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Melodic hardcore

May 19, 2023

Melodic hardcore is a broadly defined subgenre of hardcore punk with a strong emphasis on melody in its guitar work. It generally incorporates fast rhythms, melodic and often distorted guitar riffs, and vocal styles tending towards shouting and screaming. Nevertheless, the genre has been very diverse, with different bands showcasing very different styles. Many pioneering melodic hardcore bands (such as Bad Religion and Descendents), have proven influential across the spectrum of punk rock, as well as rock music more generally. The term melodic punk is often used to describe both melodic hardcore and skate punk bands.[1]

Melodic hardcore
Melodic hardcore pioneers Bad Religion formed in 1980 in California.
Other namesMelodic punk
Stylistic originsHardcore punk
Cultural originsEarly 1980s, California and Washington, D.C., United States
Derivative forms
Other topics

Characteristics

Melodic hardcore is broadly defined, however generally incorporates fast rhythms, melodic and often distorted guitar riffs, and vocal styles tending towards shouting and screaming. Many notable bands, such as Dag Nasty and Lifetime use minor interval chords on guitar, such as minor ninth and seventh chords, as well as fifth or ninth harmonies on vocals. Many groups also drop tune their instruments. Tempos commonly range from 180 to 210 beats per minute, with very few bands ranging outside of a 4/4 time signature.

Many modern melodic hardcore bands are incorporating elements of melodic hardcore and emo, relying more heavily upon melody than their hardcore punk predecessors.[2][3] There are also bands that take influence from post-hardcore and melodic metalcore.[4][5]

As modern melodic hardcore diverges into one more metalcore leaning track as well as one more emotive track, terms such as "melodic emotive hardcore" and "melodic metallic hardcore" have been suggested to distinguish modern melodic hardcore bands with different sounds that still fall into the same genre.[2] Bands such as the Ghost Inside, Blood Youth, Climates, and Hundredth, have been described as both metalcore and melodic hardcore while While She Sleeps is also considered as merging melodic hardcore elements with metalcore.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][excessive citations] Casey, La Dispute and Being as an Ocean, who are active in the modern melodic hardcore scene, incorporate elements of post-rock/post-black metal and/or spoken word into their music.[14][15][16][17][18][excessive citations]

History

 
Descendents were a key influence on both melodic hardcore and pop punk in the 1980s.

Original development (1980s–1990s)

The earliest melodic hardcore emerged from the Californian hardcore punk scene by the early 1980s. This includes Descendents, who formed in 1978. Their earliest work was simple, pop-influenced punk rock, but they went on to mix this melodic approach with hardcore, inspiring both melodic hardcore and pop punk groups.[19] Bad Religion, who formed in Los Angeles in 1979, played in a somewhat similar vein, but their approach was more "angry" and politically charged.[20] They recorded their debut album, How Could Hell Be Any Worse?, in 1981.[21]

The Faith's 1983 EP Subject to Change is thought of as one of the first melodic hardcore records, as significant as the music of Bad Religion or the Descendents.[22] On the release, the band added and moved away from the more straightforward hardcore punk of their earlier work towards a more complex, textured, and melodic sound, accompanied by introspective lyrics; the release is notable for its influence on post-hardcore.[23]

Dag Nasty are a key melodic hardcore band[24] that formed during the mid-1980s as part of the Washington, D.C., hardcore scene, with Brian Baker (ex-Minor Threat) on guitar. In 1988, the band All formed, featuring three members of The Descendents. The band made music in a broadly similar vein to the Descendents, and were initially fronted by Dave Smalley of Dag Nasty.[21] Gorilla Biscuits came out of the late 1980s New York hardcore scene, and played a melodic form of the hardcore subgenre known as youth crew. Youth crew itself takes a lot of influence from 7 Seconds, who ventured into melodic hardcore on albums such as The Crew. Turning Point, a New Jersey hardcore band, also emerged from the youth crew movement, but their later material moved towards melodic hardcore, with more complex music and introspective lyrics.[25]

In 1994, H2O formed, mixing melodic elements of Washington D.C., with New York and California hardcore punk. Lifetime was a notable emo group whose sound drew heavily on pop punk and melodic hardcore.[26] Along with other melodic hardcore groups, they had much influence on subsequent pop punk, including bands such as Fall Out Boy and Saves the Day.[27][28] When Lifetime broke up, some of their members formed Kid Dynamite.[29] During the 1990s, the "Epi-Fat" sound (a variant of skate punk named after the labels that housed its key bands, Epitaph Records and Fat Wreck Chords) was popular, and key bands such as NOFX, Pennywise and Strung Out bordered on melodic hardcore influenced by the likes of Descendents and Bad Religion.[30][31][32][33]

 
Rise Against, formed in 1999, achieved widespread success by 2004.

Modern melodic hardcore (2000s–present)

 
Blood Youth are a modern melodic hardcore band formed in 2014.

Rise Against, formed in 1999, achieved widespread commercial success with the release of their major label debut Siren Song of the Counter Culture in 2004, along with bands such as Strike Anywhere,[34] Consumed,[35] Ignite,[36] Belvedere[37] and A Wilhelm Scream,[38] who continued the traditional style of melodic hardcore. Whereas, in the early to mid-2000s, the genre was transformed through the work of newly formed bands including Killing the Dream, Modern Life Is War, The Hope Conspiracy, Sinking Ships, Have Heart, Verse, The Carrier, Ruiner, This Is Hell, as well as the Canadian band Comeback Kid, many of which are housed by key hardcore labels Bridge 9 Records and Deathwish Inc.[24] Thereafter by about 2009, "the likes of Defeater, Touché Amoré, the Ghost Inside, Counterparts, Being as an Ocean, Stick to Your Guns, Vanna, and many more became the new faces of melodic, emotional hardcore",[24][39][40] creating an overlap with post-hardcore and metalcore in current melodic hardcore.

Many bands have crossed over into or out of the genre. Beartooth's sophomore album Aggressive marked a departure from their conventional hardcore punk sound[41] into a style more reminiscent of melodic hardcore.[42] Hundredth began as a band fusing metalcore and melodic hardcore, however eventually evolved into playing shoegaze on their fourth album Rare.[8] Traditional melodic hardcore band Strung Out began playing a heavily metal-influenced style on their eighth album Transmission.Alpha.Delta.[43] After playing in the genre on their albums Black Sails in the Sunset and The Art of Drowning, California's AFI began to play a more commercially accessible sound on 2003's Sing the Sorrow.[44][45][46] The White Noise began as an electronicore band on their first two records Set the Sun and Desolate, before beginning to play melodic metallic hardcore.[47]

References

  1. ^ Preenson, Richard (April 14, 2018). "What is "Melodic Punk" Supposed to Be?". Thrown into the Fire. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  2. ^ a b "That's Rocking Awesome - Melodic Hardcore". September 5, 2016.
  3. ^ "16 Modern Precursors Of Melodic Hardcore". Alternative Press. June 22, 2014.
  4. ^ Times, Phoenix New (November 7, 2012). "Retox and Regents, Yucca Tap Room, 11/6/12". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  5. ^ Punknews.org. "Stick To Your Guns - Disobedient". punknews.org. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  6. ^ Preenson, Richard (March 11, 2018). "When Even is "Melodicore" Anyway?". Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  7. ^ "While She Sleeps "Brainwashed" Album Review - The Circle Pit". thecirclepit.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Hundredth Throw Their Metalcore Past Into a 'Hole'". CLRVYNT. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  9. ^ . upsetmagazine.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  10. ^ "Climates – Body Clocks (Review)". November 19, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  11. ^ "Op-Ed: Hundredth's new album 'RARE' is exactly what the scene needs - Features - Alternative Press". Alternative Press. June 7, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  12. ^ "New-Transcendence - Aren't You Glad". April 6, 2016.
  13. ^ "The White Noise - AM/PM (Album Review) - Cryptic Rock". crypticrock.com. June 30, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  14. ^ "CASEY - "Darling" video » IDIOTEQ.com". idioteq.com. January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  15. ^ "Hardcore Brits Casey stream emotional new album—listen - Features - Alternative Press". Alternative Press. February 13, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  16. ^ "An Interview with Being As An Ocean: A Celebration's At Hand - The Aquarian". theaquarian.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  17. ^ "Buried Treasure: La Dispute - Eight - Will Not Fade". July 16, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  18. ^ "ACRES NEW ALBUM TEASER - The Circle Pit". thecirclepit.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  19. ^ "Descendents were the model for all 'melodic' HC that followed." Blush, Steven and Petros, George; American Hardcore: A Tribal History; Los Angeles: Feral House: Distributed by Publishers Group West, 2001. OCLC 48658495. Part Two. "LA: How Could Hell Be Any Worse?" p. 79.
  20. ^ Peter Jandreus, The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977–1987, Stockholm: Premium Publishing, 2008, p. 11.
  21. ^ a b American Hardcore, p. 80.
  22. ^ . Drowned in Sound. September 26, 2011. Archived from the original on December 17, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  23. ^ "Faith/Void Split". Sputnikmusic. June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  24. ^ a b c Kraus, Brian (June 22, 2014). "16 Modern Precursors Of Melodic Hardcore". Alternative Press. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  25. ^ "7 Seconds - 'Leave A Light' Review". Stereokiller.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  26. ^ "With 'Jersey's Best Dancers,' Lifetime Accidentally Injected Pop Punk and Hardcore into Emo". April 12, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  27. ^ "Fall Out Boy - Similar Artists - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  28. ^ "A Lifetime of Rock". Spin. March 24, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  29. ^ "Kid Dynamite Shorter, Faster, Louder". exclaim.ca. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  30. ^ Jones, Corey. "This Is the New Breed of California Skate Punk". Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  31. ^ McLevy, Alex (March 16, 2015). "Where to begin with the thesaurus punk of Bad Religion". Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  32. ^ "Strung Out - Jordan Burns". strungout.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  33. ^ "Rank Your Records: Strung Out's Jason Cruz on Why 'Another Day in Paradise' Is Their Worst Album". March 19, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  34. ^ "STRIKE ANYWHERE - Destiny Tourbooking". destiny-tourbooking.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  35. ^ "Genre Course: Melodic Hardcore". July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  36. ^ "IGNITE re-ink their deal with Century Media Records". idioteq.com. July 8, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  37. ^ Heisel, Scott. "LOGIN Tour info: Belvedere/Missing 23rd, Deville/Pinhead Circus". Punk News. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  38. ^ . December 4, 2006. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  39. ^ "Vanna, Void, Pure Noise Records, metalcore, melodic hardcore - Fire Alive". firealive.it. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  40. ^ "Stick To Your Guns- Sumerian Records". sumerianrecords.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  41. ^ "Beartooth - Disgusting - Reviews - Alternative Press". Alternative Press. June 10, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  42. ^ Jackson, Nate (October 11, 2016). . Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  43. ^ "Review: Strung Out – Transmission. Alpha. Delta". Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  44. ^ Ryan, Kyle (June 28, 2006). "AFI: Decemberunderground". Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  45. ^ "When Hardcore Grows Up: 12 Bands Who've Changed with Age". December 22, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  46. ^ "AFI album Burials Review -". b-sides.tv. October 29, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  47. ^ "Band of the Week #5". September 6, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2018.

Further reading

  • Sharpe-Young, Garry, New wave of American heavy metal, New Plymouth, New Zealand: Zonda Books, 2005. OCLC 71843078
  • Larkin, Colin, The Guinness encyclopedia of popular music; Enfield, Middlesex, England: Guinness Pub.; New York: Stockton Press, 1995. OCLC 32949294
  • Budofsky, Adam; Heusel, Michele; Dawson, Michael Ray and Parillo, Michael, The drummer: 100 years of rhythmic power and invention; Cedar Grove, NJ: Modern Drummer Publications; Milwaukee: Exclusively distributed by Hal Leonard Corp., 2006. OCLC 65063692

May 19, 2023
melodic, hardcore, broadly, defined, subgenre, hardcore, punk, with, strong, emphasis, melody, guitar, work, generally, incorporates, fast, rhythms, melodic, often, distorted, guitar, riffs, vocal, styles, tending, towards, shouting, screaming, nevertheless, g. Melodic hardcore is a broadly defined subgenre of hardcore punk with a strong emphasis on melody in its guitar work It generally incorporates fast rhythms melodic and often distorted guitar riffs and vocal styles tending towards shouting and screaming Nevertheless the genre has been very diverse with different bands showcasing very different styles Many pioneering melodic hardcore bands such as Bad Religion and Descendents have proven influential across the spectrum of punk rock as well as rock music more generally The term melodic punk is often used to describe both melodic hardcore and skate punk bands 1 Melodic hardcoreMelodic hardcore pioneers Bad Religion formed in 1980 in California Other namesMelodic punkStylistic originsHardcore punkCultural originsEarly 1980s California and Washington D C United StatesDerivative formsSkate punkOther topicsEmo metalcore pop punk post hardcore melodic metalcore Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2 1 Original development 1980s 1990s 2 2 Modern melodic hardcore 2000s present 3 References 4 Further readingCharacteristics EditMelodic hardcore is broadly defined however generally incorporates fast rhythms melodic and often distorted guitar riffs and vocal styles tending towards shouting and screaming Many notable bands such as Dag Nasty and Lifetime use minor interval chords on guitar such as minor ninth and seventh chords as well as fifth or ninth harmonies on vocals Many groups also drop tune their instruments Tempos commonly range from 180 to 210 beats per minute with very few bands ranging outside of a 4 4 time signature Many modern melodic hardcore bands are incorporating elements of melodic hardcore and emo relying more heavily upon melody than their hardcore punk predecessors 2 3 There are also bands that take influence from post hardcore and melodic metalcore 4 5 As modern melodic hardcore diverges into one more metalcore leaning track as well as one more emotive track terms such as melodic emotive hardcore and melodic metallic hardcore have been suggested to distinguish modern melodic hardcore bands with different sounds that still fall into the same genre 2 Bands such as the Ghost Inside Blood Youth Climates and Hundredth have been described as both metalcore and melodic hardcore while While She Sleeps is also considered as merging melodic hardcore elements with metalcore 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 excessive citations Casey La Dispute and Being as an Ocean who are active in the modern melodic hardcore scene incorporate elements of post rock post black metal and or spoken word into their music 14 15 16 17 18 excessive citations History Edit Descendents were a key influence on both melodic hardcore and pop punk in the 1980s Original development 1980s 1990s Edit The earliest melodic hardcore emerged from the Californian hardcore punk scene by the early 1980s This includes Descendents who formed in 1978 Their earliest work was simple pop influenced punk rock but they went on to mix this melodic approach with hardcore inspiring both melodic hardcore and pop punk groups 19 Bad Religion who formed in Los Angeles in 1979 played in a somewhat similar vein but their approach was more angry and politically charged 20 They recorded their debut album How Could Hell Be Any Worse in 1981 21 The Faith s 1983 EP Subject to Change is thought of as one of the first melodic hardcore records as significant as the music of Bad Religion or the Descendents 22 On the release the band added and moved away from the more straightforward hardcore punk of their earlier work towards a more complex textured and melodic sound accompanied by introspective lyrics the release is notable for its influence on post hardcore 23 Dag Nasty are a key melodic hardcore band 24 that formed during the mid 1980s as part of the Washington D C hardcore scene with Brian Baker ex Minor Threat on guitar In 1988 the band All formed featuring three members of The Descendents The band made music in a broadly similar vein to the Descendents and were initially fronted by Dave Smalley of Dag Nasty 21 Gorilla Biscuits came out of the late 1980s New York hardcore scene and played a melodic form of the hardcore subgenre known as youth crew Youth crew itself takes a lot of influence from 7 Seconds who ventured into melodic hardcore on albums such as The Crew Turning Point a New Jersey hardcore band also emerged from the youth crew movement but their later material moved towards melodic hardcore with more complex music and introspective lyrics 25 In 1994 H2O formed mixing melodic elements of Washington D C with New York and California hardcore punk Lifetime was a notable emo group whose sound drew heavily on pop punk and melodic hardcore 26 Along with other melodic hardcore groups they had much influence on subsequent pop punk including bands such as Fall Out Boy and Saves the Day 27 28 When Lifetime broke up some of their members formed Kid Dynamite 29 During the 1990s the Epi Fat sound a variant of skate punk named after the labels that housed its key bands Epitaph Records and Fat Wreck Chords was popular and key bands such as NOFX Pennywise and Strung Out bordered on melodic hardcore influenced by the likes of Descendents and Bad Religion 30 31 32 33 Rise Against formed in 1999 achieved widespread success by 2004 Modern melodic hardcore 2000s present Edit Blood Youth are a modern melodic hardcore band formed in 2014 Rise Against formed in 1999 achieved widespread commercial success with the release of their major label debut Siren Song of the Counter Culture in 2004 along with bands such as Strike Anywhere 34 Consumed 35 Ignite 36 Belvedere 37 and A Wilhelm Scream 38 who continued the traditional style of melodic hardcore Whereas in the early to mid 2000s the genre was transformed through the work of newly formed bands including Killing the Dream Modern Life Is War The Hope Conspiracy Sinking Ships Have Heart Verse The Carrier Ruiner This Is Hell as well as the Canadian band Comeback Kid many of which are housed by key hardcore labels Bridge 9 Records and Deathwish Inc 24 Thereafter by about 2009 the likes of Defeater Touche Amore the Ghost Inside Counterparts Being as an Ocean Stick to Your Guns Vanna and many more became the new faces of melodic emotional hardcore 24 39 40 creating an overlap with post hardcore and metalcore in current melodic hardcore Many bands have crossed over into or out of the genre Beartooth s sophomore album Aggressive marked a departure from their conventional hardcore punk sound 41 into a style more reminiscent of melodic hardcore 42 Hundredth began as a band fusing metalcore and melodic hardcore however eventually evolved into playing shoegaze on their fourth album Rare 8 Traditional melodic hardcore band Strung Out began playing a heavily metal influenced style on their eighth album Transmission Alpha Delta 43 After playing in the genre on their albums Black Sails in the Sunset and The Art of Drowning California s AFI began to play a more commercially accessible sound on 2003 s Sing the Sorrow 44 45 46 The White Noise began as an electronicore band on their first two records Set the Sun and Desolate before beginning to play melodic metallic hardcore 47 References Edit Preenson Richard April 14 2018 What is Melodic Punk Supposed to Be Thrown into the Fire Retrieved April 14 2018 a b That s Rocking Awesome Melodic Hardcore September 5 2016 16 Modern Precursors Of Melodic Hardcore Alternative Press June 22 2014 Times Phoenix New November 7 2012 Retox and Regents Yucca Tap Room 11 6 12 Phoenix New Times Retrieved July 17 2017 Punknews org Stick To Your Guns Disobedient punknews org Retrieved January 18 2018 Preenson Richard March 11 2018 When Even is Melodicore Anyway Retrieved April 12 2018 While She Sleeps Brainwashed Album Review The Circle Pit thecirclepit com Retrieved January 18 2018 a b Hundredth Throw Their Metalcore Past Into a Hole CLRVYNT Retrieved January 18 2018 Blood Youth Beyond Repair Upset upsetmagazine com Archived from the original on November 10 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 Climates Body Clocks Review November 19 2014 Retrieved January 18 2018 Op Ed Hundredth s new album RARE is exactly what the scene needs Features Alternative Press Alternative Press June 7 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 New Transcendence Aren t You Glad April 6 2016 The White Noise AM PM Album Review Cryptic Rock crypticrock com June 30 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 CASEY Darling video IDIOTEQ com idioteq com January 25 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 Hardcore Brits Casey stream emotional new album listen Features Alternative Press Alternative Press February 13 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 An Interview with Being As An Ocean A Celebration s At Hand The Aquarian theaquarian com Retrieved January 18 2018 Buried Treasure La Dispute Eight Will Not Fade July 16 2016 Retrieved January 18 2018 ACRES NEW ALBUM TEASER The Circle Pit thecirclepit com Retrieved January 18 2018 Descendents were the model for all melodic HC that followed Blush Steven and Petros George American Hardcore A Tribal History Los Angeles Feral House Distributed by Publishers Group West 2001 OCLC 48658495 Part Two LA How Could Hell Be Any Worse p 79 Peter Jandreus The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977 1987 Stockholm Premium Publishing 2008 p 11 a b American Hardcore p 80 Faith Subject to Change and First Demo Drowned in Sound September 26 2011 Archived from the original on December 17 2011 Retrieved August 11 2012 Faith Void Split Sputnikmusic June 5 2011 Retrieved August 11 2012 a b c Kraus Brian June 22 2014 16 Modern Precursors Of Melodic Hardcore Alternative Press Retrieved April 4 2016 7 Seconds Leave A Light Review Stereokiller com Retrieved January 18 2018 With Jersey s Best Dancers Lifetime Accidentally Injected Pop Punk and Hardcore into Emo April 12 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 Fall Out Boy Similar Artists AllMusic AllMusic Retrieved January 18 2018 A Lifetime of Rock Spin March 24 2006 Retrieved January 18 2018 Kid Dynamite Shorter Faster Louder exclaim ca Retrieved January 18 2018 Jones Corey This Is the New Breed of California Skate Punk Retrieved January 18 2018 McLevy Alex March 16 2015 Where to begin with the thesaurus punk of Bad Religion Retrieved January 18 2018 Strung Out Jordan Burns strungout com Retrieved January 18 2018 Rank Your Records Strung Out s Jason Cruz on Why Another Day in Paradise Is Their Worst Album March 19 2015 Retrieved January 18 2018 STRIKE ANYWHERE Destiny Tourbooking destiny tourbooking com Retrieved January 18 2018 Genre Course Melodic Hardcore July 27 2016 Retrieved January 18 2018 IGNITE re ink their deal with Century Media Records idioteq com July 8 2015 Retrieved January 18 2018 Heisel Scott LOGIN Tour info Belvedere Missing 23rd Deville Pinhead Circus Punk News Retrieved April 13 2018 A Wilhelm Scream Ruiner December 4 2006 Archived from the original on November 10 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 Vanna Void Pure Noise Records metalcore melodic hardcore Fire Alive firealive it Retrieved January 18 2018 Stick To Your Guns Sumerian Records sumerianrecords com Retrieved January 18 2018 Beartooth Disgusting Reviews Alternative Press Alternative Press June 10 2014 Retrieved January 18 2018 Jackson Nate October 11 2016 Beartooth Harness Both Aggression and Maturity on Their Latest Album Archived from the original on November 10 2017 Retrieved January 18 2018 Review Strung Out Transmission Alpha Delta Retrieved January 18 2018 Ryan Kyle June 28 2006 AFI Decemberunderground Retrieved January 18 2018 When Hardcore Grows Up 12 Bands Who ve Changed with Age December 22 2014 Retrieved January 18 2018 AFI album Burials Review b sides tv October 29 2013 Retrieved January 18 2018 Band of the Week 5 September 6 2016 Retrieved January 18 2018 Further reading EditSharpe Young Garry New wave of American heavy metal New Plymouth New Zealand Zonda Books 2005 OCLC 71843078 Larkin Colin The Guinness encyclopedia of popular music Enfield Middlesex England Guinness Pub New York Stockton Press 1995 OCLC 32949294 Budofsky Adam Heusel Michele Dawson Michael Ray and Parillo Michael The drummer 100 years of rhythmic power and invention Cedar Grove NJ Modern Drummer Publications Milwaukee Exclusively distributed by Hal Leonard Corp 2006 OCLC 65063692 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Melodic hardcore amp oldid 1154561066, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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