records for £1 million.[236] Their major label debut Grey Britain was described as being even more aggressive than their previous material, and the band was subsequently dropped from the label.[237] The success of the band led to other British hardcore acts of the time gain notability like the Ghost of a Thousand and Heights.[238] Los Angeles band the Bronx briefly appeared on Island Def Jam Music Group for the release of their 2006 self-titled album, which was named one of the top 40 albums of the year by Spin magazine.[239] They appeared in the Darby Crash biopic What We Do Is Secret, playing members of Black Flag. In 2007, Toronto's Fucked Up appeared on MTV Live Canada, where they were introduced as "Effed Up".[240] During the performance of its song "Baiting the Public", the majority of the audience was moshing, which caused $2000 in damages to the set.[241] Fucked Up went on to win the 2009 Polaris Music Prize for the album The Chemistry of Common Life.[242]

Australian hardcore also took off during this time with bands like Miles Away, Break Even, 50 Lions (formed in 2005), and Iron Mind (formed in 2006). The genre was played on the national Triple J network on the short.fast.loud program.[243] Australian labels that released hardcore music include Broken Hive Records, Resist Records and UNFD Records.

2010s edit

 
Turnstile have been one of the most prominent bands in the hardcore scene since their 2010 formation.

With many bands breaking up in the late 2000s, accompanied by a general sense of sonic homogeny in the hardcore genre, the 2010s became a decade of experimentation and fusion in hardcore music that was fueled by access to streaming.[244] Drawing from and collaborating with elements of other eras and genres, hardcore grew as music styles intersected. For instance, bands like Trash Talk began collaborating with artists like Tyler, the Creator and his hip hop collective Odd Future.[245] Meanwhile, bands like Fury,[246] Fiddlehead,[247] and Give[248] garnered a great deal of attention on an underground level for their lyricism and diverse sounds.[249][250][251] Other prominent bands, like Title Fight and Basement brought elements of shoegaze and '90s noise rock into the hardcore genre.[252][253]

Trapped Under Ice were one of the most prominent bands in hardcore in the early 2010s. The band's second album Big Kiss Goodnight (2011) changing the sonic landscape of hardcore at the time,[254] with Stereogum writer Tom Breiham stating in a 2023 article that "it's been years since we've gotten a new Trapped Under Ice song, but that band's influence looms large over the entire hardcore landscape today."[255] However, in 2013, the band suddenly disbanded, disheartened by the amount of interest in them by the music industry. In the meantime, its members focused on their other projects Angel Dust, Diamond Youth, Down to Nothing and Turnstile.[254] Angel Dust's embrace of styles like indie pop, and Turnstile's of 1960s surf music and 1990s alternative rock led to them, too, becoming formidable in the follow decade.[256]

In the early to mid-2010s, a number of British hardcore punk bands began being represented as members of a new musical movement dubbed the New Wave of British Hardcore, a term coined by Adam Malik from the Essence Records.[257] Bands who are part of the movement generally take influence from '80s Boston and New York hardcore bands.[258] Bands associated with the movement include Arms Race,[259][258] Violent Reaction,[260] Big Cheese,[261] Higher Power, Perspex Flesh, Mob Rules, the Flex and Blind Authority.[257] Some bands such as Rapture,[262] Violent Reaction[257] and Payday[263] are straight edge.

During this time, Muslim hardcore bands have emerged in the U.S., Canada, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The development of Muslim hardcore has been traced to the impact of a 2010 film Taqwacore, a documentary about the Muslim hardcore scene. Bands include the Kominas from Boston, the all-girl Secret Trial Five from Toronto, Al Thawra (The Power) from Chicago "and even a few bands out in Pakistan and Indonesia."[264] Partly due to developments in digital communications, there was a rise in interaction between hardcore scenes in different places and subgenres, particularly in Europe. In September 2017, Bandcamp Daily wrote that Fluff Fest, which has been held in the Czech Republic since 2000 and features an international lineup of independent bands ranging in style from crust punk to screamo, "has established itself as the main DIY hardcore punk event in Europe".[265]

During the decade, many hardcore bands also had considerable chart recognition. Turnstile signed to Roadrunner Records in 2017 and released their sophomore album Time & Space in 2018, which reached number one on the Billboard Heatseekers chart.[266] Gouge Away, formed in 2012 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, saw their record Burnt Sugar peak at 46 on Billboard Independent Albums.[267] Code Orange, who formed in Pittsburgh in 2008, their 2014 sophomore album I Am King reached number 96 on the Billboard 200, and its follow up, 2017's Forever peaked and number 62.[268] Kentucky hardcore band Knocked Loose formed in 2013 and released their debut album Laugh Tracks in 2016, which peaked at number 163 on the Billboard 200. Its follow-up A Different Shade of Blue was released in 2019 and peaked at number 26.[269] Many of these bands were a part of wave of bands gaining recognition for harkening back to the metallic hardcore sound of bands from the 1990s, which included Vein.fm,[270] Code Orange, Knocked Loose, Varials, Jesus Piece, Counterparts and Kublai Khan.[271]

Hardcore in the late 2010s saw a significant growth of the scene to involve bands taking influence from styles generally disassociated with it, such as industrial, heavy metal, post-punk and nu metal.[272] Around this time, mainstream rappers began to associate themselves with the hardcore scene. Playboi Carti included a performance from a hardcore show as the front cover for his 2018 album Die Lit, Denzel Curry collaborated with Bad Brains and Fucked Up in 2019[272] and rap groups Suicideboys and City Morgue were joined on tour by hardcore bands Turnstile and Trash Talk.[273] Rappers Wicca Phase Springs Eternal and Ghostemane even began playing music by performing in hardcore bands.[272] In September 2019, rap group Injury Reserve released a collaborative track with Code Orange and JPEGMafia.[274]

In 2019, the highly influential 2000s Boston hardcore band Have Heart reunited for performances in four different locations after a ten-year breakup. One of these performances was outside the Worcester Palladium in Massachusetts, which drew around 10,000 attendees, making it the largest standalone hardcore show in history.[275]

2020s edit

 
Code Orange's Underneath (2020) achieved significant chart success and universal critic acclaim.

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic made the prospect of playing live music difficult.[276] This brought about a heavy digital shift in independent music, where many bands began performing livestream shows for fans until physical shows could occur.[277] With social distancing limiting the availability of physical interactions, the hardcore community relied on social media activity, podcasting, zines, and video content to stay connected virtually.[278][279] During this period, a number of hardcore releases gained attention from the media and online that surpassed the genre's usual scope, namely Code Orange's Underneath (2020), Higher Power's 27 Miles Underwater (2021) and Turnstile's Glow On (2021).[280] Underneath topped the UK Rock & Metal Albums,[281] reached number two on the US Top Tastemaker Albums chart,[282] and received universal critical acclaim.[283] Higher Power were hailed by Metal Hammer as "the band redefining hardcore for a new generation",[284] and voted the most likely UK band to break into the mainstream in a Revolver fan poll.[285] However, Glow On triggered an international explosion in popularity of the genre, and allowed for the subsequent success of bands including Zulu, High Vis and Speed.[286] Glow On also received universal critical acclaim,[287] peaked at number two on the UK Rock & Metal Albums,[288] and number thirty on the mainline Billboard 200 chart.[289] A podcast published the New York Times credited a number of viral videos of live performances by hardcore bands as contributing to the popularity, including Sunami's live debut in San Jose on October 26, 2019, Hate5six's July 03, 2021 video of Mindforce performing at Underground Arts in Philadelphia and Turnstile's performance in Oxnard on August 29, 2021.[290]

The southern San Francisco Bay Area scene gained particular prevalence in the 2020s, based in Santa Cruz and San Jose. The first of these bands was Gulch, who formed in 2016, and were later followed by Scowl, Drain and Sunami.[291] As lockdowns began to ease, many of the bands in this scene began to put on "guerilla shows", such as one that took place on June 19, 2021, in San Jose featuring Sunami, Gulch, Drain, Scowl, Xibalba and Maya Over Eyes, which had an attendance of around 2,000.[292] Gulch performed their final live performance at Sound and Fury Festival on July 31, 2022, at the peak of their popularity.[293]

This period also saw a number of groups garner attention while experimenting with hardcore's sound. The Financial Times named London's Chubby and the Gang and Detroit's the Armed as two of the most commercially successful groups of this wave,[294] while Spin magazine cited Militarie Gun, High Vis and Scowl as bands "help[ing] to breathe life back into both" alternative rock and hardcore.[295]

Influence edit

See also: List of hardcore genres

Hardcore punk has spawned a number of subgenres, fusion genres and derivative forms. Key derivatives like post-hardcore,[296] emo,[18] and skate punk have had a major impact on alternative music.[297] Other subgenres include D-beat, melodic hardcore, crust punk,[18] and thrashcore. Fusion genres include crossover thrash,[18] grindcore,[18] and metalcore,[18] all of which fuse hardcore punk with extreme metal.

Metallica and Slayer, pioneers of the heavy metal subgenre thrash metal, were influenced by a number of hardcore bands. Metallica's cover album Garage Inc. included covers of two Discharge and three Misfits songs, while Slayer's cover album Undisputed Attitude consisted of covers of predominately hardcore punk bands.

The Washington state band Melvins, aside from their influence on grunge, helped create what would be known as sludge metal, which is also a combination between Black Sabbath-style music and hardcore punk.[298] This genre developed during the early 1990s, in the Southern United States (particularly in the New Orleans metal scene).[299][300][301] Some of the pioneering bands of sludge metal were Eyehategod,[298] Crowbar,[302] Down,[303] Buzzov*en,[300] Acid Bath[304] and Corrosion of Conformity.[301] Later, bands such as Isis and Neurosis,[305] with similar influences, created a style that relies mostly on ambience and atmosphere[306] that would eventually be named atmospheric sludge metal or post-metal.[307]

Fusion and subgenres edit

D-beat edit

Main article: D-beat

D-beat (also known as discore or kängpunk) is a hardcore punk subgenre, developed in the early 1980s by imitators of the band Discharge, after whom the genre is named, as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre. The bands Discharge[308] and the Varukers[309] are pioneers of the D-beat genre. Robbie Mackey of Pitchfork Media described D-beat as "hardcore drumming set against breakneck riffage and unintelligible howls about anarchy, working-stiffs-as-rats, and banding together to, you know, fight."[310]

 
Guy Picciotto of Rites of Spring and Fugazi

Emo and post-hardcore edit

The 1980s saw the development of post-hardcore, which took the hardcore style in a more complex and dynamic direction, with a focus on singing rather than screaming. The post-hardcore style first took shape in Chicago, with bands such as Big Black, the Effigies and Naked Raygun.[311] It later developed in Washington, D.C., within the community of bands on Ian MacKaye's Dischord Records, with bands such as Fugazi, the Nation of Ulysses, and Jawbox.[312] The style extended until the late 2000s.[312] The mid-'80s Washington, D.C., Revolution Summer movement and post-hardcore scene would also see the birth of emo. Guy Picciotto formed Rites of Spring in 1984, breaking free of hardcore's self-imposed boundaries in favor of melodic guitars, varied rhythms, and deeply personal, impassioned lyrics dealing with nostalgia, romantic bitterness, and poetic desperation.[313] Other D.C. bands such as Gray Matter, Beefeater, Fire Party, Dag Nasty, also became connected to this movement.[314][315] The style was dubbed "emo", "emo-core",[316] or "post-harDCore"[317] (in reference to one of the names given to the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene).[318]

Thrashcore and powerviolence edit

Often confused with crossover thrash and sometimes thrash metal is thrashcore.[319] Thrashcore (also known as fastcore[320]) is a subgenre of hardcore punk that emerged in the early 1980s.[321] It is essentially sped-up hardcore punk, with bands often using blast beats.[320] Just as hardcore punk groups distinguished themselves from their punk rock predecessors by their greater intensity and aggression, thrashcore groups (often identified simply as "thrash") sought to play at breakneck tempos that would radicalize the innovations of hardcore. Early American thrashcore groups included Cryptic Slaughter (Santa Monica), D.R.I. (Houston), Ludichrist,[322] (Long Island), Septic Death (Boise) and Siege (Weymouth, Massachusetts). Thrashcore spun off into powerviolence, another raw and dissonant subgenre of hardcore punk.[319] Other notable powerviolence bands include early Ceremony, Man is the Bastard and Spazz.[323][324]

Grindcore edit

Grindcore is an extreme genre of music that began the early to mid-1980s. Grindcore music relies on heavy metal instrumentation and eventually changed into a genre similar to death metal. Grindcore vocals, according to AllMusic, range "from high-pitched shrieks to low, throat-shredding growls and barks".[325] Grindcore also features blast beats;[326] according to Adam MacGregor of Dusted, "the blast-beat generally comprises a repeated, sixteenth-note figure played at a very fast tempo, and divided uniformly among the kick drum, snare and ride, crash, or hi-hat cymbal."[326] The band Napalm Death invented the grindcore genre; their debut album Scum was described by AllMusic as "perhaps the most representative example of" grindcore.[327]

Beatdown hardcore edit

Main article: Beatdown hardcore

Beatdown hardcore (also known as heavy hardcore, brutal hardcore, toughguy, and moshcore) is a style of hardcore punk and heavy metal which has deep, hoarse vocals, down-tuned guitars, blast beats, and slow breakdowns.[328][329] More heavy metal-influenced than traditional hardcore punk,[330] Rotting Out, Strife, Shai Hulud, Madball and Hatebreed all are beatdown hardcore bands.[331][332][329][333]

Metalcore edit

Metalcore is a fusion genre that merges hardcore punk with extreme metal. Metalcore has screaming, growling, heavy guitar riffs, breakdowns, and double bass drumming.[334] Heavy metal–hardcore punk hybrids arose in the mid-1980s and would also radicalize the innovations of hardcore as the two genres and their ideologies intertwined noticeably.[335] The term has been used to refer to bands that were not purely hardcore nor purely metal such as Earth Crisis, Integrity and Hogan's Heroes.[336] During the 2000s, there was a metalcore explosion[337] and bands like Bullet for My Valentine, Killswitch Engage, Atreyu, Shadows Fall, and As I Lay Dying all had some popularity.[334]

Grunge edit

In the mid-1980s, bands such as Melvins, Flipper and Green River developed a sludgy, "aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore," creating an alternative rock subgenre known as grunge.[338] Grunge evolved from the local Seattle punk rock scene, and it was inspired by bands such as the Fartz, 10 Minute Warning and the Accüsed.[339] Grunge fuses elements of hardcore and heavy metal, although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other. Grunge's key guitar influences included Black Flag and the Melvins.[340] Black Flag's 1984 record My War, on which the band combined heavy metal with their traditional sound, made a strong impact in Seattle.[341]

Nintendocore edit

Nintendocore, another musical style, fuses hardcore with video game music, chiptune, and 8-bit music.[342][343][344]

Sludgecore edit

Eyehategod formed in Harvey, Louisiana in 1988 and is credited with originating a new style—New Orleans hardcore-edged sludge.[345] Another viewpoint is that New Orleans was the birthplace of the sludgecore movement, with Eyehategod being given the most credit for it.[346] Sludgecore combines sludge metal with hardcore punk, and possesses a slow pace,[346][347] a low guitar tuning,[346][347] and a grinding dirge-like feel.[347] Bands regarded as sludgecore include Acid Bath, Eyehategod, and Soilent Green,[348] and all three formed in Louisiana. Crowbar formed in 1991 and mixed "detuned, lethargic sludged-out metal with hardcore and southern elements".[349] According to rock journalist Steve Huey writing in AllMusic, Eyehategod was a sludge metal band that became part of the "Southern sludgecore scene". This scene also included Crowbar and Down, with all three bands being influenced by Black Flag, Black Sabbath, and the Melvins.[350] Some of these bands incorporated Southern rock influences.[351][352][353]

See also edit

References edit

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Bibliography edit

  • Hurchalla, George (2005). Going Underground: American Punk 1979–1992. Zuo Press.
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January 01, 1970
hardcore, punk, commonly, abbreviated, hardcore, punk, rock, music, genre, subculture, that, originated, late, 1970s, generally, faster, harder, more, aggressive, than, other, forms, punk, rock, roots, traced, earlier, punk, scenes, francisco, southern, califo. Hardcore punk commonly abbreviated to hardcore is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s It is generally faster harder and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock 8 Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time It was also inspired by Washington D C and New York punk rock and early proto punk 1 Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism the established music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock 13 and often addresses social and political topics with confrontational politically charged lyrics 14 Hardcore punkMinor Threat performing in 1981Other namesHardcoreStylistic originsPunk rockproto punk 1 Cultural originsLate 1970s to early 1980s Southern California 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vancouver Knoxville 8 San Francisco 7 1 Washington D C area 7 Derivative formsAlternative rockblack metal 9 10 crustcore 11 death metalemogrungenoise rockpost hardcorescreamoskate punkspeed metalstreet punkthrash metalnu metalSubgenresD beat powerviolence beatdown hardcore melodic hardcore thrashcore Christian hardcore complete list Fusion genresCrossover thrash deathcore digital hardcore grindcore jazzcore mathcore metalcore Nintendocore skacore sludge metalRegional scenesAustralia Belgium 12 Brazil California Southern California Canada Italy Japan Spain Sweden United KingdomLocal scenesBirmingham Buenos Aires Boston Chicago Detroit Leeds Minneapolis New York Washington D C Other topicsAnarcho punk DIY ethic extreme metal hatecore hardcore hip hop hardcore techno hardcore skinhead hardline horror punk moshing Oi positive hardcore punk subculture straight edge youth crew Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s particularly in Los Angeles San Francisco Washington D C Boston and New York as well as in Canada and the United Kingdom Hardcore has spawned the straight edge movement and its associated sub movements hardline and youth crew Hardcore was heavily involved in the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and with the DIY ethics in underground music scenes It has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success including grunge and thrash metal Although the music genre started in English speaking Western countries notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy and Japan Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Musical elements 1 2 Dancing 1 3 Fashion 1 4 Politics 1 5 Demographics 1 6 Record labels 2 Etymology 3 History 3 1 Late 1970s and early 1980s 3 1 1 United States 3 1 1 1 Los Angeles 3 1 1 2 San Francisco 3 1 1 3 Washington D C 3 1 1 4 Boston 3 1 1 5 New York 3 1 1 6 Other American regions 3 1 2 Canada 3 1 3 United Kingdom 3 1 4 Other countries 3 2 Mid to late 1980s 3 3 1990s 3 4 2000s 3 5 2010s 3 6 2020s 4 Influence 4 1 Fusion and subgenres 4 1 1 D beat 4 1 2 Emo and post hardcore 4 1 3 Thrashcore and powerviolence 4 1 4 Grindcore 4 1 5 Beatdown hardcore 4 1 6 Metalcore 4 1 7 Grunge 4 1 8 Nintendocore 4 1 9 Sludgecore 5 See also 6 References 7 BibliographyCharacteristics edit nbsp Bad Brains at 9 30 Club Washington D C 1983 Hardcore historian Steven Blush credits Minor Threat s Ian MacKaye with starting a die hard mindset that begat almost everything we now call Hardcore which was virulently anti music industry and anti rock star 15 An article in Drowned in Sound argues that late 1970s early 1980s era hardcore is the true spirit of punk because all the poseurs and fashionistas fucked off to the next trend of skinny pink ties with New Romantic haircuts singing wimpy lyrics and the punk scene now consisted of people like Minor Threat Bad Brains Black Flag and Circle Jerks dedicated to DIY ethics 16 Other writers have also attributed hardcore to a reaction against artsy and mellower sub genres that punk grew into such as post punk and new wave 2 17 Hardcore punk additionally broke with original punk rock song patterns and visuals favoring lower key aesthetics 18 According to Eli Enis of Billboard magazine hardcore shows are known to be violent 19 In 2002 during an interview with Nardwuar Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra was asked what he believed to be the first hardcore record he remarked Sound Of Imker Train of Doomsday single in the late 60s in Holland The only true 60s hardcore record I know 20 Musical elements edit One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock 21 Hardcore has been called a faster meaner genre of punk rock that was a stern refutation against it 22 being more primal and immediate with speed and aggression as the starting point 15 In the vein of earlier punk rock most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer guitar bass drum format The songwriting has more emphasis on rhythm rather than melody Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rock n roll like the craziest version of Chuck Berry Hardcore was a radical departure from that It wasn t verse chorus rock It dispelled any notion of what songwriting is supposed to be It s its own form 23 According to AllMusic the overall blueprint for hardcore was playing louder harder and faster 24 Hardcore was a reaction to the cosmopolitan art school style of new wave music 25 Hardcore eschew ed nuance technique and the avant garde and instead emphasized speed and rhythmic intensity using unpredictable song forms and abrupt tempo changes 25 The impact of powerful volume is important in hardcore Noisey magazine describes one hardcore band as an all encompassing full volume assault in which e very instrument sounds like it s competing for the most power and highest volume 26 Scott Wilson states that the hardcore of the Bad Brains emphasized two elements off the charts loudness which reached a level of threatening powerful uncompromising noise and rhythm in place of the typically focused on elements in mainstream rock music harmony and pitch i e melody 27 Hardcore vocalists often shout 24 scream or chant along with the music using vocal intensity 28 and an abrasive tone 25 The shouting of hardcore vocalists is often accompanied by audience members who are singing along making the hardcore vocalist like the leader of a mob commonly known as gang vocals 28 Steven Blush describes one early Minor Threat show where the crowd was singing the lyrics so loud they could be heard over the PA system 29 Hardcore vocal lines are often based on minor scales 30 and songs may include shouted background vocals from the other band members Hardcore lyrics expressed the frustration and political disillusionment of youth who were against 1980s era affluence consumerism greed Reagan politics and authority 25 The polarizing sociopolitical messages in hardcore lyrics and outrageous on stage behaviour meant that the genre garnered no mainstream popularity 25 In hardcore guitarists frequently play fast power chords with a heavily distorted and amplified tone creating what has been called a buzzsaw sound 31 Guitar parts can sometimes be complex technically versatile and rhythmically challenging 32 Guitar melody lines usually use the same minor scales used by vocalists although some solos use pentatonic scales 32 Hardcore guitarists sometimes play solos octave leads and grooves as well as tapping into the various feedback and harmonic noises available to them There are generally fewer guitar solos in hardcore than in mainstream rock because solos were viewed as representing the excess and superficiality of mainstream commercial rock 25 Hardcore bassists use varied rhythms in their basslines ranging from longer held notes whole notes and half notes to quarter notes to rapid eighth note or sixteenth note runs To play rapid bass lines that would be hard to play with the fingers some bassists use a pick 32 Some bassists play fuzz bass by overdriving their bass tone 33 Hardcore drumming with the drummer hitting them aggressively has been called the engine and most essential element of the genre s aggressive sound of unrelenting anger 34 Two other key elements for hardcore drummers are playing tight with the other musicians especially the bassist this does not mean metronomic time indeed coordinated tempo shifts are used in many important hardcore albums and the drummer should have listened to a lot of hardcore so that they can understand the raw emotions it expresses 34 Lucky Lehrer the drummer and co founder of the Circle Jerks in 1979 was an early developer of hardcore drumming he has been called the Godfather of hardcore drumming and Flipside zine calls him the best punk drummer 35 According to Tobias Hurwitz h ardcore drumming falls somewhere between the straight ahead rock styles of old school punk and the frantic warp speed bashing of thrash 36 Some hardcore punk drummers play fast D beat one moment and then drop tempo into elaborate musical breakdowns in the next Drummers typically play eighth notes on the cymbals because at the tempos used in hardcore it would be difficult to play a smaller subdivision of the beat 32 Dancing edit Further information Moshing nbsp Audience members moshing to Toxic Holocaust The early 1980s hardcore punk scene developed slam dancing also called moshing a style of dance in which participants push or slam into each other and stage diving Moshing works as a vehicle for expressing anger by represent ing a way of playing at violence or roughness that allowed participants to mark their difference from the banal niceties of middle class culture 37 Moshing is in another way a parody of violence 38 39 that nevertheless leaves participants bruised and sometimes bleeding 38 The term mosh came into use in the early 1980s American hardcore scene in Washington D C A performance by Fear on the 1981 Halloween episode of Saturday Night Live was cut short when moshers including John Belushi and members of a few hardcore punk bands invaded the stage damaged studio equipment and used profanity 40 41 Fashion edit Many North American hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed down style of T shirts jeans or work chinos combat boots or sneakers and crew cut style haircuts 42 Women in the hardcore scene typically wore army pants band T shirts and hooded sweatshirts 43 The clothing style was a reflection of hardcore ideology which included dissatisfaction with suburban America and the hypocrisy of American culture It was essentially a deconstruction of American fashion staples ripped jeans holey T shirts torn stockings for women and work boots 44 nbsp Negative Approach in T shirts at a 2013 show The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with the more provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers Siri C Brockmeier writes that hardcore kids do not look like punks since hardcore scene members wore basic clothing and short haircuts in contrast to the embellished leather jackets and pants worn in the punk scene 45 Lauraine Leblanc however claims that the standard hardcore punk clothing and styles included torn jeans leather jackets spiked armbands dog collars mohawk hairstyles DIY ornamentation of clothes with studs painted band names political statements and patches 46 Tiffini A Travis and Perry Hardy describe the look that was common in the San Francisco hardcore scene as consisting of biker style leather jackets chains studded wristbands multiple piercings painted or tattooed statements e g an anarchy symbol and hairstyles ranging from military style haircuts dyed black or blonde to mohawks and shaved heads 47 Circle Jerks frontman Keith Morris wrote Punk was basically based on English fashion But we had nothing to do with that Black Flag and the Circle Jerks were so far from that We looked like the kid who worked at the gas station or sub shop 48 Henry Rollins stated that for him getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants taking an interest in fashion as being a distraction 49 Jimmy Gestapo from Murphy s Law describes his own transition from dressing in a punk style spiked hair and a bondage belt to adopting a hardcore style shaved head and boots as being based on needing more functional clothing 43 Skateboard culture streetwear and workwear are also major influences on clothing worn by participants in both past and present eras of hardcore 50 51 Politics edit See also Punk ideologies Music writer Barney Hoskyns attributed hardcore being younger faster and angrier than punk rock to adolescents who were sick of their life in a bland Republican America 52 Hardcore punk lyrics often express antiestablishment antimilitarist antiauthoritarian antiviolence and pro environmentalist sentiments in addition to other typically left wing anarchist or egalitarian political views During the 1980s the subculture often rejected what was perceived to be yuppie materialism and interventionist American foreign policy 38 Numerous hardcore punk bands have taken far left political stances such as anarchism or other varieties of socialism and in the 1980s expressed opposition to political leaders such as then U S president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher Reagan s economic policies sometimes dubbed Reaganomics and social conservatism were common subjects for criticism by hardcore bands of the time 53 54 Jimmy Gestapo of Murphy s Law however endorsed Reagan and even went as far to call then former president Jimmy Carter a pussy in a 1986 New York Magazine cover story 55 Shortly after Reagan s death in 2004 the Maximumrocknroll radio show aired an episode composed of anti Reagan songs by early hardcore punk bands 56 Certain hardcore punk bands have conveyed messages sometimes deemed politically incorrect by placing offensive content in their lyrics and relying on stage antics to shock listeners and people in their audience Boston band The F U s generated controversy with their 1983 album My America whose lyrics contained what appeared to be conservative and patriotic views Its messages were sometimes taken literally when they were actually intended as a parody of conservative bands 57 Another act from Massachusetts Vile were known to insult women minorities and gay people in their lyrics and would even go as far as putting their albums on the windshields of people s cars 58 On the other hand Tim Yohannan and the influential punk rock fanzine Maximumrocknroll were criticized by some punks for acting as the politically correct scene police 59 having what was perceived to be a very narrow definition of what fits into Punk apparently being authoritarian and trying to dominate the scene with their views 60 During the 2001 2009 United States presidency of George W Bush it was not uncommon for hardcore bands to express anti Bush messages During the 2004 United States presidential election several hardcore punk artists and bands were involved with the anti Bush political activist group PunkVoter 61 62 A minority of hardcore musicians have expressed right wing views such as the band Antiseen whose guitarist Joe Young ran for public office as a North Carolina Libertarian 63 Former Misfits singer Michale Graves appeared on an episode of The Daily Show voicing support for George W Bush on behalf of the Conservative Punk website and in 2023 even testified on behalf of the far right Proud Boys during their sedition trial for their role in attacking the U S Capitol on January 6 2021 64 65 Demographics edit While the early hardcore scene was mostly young white males both onstage and in the audience 66 67 there are notable exceptions Black musicians include Bad Brains Fred Freak Smith of Beefeater 68 Dead Kennedys drummer D H Peligro and Scream bassist Skeeter Thompson 69 Numerous Black and Latino members have been in the band Suicidal Tendencies including Mike Muir Rocky George R J Herrera Louiche Mayorga Robert Trujillo Thundercat Dean Pleasants Ra Diaz Dave Lombardo Eric Moore Tim Rawbiz Williams David Hidalgo Jr and Ronald Bruner Jr 70 71 72 73 74 Other Latinos in early hardcore bands include Black Flag members Ron Reyes Dez Cadena Robo and Anthony Martinez 75 76 Agnostic Front singer Roger Miret his brother Madball singer Freddy Cricien Adolescents guitarist Steve Soto and Wasted Youth drummer Joey Castillo 77 78 79 80 Soto would later form the all Latino punk band Manic Hispanic which also featured Efrem Schulz from Death By Stereo 81 There are also notable women such as Crass singers Joy de Vivre and Eve Libertine 82 Black Flag bassist Kira Roessler 83 and Germs bassist Lorna Doom 84 Several documentaries including 2003 s Afro Punk and 2016 s Los Punks chronicle these subcultures within American punk and hardcore 85 86 As of 2019 the genre is still overwhelmingly represented by white males 19 However as sonic diversity has increased in the genre so too has its fanbase 87 This has helped bring greater attention to inclusivity within the scene 88 Bands like War On Women Limp Wrist Gouge Away and G L O S S have helped bring attention to subjects like women s rights transphobia 89 rape 90 mental health 91 queer rights 92 93 and misogyny 94 Record labels edit See also Category Hardcore record labels Record labels in hardcore are often DIY endeavors run by musicians or participants within the community Largely inspired by early labels like Dischord Records Alternative Tentacles Epitaph Records SST Records Revelation Records and Touch amp Go Records record labels are usually run on DIY ethic collaboration financial trust and an emphasis on creative control 95 Labels within hardcore are seldom large profit making operations but rather collaborative music partners with the intent to document and release music for the underground community Ian Mackaye co founder of Dischord Records claimed We don t use contracts lawyers any of those kinds of things We are partners they make the music and we make the records From the beginning of this label people have said that the way we do things is unsustainable unrealistic idealistic and we were just dreaming he said Well the dream is now 35 years old so they can go fuck themselves 96 Etymology editSteven Blush states that the Vancouver based band D O A s 1981 album Hardcore 81 was where the genre got its name 15 This album also helped to make people aware of the term hardcore 97 98 Konstantin Butz states that while the origin of the expression hardcore cannot be ascribed to a specific place or time the term is usually associated with the further evolution of California s L A Punk Rock scene which included young skateboarders 52 A September 1981 article by Tim Sommer shows the author applying the term to the 15 or so punk bands gigging around the city at that time which he considered a belated development relative to Los Angeles San Francisco and Washington D C 99 Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk and new wave music 100 Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme the absolute most Punk 101 Kelefa Sanneh states that the term hardcore referred to an attitude of turning inwards towards the scene and ignoring broader society all with the goal of achieving a sense of shared purpose and being part of a community 22 Sanneh cites Agnostic Front s band member selection approach as an example of hardcore s emphasis on scene citizenship prospective members of the band were chosen based on being part of the local hardcore scene and being regularly in the moshing pit at shows rather than based on a musical audition 22 History editLate 1970s and early 1980s edit United States edit Los Angeles edit nbsp Mike Watt formerly the bassist for the Minutemen in a 2013 show Michael Azerrad states that by 1979 the original punk scene in Southern California had almost completely died out and was replaced by punk music boiled down to its essence but with faster tempos which became known as hardcore 102 Steven Blush states that the first hardcore record to come out of the West Coast was Out of Vogue by the Santa Ana band Middle Class 103 The band pioneered a shouted fast version of punk rock which would shape the hardcore sound that would soon emerge In terms of impact upon the hardcore scene Black Flag has been deemed the most influential group Azerrad calls Black Flag the godfathers of hardcore punk and states that even more than the flagship band of American hardcore they were required listening for anyone who was interested in underground music 104 Blush states that Black Flag were to hardcore what the Sex Pistols and Ramones were to punk 105 Formed in Hermosa Beach California by guitarist and primary songwriter Greg Ginn they played their first show in December 1977 Originally called Panic they changed their name to Black Flag in 1978 106 By 1979 Black Flag were joined by another South Bay hardcore band the Minutemen with whom they shared a practice space until both bands were evicted as well as the Circle Jerks which featured Black Flag s original singer Keith Morris 107 From Hollywood two other bands playing hardcore punk Fear and the Germs were featured with Black Flag and the Circle Jerks in Penelope Spheeris 1981 documentary The Decline of Western Civilization 108 By the time the film was released other hardcore bands from Los Angeles County were also making a name for themselves including Bad Religion Descendents Red Kross Rhino 39 Suicidal Tendencies Wasted Youth Youth Brigade and Youth Gone Mad 109 Neighboring Orange County had the Adolescents Agent Orange China White Social Distortion Shattered Faith T S O L and Uniform Choice while north of Los Angeles around Oxnard California a hardcore scene known as nardcore developed with bands like Agression Ill Repute Dr Know and Rich Kids on LSD 110 Whilst popular traditional punk bands such as the Clash Ramones and Sex Pistols were signed to major record labels the hardcore punk bands were generally not Black Flag however was briefly signed to MCA subsidiary Unicorn Records but were dropped because an executive considered their music to be anti parent 111 Instead of trying to be courted by the major labels hardcore bands started their own independent record labels and distributed their records themselves Ginn started SST Records which released Black Flag s debut EP Nervous Breakdown in 1979 SST went on to release a number of albums by other hardcore artists and was described by Azerrad as easily the most influential and popular underground indie of the Eighties 104 SST was followed by a number of other successful artist run labels including BYO Records started by Shawn and Mark Stern of Youth Brigade 112 Epitaph Records started by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion 113 New Alliance Records started by the Minutemen s D Boon and Mike Watt 114 as well as fan run labels like Frontier Records and Slash Records Bands also funded and organized their own tours Black Flag s tours in 1980 and 1981 brought them in contact with developing hardcore scenes in many parts of North America and blazed trails that were followed by other touring bands 115 116 117 Concerts in the early Los Angeles hardcore scene increasingly became sites of violent battles between police and concertgoers Another source of violence in L A was tension created by what one writer calls the invasion of antagonistic suburban poseurs into hardcore venues 118 Violence at hardcore concerts was portrayed in episodes of the popular television shows CHiPs and Quincy M E 119 In the pre Internet era fanzines commonly called zines enabled hardcore scene members to learn about bands clubs and record labels Zines typically included reviews of shows and records interviews with bands letters ads for records and labels and were DIY products proudly amateur usually handmade A zine called We Got Power described the Los Angeles scene from 1981 to 1984 and it included show reviews and band interviews with groups including D O A the Misfits Black Flag Suicidal Tendencies and the Circle Jerks 120 San Francisco edit nbsp Jello Biafra performing with the Dead Kennedys Shortly after Black Flag debuted in Los Angeles Dead Kennedys were formed in San Francisco While the band s early releases were played in a style closer to traditional punk rock In God We Trust Inc 1981 marked a shift into hardcore Similar to Black Flag and Youth Brigade Dead Kennedys released their albums on their own label which in DK s case was Alternative Tentacles The scene was helped in particular by the San Francisco club Mabuhay Gardens whose promoter Dirk Dirksen became known as The Pope of Punk 121 Another important local institution was Tim Yohannan s Maximumrocknroll which started as a radio show in 1977 but branched out into a fanzine in 1982 122 While not as large as the scene in Los Angeles the hardcore scene of the early 1980s included a number of noteworthy bands originating from the San Francisco Bay Area including Bl ast Crucifix the Faction Fang Flipper and Whipping Boy 123 Additionally during this time seminal Texas based bands Dirty Rotten Imbeciles the Dicks MDC Rhythm Pigs and Verbal Abuse all relocated to San Francisco 124 Further out of the Bay Area Sacramento s Tales of Terror were cited by many including Mark Arm as a key inspiration for the grunge movement 125 Washington D C edit Main article Washington D C hardcore The first hardcore punk band to form on the East Coast of the United States was Washington D C s Bad Brains Initially formed in 1977 as a jazz fusion ensemble called Mind Power and consisting of all African American members their early foray into hardcore featured some of the fastest tempos in rock music 126 The band released its debut single Pay to Cum in 1980 and were influential in establishing the D C hardcore scene Hardcore historian Steven Blush calls the single the first East Coast hardcore record 127 Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson influenced by Bad Brains formed the band Teen Idles in 1979 The group broke up in 1980 and MacKaye and Nelson went on to form Minor Threat a band which apart from Bad Brains has arguably had the biggest influence on the hardcore punk genre and whose contributions to the music ethics aesthetic and ethos are still widely acknowledged by hardcore bands of the 2020s 128 The band used faster rhythms and more aggressive less melodic riffs than was common at the time Minor Threat popularized the straight edge movement with its song Straight Edge which spoke out against alcohol drugs and promiscuity 129 130 MacKaye and Nelson ran their own record label Dischord Records which released records by D C hardcore bands including the Faith Iron Cross Scream State of Alert Government Issue Void and D C s Youth Brigade The Flex Your Head compilation was a seminal document of the early 1980s D C hardcore scene The record label was run out of the Dischord House a Washington D C punk house Henry Rollins who would come to prominence as the lead singer of the California based Black Flag as well as his own later Rollins Band grew up in Washington D C singing for the State of Alert and was influenced by the music of Bad Brains and the bands of his childhood friend Ian MacKaye 131 The tradition of holding all ages shows at small DIY spaces has roots in the early Washington D C straight edge movement It emerged from the idea that people of all ages should have access to music regardless of if they re old enough to drink alcohol 132 Boston edit Seminal Boston area hardcore bands included the F U s the Freeze Gang Green Jerry s Kids Siege DYS Negative FX and SS Decontrol Members of the latter three bands were influenced by D C s straight edge scene and were part of the Boston Crew a mostly straight edge group of friends known to physically fight people who used alcohol or drugs 133 Members of the Boston Crew would later go on to form the band Slapshot 133 and also included future Mighty Mighty Bosstones singer Dicky Barrett who was then a member of the band Impact Unit 134 and drew the artwork for the DYS album Brotherhood 135 In 1982 Modern Method Records released This Is Boston Not L A a compilation album of the Boston hardcore scene In addition to Modern Method was Taang Records who released material by a number of the aforementioned Boston hardcore bands 136 Further outside of Boston were Western Massachusetts bands Deep Wound which featured future Dinosaur Jr members J Mascis and Lou Barlow and the Outpatients both of whom would come to Boston to play shows 137 From nearby Manchester New Hampshire was G G Allin a solo singer who contrary to straight edge used large amounts of drugs and alcohol eventually dying of a heroin overdose 138 Allin s stage show included defecating on stage and then throwing his feces at the audience 139 New York edit Main article New York hardcore nbsp Facade of the music club CBGB in New York CityThe New York City hardcore scene emerged in 1981 when Bad Brains moved to the city from Washington D C 140 141 Starting in 1981 there was an influx of new hardcore bands in the city including Agnostic Front Beastie Boys Cro Mags Cause for Alarm the Mob Murphy s Law Reagan Youth and Warzone A number of other bands associated with New York hardcore scene came from New Jersey including the Misfits Adrenalin OD and Hogan s Heroes 142 143 Steven Blush calls the Misfits crucial to the rise of hardcore 144 New York hardcore had more emphasis on rhythm in part due to the use of palm muted guitar chords an approach called the NY hardcore chug 22 The New York scene was known for its tough ethos its thuggery and club shows that were a chaotic proving ground or even a battleground 22 In the early 1980s the New York hardcore scene centered around squats and clubhouses 22 After these were closed down the scene was emanating in a small after hours bar A7 on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and later around the famous bar CBGB For several years CBGB held weekly hardcore matinees on Sundays but they stopped in 1990 when violence led Kristal to ban hardcore shows at the club 145 nbsp Agnostic Front performing Early radio support in New York s surrounding Tri State area came from Pat Duncan who had hosted live punk and hardcore bands weekly on WFMU since 1979 146 Bridgeport Connecticut s WPKN had a radio show featuring hardcore called Capital Radio hosted by Brad Morrison beginning in February 1979 and continuing weekly until late 1983 In New York City Tim Sommer hosted Noise The Show on WNYU 147 By 1984 the Ramones one of the original New York punk bands were experimenting with hardcore with two songs Wart Hog and Endless Vacation on their album Too Tough To Die 148 Other American regions edit Minneapolis hardcore consisted of bands such as Husker Du and the Replacements while Chicago had Articles of Faith Big Black and Naked Raygun The Detroit area was home to Crucifucks Degenerates the Meatmen Negative Approach Spite and Violent Apathy From Ohio was Maumee s Necros and Dayton s Toxic Reasons 149 150 The zine Touch and Go covered this Midwest hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983 120 JFA and Meat Puppets were both from Phoenix Arizona 7 Seconds were from Reno Nevada and Butthole Surfers Big Boys the Dicks Dirty Rotten Imbeciles D R I Really Red Verbal Abuse and MDC were from Texas Portland Oregon hardcore punk bands included Poison Idea and Final Warning while north of there Washington state included the Accused Melvins the Fartz and 10 Minute Warning the latter two included future Guns N Roses member Duff McKagan 151 Other prominent hardcore bands from this time that came from areas without large scenes include Raleigh North Carolina s Corrosion of Conformity Canada edit Main article Canadian hardcore punk D O A formed in Vancouver British Columbia in 1978 and were one of the first bands to refer to its style as hardcore with the release of their album Hardcore 81 Other early hardcore bands from British Columbia included Dayglo Abortions who formed in 1979 the Subhumans and the Skulls Nomeansno is a hardcore band originally from Victoria British Columbia and now located in Vancouver SNFU formed in Edmonton in 1981 and also later relocated to Vancouver Bunchofuckingoofs from the Kensington Market neighbourhood of Toronto Ontario formed in November 1983 as a response to a local war with glue huffing Nazi skinheads 152 In Montreal The Asexuals helped fertilize a scene that became a necessary tour stop for punk and hardcore bands headed to the Northeast 153 United Kingdom edit Main article Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom nbsp The UK anarcho punk and D beat band Antisect playing in Brighton in 1985 In the United Kingdom a fertile hardcore scene took root early on Referred to under a number of names including U K Hardcore UK 82 second wave punk 154 real punk 155 and No Future punk 156 it took the previous punk sound and added the incessant heavy drumbeats and heavily distorted guitar sound of new wave of British heavy metal bands especially Motorhead 157 Formed in 1977 in Stoke on Trent Discharge played a large role in influencing other European hardcore bands AllMusic calls the band s sound a high speed noise overload characterized by ferocious noise blasts 158 Their style of hardcore punk was coined as D beat a term referring to a distinctive drum beat that a number of 1980s imitators of Discharge are associated with 159 Another UK band the Varukers were one of the original D beat bands 160 Scottish band the Exploited were also influential with the term UK 82 used to refer to UK hardcore in the early 1980s being taken from one of their songs They contrasted with early American hardcore bands by placing an emphasis on appearance Frontman Walter Wattie Buchan had a giant red mohawk and the band continued to wear swastikas an approach influenced by the wearing of this symbol by 1970s punks such as Sid Vicious Because of this the Exploited were labeled by others in the scene as cartoon punks 161 Other influential UK hardcore bands from this period included GBH Anti Establishment Antisect Broken Bones Chaos UK Conflict Dogsflesh English Dogs and grindcore innovators Napalm Death Other countries edit There was an Italian hardcore punk scene in the 1980s that included groups like Wretched Raw Power and Negazione Sweden developed several influential hardcore bands including Anti Cimex Disfear and Mob 47 Finland produced some influential hardcore bands including Terveet Kadet one of the first hardcore groups to emerge in the country In Eastern Europe notable hardcore bands included Hungary s Galloping Coroners from 1975 Yugoslavia s 1980s era Niet from Ljubljana and KBO A Japanese hardcore scene arose to protest the social and economic changes sweeping the country in the late 1970s and during the 1980s The band SS is regarded as the first forming in 1977 162 Bands such as the Stalin and GISM soon followed both forming in 1980 Other notable Japanese hardcore bands include Balzac Bomb Factory Disclose a D beat band Garlic Boys Gauze SOB 163 and the Star Club Mid to late 1980s edit nbsp Corrosion of Conformity playing in Denver in 1986 The mid 1980s were a time of transition for the hardcore scene with a number of influential bands from earlier in the decade changing their sound or breaking up For instance Black Flag s 1984 album My War which coincided with the band members growing their hair long were criticized for having gone heavy metal 164 The album s second side was called a road map for sludge metal as well as being influenced by doom metal bands 164 165 Black Flag s eventual breakup in 1986 would coincide with the breakup of one of the other most influential hardcore bands the Dead Kennedys 166 167 By 1985 Boston bands SS Decontrol and DYS became metal bands while the F U s did the same but changed their name to Straw Dogs 168 By the end of the year both SSD and DYS had broken up 169 170 Other bands in the mid 80s that went from being strictly hardcore to adding more metal riffs developed an even heavier sound with Corrosion of Conformity Cro Mags and D R I becoming known as crossover thrash bands 171 Bands like Cro Mags looked to early Bad Brains songs such as Supertouch Shitfit as inspiration for heavy breakdowns in hardcore punk music 172 Bad Religion briefly broke up in 1984 after making the progressive rock album Into the Unknown They returned to their roots on the 1985 Back to the Known EP and then began their embrace of more melodic straightforward punk rock starting with 1988 s Suffer 173 In 1986 Los Angeles s Youth Brigade changed their name to The Brigade and changed their sound to a style that The Los Angeles Times compared to mainstream bands like U2 R E M and Big Country 174 They would break up the next year 175 Bands such as Minutemen Meat Puppets Husker Du and the Replacements changed their style becoming alternative rock 176 Around the same time a social movement within the influential hardcore punk scene of Washington D C occurred during the summer of 1985 dubbed Revolution Summer The movement challenged the initial wave of hardcore music the attitudes of fans and bands before them and also the image mainstream media portrayed of punks The bands that spawned out of Revolution Summer often took a stand against violence especially at shows in the form of slam dancing as well as standing up against the sexism of the scene Bands associated with the movement such as Rites of Spring Embrace and Dag Nasty are notable for having inspired the emotional hardcore and the original emo genre of the late 1980s and 1990s 177 178 The subsequent post hardcore music genre spearheaded by bands like Fugazi is an evolution of hardcore which was created by participants of the Revolution Summer movement 179 T S O L who had already embraced goth rock became a hard rock band with 1986 s Revenge being compared to Poison and Faster Pussycat and touring with Guns N Roses 180 Red Kross s second album 1987 s Neurotica was described as a blend of pop rock and art rock 181 The Beastie Boys gained fame by playing hip hop and Bad Brains incorporated more reggae into their music such as in their 1989 album Quickness 182 nbsp Youth of Today at a 2010 show Starting in 1986 the youth crew movement became prominent in New York hardcore Inspired by early hardcore bands such as 7 Seconds Minor Threat and SSD whose members were all straight edge and lyrical concerns included brotherhood and community values youth crew was a reaction against the prevailing metal influence in hardcore at the time The movement was based around Youth of Today and fleshed out by bands signed to Youth of Today vocalist Ray Cappo s record label Revelation Records including Gorilla Biscuits Bold and Side by Side 183 Following the release of their second album Break Down the Walls 1986 Youth of Today toured extensively across the United States and internationally leading to youth crew ideals spreading and the formation of many subsequent bands Youth crew took a particular hold in Southern California 184 where Chain of Strength became one of the style s premier bands 183 As the style progressed it too became influenced by the metal it originally opposed seen in the musical style of Judge 185 In the late 1980s a more militant subculture of straight edge called hardline emerged through members of the anarcho punk scene and embraced veganism and radical environmentalism Vegan Reich began as a crew of Animal Liberationists before becoming a band in order to promote their views in 1986 however the group split from the wider U S anarchist movement in 1988 due to backlash from the community for their anti carnist views 186 Vegan Reich vocalist Sean Muttaqi and Raid vocalist Steve Lovett created hardline philosophy and pioneered its musical movement alongside the English band Statement Although hardline was overtly a political anarchist school of thought rather than a hardcore subculture hardline activists began to push their views specifically towards those in the mid to late 1980s straight edge scene due to the scene s wider appeal 187 The movement quickly gained popularity in Memphis and Indianapolis before then spreading to Salt Lake City and Syracuse 188 1990s edit nbsp Integrity were one of the pioneers of metalcore in the early 1990s The early 1990s saw the pioneering of metalcore One of the earliest metalcore scenes was that of Cleveland Ohio fronted by Integrity and Ringworm 189 Integrity s debut album Those Who Fear Tomorrow 1991 merged hardcore with apocalyptic lyrics and metal s guitar solos and chugging riffs to create one of the primeval albums in the genre 190 Revolver magazine writer Elis Enis stated that the album influenced practically every breakdown that s been recorded since 191 Philadelphia s Starkweather and New Jersey s Rorschach were also early bands in the genre 192 193 In 1993 Earth Crisis released Firestorm one of the most influential songs in the genre 194 which ultimately popularised the militant vegan straight edge ethic and chug riffs 195 Soon after the sound spread to Boston with Overcast and Converge 196 and New York City with All Out War and Merauder 197 During this era in mainstream music punk rock became a success in 1994 with popular bands like Green Day the Offspring and Rancid 198 While typically playing pop punk Green Day s 1997 album Nimrod contained two songs Platypus I Hate You and Take Back that were described as hardcore 199 200 201 202 meanwhile Rancid would record a hardcore album with 2000 s Rancid 203 The same year punk became popular again in 1994 Sick of It All released the major label album Scratch the Surface According to lead singer Lou Koller people thought that they would go from a hardcore band to sounding like Green Day so they intentionally made an album heavier than anything they d done before The album became a surprise success with the single Step Down becoming a staple on MTV thanks to a tongue in cheek music video featuring a roving reporter exposing the world of hardcore and showing how to do various hardcore dance moves 204 The decade also saw a rise in pop punk bands like New Found Glory and Saves the Day which garnered attention from fans of hardcore due to band member connections to the contemporary hardcore scene 205 206 As a reaction against the dominance of metal influenced hardcore amongst straight edge bands around 1996 a revival of the sound of the youth crew bands began 207 Bands including In My Eyes Bane Ten Yard Fight and Floorpunch used the key aspects of late 1980s bands such as the gang vocals high tempos and lyrical themes of straight edge unity and vegetarianism 208 209 Additionally at this time Youth of Today s Ray Cappo formed Better Than a Thousand with Ken Olden and Graham Land of early 1990s straight edge band Battery creating a sound too harkening back to this era 210 Further bands meshed straight edge with additional causes such as Christian hardcore bands Call to Preserve 211 the Red Baron 212 xLooking Forwardx 213 Jewish band Sons of Abraham 214 queercore band Limp Wrist 215 right wing anti immigrant band One Life Crew 216 217 and anti capitalism bands Manliftingbanner and Refused 218 In the late 1990s a number of movements that attempted to rebel against the hypermasculinity that hardcore had come to embrace One of these was fashioncore which originated from Orange County California metalcore bands particularly Eighteen Visions The movement placed emphasis on the fashion style of the musicians and saw many in hardcore begin to wear skinny jeans collared shirts and white belts and adopting dyed straightened and swooping fringed hairstyles Sass music began with this same intention doing so by incorporating elements such as homoerotic lyrics lisped vocals dance parts and sometimes synths 219 As the 1990s drew to a close a wave of metalcore bands began incorporating elements of melodic death metal into their sound This formed an early version of what would become the melodic metalcore genre with Shadows Fall s Somber Eyes to the Sky 1997 Undying s This Day All Gods Die 1999 Darkest Hour s The Prophecy Fulfilled 1999 Unearth s Above the Fall of Man 1999 Prayer for Cleansing s Rain in Endless Fall 1999 being some of the style s earliest releases 220 CMJ writer Anthony Delia also credited Florida s Poison the Well and their first two releases The Opposite of December A Season of Separation 1999 and Tear from the Red 2002 as design ing the template for most of the melodic metalcore bands to come 221 2000s edit nbsp Singer Nuno Pereira performing at A Wilhelm Scream show By 1999 and 2000 the youth crew revival was in decline with Ten Yard Fight In My Eyes and Floorpunch all disbanding As a reaction against the homogeneity and simplicity that scene had developed Ten Yard Fight guitarist Tim Cossar and the band s roadie Wesley Eisold formed American Nightmare 222 Although still musically rooted in the youth crew revival the band s negative poetic lyrics of self loathing were inspired by groups like the Smiths 208 223 American Nightmare s influence was apparent promptly in their home of Boston 222 then expanded nationally with the release of their 2001 debut album Background Music 208 being followed by a wave bands including Ceremony Ruiner Modern Life Is War the Hope Conspiracy and Killing the Dream 224 225 A reaction against this movement also took place which began with Mental who were quickly followed by Have Heart 226 Have Heart s success led to the rise in popularity of other positive hardcore groups like Champion Verse and Sinking Ships and the rise in prominence of Bridge 9 Records 227 228 In an AllMusic review Greg Prato wrote about the label s band Energy that While you wouldn t go quite as far as calling Energy a hardcore boy band the group s leanings toward the mainstream are undeniable throughout Invasions of the Mind 229 In the late 1990s Elgin James a musician involved in the militant faction of the Boston straight edge scene helped found the organization Friends Stand United 230 By the early 2000s there were FSU chapters in Philadelphia Chicago Arizona Los Angeles Seattle upstate New York and New Jersey and they were considered to have about 200 members 231 The Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually classified FSU as a street gang which used violent methods and repeatedly assault people at hardcore shows and on Boston streets In conjunction with the gang activities James eventually did time in jail for extortion 232 With the increased popularity of punk rock in the mid 1990s and the 2000s additional hardcore bands signed with major record labels In 2001 New York s H2O released the album Go on MCA but it failed at bringing the band big success and fell flat with longtime fans 233 In 2002 AFI signed to DreamWorks Records but changed their sound considerably for its successful major label debut Sing the Sorrow Chicago s Rise Against were signed by Geffen Records and three of its releases on the label were certified platinum by the RIAA 234 Like AFI Rise Against gradually removed elements of hardcore from their music culminating with 2008 s Appeal to Reason which lacked the intensity found in their earlier albums 235 United Kingdom band Gallows were signed to Warner Bros Records for 1 million 236 Their major label debut Grey Britain was described as being even more aggressive than their previous material and the band was subsequently dropped from the label 237 The success of the band led to other British hardcore acts of the time gain notability like the Ghost of a Thousand and Heights 238 Los Angeles band the Bronx briefly appeared on Island Def Jam Music Group for the release of their 2006 self titled album which was named one of the top 40 albums of the year by Spin magazine 239 They appeared in the Darby Crash biopic What We Do Is Secret playing members of Black Flag In 2007 Toronto s Fucked Up appeared on MTV Live Canada where they were introduced as Effed Up 240 During the performance of its song Baiting the Public the majority of the audience was moshing which caused 2000 in damages to the set 241 Fucked Up went on to win the 2009 Polaris Music Prize for the album The Chemistry of Common Life 242 Australian hardcore also took off during this time with bands like Miles Away Break Even 50 Lions formed in 2005 and Iron Mind formed in 2006 The genre was played on the national Triple J network on the short fast loud program 243 Australian labels that released hardcore music include Broken Hive Records Resist Records and UNFD Records 2010s edit nbsp Turnstile have been one of the most prominent bands in the hardcore scene since their 2010 formation With many bands breaking up in the late 2000s accompanied by a general sense of sonic homogeny in the hardcore genre the 2010s became a decade of experimentation and fusion in hardcore music that was fueled by access to streaming 244 Drawing from and collaborating with elements of other eras and genres hardcore grew as music styles intersected For instance bands like Trash Talk began collaborating with artists like Tyler the Creator and his hip hop collective Odd Future 245 Meanwhile bands like Fury 246 Fiddlehead 247 and Give 248 garnered a great deal of attention on an underground level for their lyricism and diverse sounds 249 250 251 Other prominent bands like Title Fight and Basement brought elements of shoegaze and 90s noise rock into the hardcore genre 252 253 Trapped Under Ice were one of the most prominent bands in hardcore in the early 2010s The band s second album Big Kiss Goodnight 2011 changing the sonic landscape of hardcore at the time 254 with Stereogum writer Tom Breiham stating in a 2023 article that it s been years since we ve gotten a new Trapped Under Ice song but that band s influence looms large over the entire hardcore landscape today 255 However in 2013 the band suddenly disbanded disheartened by the amount of interest in them by the music industry In the meantime its members focused on their other projects Angel Dust Diamond Youth Down to Nothing and Turnstile 254 Angel Dust s embrace of styles like indie pop and Turnstile s of 1960s surf music and 1990s alternative rock led to them too becoming formidable in the follow decade 256 In the early to mid 2010s a number of British hardcore punk bands began being represented as members of a new musical movement dubbed the New Wave of British Hardcore a term coined by Adam Malik from the Essence Records 257 Bands who are part of the movement generally take influence from 80s Boston and New York hardcore bands 258 Bands associated with the movement include Arms Race 259 258 Violent Reaction 260 Big Cheese 261 Higher Power Perspex Flesh Mob Rules the Flex and Blind Authority 257 Some bands such as Rapture 262 Violent Reaction 257 and Payday 263 are straight edge During this time Muslim hardcore bands have emerged in the U S Canada Pakistan and Indonesia The development of Muslim hardcore has been traced to the impact of a 2010 film Taqwacore a documentary about the Muslim hardcore scene Bands include the Kominas from Boston the all girl Secret Trial Five from Toronto Al Thawra The Power from Chicago and even a few bands out in Pakistan and Indonesia 264 Partly due to developments in digital communications there was a rise in interaction between hardcore scenes in different places and subgenres particularly in Europe In September 2017 Bandcamp Daily wrote that Fluff Fest which has been held in the Czech Republic since 2000 and features an international lineup of independent bands ranging in style from crust punk to screamo has established itself as the main DIY hardcore punk event in Europe 265 During the decade many hardcore bands also had considerable chart recognition Turnstile signed to Roadrunner Records in 2017 and released their sophomore album Time amp Space in 2018 which reached number one on the Billboard Heatseekers chart 266 Gouge Away formed in 2012 in Fort Lauderdale Florida saw their record Burnt Sugar peak at 46 on Billboard Independent Albums 267 Code Orange who formed in Pittsburgh in 2008 their 2014 sophomore album I Am King reached number 96 on the Billboard 200 and its follow up 2017 s Forever peaked and number 62 268 Kentucky hardcore band Knocked Loose formed in 2013 and released their debut album Laugh Tracks in 2016 which peaked at number 163 on the Billboard 200 Its follow up A Different Shade of Blue was released in 2019 and peaked at number 26 269 Many of these bands were a part of wave of bands gaining recognition for harkening back to the metallic hardcore sound of bands from the 1990s which included Vein fm 270 Code Orange Knocked Loose Varials Jesus Piece Counterparts and Kublai Khan 271 Hardcore in the late 2010s saw a significant growth of the scene to involve bands taking influence from styles generally disassociated with it such as industrial heavy metal post punk and nu metal 272 Around this time mainstream rappers began to associate themselves with the hardcore scene Playboi Carti included a performance from a hardcore show as the front cover for his 2018 album Die Lit Denzel Curry collaborated with Bad Brains and Fucked Up in 2019 272 and rap groups Suicideboys and City Morgue were joined on tour by hardcore bands Turnstile and Trash Talk 273 Rappers Wicca Phase Springs Eternal and Ghostemane even began playing music by performing in hardcore bands 272 In September 2019 rap group Injury Reserve released a collaborative track with Code Orange and JPEGMafia 274 In 2019 the highly influential 2000s Boston hardcore band Have Heart reunited for performances in four different locations after a ten year breakup One of these performances was outside the Worcester Palladium in Massachusetts which drew around 10 000 attendees making it the largest standalone hardcore show in history 275 2020s edit nbsp Code Orange s Underneath 2020 achieved significant chart success and universal critic acclaim The 2020 COVID 19 pandemic made the prospect of playing live music difficult 276 This brought about a heavy digital shift in independent music where many bands began performing livestream shows for fans until physical shows could occur 277 With social distancing limiting the availability of physical interactions the hardcore community relied on social media activity podcasting zines and video content to stay connected virtually 278 279 During this period a number of hardcore releases gained attention from the media and online that surpassed the genre s usual scope namely Code Orange s Underneath 2020 Higher Power s 27 Miles Underwater 2021 and Turnstile s Glow On 2021 280 Underneath topped the UK Rock amp Metal Albums 281 reached number two on the US Top Tastemaker Albums chart 282 and received universal critical acclaim 283 Higher Power were hailed by Metal Hammer as the band redefining hardcore for a new generation 284 and voted the most likely UK band to break into the mainstream in a Revolver fan poll 285 However Glow On triggered an international explosion in popularity of the genre and allowed for the subsequent success of bands including Zulu High Vis and Speed 286 Glow On also received universal critical acclaim 287 peaked at number two on the UK Rock amp Metal Albums 288 and number thirty on the mainline Billboard 200 chart 289 A podcast published the New York Times credited a number of viral videos of live performances by hardcore bands as contributing to the popularity including Sunami s live debut in San Jose on October 26 2019 Hate5six s July 03 2021 video of Mindforce performing at Underground Arts in Philadelphia and Turnstile s performance in Oxnard on August 29 2021 290 The southern San Francisco Bay Area scene gained particular prevalence in the 2020s based in Santa Cruz and San Jose The first of these bands was Gulch who formed in 2016 and were later followed by Scowl Drain and Sunami 291 As lockdowns began to ease many of the bands in this scene began to put on guerilla shows such as one that took place on June 19 2021 in San Jose featuring Sunami Gulch Drain Scowl Xibalba and Maya Over Eyes which had an attendance of around 2 000 292 Gulch performed their final live performance at Sound and Fury Festival on July 31 2022 at the peak of their popularity 293 This period also saw a number of groups garner attention while experimenting with hardcore s sound The Financial Times named London s Chubby and the Gang and Detroit s the Armed as two of the most commercially successful groups of this wave 294 while Spin magazine cited Militarie Gun High Vis and Scowl as bands help ing to breathe life back into both alternative rock and hardcore 295 Influence editSee also List of hardcore genres Hardcore punk has spawned a number of subgenres fusion genres and derivative forms Key derivatives like post hardcore 296 emo 18 and skate punk have had a major impact on alternative music 297 Other subgenres include D beat melodic hardcore crust punk 18 and thrashcore Fusion genres include crossover thrash 18 grindcore 18 and metalcore 18 all of which fuse hardcore punk with extreme metal Metallica and Slayer pioneers of the heavy metal subgenre thrash metal were influenced by a number of hardcore bands Metallica s cover album Garage Inc included covers of two Discharge and three Misfits songs while Slayer s cover album Undisputed Attitude consisted of covers of predominately hardcore punk bands The Washington state band Melvins aside from their influence on grunge helped create what would be known as sludge metal which is also a combination between Black Sabbath style music and hardcore punk 298 This genre developed during the early 1990s in the Southern United States particularly in the New Orleans metal scene 299 300 301 Some of the pioneering bands of sludge metal were Eyehategod 298 Crowbar 302 Down 303 Buzzov en 300 Acid Bath 304 and Corrosion of Conformity 301 Later bands such as Isis and Neurosis 305 with similar influences created a style that relies mostly on ambience and atmosphere 306 that would eventually be named atmospheric sludge metal or post metal 307 Fusion and subgenres edit D beat edit Main article D beat D beat also known as discore or kangpunk is a hardcore punk subgenre developed in the early 1980s by imitators of the band Discharge after whom the genre is named as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre The bands Discharge 308 and the Varukers 309 are pioneers of the D beat genre Robbie Mackey of Pitchfork Media described D beat as hardcore drumming set against breakneck riffage and unintelligible howls about anarchy working stiffs as rats and banding together to you know fight 310 nbsp Guy Picciotto of Rites of Spring and Fugazi Emo and post hardcore edit The 1980s saw the development of post hardcore which took the hardcore style in a more complex and dynamic direction with a focus on singing rather than screaming The post hardcore style first took shape in Chicago with bands such as Big Black the Effigies and Naked Raygun 311 It later developed in Washington D C within the community of bands on Ian MacKaye s Dischord Records with bands such as Fugazi the Nation of Ulysses and Jawbox 312 The style extended until the late 2000s 312 The mid 80s Washington D C Revolution Summer movement and post hardcore scene would also see the birth of emo Guy Picciotto formed Rites of Spring in 1984 breaking free of hardcore s self imposed boundaries in favor of melodic guitars varied rhythms and deeply personal impassioned lyrics dealing with nostalgia romantic bitterness and poetic desperation 313 Other D C bands such as Gray Matter Beefeater Fire Party Dag Nasty also became connected to this movement 314 315 The style was dubbed emo emo core 316 or post harDCore 317 in reference to one of the names given to the Washington D C hardcore scene 318 Thrashcore and powerviolence edit Often confused with crossover thrash and sometimes thrash metal is thrashcore 319 Thrashcore also known as fastcore 320 is a subgenre of hardcore punk that emerged in the early 1980s 321 It is essentially sped up hardcore punk with bands often using blast beats 320 Just as hardcore punk groups distinguished themselves from their punk rock predecessors by their greater intensity and aggression thrashcore groups often identified simply as thrash sought to play at breakneck tempos that would radicalize the innovations of hardcore Early American thrashcore groups included Cryptic Slaughter Santa Monica D R I Houston Ludichrist 322 Long Island Septic Death Boise and Siege Weymouth Massachusetts Thrashcore spun off into powerviolence another raw and dissonant subgenre of hardcore punk 319 Other notable powerviolence bands include early Ceremony Man is the Bastard and Spazz 323 324 Grindcore edit Grindcore is an extreme genre of music that began the early to mid 1980s Grindcore music relies on heavy metal instrumentation and eventually changed into a genre similar to death metal Grindcore vocals according to AllMusic range from high pitched shrieks to low throat shredding growls and barks 325 Grindcore also features blast beats 326 according to Adam MacGregor of Dusted the blast beat generally comprises a repeated sixteenth note figure played at a very fast tempo and divided uniformly among the kick drum snare and ride crash or hi hat cymbal 326 The band Napalm Death invented the grindcore genre their debut album Scum was described by AllMusic as perhaps the most representative example of grindcore 327 Beatdown hardcore edit Main article Beatdown hardcore Beatdown hardcore also known as heavy hardcore brutal hardcore toughguy and moshcore is a style of hardcore punk and heavy metal which has deep hoarse vocals down tuned guitars blast beats and slow breakdowns 328 329 More heavy metal influenced than traditional hardcore punk 330 Rotting Out Strife Shai Hulud Madball and Hatebreed all are beatdown hardcore bands 331 332 329 333 Metalcore edit Metalcore is a fusion genre that merges hardcore punk with extreme metal Metalcore has screaming growling heavy guitar riffs breakdowns and double bass drumming 334 Heavy metal hardcore punk hybrids arose in the mid 1980s and would also radicalize the innovations of hardcore as the two genres and their ideologies intertwined noticeably 335 The term has been used to refer to bands that were not purely hardcore nor purely metal such as Earth Crisis Integrity and Hogan s Heroes 336 During the 2000s there was a metalcore explosion 337 and bands like Bullet for My Valentine Killswitch Engage Atreyu Shadows Fall and As I Lay Dying all had some popularity 334 Grunge edit In the mid 1980s bands such as Melvins Flipper and Green River developed a sludgy aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore creating an alternative rock subgenre known as grunge 338 Grunge evolved from the local Seattle punk rock scene and it was inspired by bands such as the Fartz 10 Minute Warning and the Accused 339 Grunge fuses elements of hardcore and heavy metal although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other Grunge s key guitar influences included Black Flag and the Melvins 340 Black Flag s 1984 record My War on which the band combined heavy metal with their traditional sound made a strong impact in Seattle 341 Nintendocore edit Nintendocore another musical style fuses hardcore with video game music chiptune and 8 bit music 342 343 344 Sludgecore edit Eyehategod formed in Harvey Louisiana in 1988 and is credited with originating a new style New Orleans hardcore edged sludge 345 Another viewpoint is that New Orleans was the birthplace of the sludgecore movement with Eyehategod being given the most credit for it 346 Sludgecore combines sludge metal with hardcore punk and possesses a slow pace 346 347 a low guitar tuning 346 347 and a grinding dirge like feel 347 Bands regarded as sludgecore include Acid Bath Eyehategod and Soilent Green 348 and all three formed in Louisiana Crowbar formed in 1991 and mixed detuned lethargic sludged out metal with hardcore and southern elements 349 According to rock journalist Steve Huey writing in AllMusic Eyehategod was a sludge metal band that became part of the Southern sludgecore scene This scene also included Crowbar and Down with all three bands being influenced by Black Flag Black Sabbath and the Melvins 350 Some of these bands incorporated Southern rock influences 351 352 353 See also editList of hardcore punk bands List of hardcore punk genresReferences edit a b c Leblanc Lauraine 1999 Pretty in Punk Girls Gender Resistance in a Boys Subculture Rutgers University Press p 49 ISBN 9780813526515 a b Ellis Iain 2008 Rebels Wit Attitude Subversive Rock Humorists Counterpoint Press p 172 ISBN 978 1593762063 Thompson Stacy February 1 2012 Punk Productions Unfinished Business SUNY Press p 71 ISBN 978 0791484609 James F Short Lorine A Hughes January 1 2006 Studying Youth Gangs Rowman Altamira p 149 ISBN 978 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first place And inspiring all those f ckin great Discore bands around the world Terry Tez Roberts Glasper 2004 p 175 Glasper 2004 p 65 Glasper 2004 p 360 グローバル プラス株式会社 August 8 2008 パンクロックの封印を解く 東京ロッカーズ の全貌に迫る ROCKERS 完全版 V A PUNK BARKS音楽ニュース Barks jp Archived from the original on April 20 2014 Retrieved August 20 2014 Ian Christe 2003 Sound of the Beast The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal in German ItBooks p 262 ISBN 978 0 380811 27 4 a b Stegall Tim January 2 2020 Black Flag Five essential albums to get familiar with Altpress com Retrieved September 5 2020 July 2020 Alex Michaels 16 July 16 2020 Grunge You can thank Black Flag for that Loudersound com Retrieved September 5 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Mendyuk Bridjet May 17 2013 My future is getting in the way of my past why Henry Rollins isn t playing music anymore Altpress com Retrieved September 5 2020 Dead Kennedys East Bay Ray on Their Explosive Live Legacy And His Hopes for Jello Biafra Billboard com April 10 2019 Retrieved September 5 2020 Steven Blush American Hardcore a Tribal History Feral House 2010 p 190 191 Hereth Simon February 17 2020 SS DECONTROL Comeback der 80er Hardcore Punk Band Awayfromlife com Retrieved September 5 2020 Music man BCM Spring 2004 Bcm bc edu Archived from the original on October 1 2020 Retrieved September 5 2020 The Oral History of NYC s Metal Hardcore Crossover The Village Voice Villagevoice com May 15 2013 Retrieved September 5 2020 Reardon Tom Eyehategod And Cro Mags Heavy Riffs Heavier Influence Phoenix New Times 4 November 8 2018 Punk and Metal Legends Cro Mags and Eyehategod Join Forces in Mesa Phoenix New Times July 2015 Laurent Barnard 09 July 9 2015 This Is Hardcore Bad Religion Suffer Loudersound com Retrieved September 5 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link PUNK OR NOT BRIGADE URGES NONVIOLENCE Los Angeles Times December 30 1986 Retrieved September 5 2020 Sacramento guitarist Brian Hanover on his gig with the legendary punk band Youth Brigade Music Feature Music December 19 2013 Newsreview com December 18 2013 Retrieved September 5 2020 Reynolds Simon 2005 Rip It Up and Start Again Post Punk 1978 1984 London and New York Faber and Faber pp 460 467 ISBN 0 571 21569 6 Pattison Louis November 27 2012 Rites of Spring and the summer that changed punk rock The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved January 29 2016 Radin Andy Untitled draft text about history of emo What the heck is emo anyway Retrieved June 8 2017 Andersen Mark July 3 2015 Revolution Summer lives on 30 years later The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved January 29 2016 T S O L Biography amp History AllMusic Retrieved September 5 2020 Neurotica Redd Kross Songs Reviews Credits AllMusic AllMusic Retrieved September 5 2020 Darryl Jenifer Of Bad Brains I Want To Be The Soldier Of My Music Ultimate Guitar Archive July 12 2007 Archived from the original on June 22 2009 a b Black Billy POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDE 5 ESSENTIAL YOUTH CREW RECORDS Crack Retrieved September 3 2023 Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History John Porcelly The period right after Break Down the Walls came out in 1986 was super weird for us We d roll into some town and there would be dozens of kids dressed like us Billy Rubin When Richie Birkenhead was in the band and Break Down the Walls had already come out Youth of Today more or less moved to Southern California for a while living in the home of Dan O Mahony This whole crew of people spent a lot of time at the beach totally fascinated by the fact there were actually girls walking around in bikinis After that people who came later into the Orange County scene like Joe Nelson and the guys who formed the Sloth Crew really latched onto that East Coast character that Youth of Today brought with them Blair Ed October 30 2020 Eight Essential Youth Crew Albums on Bandcamp Bandcamp Daily Retrieved September 3 2023 Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History Sean Muttaqi I can definitely say that the process of physically forming the hardline movement from a lifetime of influences and experiences began at the 1986 anarchist gathering Two years later the excessive behavior we witnessed at the 1988 Toronto anarchist gathering was the nail in the coffin We realized that we needed to form some new construct Within the next few months hardline was born Vegan Reich began as an idea and as a crew before becoming a band As militant animal lib activists within the anarchist community where the majority were carnivores our ideas were constantly derided as being fascist The label was applied albeit somewhat jokingly by those who felt we wanted to take away their rights to eat meat At a certain point we decided to further promote our ideas via music and Vegan Reich recorded our first song in 1986 Steve Lovett Hardline was essentially militant straight edge with an emphasis on radical veganism and environmentalism Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History Sean Muttaqi At that stage the straight edge scene was more vibrant than anarcho punk Anarcho punk had seen better days even by mid 80s Clearly the latter part of that decade belonged to the straight edge scene We started talking to these straight edge kids about veganism and they were really receptive In the beginning we used vegan straight edge when talking to the straight kids as a way to introduced them to hardline Steve Lovett Basically Sean of Vegan Reich and I created the philosophy of the movement As far as I m concerned the movement did not exist before the first three Hardline Records releases by Vegan Reich Statement and Raid Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History Sean Muttaqi We were immediately getting from all over the world after being published in Maximum Rocknroll From that initial seed hardline started sprouting up around the country notably in areas like Memphis and Indianapolis followed later by Syracuse and Salt Lake City Schafer Joseph January 23 2019 States Of Metal Ohio Thrives On Grit And Determination Kerrang Retrieved August 29 2023 Young Simon June 9 2020 The 21 best U S metalcore albums of all time Kerrang Retrieved August 29 2023 Enis Eli August 16 2021 10 MOST INFLUENTIAL METALCORE ALBUMS OF ALL TIME Revolver Retrieved August 29 2023 Martins Jorge Top 10 Most Important Moments In the Evolution of Metalcore Ultimate Guitar Retrieved August 29 2023 McKenty Finn June 7 2010 The History of Metalcore Screamo MetalSucks Retrieved August 29 2023 Marwood Lance June 5 2023 Earth Crisis People really take the bait when it comes to the divide and conquer propaganda Retrieved August 29 2023 Downey Ryan Biography Earth Crisis AllMusic Retrieved August 29 2023 Hill Stephen March 2020 How Boston hardcore changed rock music Metal Hammer Retrieved July 7 2021 Enis Eli July 22 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numeric names authors list link Fossum Melissa September 28 2011 New Found Glory s Steve Klein on New Album Changes in Pop Punk and the Fate of International Superheroes of Hardcore The Phoenix New Times Village Voice Media Retrieved October 3 2011 Saves The Day gt Biography AllMusic Retrieved March 13 2009 Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History The early 90s was full of bands who promoted a straight edge lifestyle but sounded more metal and played slower Then the mid 90s brought bands made up of older guys from the late 80s who wanted that more traditional sound There were younger guys who wanted that as well So around 1996 or 1997 a full Youth Crew revival happened a b c Wesley Eisold of American Nightmare Talks Legacy Mental Health and Stripped Back Hardcore Kerrang February 16 2018 Retrieved November 25 2019 Hamilton Jake April 8 2015 Chain of Strength The One Thing That Still Holds True 1996 Retrieved September 3 2023 Ramirez Carlos April 28 2020 Better 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All Became Motivational Speakers Melmagazine com December 5 2018 Retrieved September 5 2020 Horsfall Sara Towe Meij Jan Martijn Probstfield Meghan November 17 2015 Music Sociology Examining the Role of Music in Social Life Routledge p 208 ISBN 9781317255840 Retrieved September 5 2020 via Google Books Stewart Ethan May 25 2021 From Hardcore to Harajuku the Origins of Scene Subculture PopMatters Retrieved May 25 2021 Sfetcu Nicolae May 7 2014 The Music Sound While death metal and hardcore had always intermingled to an extent the first clearly identifiable instances of melodic Swedish metal being combined with hardcore seem to have sprung almost simultaneously with Undying s This Day All Gods Die Darkest Hour s The Prophecy Fulfilled Prayer for Cleansing s The Rain in Endless Fall Shadows Fall s With Somber Eyes to the Sky and Unearth s Above the Fall of Man all being released within a year of each other 1998 99 It is unclear who first got the idea to combine the two styles Darkest Hour had released an EP called The Misanthrope in 1996 which arguably contained elements of their later sound but was for the most part aggro hardcore in the vein of Damnation a d On the other hand Day of Suffering s 1997 album The Eternal Jihad is cited as an influence for many of the North Carolina bands that followed such as Undying and Overcast is seen as having started the genre in Massachusetts Delia Anthony July 7 2003 CMJ Magazine No 821 CMJ Retrieved April 27 2018 Poison The Well designed the template for most of today s melodic metalcore acts spawning countless copycats in the process The band s last two efforts 1999 s The Opposite Of December A Season Of Separation and 2002 s Tear From The Red are genre essentials but no one is going to argue that those albums were constructed of memorable parts rather than complete efficiently executed songs you knew when to rock out and when to sing along a b Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History Chris Wrenn By 1999 Ten Yard Fight broke up and In My Eyes and Floorpunch broke up soon after That was the time for the next shift Tim Cossar from Ten Yard Fight was my roommate and when that band was breaking up he started putting together American Nightmare American Nightmare weren t really a crazy departure from Ten Yard Fight but it was definitely darker All of a sudden all the bands that had red T shirts or royal blue T shirts only sold black T shirts Greg W In Boston Ten Yard Fight and In My Eyes had been the bands that were setting the tone for kids my age Then American Nightmare got really big in Boston I think that was a reaction to Ten Yard Fight and In My Eyes going on for so long Kids didn t want to be the clean cut straight edge they wanted something darker Bands like Hope Conspiracy and Converge were more metal Trust me we were into American Nightmare but it reached a point where every band was an American Nightmare junior I was just so sick of seeing T shirts with scratchy fonts and all that Blair Ed March 5 2020 A Brief Overview of Boston Hardcore In Nine Albums Bandcamp Daily Retrieved September 3 2023 Charts Billboard August 23 2008 pp 40 41 Retrieved December 25 2011 Hughes Josiah American Nightmare Announce New Album Share The World Is Blue Retrieved November 25 2019 Rettman Tony Straight Edge A Clear Headed Hardcore Punk History Greg W When we formed the band Mental it was a reaction to bands in our area like American Nightmare and Panic We wanted to do something that was different to what was going on at the time Luckily the older people who got me into hardcore as a kid put me onto classic New York hard core I could never connect to any of that baggy pants Victory Records stuff too much The guys in Mental and I were so into old New York and D C hardcore We worshipped it and we wanted to bring that style of music back Chris Wrenn I saw Have Heart picking up the straight edge torch afte Mental Bands like American Nightmare and No Warning only had black T shirts 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0197534885 Rosenberg Axl Krovatin Chris 2017 Hellraisers A Complete Visual History of Heavy Metal Mayhem Race Point Publishing p 239 ISBN 978 1 63106 430 2 Sharpe Young Garry 2005 New Wave of American Heavy Metal Zonda p 97 ISBN 978 0958268400 Huey Steve Eyehategod AllMusic Retrieved January 6 2021 York William Eyehategod In the Name of Suffering AllMusic Retrieved September 12 2008 York William Eyehategod Take as Needed for Pain AllMusic Retrieved September 12 2008 York William Soilent Green AllMusic Retrieved September 2 2008 Bibliography editHurchalla George 2005 Going Underground American Punk 1979 1992 Zuo Press Manley Frank 1993 Smash the State A Discography of Canadian Punk 1977 92 No Exit ISBN 0 9696631 0 2 Glasper Ian 2004 Burning Britain The History of UK Punk 1980 1984 Cherry Red ISBN 9781901447248 Glasper Ian 2009 Trapped in a Scene UK Hardcore 1985 1989 Cherry Red Books ISBN 9781901447613 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hardcore punk amp oldid 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