fbpx
Wikipedia

Black metal

January 20, 2023

This article is about the musical genre. For the albums, see Black Metal (Venom album) and Black Metal (Dean Blunt album). For other uses, see Black Metal (disambiguation).

Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a shrieking vocal style,[13][14][15] heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw (lo-fi) recording, unconventional song structures, and an emphasis on atmosphere. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms.

Black metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly to mid-1980s,
  • England
  • Scandinavia
Derivative formsDungeon synth[5]
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Local scenes
Other topics

During the 1980s, several thrash metal and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal.[2] This "first wave" included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Mercyful Fate, Hellhammer and Celtic Frost.[16] A second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon and Gorgoroth. The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre. Norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this second wave, the second generation in Sweden being led by Dissection,[17] Abruptum,[17][18] Marduk,[17][19][20] and Nifelheim.[17]

Initially a synonym for "Satanic metal",[21] black metal has often sparked controversy, due to the actions and ideologies associated with the genre. Some artists express misanthropic views, and others advocate various forms of extreme anti-Christian sentiment, Satanism, or ethnic paganism. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murders.[22][23] There is also a small neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists.[6][24][25] Generally, black metal strives to remain an underground phenomenon.[26]

Characteristics

Although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has traditionally been applied to bands with widely differing sounds, such as Death SS, Mercyful Fate, Mayhem, Blasphemy,[6][27] and the Greek and Finnish bands that emerged around the same time as the Norwegian scene.[6]

Instrumentation and song structure

Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones and heavy distortion.[28] The guitar is usually played with fast, un-muted tremolo picking and power chords.[28][29][30] Guitarists often use dissonance—along with specific scales, intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread. The tritone, or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal.[30] The bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is common for the bass to be muted against the guitar,[30] or for it to homophonically follow the low-pitched riffs of the guitar. While electronic keyboards are not a standard instrument, some bands, like Dimmu Borgir, use keyboards "in the background" or as "proper instruments" for creating atmosphere.[31] Some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras.

The drumming is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute. These fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost (Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad) and Hellhammer (Jan Axel Blomberg).[32] Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique. "This professionalism has to go," insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz (Gylve Fenris Nagell) of Darkthrone. "I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I don't want to play like a drum solo all the time and make these complicated riffs".[33]

Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections. The Greek style—established by Rotting Christ, Necromantia and Varathron[34]—has more traditional heavy metal[9] and death metal[10] traits than Norwegian black metal.

 
Members of Gorgoroth wearing typical black metal gear such as corpse paint, spikes and bullet belts. The band was formed by guitarist Infernus to express his Satanist beliefs.[35]

Vocals and lyrics

Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include techniques such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling,[28][30] a vocal style influenced by Quorthon of Bathory.[36] Death growls, common in the death metal genre, are sometimes used, but less frequently than the characteristic black metal shriek.[37][38]

Black metal lyrics typically attack Christianity and the other institutional religions,[30] often using apocalyptic language. Satanic lyrics are common,[39] and many see them as essential to black metal. For Satanist black metal artists, "Black metal songs are meant to be like Calvinist sermons; deadly serious attempts to unite the true believers".[40] Misanthropy, global catastrophe, war, death, destruction and rebirth are also common themes.[39] Another topic often found in black metal lyrics is that of the wild and extreme aspects and phenomena of the natural world, particularly the wilderness, forests, mountains, winter, storms, and blizzards.[41] Black metal also has a fascination with the distant past. Many bands write about the mythology and folklore[42] of their homelands and promote a revival of pre-Christian, pagan traditions. A significant number of bands write lyrics only in their native language and a few (e.g. Arckanum and early Ulver) have lyrics in archaic languages. Some doom metal-influenced artists' lyrics focus on depression, nihilism, introspection, self-harm and suicide.[43][44][45]

Imagery and performances

 
A common black metal convention is the use of corpse paint, black-and-white make-up intended to make the wearer look inhuman, corpse-like, or demonic. Shown here: Taalroth of French pagan band Hindvir.

Many bands choose not to play live.[46][47] Many of those who do play live maintain that their performances "are not for entertainment or spectacle. Sincerity, authenticity and extremity are valued above all else".[48] Some bands consider their concerts to be rituals[48] and often make use of stage props and theatrics. Bands such as Mayhem, Gorgoroth, and Watain are noted for their controversial shows, which have featured impaled animal heads, mock crucifixions, medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood.[49] A few vocalists, such as Dead, Maniac and Kvarforth, are known for cutting themselves while singing onstage.

Black metal artists often appear dressed in black with combat boots, bullet belts, spiked wristbands[39] and inverted crosses and inverted pentagrams to reinforce their anti-Christian or anti-religious stance.[16] However, the most stand-out trait is their use of corpse paint—black and white face paint sometimes mixed with real or fake blood, which is used to create a corpse-like or demonic appearance.

The imagery of black metal reflects its lyrics and ideology. In the early 1990s, most pioneering black metal artists had minimalist album covers featuring xeroxed black-and-white pictures and/or writing.[6] This was partly a reaction against death metal bands, who at that time had begun to use brightly colored album artwork.[6] Many purist black metal artists have continued this style. Black metal album covers are typically dark and tend to be atmospheric or provocative; some feature natural or fantasy landscapes (for example Burzum's Filosofem and Emperor's In the Nightside Eclipse) while others are violent, sexually transgressive, sacrilegious, or iconoclastic (for example Marduk's Fuck Me Jesus and Dimmu Borgir's In Sorte Diaboli).

Production

The earliest black metal artists had very limited resources, which meant that recordings were often made in homes or basements,[28] giving their recordings a distinctive "lo-fi" quality. However, even when success allowed access to professional studios, many artists instead chose to continue making lo-fi recordings.[30][39] Artists believed that by doing so, they would both stay true to the genre's underground roots as well as make the music sound more "raw" or "cold".[39] A well-known example of this approach is on the album Transilvanian Hunger by Darkthrone, a band who Johnathan Selzer of Terrorizer magazine says "represent the DIY aspect of black metal."[39] In addition, lo-fi production was used to keep black metal inaccessible or unappealing to mainstream music fans and those who are not committed. Many have claimed that black metal was originally intended only for those who were part of the scene and not for a wider audience.[39] Vocalist Gaahl said that during its early years, "Black metal was never meant to reach an audience, it was purely for our own satisfaction".[29]

History

The conventional history of black metal is that pioneers like Venom, Bathory, and Hellhammer were part of a "first wave", and that a "second wave" was begun by the early Norwegian scene, especially by Mayhem vocalist Dead;[50] Mayhem's leader, Euronymous, who founded the Norwegian scene after Dead's suicide;[51] and Darkthrone's album A Blaze in the Northern Sky.[52][53][54] There are also some who argue that albums like Sarcófago's I.N.R.I.[55] or Samael's Worship Him[56] began the second wave.

Roots

Occult and Satanic lyrical themes were present in the music of heavy metal and rock bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s such as Black Sabbath and Coven.[57]

In the late 1970s, the form of rough and aggressive heavy metal played by the British band Motörhead gained popularity.[57] Many first wave black metal bands cited Motörhead as an influence.[57] Also popular in the late 1970s, punk rock came to influence the birth of black metal.[57] Tom G. Warrior of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost credited English punk group Discharge as "a revolution, much like Venom", saying, "When I heard the first two Discharge records, I was blown away. I was just starting to play an instrument and I had no idea you could go so far."[58]

The use of corpse paint in the black metal imagery was mainly influenced by the American 1970s rock band Kiss.[57]

First wave

 
Venom's second album, Black Metal, inspired the name of the genre

The first wave of black metal refers to bands during the 1980s who influenced the black metal sound and formed a prototype for the genre. By today's musical standards, their sound is closer to speed metal or thrash metal.[16][59]

The term "black metal" was coined by the English band Venom with their second album Black Metal (1982). Although generally deemed speed metal or thrash metal rather than black metal,[39] the album's lyrics and imagery focused more on anti-Christian and Satanic themes than any before it. Their music was fast, unpolished in production and with raspy or grunted vocals. Venom's members also adopted pseudonyms, a practice that became widespread among black metal musicians.

Another major influence on black metal was the Swedish band Bathory. The band, led by Thomas Forsberg (a.k.a. Quorthon), created "the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal".[60] Not only was Bathory's music dark, fast, heavily distorted, lo-fi and with anti-Christian themes, Quorthon was also the first to use the shrieked vocals that later became a common trait.[36] The band played in this style on their first four albums: Bathory (1984), The Return…… (1985), Under the Sign of the Black Mark (1987) and Blood Fire Death (1988). With Blood Fire Death and the two following albums, Bathory pioneered the style that became known as Viking metal.

Hellhammer, from Switzerland, "made truly raw and brutal music"[61] with Satanic lyrics, and became an important influence on later black metal;[62] "Their simple yet effective riffs and fast guitar sound were groundbreaking, anticipating the later trademark sound of early Swedish death metal".[61] In 1984, members of Hellhammer formed Celtic Frost,[63] whose music "explored more orchestral and experimental territories. The lyrics also became more personal, with topics about inner feelings and majestic stories. But for a couple of years, Celtic Frost was one of the world's most extreme and original metal bands, with a huge impact on the mid-1990s black metal scene".[61]

The Danish band Mercyful Fate influenced the Norwegian scene with their imagery and lyrics.[64] Frontman King Diamond, who wore ghoulish black-and-white facepaint on stage, may be one of the inspirators of what became known as 'corpse paint'. Other acts which adopted a similar appearance on stage were the horror punk band Misfits, Celtic Frost and the Brazilian extreme metal band Sarcófago.[65] Other artists usually considered part of this movement include Kreator, Sodom and Destruction (from Germany),[66] Bulldozer and Death SS (from Italy),[27] whose vocalist Steve Sylvester was a member of the Ordo Templi Orientis.[67]

In 1987, in the fifth issue of his Slayer fanzine, Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen wrote that "the latest fad of black/Satanic bands seems to be over",[68] the tradition being continued by a few bands like Incubus[68] and Morbid Angel[68] (from the United States), Sabbat (from Great Britain),[68] Tormentor (from Hungary), Sarcófago (from Brazil), Grotesque,[69][70] Treblinka[70][71] and early Tiamat[69][72] (from Sweden). Other early black metal bands include Sabbat (formed 1983 in Japan),[73] Parabellum (formed 1983 in Colombia),[74] Salem (formed 1985 in Israel) and Mortuary Drape (formed 1986 in Italy).[75] Japanese band Sigh formed in 1990 and was in regular contact with key members of the Norwegian scene. Their debut album, Scorn Defeat, became "a cult classic in the black metal world".[76] In the years before the Norwegian black metal scene arose, important recordings were released by Root and Master's Hammer (from Czechoslovakia), Von (from the United States), Rotting Christ (from Greece), Samael (from Switzerland) and Blasphemy (from Canada), whose debut album Fallen Angel of Doom (1990) is considered one of the most influential records for the war metal style.[77][78][79] Fenriz of the Norwegian band Darkthrone called Master's Hammer's debut album Ritual "the first Norwegian black metal album, even though they are from Czechoslovakia".[80]

In 1990 and 1991, Northern European metal acts began to release music influenced by these bands or the older ones from the first wave. In Sweden, this included Marduk, Dissection, Nifelheim and Abruptum. In Finland, there emerged a scene that mixed the first wave black metal style with elements of death metal and grindcore; this included Beherit, Archgoat and Impaled Nazarene, whose debut album Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann considers a part of war metal's roots.[81] Bands such as Demoncy and Profanatica emerged during this time in the United States, when death metal was more popular among extreme metal fans. The Norwegian band Mayhem's concert in Leipzig with Eminenz and Manos in 1990, later released as Live in Leipzig, was said to have had a strong influence on the East German scene[82] and is even called the unofficial beginning of German black metal.[83]

Second wave

Main article: Early Norwegian black metal scene
 
Norwegian band Immortal influenced countless bands in the genre.[84]

The second wave of black metal began in the early 1990s and was spearheaded by the Norwegian black metal scene. During 1990–1993, a number of Norwegian artists began performing and releasing a new kind of black metal music; this included Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon, Enslaved, Thorns, and Gorgoroth. They developed the style of their 1980s forebears into a distinct genre. This was partly thanks to a new kind of guitar playing developed by Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch of Stigma Diabolicum/Thorns and Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth of Mayhem.[6][29] Fenriz of Darkthrone described it as being "derived from Bathory"[85] and noted that "those kinds of riffs became the new order for a lot of bands in the '90s".[86]

The wearing of corpse paint became standard, and was a way for many black metal artists to distinguish themselves from other metal bands of the era.[39] The scene also had an ideology and ethos. Artists were bitterly opposed to Christianity and presented themselves as misanthropic Devil worshippers who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil.[87] They professed to be serious in their views and vowed to act on them. Ihsahn of Emperor said that they sought to "create fear among people"[88] and "be in opposition to society".[89] The scene was exclusive and created boundaries around itself, incorporating only those who were "true" and attempting to expel all "poseurs".[26] Some members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murder, which eventually drew attention to it and led to a number of artists being imprisoned.

Dead's suicide

On 8 April 1991, Mayhem vocalist Per "Dead" Ohlin committed suicide while left alone in a house shared by the band.[90][91] Fellow musicians described Dead as odd, introverted and depressed. Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, said that Dead was the first to wear the distinctive corpse paint that became widespread in the scene.[92] He was found with slit wrists and a shotgun wound to the head. Dead's suicide note began with "Excuse all the blood", and apologized for firing the weapon indoors.[91][93] Before calling the police, Euronymous got a disposable camera and photographed the body,[94] after re-arranging some items. One of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album, Dawn of the Black Hearts.[92]

Euronymous made necklaces with bits of Dead's skull and gave some to musicians he deemed worthy.[16] Rumors also spread that he had made a stew with bits of his brain.[39][90] Euronymous used Dead's suicide to foster Mayhem's evil image and claimed Dead had killed himself because extreme metal had become trendy and commercialized.[95] Mayhem bassist Jørn 'Necrobutcher' Stubberud noted that "people became more aware of the black metal scene after Dead had shot himself ... I think it was Dead's suicide that really changed the scene".[96]

Two other members of the early Norwegian scene later committed suicide: Erik 'Grim' Brødreskift (of Immortal, Borknagar, Gorgoroth) in 1999[97][98] and Espen 'Storm' Andersen (of Strid) in 2001.[99]

Helvete and Deathlike Silence

 
The basement of Helvete, showing graffiti from the early 1990s

During May–June 1991,[100] Euronymous of Mayhem opened an independent record shop named "Helvete" (Norwegian for "Hell") at Schweigaards gate 56 in Oslo. It quickly became the focal point of Norway's emerging black metal scene and a meeting place for many of its musicians; especially the members of Mayhem, Burzum, Emperor and Thorns.[101] Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen, writer of the fanzine Slayer, said that the opening of Helvete was "the creation of the whole Norwegian black metal scene".[51] In its basement, Euronymous founded an independent record label named Deathlike Silence Productions. With the rising popularity of his band and others like it, the underground success of Euronymous's label is often credited for encouraging other record labels, who had previously shunned black metal acts, to then reconsider and release their material.

Church burnings

In 1992, members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on Christian churches. By 1996, there had been at least 50 such attacks in Norway.[101] Some of the buildings were hundreds of years old and seen as important historical landmarks. The first to be burnt down was Norway's Fantoft Stave Church. Police believe Varg Vikernes of Burzum was responsible.[101] The cover of Burzum's EP Aske ("ashes") is a photograph of the destroyed church.[102] In May 1994, Vikernes was found guilty for burning down the Holmenkollen Chapel, Skjold Church, and Åsane Church.[85][103] In addition, he was found guilty for an attempted arson of a fourth church, and for the theft and storage of 150 kg of explosives.[104] To coincide with the release of Mayhem's De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, Vikernes and Euronymous had also allegedly plotted to bomb the Nidaros Cathedral, which appears on the album cover. The musicians Faust,[105] Samoth,[104] (both of Emperor), and Jørn Inge Tunsberg (of Hades Almighty)[104][101] were also convicted for church arsons. Members of the Swedish black metal scene started to burn churches as well in 1993.[106]

Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic "retaliation" against Christianity in Norway.[107] Mayhem drummer Hellhammer said he had called for attacks on mosques and Hindu temples, on the basis that they were more foreign.[108] Today, opinions on the church burnings differ within the black metal community. Many musicians, singers, and songwriters in the early Norwegian black metal scene, such as Infernus and Gaahl of Gorgoroth, continue to praise the church burnings, with the latter saying "there should have been more of them, and there will be more of them".[16] Others, such as Necrobutcher and Kjetil Manheim of Mayhem and Abbath of Immortal,[16] see the church burnings as having been futile. Manheim claimed that many arsons were "just people trying to gain acceptance" within the black metal scene.[90] Watain vocalist Erik Danielsson respected the attacks, but said of those responsible: "the only Christianity they defeated was the last piece of Christianity within themselves. Which is a very good beginning, of course".[109]

Murder of Euronymous

In early 1993, animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes.[110] On the night of 10 August 1993, Varg Vikernes (of Burzum) and Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch (of Thorns) drove from Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. When they arrived a confrontation began and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death. His body was found outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds—two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back.[111]

It has been speculated that the murder was the result of either a power struggle, a financial dispute over Burzum records or an attempt at outdoing a stabbing in Lillehammer the year before by Faust.[112] Vikernes denies all of these, claiming that he attacked Euronymous in self-defense. He says that Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an electroshock weapon, tie him up and torture him to death while videotaping the event.[85] He said Euronymous planned to use a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him.[85][113] Vikernes claims he intended to hand Euronymous the signed contract that night and "tell him to fuck off", but that Euronymous panicked and attacked him first.[113] He also claims that most of the cuts were from broken glass Euronymous had fallen on during the struggle.[113] The self-defense story is doubted by Faust,[114] while Necrobutcher confirmed that Vikernes killed Euronymous in self-defense due to the death threats he received from him.[115]

Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993, in Bergen.[116] Many other members of the scene were taken in for questioning around the same time. Some of them confessed to their crimes and implicated others. In May 1994, Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison (Norway's maximum penalty) for the murder of Euronymous, the arson of four churches, and for possession of 150 kg of explosives. However, he only confessed to the latter. Two churches were burnt the day he was sentenced, "presumably as a statement of symbolic support".[104] Vikernes smiled when his verdict was read and the picture was widely reprinted in the news media. Blackthorn was sentenced to eight years in prison for being an accomplice to the murder.[104] That month saw the release of Mayhem's album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, which featured Euronymous on guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar.[29] Euronymous's family had asked Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, to remove the bass tracks recorded by Vikernes, but Hellhammer said: "I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record. I put word out that I was re-recording the bass parts. But I never did".[29] In 2003, Vikernes failed to return to Tønsberg prison after being given a short leave. He was re-arrested shortly after while driving a stolen car with various weapons.[117] Vikernes was released on parole in 2009.[118][119]

Outside Norway

 
Enthroned from Belgium

Black metal scenes also emerged on the European mainland during the early 1990s, inspired by the Norwegian scene or the older bands, or both. In Poland, a scene was spearheaded by Graveland and Behemoth. In France, a close-knit group of musicians known as Les Légions Noires emerged; this included artists such as Mütiilation, Vlad Tepes, Belketre and Torgeist. In Belgium, there were acts such as Ancient Rites and Enthroned. Bands such as Black Funeral, Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot emerged during this time in the United States. Black Funeral, from Houston, formed in 1993, was associated with black magic and Satanism.[120]

 
English band Cradle of Filth performing at Metalmania in 2005

A notable black metal group in England was Cradle of Filth, who released three demos in a black/death metal style with symphonic flourishes, followed by the album The Principle of Evil Made Flesh, which featured a then-unusual hybrid style of black and gothic metal. The band then abandoned black metal for gothic metal,[121] becoming one of the most successful extreme metal bands to date. John Serba of AllMusic commented that their first album "made waves in the early black metal scene, putting Cradle of Filth on the tips of metalheads' tongues, whether in praise of the band's brazen attempts to break the black metal mold or in derision for its 'commercialization' of an underground phenomenon that was proud of its grimy heritage".[122] Some black metal fans did not consider Cradle of Filth to be black metal. When asked if he considers Cradle of Filth a black metal band, vocalist Dani Filth said he considers them black metal in terms of philosophy and atmosphere, but not in other ways.[123] Another English band called Necropolis never released any music, but "began a desecratory assault against churches and cemeteries in their area" and "almost caused Black Metal to be banned in Britain as a result".[124] Dayal Patterson says successful acts like Cradle of Filth "provoked an even greater extremity [of negative opinion] from the underground" scene due to concerns about "selling out".[125]

The controversy surrounding the Thuringian band Absurd drew attention to the German black metal scene. In 1993, the members murdered a boy from their school, Sandro Beyer.[126] A photo of Beyer's gravestone is on the cover of one of their demos,[127] Thuringian Pagan Madness, along with pro-Nazi statements. It was recorded in prison and released in Poland by Graveland drummer Capricornus.[128] The band's early music was more influenced by Oi! and Rock Against Communism (RAC) than by black metal,[129] and described as being "more akin to '60s garage punk than some of the […] Black Metal of their contemporaries".[130] Alexander von Meilenwald from German band Nagelfar considers Ungod's 1993 debut Circle of the Seven Infernal Pacts, Desaster's 1994 demo Lost in the Ages, Tha-Norr's 1995 album Wolfenzeitalter, Lunar Aurora's 1996 debut Weltengänger and Katharsis's 2000 debut 666[131] to be the most important recordings for the German scene.[82] He said they were "not necessarily the best German releases, but they all kicked off something".[82]

After the second wave

 
Dimmu Borgir's music features synthesizers and orchestras[132]

In the beginning of the second wave, the different scenes developed their own styles; as Alan 'Nemtheanga' Averill says, "you had the Greek sound and the Finnish sound, and the Norwegian sound, and there was German bands and Swiss bands and that kind of thing."[6] By the mid-1990s, the style of the Norwegian scene was being adopted by bands worldwide, and in 1998, Kerrang! journalist Malcolm Dome said that "black metal as we know it in 1998 owes more to Norway and to Scandinavia than any other particular country".[101] Newer black metal bands also began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even full-symphony orchestras. By the late 1990s, the underground concluded that several of the Norwegian pioneers—like Emperor,[78][133] Immortal,[78][133] Dimmu Borgir,[133] Ancient,[78][133] Covenant/The Kovenant,[133] and Satyricon[78]—had commercialized[78][133] or sold out to the mainstream and "big bastard labels."[133] Dayal Patterson states that successful acts like Dimmu Borgir "provoked and even greater extremity [of negative opinion] from the underground" regarding the view that these bands had "sold out."[125]

After Euronymous's death, "some bands went more towards the Viking metal and epic style, while some bands went deeper into the abyss."[109] Since 1993, the Swedish scene had carried out church burnings, grave desecration, and other violent acts. In 1995, Jon Nödtveidt of Dissection joined the Misanthropic Luciferian Order (MLO).[134] In 1997, he and another MLO member were arrested and charged with shooting dead a 37-year-old man. It was said he was killed "out of anger" because he had "harassed" the two men. Nödtveidt received a 10-year sentence.[135] As the victim was a homosexual immigrant, Dissection was accused of being a Nazi band,[136] but Nödtveidt denied this and dismissed racism and nationalism.[136][137]

The Swedish band Shining, founded in 1996, began writing music almost exclusively about depression and suicide, musically inspired by Strid and by Burzum's albums Hvis lyset tar oss and Filosofem.[138] Vocalist Niklas Kvarforth wanted to "force-feed" his listeners "with self-destructive and suicidal imagery and lyrics."[109] In the beginning, he used the term "suicidal black metal" for his music.[109][139] However, he stopped using the term in 2001 because it had begun to be used by a slew of other bands, whom he felt had misinterpreted his vision[109][139] and were using the music as a kind of therapy[109][139] rather than a weapon against the listener as Kvarforth intended.[139] He said that he "wouldn't call Shining a black metal band" and called the "suicidal black metal" term a "foolish idea."[109]

 
Watain singer Erik Danielsson in torn clothes and covered with blood

According to Erik Danielsson, when his band Watain formed in 1998, there were very few bands who took black metal as seriously as the early Norwegian scene had.[109] A newer generation of Swedish Satanic bands like Watain and Ondskapt, inspired by Ofermod,[140][141] the new band of Nefandus member Belfagor, put this scene "into a new light." Kvarforth said, "It seems like people actually [got] afraid again."[109] "The current Swedish black metal scene has a particularly ambitious and articulate understanding of mysticism and its validity to black metal. Many Swedish black metal bands, most notably Watain and Dissection, are [or were] affiliated with the Temple of the Black Light, or Misanthropic Luciferian Order […] a Theistic, Gnostic, Satanic organization based in Sweden".[142] Upon his release in 2004, Jon Nödtveidt restarted Dissection with new members whom he felt were able to "stand behind and live up to the demands of Dissection's Satanic concept."[143] He started calling Dissection "the sonic propaganda unit of the MLO"[144][145] and released a third full-length album, Reinkaos. The lyrics contain magical formulae from the Liber Azerate and are based on the organization's teachings.[146] After the album's release and a few concerts, Nödtveidt said that he had "reached the limitations of music as a tool for expressing what I want to express, for myself and the handful of others that I care about" and disbanded Dissection[145] before dying by suicide.[147]

A part of the underground scene adopted a Jungian interpretation of the church burnings and other acts of the early scene as the re-emergence of ancient archetypes, which Kadmon of Allerseelen and the authors of Lords of Chaos had implied in their writings.[148][52] They mixed this interpretation with Paganism and Nationalism.[52] Varg Vikernes was seen as "an ideological messiah" by some,[149] although Vikernes had disassociated himself from black metal[149][150] and his neo-Nazism had nothing to do with that subculture.[150] This led to the rise of National Socialist black metal (NSBM), which Hendrik Möbus of Absurd calls "the logical conclusion" of the Norwegian black metal "movement".[52] Other parts of the scene oppose NSBM as it is "indelibly linked with Asá Trŭ and opposed to Satanism", or look upon Nazism "with vague skepticism and indifference".[151] Members of the NSBM scene, among others, see the Norwegian bands as poseurs whose "ideology is cheap", although they still respect Vikernes and Burzum, whom Grand Belial's Key vocalist Richard Mills called "the only Norwegian band that remains unapologetic and literally convicted of his beliefs."[149]

In France, besides Les Légions Noires (The Black Legions), an NSBM scene arose. Members of French band Funeral desecrated a grave in Toulon in June 1996, and a 19-year-old black metal fan stabbed a priest to death in Mulhouse on Christmas Eve 1996.[152] According to MkM of Antaeus and Aosoth, the early French scene "was quite easy to divide: either you were NSBM, and you had the support from zine and the audience, or you were part of the black legions, and you had that 'cult' aura", whereas his band Antaeus, not belonging to either of these sub-scenes, "did not fit anywhere."[153] Many French bands, like Deathspell Omega and Aosoth, have an avantgarde approach[154] and a disharmonic sound that is representative of that scene.[155]

The early American black metal bands remained underground. Some of them—like Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot—joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot's sole member Akhenaten left the organization.[156] Other bands like Averse Sefira never had any link with Nazism.[156] The US bands have no common style. Many were musically inspired by Burzum but did not necessarily adopt Vikernes's ideas.[156] Profanatica's music is close to death metal,[157] while Demoncy were accused of ripping off Gorgoroth riffs.[158] There also emerged bands like Xasthur and Leviathan[47] (whose music is inspired by Burzum[156] and whose lyrics focus on topics such as depression and suicide),[159][160] Nachtmystium,[47] Krallice,[47][161] Wolves in the Throne Room[47][161] (a band linked to the crust punk scene and the environmental movement),[162][163] and Liturgy (the style of whom frontwoman Hunter Hunt-Hendrix describes as 'transcendental black metal').[47][164] These bands eschew black metal's traditional lyrical content for "something more Whitman-esque"[47] and have been rejected by some traditional black-metallers for their ideologies[165] and the post-rock and shoegazing influences some of them have adopted.[161] Also, some bands like Agalloch started to incorporate "doom and folk elements into the traditional blast-beat and tremolo-picking of the Scandinavian incarnation", a style that later became known as Cascadian black metal, in reference to the region where it emerged.[166]

In Australia, a scene led by bands like Deströyer 666, Vomitor, Hobbs' Angel of Death, Nocturnal Graves and Gospel of the Horns arose. This scene's typical style is a mixture of old school black metal and raw thrash metal influenced by old Celtic Frost, Bathory, Venom, and Sodom but also with its own elements.[167]

Melechesh was formed in Jerusalem in 1993, "the first overtly anti-Christian band to exist in one of the holiest cities in the world".[168] Melechesh began as a straightforward black metal act with their first foray into folk metal occurring on their 1996 EP The Siege of Lachish.[169] Their subsequent albums straddled black, death, and thrash metal.[170] Another band, Arallu, was formed in the late 1990s and has relationships with Melechesh and Salem.[171][172] Melechesh and Arallu perform a style they call "Mesopotamian Black Metal", a blend of black metal and Mesopotamian folk music.[168][172]

Since the 2000s, a number of anti-Islamic and anti-religious black metal bands—whose members come from Muslim backgrounds—have emerged in the Middle East. Janaza, believed to be Iraq's first female black metal artist, released the demo Burning Quran Ceremony in 2010. Its frontwoman, Anahita, claimed her parents and brother were killed by a suicide bomb during the Iraq War. Another Iraqi band, Seeds of Iblis, also fronted by Anahita,[173] released their debut EP Jihad Against Islam in 2011 through French label Legion of Death. Metal news website Metalluminati suggests that their claims of being based in Iraq are a hoax.[174] These bands, along with Tadnees (from Saudi Arabia), Halla (from Iran), False Allah (from Bahrain), and Mosque of Satan (from Lebanon), style themselves as the "Arabic Anti-Islamic Legion." Another Lebanese band, Ayat, drew much attention with their debut album Six Years of Dormant Hatred, released through North American label Moribund Records in 2008.[173] Some European bands have also begun expressing anti-Islamic views, most notably the Norwegian band Taake.[175]

Stylistic divisions

Regarding the sound of black metal, there are two conflicting groups within the genre: "those that stay true to the genre's roots, and those that introduce progressive elements".[39] The former believe that the music should always be minimalist—performed only with the standard guitar-bass-drums setup and recorded in a low fidelity style. One supporter of this train of thought is Blake Judd of Nachtmystium, who has rejected labeling his band black metal for its departure from the genre's typical sound.[176] Snorre Ruch of Thorns, on the other hand, has said that modern black metal is "too narrow" and believes that this was "not the idea at the beginning".[177]

Since the 1990s, different styles of black metal have emerged and some have melded Norwegian-style black metal with other genres:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Ambient black metal

Ambient black metal is a style of black metal that relies on heavy incorporation of atmospheric, sometimes dreamy textures, and is therefore less aggressive. It often features synthesizers or classical instrumentation, typically for melody or ethereal "shimmering" over the wall of sound provided by the guitars. The music is usually slow to mid paced with rare blast beat usage, without any abrupt changes and generally features slowly developing, sometimes repetitive melodies and riffs, which separate it from other black metal styles. Subject matter usually concerns nature, folklore, mythology, and personal introspection.[178] Artists include Agalloch[179] and Wolves in the Throne Room.[179]

Black-doom

Black-doom, also known as blackened doom, is a style that combines the slowness and thicker, bassier sound of doom metal with the shrieking vocals and heavily distorted guitar sound of black metal.[43][180][181] Black-doom bands maintain the Satanic ideology associated with black metal, while melding it with moodier themes more related to doom metal, like depression, nihilism and nature.[43] They also use the slower pace of doom metal in order to emphasize the harsh atmosphere present in black metal.[182] Examples of black-doom bands include Barathrum,[183] Forgotten Tomb,[180] Woods of Ypres,[184] Deinonychus,[185] Shining,[186] Nortt,[187] Bethlehem,[188] early Katatonia,[189] Tiamat,[182] Dolorian,[182] and October Tide.[182]

Depressive suicidal black metal

Pioneered by black-doom bands like Ophthalamia, Katatonia, Bethlehem, Forgotten Tomb and Shining, depressive suicidal black metal, also known as suicidal black metal, depressive black metal or DSBM, is a style that melds the second wave-style of black metal with doom metal,[190] with lyrics revolving around themes such as depression, self-harm, misanthropy, suicide and death.[44][45] DSBM bands draws the lo-fi recording and highly distorted guitars of black metal, while employing the usage of acoustic instruments and non-distorted electric guitar's timbres present in doom metal, interchanging the slower, doom-like, sections with faster tremolo picking.[190] Vocals are usually high-pitched like in black metal, but lacking of energy, simulating feelings like hopelessness, desperation and plea.[190] The presence of one-man bands is more prominent in this genre compared to others.[190] Examples of bands include Xasthur,[191] Leviathan,[190] Strid,[190] Silencer,[44][45] Make a Change… Kill Yourself,[190] Lifelover[192] and I Shalt Become.[44][45]

Black 'n' roll

"Black'n'Roll", "Black 'N' Roll" and similar spelling variants redirect here. For the album by Black River, see Black'n'Roll (album).

Black 'n' roll is a style of black metal that incorporates elements from 1970s hard rock and rock and roll music.[193] Examples of black 'n' roll bands include Midnight,[194] Kvelertak,[195] Vreid,[196] and Khold.[193][197] Bands such as Satyricon,[193][198][199] Darkthrone,[200] Nachtmystium,[201] Nidingr,[202] Craft,[193] and Sarke also experimented with the genre.[203]

Blackened crust

Crust punk groups, such as Antisect, Sacrilege and Anti System took some influence from early black metal bands like Venom, Hellhammer, and Celtic Frost,[204] while Amebix's lead vocalist and guitarist sent his band's early demo tape to Cronos of Venom, who replied by saying "We'll rip you off."[205] Similarly, Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as heavy metal.[206] Crust punk was affected by a second wave of black metal in the 1990s, with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal-influenced crust punk;[207] Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe their new style. The Japanese group Gallhammer also fused crust punk with black metal[208] while the English band Fukpig has been said to have elements of crust punk, black metal, and grindcore.[209][210] North Carolina's Young and in the Way have been playing blackened crust since their formation in 2009.[211] In addition, Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008,

In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal—while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s.[212]

Red and anarchist black metal

Red and anarchist black metal, also known as RABM,[213][214] is a subgenre that melds black metal with anarchist crust punk, promoting ideologies such as anarchism, environmentalism, or Marxism.[215][216][217][218] RABM was launched by supporters of these and related movements in response to National socialist black metal.[219] Artists labelled RABM include Iskra, Panopticon, Skagos,[218][214] Storm of Sedition,[213] Not A Cost,[213] and Black Kronstadt.[213]

Blackened death-doom

Blackened death-doom is a genre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming of doom metal, the complex and loud riffage of death metal and the shrieking vocals of black metal.[220] Examples of blackened death-doom bands include Morast,[220] Faustcoven,[220] The Ruins of Beverast,[220] Bölzer,[220] Necros Christos,[220] Harvest Gulgaltha,[221] Dragged into Sunlight,[222] Hands of Thieves,[223] and Soulburn.[224][225]

Blackened death metal

Main article: Blackened death metal

Blackened death metal is commonly death metal that incorporates musical, lyrical or ideological elements of black metal, such as an increased use of tremolo picking, anti-Christian or Satanic lyrical themes and chord progressions similar to those used in black metal.[226][227][228] Blackened death metal bands are also more likely to wear corpse paint and suits of armour, than bands from other styles of death metal.[229] Lower range guitar tunings, death growls and abrupt tempo changes are common in the genre.[230] Examples of blackened death metal bands are Belphegor,[231] Behemoth,[232] Akercocke,[233] and Sacramentum.[234]

Melodic black-death

Melodic black-death[235] (also known as blackened melodic death metal or melodic blackened death metal)[236] is a genre of extreme metal that describes the style created when melodic death metal bands began being inspired by black metal and European romanticism. However, unlike most other black metal, this take on the genre incorporated an increased sense of melody and narrative.[236] Some bands who have played this style include Dissection,[236][235][237] Sacramentum,[236][235] Naglfar,[236] God Dethroned,[238] Dawn,[236] Unanimated,[236] Thulcandra,[235][236] Skeletonwitch[239] and Cardinal Sin.[235]

War metal

War metal[77][78][79] (also known as war black metal[78] or bestial black metal)[79] is an aggressive,[78] cacophonous,[77] and chaotic[77][78] subgenre of blackened death metal,[240] described by Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann as "rabid"[78] and "hammering".[78] Important influences include early black and death metal bands, such as Sodom,[77][78] Possessed,[78] Autopsy,[78] Sarcófago,[77][78][79][81] and the first two Sepultura releases,[78][81] as well as seminal grindcore acts like Repulsion.[77][78] War metal bands include Blasphemy,[77][78][81] Archgoat,[78] Impiety,[78] and Bestial Warlust.[241]

Blackened grindcore

Blackened grindcore is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and grindcore.[242][243] Notable bands include Anaal Nathrakh and early Rotting Christ.[244]

Blackened thrash metal

Blackened thrash metal, also known as black-thrash,[245] is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and thrash metal.[245][246] Being considered one of the first fusions of extreme metal,[245] it was inspired by bands such as Venom, Sodom, and Sarcófago.[247] Notable bands include Aura Noir,[248] Witchery,[249][250] Black Fast,[251] Sathanas,[252] and Deströyer 666.[246]

Folk black metal, pagan metal, and Viking metal

Main articles: Pagan metal and Viking metal

Folk black metal, pagan metal and Viking metal are styles that incorporates elements of folk music, with pagan metal bands focusing on pagan lyrics and imagery,[253] and Viking metal bands giving thematic focus on Norse mythology, Norse paganism, and the Viking Age, more influenced by Nordic folk music.[254] While not focused on Satanism, the bands' use of ancient folklore and mythologies still express anti-Christian views, with folk black metal doing it as part of a "rebellion to the status quo", that developed concurrently along with the rise of folk metal in Europe in the 1990s,[255][253] Notable artist include Negură Bunget,[255] Windir,[256] Primordial,[257][258] In the Woods...,[259] Cruachan,[260] and Bathory, to whose albums Blood Fire Death (1988) and Hammerheart (1990) the origin of Viking metal can be traced.[261]

Industrial black metal

Industrial black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates elements of industrial music. Mysticum, formed in 1991,[262] was the first of these groups.[263] DHG (Dødheimsgard), Thorns from Norway and Blut Aus Nord, N.K.V.D. and Blacklodge from France, have been acclaimed for their incorporation of industrial elements.[264] Other industrial black metal musicians include Samael,[265] The Axis of Perdition,[266] Aborym,[267] and ...And Oceans.[268] In addition, The Kovenant,[269] Mortiis and Ulver emerged from the Norwegian black metal scene, but later chose to experiment with industrial music.[270][271]

Post-black metal

Post-black metal is an umbrella term for genres that experiment beyond black metal's conventions and broaden their sounds, evolving past the genre's limits.[272] Notable bands include Myrkur,[273] Alcest,[274] Bosse-de-Nage,[275] and Wildernessking.[276]

Blackgaze

Main article: Blackgaze

Blackgaze incorporates common black metal and post-black metal elements such as blast beat drumming and high-pitched screamed vocals with the melodic and heavily distorted guitar styles typically associated with shoegazing.[277][278] It is associated with bands such as Deafheaven,[279] Alcest,[280] Vaura,[278] Amesoeurs,[281] Bosse-de-Nage,[278] Oathbreaker,[282] and Fen.[278]

National Socialist black metal

Main article: National Socialist black metal

National Socialist black metal (also known as NSBM) is a subgenre that promotes neo-Nazi or similar beliefs through its lyrics and imagery. Artists typically meld neo-Nazi ideology with ethnic European paganism, but a few meld these beliefs with Satanism or occultism. Some commentators see this ideology as a natural development of the black metal worldview. Members of the early Norwegian scene flirted with Nazi themes, but this was largely an attempt to provoke.[283] Varg Vikernes—who now refers to his ideology as 'Odalism'[284]—is credited with popularizing such views within the scene.[285][286] NSBM emerged in the mid-1990s and was spearheaded by artists such as Absurd (from Germany), Graveland, Infernum, and Veles (from Poland), and Grand Belial's Key (from the US). It is particularly strong in the former Eastern Bloc.

Psychedelic black metal

Psychedelic black metal is a subgenre of black metal which employs the usage of psychedelic elements.[287] Notable acts include Oranssi Pazuzu,[287][288][289] Nachtmystium,[289] Deafheaven,[289] Woe,[289] Amesoeurs,[289] and In the Woods....[290]

Raw black metal

Raw black metal is a subgenre that seeks to amplify the primitive qualities of the second wave of black metal, by giving priority to its lo-fi production values.[291][292] To achieve this, bands under this style usually emphasize the usage of higher-pitches in their guitar sound and vocals, while employing techniques such as tremolo picking and blast beats more often.[292] Its imagery is often associated with dystopic and minimalistic tendencies.[291][292] Notable bands include Gorgoroth,[291] Darkthrone,[293][294] Satyricon,[294] Bathory[294] and Burzum.[294]

Symphonic black metal

Main article: Symphonic black metal

Symphonic black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements. This may include the usage of instruments found in symphony orchestras (piano, violin, cello, flute and keyboards), "clean" or operatic vocals and guitars with less distortion.[295]

Unblack metal

Main article: Unblack metal
 
Lars Stokstad, Elements of Rock 2011

Unblack metal (or Christian black metal) is a subgenre that promotes Christianity through its lyrics and imagery.[296] The first unblack metal record, Hellig Usvart (1994) by Australian artist Horde, was a provocative parody of Norwegian black metal. It sparked controversy, and death threats were issued against Horde. Norwegian unblack metal band Antestor was originally formed as a death/doom band bearing a different name, Crush Evil.

Ideology

 
Taake vocalist Hoest—the inverted Christian cross is often used by black-metallers to signify their opposition to Christianity

Unlike other metal genres, black metal is associated with an ideology and ethos. It is fiercely opposed to Christianity[16] and the other main institutional religions, Islam and Judaism. Many black metal bands are Satanists and see Satanism as a key part of black metal. Others advocate ethnic Paganism, "often coupled with nationalism",[297] although the early Pagan bands did not call themselves 'black metal'.[259][298][299]

Black metal tends to be misanthropic and hostile to modern society.[39] It is "a reaction against the mundanity, insincerity and emotional emptiness that participants feel is intrinsic to modern secular culture".[300] The black metal scene tends to oppose political correctness, humanitarianism, consumerism, globalization and homogeneity.[301][302][303] Aaron Weaver from Wolves in the Throne Room said: "I think that black metal is an artistic movement that is critiquing modernity on a fundamental level, saying that the modern world view is missing something".[304] As part of this, some parts of the scene glorify nature and have a fascination with the distant past.[305][306] Black metal has been likened to Romanticism and there is an undercurrent of romantic nationalism in the genre.[307][308] Sam Dunn noted that "unlike any other heavy metal scene, the culture and the place is incorporated into the music and imagery".[16] Individualism is also an important part of black metal,[16] with Fenriz of Darkthrone describing black metal as "individualism above all".[309] Unlike other kinds of metal, black metal has numerous one-man bands. However, it is argued that followers of Euronymous were anti-individualistic,[310] and that "Black Metal is characterized by a conflict between radical individualism and group identity and by an attempt to accept both polarities simultaneously".[305]

In his master's thesis, Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that some artists can be seen as transcendentalists. Dissatisfied with a "world that they feel is devoid of spiritual and cultural significance",[311] they try to leave or "transcend" their "mundane physical forms" and become one with the divine.[312] This is done through their concerts, which he describes as "musical rituals" that involve self-mortification and taking on an alternative, "spiritual persona" (for example by the wearing of costume and face paint).[313]

Satanism

 
The inverted pentagram is commonly used by bands in the genre

Black metal was originally a term for extreme metal bands with Satanic lyrics and imagery. However, most of the 'first wave' bands (including Venom, who coined the term 'black metal') were not Satanists and rather used Satanic themes to provoke controversy or gain attention. One of the few exceptions was Mercyful Fate singer and Church of Satan member King Diamond, whom Michael Moynihan calls "one of the only performers of the '80s Satanic metal who was more than just a poseur using a devilish image for shock value".[314]

 
Video shoot for "Carving a Giant" by Gorgoroth, which features mock crucifixions

In the early 1990s, many Norwegian black-metallers presented themselves as genuine Devil worshippers.[315] Mayhem's Euronymous was the key figure behind this.[310] They attacked the Church of Satan for its "freedom and life-loving" views;[316] the theistic Satanism they espoused was an inversion of Christianity. Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that they "transform[ed] Venom's quasi-Satanic stage theatrics into a form of cultural expression unique from other forms of metal or Satanism" and "abandoned the mundane identities and ambitions of other forms of metal in favor of religious and ideological fanaticism".[310] Some prominent scene members—such as Euronymous and Faust[27][66]—stated that only bands who are Satanists can be called 'black metal'. Bands with a Norwegian style, but without Satanic lyrics, tended to use other names for their music.[259][298][299] This view is still held by many artists—such as Infernus,[317] Arioch,[318] Nornagest and Erik Danielsson.[319] Some bands, like the reformed Dissection[143][145] and Watain,[320] insist that all members must be of the same Satanic belief, whereas Michael Ford of Black Funeral[120] and MkM of Antaeus[321] believe black metal must be Satanic but not all band members need to be Satanists. Others—such as Jan Axel Blomberg,[322] Sigurd Wongraven[39] and Eric Horner[323]—believe that black metal does not need to be Satanic. An article in Metalion's Slayer fanzine attacked musicians that "care more about their guitars than the actual essence onto which the whole concept was and is based upon", and insisted that "the music itself doesn't come as the first priority".[324] Bands with a similar style but with Pagan lyrics tend to be referred to as 'Pagan Metal' by many 'purist' black-metallers.[325]

Others shun Satanism, seeing it as Christian or "Judeo-Christian" in origin,[326][327] and regard Satanists as perpetuating the "Judeo-Christian" worldview.[328] Quorthon of Bathory said he used 'Satan' to provoke and attack Christianity. However, with his third and fourth albums, Under the Sign of the Black Mark and Blood Fire Death, he began "attacking Christianity from a different angle", realizing that Satanism is a "Christian product".[327] Nevertheless, some artists use Satan as a symbol or metaphor for their beliefs, such as LaVeyan Satanists (who are atheist). Vocalist Gaahl, who considers himself a Norse Shaman,[329] said: "We use the word 'Satanist' because it is Christian world and we have to speak their language ... When I use the word 'Satan', it means the natural order, the will of a man, the will to grow, the will to become the superman".[330] Varg Vikernes called himself a Satanist in early interviews but "now downplays his former interest in Satanism", saying he was using Satan as a symbol for Odin as the 'adversary' of the Christian God.[331] He saw Satanism as "an introduction to more indigenous heathen beliefs".[332] Some bands such as Carach Angren,[333] Immortal[334] and Enslaved[335][336] do not have Satanic lyrics.

Christianity

 
The Norwegian unblack metal band Antestor.

Many black-metallers see "Christian black metal" as an oxymoron[337] and believe black metal cannot be Christian.[39] In fact, the early unblack metal groups Horde and Antestor refused to call their music "black metal" because they did not share its ethos. Horde called its music "holy unblack metal"[338] and Antestor called theirs "sorrow metal".[339] Horde's Jayson Sherlock later said "I will never understand why Christians think they can play Black Metal. I really don't think they understand what true Black Metal is".[340] However, current unblack metal bands such as Crimson Moonlight feel that black metal has changed from an ideological movement to a purely musical genre, and thus call their music 'black metal'.[337]

Environmentalism

Black metal has a long tradition of environmentalism.[341][163] Groups such as Botanist and Wolves in the Throne Room have been described as exemplifying radical environmentalism.[342][343][344]

Politics

A wide range of political views are found in the black metal scene. The vast majority of black metal bands are apolitical.[345][346][347]

Albeit a small minority within the genre,[347][348] Neo-Nazi artists have gained some notoriety throughout the years. While some black metal fans boycott Neo-Nazi artists, many are indifferent or appreciate the music without supporting the musicians,[151] but overall Neo-Nazism has been criticized by some prominent and influential black metal artists—including Jon Nödtveidt,[137] Gorgoroth,[349][24][25] Dark Funeral,[6][350] Richard Lederer,[351] Michael Ford,[352] and Arkhon Infaustus.[6] Some liken Nazism to Christianity by arguing that both are authoritarian, collectivist, and a "herd mentality".[137][349] Olson writes that the shunning of Nazism by some black-metallers "has nothing to do with notions of a 'universal humanity' or a rejection of hate" but that Nazism is shunned "because its hatred is too specific and exclusive".[353]

Some time later, a movement promoting Marxist and anarchist ideas was born in the genre, mostly as a reaction to neo-Nazi movements.[218] Others with similar outlook, such as Wolves in the Throne Room, are not overtly political and do not endorse the label.

Media

Documentaries on black metal

  • 666 – At Calling Death (1993) was a documentary released by Nuclear Blast, which provides an abundance of interviews and perspectives on the meaning of both death and black metal genres from musicians who perform these styles, in light of the Norwegian scene church burnings and murders, which had been occurring around that time. The latter half of the documentary focuses on black metal.
  • Det svarte alvor (1994)
  • Satan Rides the Media (1998)
  • Black Metal (1998), a Belgian documentary by Marilyn Watelet.[354]
  • Norsk Black Metal (2003) was aired on Norwegian TV by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK).
  • Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (2005) touches on black metal in the early 1990s, and includes an extensive 25-minute feature on the DVD release.
  • True Norwegian Black Metal (2007) is a five-part feature from VICE. It explores some of the aspects of the lifestyle, beliefs and controversies surrounding former Gorgoroth vocalist Gaahl.[355]
  • Black Metal: A Documentary (2007), produced by Bill Zebub, explores the world of black metal from the point of view of the artists. There is no narrator and no one outside of black metal takes part in any interview or storytelling.
  • Pure Fucking Mayhem (2009) tells the story of the black metal band Mayhem and the tragedies surrounding them.[356]
  • Murder Music: A History of Black Metal (2007)
  • The Misanthrope (2007) written and directed by Ted "Nocturno Culto" Skjellum from extreme metal duo Darkthrone.[357]
  • Once Upon a Time in Norway (2008)
  • Black Metal Satanica (2008)
  • Until the Light Takes Us (2009) explores black metal's origins and subculture, featuring exclusive interviews and including rare footage from the Black Circle's early days.
  • Loputon Gehennan Liekki (Eternal Flame of Gehenna)(2011) Finnish black metal documentary
  • Out of the Black – A Black Metal Documentary (2012), an examination of the musical and social origins of black metal while exploring the full spectrum of the religious ideology within the scene. Also examines black metal in America and the multiple differences between the American and the Scandinavian scene.[358]
  • One Man Metal (2012) explores the lifestyle and thoughts of the members of the three one-man bands Xasthur, Leviathan and Striborg.[359]
  • Attention! Black Metal (2012)

References in media

  • A black metal mockumentary Legalize Murder was released in 2006.
  • The cartoon show Metalocalypse is about an extreme metal band called Dethklok, with many references to leading black metal artists on the names of various businesses, such as Fintroll's convenience store, Dimmu Burger, Gorgoroth's electric wheelchair store, Carpathian Forest High School, Marduk's Putt & Stuff, Burzum's hot-dogs and Behemoth studios (the man who owns Behemoth studios is also named Mr. Grishnackh). In the episode "Dethdad", Dethklok travels to Norway to both visit Toki's dying father and the original black metal record store, much to the dismay of the band members when they find out the store does not sell any of their music, described by the owner as being "too digital".
  • A Norwegian commercial for a laundry detergent once depicted black metal musicians as part of the advertisement.[360]
  • Black metal bands such as 1349, Emperor, Behemoth, Dimmu Borgir, Enslaved and Satyricon have had their videos make appearances on MTV's Headbangers Ball.
  • Comedian Brian Posehn made a visual reference to Norwegian black metal bands in the music video for his comedy song "Metal by Numbers".[361]
  • A KFC commercial screened in Canada (2008) and Australia (2010) featuring a fictional black metal band called Hellvetica. Onstage, the band's singer does a fire-eating trick. Once backstage, he takes a bite of the spicy KFC chicken and declares, "Oh man, that is hot".
  • The twenty-first episode of the fourth season of Bones, "Mayhem on a Cross", featured the discovery of a human skeleton at a black metal concert in Norway.
  • There are many references to black/extreme metal bands (Bathory, Marduk, Cradle of Filth and Dimmu Borgir) in Åke Edwardson's 1999 crime novel Sun and Shadow (Sol och skugga). The plot involves the music of a fictional Canadian black metal band called Sacrament. As part of the inquiry, Inspector Winter tries to distinguish between black and death metal artists.[362]
  • In the UK show The Inbetweeners during some scenes in the sixth form common room, a Mayhem poster for the album Ordo ad Chao can be seen.
  • A recurring theme in The IT Crowd (seasons 1 and 2) is the conversion of a character (Richmond) from executive to pariah through his exposure to Cradle of Filth.
  • A black metal act is used to advertise "ZYX Sitruuna", a Finnish remedy for throat pain.[363]
  • Jonas Åkerlund's 2018 horror-thriller film, Lords of Chaos, based on the 1998 non-fiction book of the same name, centres around a series of crimes that occurred in Oslo, Norway in the early 1990s surrounding the black metal bands Mayhem and Burzum.

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black metal.

References

  1. ^ Bowar, Chad. "Black Metal 101". About.com.
  2. ^ a b Lee, Cosmo; Voegtlin, Stewart. "Into the void: Stylus Magazine's Beginner's Guide to Metal". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  3. ^ Weisbard, Eric, ed. (2012). Pop When the World Falls Apart: Music in the Shadow of Doubt. Duke University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0822351085.
  4. ^ Phillips, William & Cogan, Brian (2009). Encyclopedia of heavy metal music. Greenwood Press. pp. 109, 234. ISBN 978-0313348006.
  5. ^ Stuart Maconie (24 May 2020). "Dungeon Synth". BBC Radio 6 Music. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Debub, Bill (2007). Black Metal: A Documentary (motion picture). Bill Zebub Productions.
  7. ^ The End of a Legend? Isten smokes Holocaust Vengeance out of BEHERIT. In: Isten, no. 6, 1995, pp. 44f.
  8. ^ "The Oath of the Goat's Black Blood". Sinister Flame. 1: 28–32. 2003.
  9. ^ a b Chad Bowar: Retro Recommendation: Rotting Christ – Thy Mighty Contract 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 24 June 2011, accessed on 13 December 2012.
  10. ^ a b Stefan Glas: Rotting Christ. Passage to Arcturo. In: Metal Hammer, March 1992, pp. 70f.
  11. ^ "Vattnet Viskar's Settler Has Nearly Arrived Home". MetalSucks. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  12. ^ Dick, Jonathan K. (18 June 2015). "False – Untitled". Pitchfork. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  13. ^ O'Hagar, Sammy (8 November 2012). "Von's Satanic Blood: Black Black Black Black No. 1". MetalSucks. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  14. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "( I.N.R.I. > Overview )". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  15. ^ Freeman, Channing (18 January 2013). "Album Review – Darkthrone: A Blaze in the Northern Sky". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dunn, Sam (2005). Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (motion picture). Seville Pictures.
  17. ^ a b c d Patterson, Dayal (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House. p. 342. ISBN 9781936239764. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  18. ^ Ekeroth, Daniel (2009). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. p. 255. ISBN 9780979616310. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  19. ^ Ekeroth, Daniel (2009). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. p. 225. ISBN 9780979616310. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  20. ^ Ekeroth, Daniel (2009). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. p. 253. ISBN 9780979616310. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  21. ^ McIver, Joel (2009). Justice for All – The Truth About Metallica (updated ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120090. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  22. ^ "A look back at how a metal scene in Norway led to the arson of over 50 churches | Mapped". dailyhive.com. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  23. ^ "'Before you know it, it's not a big deal to kill a man': Norwegian black metal's murderous past". the Guardian. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  24. ^ a b Škot, Mladen. . maelstrom.nu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  25. ^ a b . Blabbermouth.net. 15 March 2008. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  26. ^ a b Olson 2008, p. 30, 42.
  27. ^ a b c Emperor. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 274.
  28. ^ a b c d Kahn-Harris 2007, p. 4.
  29. ^ a b c d e Campion, Chris (20 February 2005). "In the Face of Death". guardian.co.uk. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Kalis, Quentin (31 August 2004). . Chronicles of Chaos. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  31. ^ Patterson, Dayal. Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House, 2013. p. 301.
  32. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry: Rockdetector A-Z of Black Metal; 2001, Cherry Red Books, London, UK; p. i.
  33. ^ Patterson, Dayal: Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult; 2013, Feral House, Port Townsend, Washington; p. 197.
  34. ^ J. Campbell: Varathron "Genesis of the Unaltered Evil" DLP/Triple LP and TS Out Now, 30 January 2012, accessed on 13 December 2012.
  35. ^ . Gorgoroth official website. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Gorgoroth was founded by Infernus in 1992 as a strategy to perpetrate sonic and spiritual violence upon the world in order to bring forth change in peoples perception of being therein. Thus, through metal music, Satans minister on earth summoned an avatara of the forces of darkness and did let it manifestate through a variety of attempts on creating what was perceived as ultimate black metal taking form on stage as well as in a variety of studio recordings. [...] With the devoted presence of the new full time members Gaahl and King, as well as a not a day too early achieved social and mental fundament for future work, a deal was inked with the german label Nuclear Blast and the band to a bigger extent adopted the position as a live performance act taking upon them several tours worldwide bringing its sinister presence and the word of Satan to new territories...
  36. ^ a b Olson 2008, p. 18f.
  37. ^ Bennett, Andy; Waksman, Steve (19 January 2015). The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music. SAGE. p. 458. ISBN 9781473914407.
  38. ^ Buchanan, Ian; Swiboda, Marcel (1 January 2004). Deleuze and Music. Edinburgh University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780748618699.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dome, Michael (2007). Murder Music: Black Metal (motion picture). Rockworld TV. Event occurs at[time needed].
  40. ^ Olson 2008, p. 25.
  41. ^ Marone, V. (2014). "A Winterhorde in a Ravenrealm: Immortal's lyrics as an expression of Northeroic Gothic" (PDF). Aeternum: The Journal of Contemporary Gothic Studies. 1 (2): 40–60. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  42. ^ Hagen, Ross (2011). Musical Style, Ideology, and Mythology in Norwegian Black Metal (Book chapter in: Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World). Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press. pp. 180–199.
  43. ^ a b c Ebner, Arne (25 July 2010). (PDF) (Bachelor) (in German). Macromedia University of Applied Sciences for Media and Communication – Cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  44. ^ a b c d Sil, Janet (2013). Ishmael, Amelia; Price, Zareen; Stephanou, Aspasia; Woodward, Ben (eds.). "Open a Vein: Suicidal Black Metal and Enlightenment". Helvete: A Journal of Black Metal Theory. Brooklyn: Punctum Books (1): 5–19. ISBN 9780615758282. ISSN 2326-683X.
  45. ^ a b c d Patterson, Dayal (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Port Townsend: Feral House. p. 351. ISBN 9781936239757.
  46. ^ Marc Spermeth: Besessen von der Dunkelheit und dem Bösen. In: Ablaze, no. 5, May/June 1995, p. 12.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Ben Ratliff: Thank You, Professor, That Was Putrid. In: The New York Times, 14 December 2009.
  48. ^ a b Olson 2008, p. 47.
  49. ^ Tisdall, Jonathan (4 February 2004). . aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  50. ^ Enrico Ahlig: Marduk-Gitarrist besitzt Leichenteile von Dead, 5 June 2012, accessed on 9 January 2013.
  51. ^ a b Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 39.
  52. ^ a b c d Hendrik Möbus: , accessed on 2 January 2013.
  53. ^ Jon "Metalion" Kristiansen: The Saga of True Norwegian Black Metal, accessed on 2 January 2013.
  54. ^ Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: Darkthrone. A Blaze in the Northern Sky. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 97.
  55. ^ Mersus: 5 Klassiker. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 84.
  56. ^ sG: 5 Klassiker. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 79.
  57. ^ a b c d e Patterson, Dayal. Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House, 2013. pp. 1–5.
  58. ^ J. Bennett, "Procreation of the Wicked", Precious Metal: Decibel Presents the Stories Behind 25 Extreme Metal Masterpieces, Albert Mudrian, ed., Da Capo Press, pp. 34f.
  59. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry. Metal: The Definitive Guide. p. 208.
  60. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 21.
  61. ^ a b c Daniel Ekeroth: Swedish Death Metal. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 244, accessed on 24 January 2013.
  62. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 10.
  63. ^ Biography, accessed on 24 January 2013.
  64. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 1998, p. 14-16.
  65. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 1998, p. 36.
  66. ^ a b Lahdenpera, Esa (1995). . Kill Yourself!!! Magazine (4). Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  67. ^ Death SS. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 474.
  68. ^ a b c d Incubus. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 88.
  69. ^ a b Tiamat. In: Slayer, no. 8, 1991, p. 6.
  70. ^ a b Daniel Ekeroth: Swedish Death Metal. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 249, accessed on 8 October 2012.
  71. ^ Daniel Ekeroth: Swedish Death Metal. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 81, accessed on 24 September 2012.
  72. ^ Daniel Ekeroth: Swedish Death Metal. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 162f., accessed on 24 September 2012.
  73. ^ Ronald Ziegler: , accessed on 23 June 2013.
  74. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry. . MusicMight. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  75. ^ Götz Kühnemund: Mortuary Drape. Tolling 13 Knell (DLP). In: Rock Hard, no. 174, accessed on 14 June 2013.
  76. ^ , accessed on 23 June 2013.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h Robert Müller: Wollt Ihr den ewigen Krieg?. Der tote Winkel. In: Metal Hammer, November 2011.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: War Black Metal: Die Extremsten der Extremen. Was bleibt, ist Schutt und Asche. In: Rock Hard, no. 279, pp. 71–73.
  79. ^ a b c d Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: SARCOFAGO. I.N.R.I. In: Rock Hard, Nr. 304, September 2012, p. 73.
  80. ^ Fenriz: . 21 November 2009, accessed on 24 September 2012.
  81. ^ a b c d Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: Impaled Nazarene. Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz. In: Rock Hard, no. 307, December 2012, p. 77.
  82. ^ a b c Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: Die Könige vom Westwall. Die legendären Protagonisten von damals im exklusiven Interview. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 92.
  83. ^ Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: Deutschland, deine Schwarzmetall-Bands. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 89.
  84. ^ Marsicano, Dan. . About.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010.
  85. ^ a b c d Until the Light Takes Us (motion picture). Variance Films. 2009.
  86. ^ Kory Grow: WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: DARKTHRONE'S FENRIZ, PART 2! HIS THOUGHTS ON 'TRANSILVANIAN HUNGER' AND HIP.
  87. ^ Olson 2008, p. 27, 33, 41.
  88. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 222.
  89. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 218f.
  90. ^ a b c Once Upon a Time in Norway (motion picture). Another World Entertainment. 2007.
  91. ^ a b Pure Fucking Mayhem (motion picture). Index Verlag. 2008.
  92. ^ a b Basik, Dmitri (June 1998). . thetruemayhem.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  93. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 62.
  94. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 49.
  95. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 59-60.
  96. ^ Bromley, Adrian "The Energizer". . Unrestrained (15). Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  97. ^ . rockdetector.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  98. ^ . immortal.nu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2001. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  99. ^ Ravn: Strid. In: Slayer, No. 20, Blood Fire Death, 2010, p. 78.
  100. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 66.
  101. ^ a b c d e Satan Rides the Media. 1998.
  102. ^ a b "Norwegian Church Draws Black Metal Fans". Blabbermouth.net. 5 August 2004. from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  103. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 93.
  104. ^ a b c d e Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 141.
  105. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 94f.
  106. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 269f.
  107. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 89.
  108. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 105.
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h i Black Metal Satanica, 2008.
  110. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 117.
  111. ^ Steinke, Darcey. "Satan's Cheerleaders". SPIN. February 1996.
  112. ^ Huey, Steve (10 August 1993). "Mayhem Mayhem Biography on Yahoo! Music". yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  113. ^ a b c Vikernes, Varg: A Burzum Story: Part II – Euronymous. Burzum.org.
  114. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 123.
  115. ^ Campion, Chris (20 February 2005). "In the face of death". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 December 2018. 'Øystein was always sending death threats to people,' says Necro Butcher. 'It was his reaction to everything. But he didn't put so much into it. And then when he met you, he was like, "OK. You're cool!". Then you were best friends. So when eventually he got to be unfriendly with Varg, he threatened him like he did everyone else. Øystein told him, "I'm going to send some people to torture you. Until you die." But Varg Vikernes saw this as a real threat. He probably thought, "better him than me. I'll just go down and do him".'
  116. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 120.
  117. ^ Berglund, Nina (27 October 2003). . Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  118. ^ "Varg Vikernes ute på prøve". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. NTB. 10 March 2009. from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  119. ^ "Ute av fengsel". dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  120. ^ a b Black Funeral. Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal... 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. In: Kill Yourself!!! Magazine, no. 3, 1995, p. 36, accessed on 21 November 2012.
  121. ^ Baddeley, Gavin; Filth, Dani (March 2010). The Gospel of Filth. FAB Press. pp. 48–50.
  122. ^ Serba, John. "The Principle of Evil Made Flesh – Cradle of Filth". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  123. ^ Partridge & Christianson 2014, p. 42.
  124. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 316-318.
  125. ^ a b Patterson, Dayal. Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House, 2013. First page of Ch. 29.
  126. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 272.
  127. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. NYU Press, 2003. p. 206.
  128. ^ Absurd: Thuringian Pagan Madness, Capricornus Prod. 1995.
  129. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 1998, p. 250f.
  130. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 295.
  131. ^ Alexander von Meilenwald: 5 Klassiker. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 82.
  132. ^ "Dimmu Borgir". AllMusic.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g Tornado: Up Against the Wall Motherfucker!!!!. A Worst Case Scenario Written by Tornado!. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, pp. 406f.
  134. ^ Andrea Biagi: Biography Part One. "The First Era", accessed on 25 October 2012.
  135. ^ Andrea Biagi: THE KILLING, accessed on 25 October 2012.
  136. ^ a b Dissection. Fear the Return!. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 568-570.
  137. ^ a b c . metalcentre.com. June 2003. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  138. ^ Sabine Langner: Shining. Verzweiflung, mein Erbe 28 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. In: Legacy, no. 73, accessed on 27 September 2012.
  139. ^ a b c d Shining (25.04.07) 1 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  140. ^ Nathan T. Birk: .
  141. ^ Stahlschrulle: Ofermod – Tiamtü.
  142. ^ Olson 2008, p. 126.
  143. ^ a b FAUST LEAVES DISSECTION BECAUSE OF THE SATANIC CONCEPT, accessed on 25 October 2012.
  144. ^ Dissection: Live Legacy, Nuclear Blast 2003.
  145. ^ a b c INTERVIEW FOR THE FANS BY THE FANS. - Final Interview with Jon Nödtveidt -, accessed on 25 October 2012.
  146. ^ REINKAΩS, accessed on 25 October 2012.
  147. ^ Official Statement about Jon's Death, 2006, accessed on 25 October 2012.
  148. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 176f.
  149. ^ a b c J. Bennett: .
  150. ^ a b Olson 2008, p. 102.
  151. ^ a b Olson 2008, p. 99.
  152. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 312-315.
  153. ^ Ankit: Interview with MKM from Antaeus and Aosoth (French Black Metal), 23 August 2011, accessed on 31 December 2012.
  154. ^ Jan Jaedike: Merrimack. Appetite for Destruction. In: Rock Hard, no. 302, July 2012, p. 62.
  155. ^ Tobias Gerber, Sebastian Kessler: Video-Special zum deutschen Black Metal, 11 April 2011, accessed on 31 December 2012.
  156. ^ a b c d Gunnar Sauermann: Special: Black Metal in den USA. Schwarzes Amerika. In: Metal Hammer, August 2007, pp. 88f.
  157. ^ Gunnar Sauermann: Verfeindete Brüder. Tod gegen Schwarz – Death oder Black Metal?. In: Metal Hammer, August 2007, p. 90.
  158. ^ Gunnar Sauermann: Special: Black Metal in den USA. Schwarzes Amerika. In: Metal Hammer, August 2007, p. 91.
  159. ^ Janne: .
  160. ^ Roberto Martinelli: Interview with XASTHUR 6 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. In: Maelstrom, no. 11.
  161. ^ a b c Heiko Behr: Black Metal: Da kreischt die Avantgarde. In: Die Zeit, 9 December 2011.
  162. ^ Olson 2008, p. 114.
  163. ^ a b Davis, Erik (13 November 2007). "Deep Eco-Metal". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  164. ^ Jon Caramanica: If You Celebrate Nihilism, Is It Somethingism?. In: The New York Times, 5 June 2011.
  165. ^ Watain. Black Metal Militia. In: Slayer, no. 20, Blood Fire Death, 2010, p. 9.
  166. ^ "Agalloch Reluctant Kings". exclaim.ca.
  167. ^ Götz Kühnemund: Gospel of the Horns. Schluss mit dem schöngeistigen Quatsch!. In: Rock Hard, no. 306, November 2012, p. 43.
  168. ^ a b Sharpe-Young, Garry. . MusicMight. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  169. ^ McKay, Aaron. "Interview with Moloch of Melechesh". Chronicles of Chaos. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  170. ^ Serba, John. "Djinn Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  171. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry. . MusicMight. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  172. ^ a b Puhl, Carl. "Interview with Butchered and Yonatan of Arallu". Lords of Metal. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  173. ^ a b Kelly, Kim. "When Black Metal's Anti-Religious Message Gets Turned on Islam". The Atlantic, 11 July 2012.
  174. ^ "Anti-Islamic female black metal band from Iraq a hoax?". The Metalluminati. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  175. ^ "Anti-Islam lyrics no barrier to Norway music prize". The Local. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  176. ^ Pizek, Jeff (20 June 2008). "Daily Herald | Nachtmystium shines black light on black metal". dailyherald.com. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  177. ^ . voicesfromthedarkside.de. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  178. ^ Raymer, Miles (22 May 2008). "Beautiful Brutality". Chicago Reader. Wrapports. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  179. ^ a b Walschots, Natalie (23 May 2014). "Agalloch Reluctant Kings". Exclaim!. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  180. ^ a b Newshound, Terrorizer. "ITALIAN BLACKENED DOOMSTERS FORGOTTEN TOMB PLAN RELEASE". Terrorizer Online. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  181. ^ Marsicano, Dan. . About.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  182. ^ a b c d Zahn, Thorsten; Schurer, Petra (1 June 2003). . Rolling Stone (in German). Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  183. ^ . Archived from the original on 28 January 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  184. ^ Newshound, Terrorizer. "WOODS OF YPRES RELEASE DISCUSS THE GREEN ALBUM". Terrorizer Online. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  185. ^ "DEINONYCHUS: 'You Will Get A Pure Black/Doom Metal Album'". Blabbermouth. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  186. ^ Patterson, Dayal (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House. ISBN 978-1936239757. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  187. ^ Obstkrieg, Dan (12 January 2018). "Nortt – Endeligt Review". Last Rites. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  188. ^ "BETHLEHEM REPLACE LIFELOVER ON BILL FOR KINGS OF BLACK METAL FESTIVAL". Brave Words. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  189. ^ . Decibel Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  190. ^ a b c d e f g Yavuz, Mehmet Selim (September 2015). Dead is dead: Perspectives on the Meaning of Death in Depressive Suicidal Black Metal Music through Musical Representations (MMus). University of London. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  191. ^ Luedtke, Christopher (2 February 2016). "Essential Black Metal Listening: XASTHUR Nocturnal Poisoning". Metal Injection. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  192. ^ September 2015, Alec Chillingworth30 (30 September 2015). "Lifelover: One Last Laceration". loudersound. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  193. ^ a b c d Whelan, Kez (17 September 2013). "Incubate Preview: Khold". Terrorizer. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  194. ^ "Athenar of Midnight Does Not Give a Fuck". Invisible Oranges.
  195. ^ Buchanan, John D. "Kvelertak". Allmusic. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  196. ^ "Vreid: 'The Reap' Video Released". Blabbermouth.net. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  197. ^ Kelly, Kim (14 August 2014). "Hell Awaits: Disemballerina, Khold, Heavydeath and more". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  198. ^ Begrand, Adrien (2 February 2009). "Satyricon – The Age of Nero". Popmatters. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  199. ^ Walschots, Natalie Zina (16 September 2013). "Satyricon – Satyricon". Exclaim!. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  200. ^ Marsicano, Dan. . About.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  201. ^ Stosuy, Brandon (9 July 2009). "Nachtmystium – Assassins: Black Meddle, Pt. 1". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  202. ^ Raymer, Miles (5 December 2012). "Nidingr – Greatest of Deceivers". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  203. ^ Nelson, Michael (30 December 2013). "The Black Market: The Month In Metal – December 2013". Stereogum. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  204. ^ Von Havoc, Felix (1 January 1984). . Profane Existence. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  205. ^ Dunlap, Xander. "Directionless people are malleable—easily pointed in the wrong directions". Thrasher. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  206. ^ Ekeroth, p. 27.
  207. ^ Iskra Interviews 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  208. ^ "Hard of Hearing", Terrorizer no. 171, June 2008, p. 56.
  209. ^ "Fukpig". Terrorizer.
  210. ^ "C: Do you think that FUKPIG has founded a style of his own? Misery: Nah its just d-beat crust, with added horror C: and then What difference to FUKPIG from the rest of the bands? Misery: We add more black metal / horror influences, but are still inspired by the same things C: Is Necro-Punk your style? Misery: Yeah, necro in the black metal style playing crust punk, so yeah Necro Punk." Interview: Fukpig 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  211. ^ Zorgdrager, Bradley. "Young and in the Way When Life Comes to Death". Exclaim!. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  212. ^ Ekeroth, p. 258.
  213. ^ a b c d Kelly, Kim (1 April 2016). "Canadian Crust Punks Storm of Sedition Go Off the Grid on Their Furious New 'Decivilize' LP". Vice Noisey. Retrieved 10 May 2016. Storm of Sedition is part of the same Victoria, BC anarchist black metal/crust faction that claims Iskra, Not A Cost, and Black Kronstadt.
  214. ^ a b Kelly, Kim (17 April 2013). "Skagos: Anarchic Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved 10 May 2016. The anarchist black metal movement forms a small but fascinating pocket in the extreme metal scene.
  215. ^ "De Zwaarste Metalgids: 66 metalgenres in één zin uitgelegd". Studio Brussel (in German). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  216. ^ Gevorgyan, Elen. "Music, Ideology and How They Interact: A Journey from Sacred Music to Black Metal" (PDF). American University of Armenia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  217. ^ Nonjon, Adrien (2019). Black Metal Theory Symposium Program. University of Ljubljana. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  218. ^ a b c "If It Ain't Got No Blastbeat, It's Not My Revolution: Panopticon". PopMatters. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  219. ^ "Unearthing The Metal Underground: The Red and Anarchist Black Metal Underground". Metal Underground. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  220. ^ a b c d e f Kelly, Kim (29 March 2017). "Morast Expertly Synthesize Black, Death, and Doom Metal on 'Ancestral Void'". Noisey Vice. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  221. ^ Mattia, A. (7 February 2017). "DON'T LOOK BELOW: HARVEST GULGALTHA – 'ALTARS OF DEVOTION' REVIEW + STREAM". Cvlt Nation. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  222. ^ Falzon, Denise (31 October 2012). "Dragged Into Sunlight 'Widowmaker' (album stream)". Exclaim!. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  223. ^ Moore, Doug (31 August 2016). "The Black Market: The Month In Metal – August 2016". Stereogum. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  224. ^ Daniels, Eric. "ERIC DANIELS / SOULBURN". Jackson Guitars. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  225. ^ Whelan, Kez (11 June 2014). "Soulburn: Band Of The Day". Terrorizer. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  226. ^ Unger, Matthew. Sound, Symbol, Sociality: The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music. p. 27.
  227. ^ Henderson, Alex. "Ninewinged Serpent – Devian". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  228. ^ Bowar, Chad. "Hacavitz – Venganza Review". About.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  229. ^ Gardner, Robert Owen. Studies in Symbolic Interaction. p. 119.
  230. ^ Dunn, Sam; Deaville, Jason (2016). "Blackened Death Metal". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  231. ^ "Belphegor Suspends All Activities". terrorizer.com. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  232. ^ Prato, Greg. "Behemoth". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  233. ^ Lee, Cosmo (21 February 2006). . Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012. Death metal and black metal are notoriously insular, but Akercocke has distinguished itself by freely drawing from both. Death metal tends to emphasize the low end, while black metal mainly resides in the midrange and treble, so Akercocke's 'blackened death' hybrid is rich and full-bodied.
  234. ^ Pretorious, Neil (30 July 2009). "Review – Sacramentum – Far Away from the Sun"]. The Metal Observer. "If you think that Blackened Death Metal begins and ends with DISSECTION, then think again. SACRAMENTUM seriously dropped the (snow) ball with 'The Coming of Chaos' and 'Thy Black Destiny', but on 'Far Away from the Sun' they really delivered the goods on all fronts."
  235. ^ a b c d e D, Chris. . Decibel. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  236. ^ a b c d e f g h ANDREW, J (19 February 2015). "Blackened Melodic Death Metal: A History Lesson". Metal Injection. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  237. ^ Ekeroth, Daniel. Swedish Death Metal. p. 267.
  238. ^ Divita, Joe. "GOD DETHRONED RETURN WITH 'THE WORLD ABLAZE,' UNLEASH DEATHLY MELODIC NEW SINGLE 'ON THE WRONG SIDE OF THE WIRE'". Loudwire. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  239. ^ WIEDERHORN, JON (18 June 2018). "SKELETONWITCH: HOW AN ANTON LAVEY–LOVING EX–CHOIR MEMBER PUSHED THRASHERS TO NEW LEVEL". Revolver. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  240. ^ KATEL, JACOB (2013). "Florida's Top Ten Black Metal Bands". Miami New Times.
  241. ^ DISTEFANOl, ALEX. "The 13 Most Satanic Metal Bands". LA Weekly. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  242. ^ "Converse Rubber Tracks x MetalSucks 2015 Preview: Dendritic Arbor". Metal Sucks. 16 September 2015.
  243. ^ "Blackened Grindcore Innovators Dendritic Arbor Announce Fall Tour". Metal Sucks. 19 October 2015.
  244. ^ "Rotting Christ: Kata Ton Daimona Eaytoy". Pop Matters. 15 May 2013.
  245. ^ a b c "Top Ten Black-Thrash Albums by Steve Jansson (Daeva)". Decibel Magazine. 6 December 2017.
  246. ^ a b "The Best Metal Album From 40 Subgenres". Loudwire.
  247. ^ . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  248. ^ "Hear Blackened-Thrash Crew Aura Noir Channel Sepultura on Thundering New Song". 5 April 2018.
  249. ^ "WITCHERY Releases Video For 'Of Blackened Wing'". Blabbermouth. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  250. ^ McIver, Joel (15 December 2008). The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists. Jawbone Press. ISBN 9781906002206 – via Google Books.
  251. ^ Fixell, Ethan. "THE UNDERGROUND SOUNDS OF AMERICA: BLACK FAST". Kerrang!. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  252. ^ "30-Year Blackened Thrash Veterans SATHANAS Bring a Sharp Swagger on "Sacramentum"".
  253. ^ a b Wiederhorn, Jon (April 2009). . Revolver: 60–64. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  254. ^ Jonsson, Johannes (13 November 2011). "Vardoger – Whitefrozen". Metal For Jesus!. Johannes Jonsson. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  255. ^ a b Unger, Matthew (22 August 2016). Sound, Symbol, Sociality: The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music. Springer. ISBN 9781137478351 – via Google Books.
  256. ^ Patterson, Dayal (25 November 2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House. ISBN 9781936239764 – via Google Books.
  257. ^ "Irish Metal Legends Primordial's New Album Is a Raw-Edged Epic – Noisey". noisey.vice.com.
  258. ^ Monger, James Christopher. "Primordial". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  259. ^ a b c Halupczok, Marc (March 2010). "Waldschrate & Met-Trinker". Metal Hammer: 30.
  260. ^ Bolther, Giancarlo. "Rock Impressions – Interviews – Cruachan". rock-impressions.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  261. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Bathory". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  262. ^ Marty Rytkonen, Mysticum interview, Worm Gear No. 8, [1] Access date: 11 January 2009.
  263. ^ Roel F., Interview with Treachery, Lords of Metal issue 87, December 2008. [2] 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Access date: 3 December 2008.
  264. ^ Chris Dick, "Blut Aus Nord", Decibel, December 2006. . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2016. Access date: 22 July 2008.
  265. ^ Samael, metal-archives.com, 3 September 2011. [3] Access date: 10 September 2011.
  266. ^ Mooring, Matt (28 March 2005). . www.metalreview.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2010. Access date: 4 January 2009.
  267. ^ Gothtronic. [4] Access date: 4 January 2009.
  268. ^ Globaldomination, 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010. Access date: 4 January 2009.
  269. ^ Antti J. Ravelin, Nexus Polaris review, Allmusic. [5] Access date: 11 January 2009.
  270. ^ Stefanos Zachariadis, Blood Inside review, Metal Invader, 3 May 2005. . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007. Access date: 9 January 2009.
  271. ^ Mark Hensch, Some Kind of Heroin review, Thrashpit. [6] Access date: 9 January 2009.
  272. ^ "The 10 essential post-black metal albums". 14 May 2019.
  273. ^ "MYRKUR On Criticism From Black Metal Scene: 'I Respect Passion, Even If It's Against Me'". 19 August 2018.
  274. ^ "My Mom Likes Deafheaven and the Future of Black Metal". 25 February 2016.
  275. ^ "The Best Metal Albums of 2015 – Pitchfork". pitchfork.com.
  276. ^ "South African Post-Black Metal Enigmas Wildernessking Peer Into the 'Mystical Future'". Noisey Vice. 20 January 2016.
  277. ^ Peters, Mark (30 March 2017). "French rockers Alcest bring blackgaze genre to Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  278. ^ a b c d Walschots, Natalie Zina (26 February 2014). "The Translator Blackgaze". Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  279. ^ Howells, Tom (5 October 2015). "Blackgaze: meet the bands taking black metal out of the shadows". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  280. ^ Nelson, Michael (3 January 2014). "Deconstructing: Alcest's Shelter And Metal In A Post-Deafheaven World". Stereogum. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  281. ^ "Amesoeurs – Amesoeurs review". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  282. ^ "OATHBREAKER Is Streaming Its Blast-Heavy, Shoegazey New Album Rheia". Metal Injection. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  283. ^ Olson 2008, p. 101.
  284. ^ Vikernes, Varg (July 2005). "A Burzum Story: Part VII – The Nazi Ghost". burzum.org. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  285. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 303.
  286. ^ Olson 2008, p. 103.
  287. ^ a b "Oranssi Pazuzu – Decibel Magazine". 22 February 2016.
  288. ^ Kelly, Kim. "Finnish Black Metal Radicals Oranssi Pazuzu Set the Sky Ablaze In Their New Video For "Lahja"". Noisey Vice. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  289. ^ a b c d e "READERS CHOICE: THE PSYCHEDELIC BLACK METAL EDITION – MetalSucks". 7 June 2010.
  290. ^ "In The Woods…: Norway's psychedelic black masters branch out again". 12 August 2016.
  291. ^ a b c Smialek, Eric (2015). Genre and Expression in Extreme Metal Music, ca. 1990–2015 (PhD). McGill University. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  292. ^ a b c Hagen, Ross; Barratt-Peacock, Ruth, eds. (6 September 2019). Medievalism and Metal Music Studies. Emerald Publishing Limited. p. 216. ISBN 9781787563971.
  293. ^ Patterson, Dayal, ed. (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House. p. 203.
  294. ^ a b c d Distefano, Alex (7 July 2015). "The 10 Most Satanic Metal Bands of All Time". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  295. ^ "Symphonic Black Metal : Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed : AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  296. ^ Kapelovitz, Dan (February 2001). . Mean Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007. And where secular black metal thrived, so did its Christian counterpart, unblack metal, with names like Satanicide, Neversatan, and Satan's Doom.
  297. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 359.
  298. ^ a b Frost (CD liner notes). Osmose Productions. 1994.
  299. ^ a b Nordic Metal – A Tribute to Euronymous (CD liner notes). Necropolis Records. 1995.
  300. ^ Olson 2008, p. 37.
  301. ^ Murphy, David (2012). "Chapter 25: Extreme Neo-nationalist Music Scenes at the Heart of Europe". In Ullrich Kockel (ed.). A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. p. 437.
  302. ^ Manea, Irina-Maria (16 April 2015). "Primal Roots: Ancestry and Race in Extreme Music Discourses". Proceedings of IAC-SSaH 2015: International Academic Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities in Prague 2015. Czech Institute of Academic Education: 186–187, 190. ISBN 9788090579125.
  303. ^ Noys, Benjamin (2010). "'Remain True to the Earth!': Remarks on the Politics of Black Metal". In Nicola Masciandaro (ed.). Hideous Gnosis: Black Metal Theory Symposium. Glossator. pp. 106–108.
  304. ^ . brooklynvegan.com. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  305. ^ a b Olson 2008, p. 2.
  306. ^ Kalis, Quentin (31 August 2004). . Chronicles of Chaos. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  307. ^ Van Young, Adrian. Black Metal is Sublime. The New Inquiry. 4 March 2014.
  308. ^ Lesourd, Elodie (2013). "Baptism or Death: Black Metal in Contemporary Art". In Amelia Ishmael (ed.). Helvete: a Journal of Black Metal Theory. Punctum Books. p. 36.
  309. ^ Norsk Black Metal. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 2003.
  310. ^ a b c Olson 2008, p. 27f.
  311. ^ Olson 2008, p. 129.
  312. ^ Olson 2008, p. 4.
  313. ^ Olson 2008, p. 50.
  314. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 16.
  315. ^ Olson 2008, p. 7f.
  316. ^ Esa Lahdenpera: . In: Kill Yourself, no. 2, August 1993. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  317. ^ Maki, Jeff (18 July 2006). "live-metal.net – Interviews: Gorgoroth – Infernus". live-metal.net. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  318. ^ Dr. Rape: Funeral Mist. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, New York: Bazillion Points Books 2011. pp. 420f.
  319. ^ Arthur. . geocities.com/flesh_ro. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  320. ^ terrybezer: Unpublished Watain Interview Extras! 17 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 27 March 2009, accessed on 21 November 2012.
  321. ^ Ophth: AntaeuS, accessed on 21 November 2012.
  322. ^ "Article: Interview". metallibrary.ru (in Russian). Open Publishing. 7 January 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  323. ^ "Throne of Malediction Talks the Art of Black Metal". metalunderground.com. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  324. ^ Kristiansen, Jon (2011). "Worship Him!". Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, New York: Bazillion Points Books: 467.
  325. ^ Mulvany, Aaron Patrick (May 2000). 'Re-Awakening Pride Once Lost': Indigeneity and European Folk Metal. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University. p. IV.
  326. ^ Varg Vikernes: "A Burzum Story: Part III – The Lie-Propaganda". Burzum.org.
  327. ^ a b "Writing the deeds of Darkness and Evil". Official Bathory website. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  328. ^ "Mayhem vs. Burzum: Opposing views of black metal", Invisible Oranges, 21 September 2011.
  329. ^ Tatiana Godarska: , 19 June 2006, accessed on 28 October 2012.
  330. ^ Interview with Gaahl of Gorgoroth, 7 October 2004 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Tartarean Desire Webzine.
  331. ^ 'Det Som Engang Varg'. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries, p. 292.
  332. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 191.
  333. ^ . www.heavymetaltribune.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  334. ^ "Do You Know Your Greek Gods? Identify the Major Players". About.com.
  335. ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (8 November 2007). "Enslaved – Music". The New York Times.
  336. ^ Director Sam Dunn Picks the Five Most Important Extreme-Metal Bands – Revolver Magazine (13 August 2013) 27 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  337. ^ a b Jordan, Jason (24 May 2005). "Crimson Moonlight – At Their Most Brutal – Ultimate Metal Forum". ultimatemetal.com. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  338. ^ Erasmus (2006). . Unblack.de. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
  339. ^ Morrow, Matt (2001). "Antestor – The Return of the Black Death". The Whipping Post. Open Publishing. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  340. ^ Sherlock, Jayson (5 February 2013). "For the life of me,..." Facebook. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  341. ^ Skylar, Blake (12 October 2012). "Environ-Metal: Where green is the new black". People's World. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  342. ^ Lucas, Olivia R. (October 2019). "'Shrieking soldiers … wiping clean the earth': hearing apocalyptic environmentalism in the music of Botanist". Popular Music. 38 (3): 481–497. doi:10.1017/S0261143019000308. ISSN 0261-1430. S2CID 211654173.
  343. ^ Davis, Erik (13 November 2007). "Heavy metal environmentalists". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  344. ^ Gotrich, Lars (2 September 2011). "Botanist: One-Man, Hammered-Dulcimer Black Metal (No, Really)". NPR. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  345. ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 349-355.
  346. ^ Trafford, Simon; Pluskowski, Aleks (2007). Marshall, David W. (ed.). "Antichrist Superstars: The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal". Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture. McFarland & Company: 64. ISBN 978-0-7864-2922-6.
  347. ^ a b Gardell, Mattias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press, 2003. p.307
  348. ^ Olson 2008, p. 123f.
  349. ^ a b Metal Heart 2/00
  350. ^ "YouTube – Dark Funeral- Interview (Episode 276)". YouTube. 5 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  351. ^ . summoning.info. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  352. ^ "Interview with Michael Ford". fmp666.com. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  353. ^ Olson 2008, p. 123.
  354. ^ "Black metal – Belgique 1998 – sur Cinergie.be".
  355. ^ . YouTube. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  356. ^ . YouTube. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  357. ^ The Misanthrope (Video 2007) - IMDb, retrieved 1 September 2021
  358. ^ "Blabbermouth.net – Black Metal Documentary 'Out of the Black' to Be Released for Free via Web". Blabbermouth.net. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  359. ^ "One Man Metal – Part 1 – Black Metal's Unexplored Fringes". YouTube. 2 October 2012. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  360. ^ Christe, Ian (2004). Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. New York: HarperCollins. p. 289.
  361. ^ "Brian Posehn – "Metal by Numbers" – YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  362. ^ Edwardson, Åke (2005). Sun and Shadow (in Swedish). New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-03415-0.
  363. ^ "ZYX SITRUUNA 3 mg (1 × 20fol)". Nettiapteekki | Apteekkituotteet netistä (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 March 2019.

Sources

Further reading

  • Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. New York: Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 978-0-9796163-1-0.
  • Hainaut, Bérenger (2017). Le Style black metal. Château-Gontier: Aedam Musicae. ISBN 978-2-919046-21-8.
  • Kugelberg, John, ed. (2008). True Norwegian Black Metal. Beste, Peter (photographer). New York: Power House Books. ISBN 978-1-57687-435-6.
  • Lilja, Esa (2009). Theory and Analysis of Classic Heavy Metal Harmony. Helsinki: IAML Finland. ISBN 978-952-5363-35-7.
  • Metalphoto, Chérie, ed. (2011). Chants of Evil: The Visions of the Breathing Darkness. Metalphoto, Chérie (photographer). Metalphoto Publisher. ISBN 978-90-816734-1-9.
  • Patterson, Dayal (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Port Townsend: Feral House. ISBN 978-1-936239-75-7.
  • Pattison, Louis; Richardson, Nick; Stosuy, Brandon, eds. (2012). . Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907317-72-9. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  • Swinford, Dean (2013). Death Metal Epic (Book I: The Inverted Katabasis). Dayton: Atlatl Press. ISBN 978-0-9883484-3-1.

January 20, 2023
black, metal, this, article, about, musical, genre, albums, black, metal, venom, album, black, metal, dean, blunt, album, other, uses, black, metal, disambiguation, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, finnish, august,. This article is about the musical genre For the albums see Black Metal Venom album and Black Metal Dean Blunt album For other uses see Black Metal disambiguation This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish August 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Finnish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 546 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at fi Black metal see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fi Black metal to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music Common traits include fast tempos a shrieking vocal style 13 14 15 heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking raw lo fi recording unconventional song structures and an emphasis on atmosphere Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms Black metalStylistic originsThrash metal 1 death metal 2 hardcore punk 3 4 Cultural originsEarly to mid 1980s EnglandScandinaviaDerivative formsDungeon synth 5 SubgenresAmbient black metal folk black metal industrial black metal National Socialist black metal post black metal blackgaze psychedelic black metal raw black metal symphonic black metal unblack metalFusion genresBlack n roll black doom depressive suicidal black metal blackened crust red and anarchist black metal blackened death doom blackened death metal melodic black death war metal blackened grindcore blackened thrash metal pagan metal Viking metalRegional scenesFrance Finland 6 7 8 Greece 6 9 10 Norway Poland United States 11 12 SwedenLocal scenesLes Legions Noires Early Norwegian sceneOther topicsShriekingDuring the 1980s several thrash metal and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal 2 This first wave included bands such as Venom Bathory Mercyful Fate Hellhammer and Celtic Frost 16 A second wave arose in the early 1990s spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem Darkthrone Burzum Immortal Emperor Satyricon and Gorgoroth The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre Norwegian inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America although some other scenes developed their own styles independently Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this second wave the second generation in Sweden being led by Dissection 17 Abruptum 17 18 Marduk 17 19 20 and Nifelheim 17 Initially a synonym for Satanic metal 21 black metal has often sparked controversy due to the actions and ideologies associated with the genre Some artists express misanthropic views and others advocate various forms of extreme anti Christian sentiment Satanism or ethnic paganism In the 1990s members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murders 22 23 There is also a small neo Nazi movement within black metal although it has been shunned by many prominent artists 6 24 25 Generally black metal strives to remain an underground phenomenon 26 Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Instrumentation and song structure 1 2 Vocals and lyrics 1 3 Imagery and performances 1 4 Production 2 History 2 1 Roots 2 2 First wave 2 3 Second wave 2 3 1 Dead s suicide 2 3 2 Helvete and Deathlike Silence 2 3 3 Church burnings 2 3 4 Murder of Euronymous 2 3 5 Outside Norway 2 4 After the second wave 3 Stylistic divisions 3 1 Ambient black metal 3 2 Black doom 3 2 1 Depressive suicidal black metal 3 3 Black n roll 3 4 Blackened crust 3 4 1 Red and anarchist black metal 3 5 Blackened death doom 3 6 Blackened death metal 3 6 1 Melodic black death 3 6 2 War metal 3 7 Blackened grindcore 3 8 Blackened thrash metal 3 9 Folk black metal pagan metal and Viking metal 3 10 Industrial black metal 3 11 Post black metal 3 11 1 Blackgaze 3 12 National Socialist black metal 3 13 Psychedelic black metal 3 14 Raw black metal 3 15 Symphonic black metal 3 16 Unblack metal 4 Ideology 4 1 Satanism 4 2 Christianity 4 3 Environmentalism 5 Politics 6 Media 6 1 Documentaries on black metal 6 2 References in media 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Sources 9 Further readingCharacteristics EditAlthough contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production the term has traditionally been applied to bands with widely differing sounds such as Death SS Mercyful Fate Mayhem Blasphemy 6 27 and the Greek and Finnish bands that emerged around the same time as the Norwegian scene 6 Instrumentation and song structure Edit Norwegian inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high pitched or trebly guitar tones and heavy distortion 28 The guitar is usually played with fast un muted tremolo picking and power chords 28 29 30 Guitarists often use dissonance along with specific scales intervals and chord progressions to create a sense of dread The tritone or flat fifth is often used Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal 30 The bass guitar is seldom used to play stand alone melodies It is common for the bass to be muted against the guitar 30 or for it to homophonically follow the low pitched riffs of the guitar While electronic keyboards are not a standard instrument some bands like Dimmu Borgir use keyboards in the background or as proper instruments for creating atmosphere 31 Some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras The drumming is usually fast and relies on double bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute These fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina typified by black metal drummers Frost Kjetil Vidar Haraldstad and Hellhammer Jan Axel Blomberg 32 Even still authenticity is still prioritized over technique This professionalism has to go insists well respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz Gylve Fenris Nagell of Darkthrone I want to de learn playing drums I want to play primitive and simple I don t want to play like a drum solo all the time and make these complicated riffs 33 Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse chorus sections Instead many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections The Greek style established by Rotting Christ Necromantia and Varathron 34 has more traditional heavy metal 9 and death metal 10 traits than Norwegian black metal Members of Gorgoroth wearing typical black metal gear such as corpse paint spikes and bullet belts The band was formed by guitarist Infernus to express his Satanist beliefs 35 Vocals and lyrics Edit Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy high pitched vocals which include techniques such as shrieking screaming and snarling 28 30 a vocal style influenced by Quorthon of Bathory 36 Death growls common in the death metal genre are sometimes used but less frequently than the characteristic black metal shriek 37 38 Black metal lyrics typically attack Christianity and the other institutional religions 30 often using apocalyptic language Satanic lyrics are common 39 and many see them as essential to black metal For Satanist black metal artists Black metal songs are meant to be like Calvinist sermons deadly serious attempts to unite the true believers 40 Misanthropy global catastrophe war death destruction and rebirth are also common themes 39 Another topic often found in black metal lyrics is that of the wild and extreme aspects and phenomena of the natural world particularly the wilderness forests mountains winter storms and blizzards 41 Black metal also has a fascination with the distant past Many bands write about the mythology and folklore 42 of their homelands and promote a revival of pre Christian pagan traditions A significant number of bands write lyrics only in their native language and a few e g Arckanum and early Ulver have lyrics in archaic languages Some doom metal influenced artists lyrics focus on depression nihilism introspection self harm and suicide 43 44 45 Imagery and performances Edit A common black metal convention is the use of corpse paint black and white make up intended to make the wearer look inhuman corpse like or demonic Shown here Taalroth of French pagan band Hindvir Many bands choose not to play live 46 47 Many of those who do play live maintain that their performances are not for entertainment or spectacle Sincerity authenticity and extremity are valued above all else 48 Some bands consider their concerts to be rituals 48 and often make use of stage props and theatrics Bands such as Mayhem Gorgoroth and Watain are noted for their controversial shows which have featured impaled animal heads mock crucifixions medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood 49 A few vocalists such as Dead Maniac and Kvarforth are known for cutting themselves while singing onstage Black metal artists often appear dressed in black with combat boots bullet belts spiked wristbands 39 and inverted crosses and inverted pentagrams to reinforce their anti Christian or anti religious stance 16 However the most stand out trait is their use of corpse paint black and white face paint sometimes mixed with real or fake blood which is used to create a corpse like or demonic appearance The imagery of black metal reflects its lyrics and ideology In the early 1990s most pioneering black metal artists had minimalist album covers featuring xeroxed black and white pictures and or writing 6 This was partly a reaction against death metal bands who at that time had begun to use brightly colored album artwork 6 Many purist black metal artists have continued this style Black metal album covers are typically dark and tend to be atmospheric or provocative some feature natural or fantasy landscapes for example Burzum s Filosofem and Emperor s In the Nightside Eclipse while others are violent sexually transgressive sacrilegious or iconoclastic for example Marduk s Fuck Me Jesus and Dimmu Borgir s In Sorte Diaboli Production Edit The earliest black metal artists had very limited resources which meant that recordings were often made in homes or basements 28 giving their recordings a distinctive lo fi quality However even when success allowed access to professional studios many artists instead chose to continue making lo fi recordings 30 39 Artists believed that by doing so they would both stay true to the genre s underground roots as well as make the music sound more raw or cold 39 A well known example of this approach is on the album Transilvanian Hunger by Darkthrone a band who Johnathan Selzer of Terrorizer magazine says represent the DIY aspect of black metal 39 In addition lo fi production was used to keep black metal inaccessible or unappealing to mainstream music fans and those who are not committed Many have claimed that black metal was originally intended only for those who were part of the scene and not for a wider audience 39 Vocalist Gaahl said that during its early years Black metal was never meant to reach an audience it was purely for our own satisfaction 29 History EditThe conventional history of black metal is that pioneers like Venom Bathory and Hellhammer were part of a first wave and that a second wave was begun by the early Norwegian scene especially by Mayhem vocalist Dead 50 Mayhem s leader Euronymous who founded the Norwegian scene after Dead s suicide 51 and Darkthrone s album A Blaze in the Northern Sky 52 53 54 There are also some who argue that albums like Sarcofago s I N R I 55 or Samael s Worship Him 56 began the second wave Roots Edit Occult and Satanic lyrical themes were present in the music of heavy metal and rock bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s such as Black Sabbath and Coven 57 In the late 1970s the form of rough and aggressive heavy metal played by the British band Motorhead gained popularity 57 Many first wave black metal bands cited Motorhead as an influence 57 Also popular in the late 1970s punk rock came to influence the birth of black metal 57 Tom G Warrior of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost credited English punk group Discharge as a revolution much like Venom saying When I heard the first two Discharge records I was blown away I was just starting to play an instrument and I had no idea you could go so far 58 The use of corpse paint in the black metal imagery was mainly influenced by the American 1970s rock band Kiss 57 First wave Edit Venom s second album Black Metal inspired the name of the genre The first wave of black metal refers to bands during the 1980s who influenced the black metal sound and formed a prototype for the genre By today s musical standards their sound is closer to speed metal or thrash metal 16 59 The term black metal was coined by the English band Venom with their second album Black Metal 1982 Although generally deemed speed metal or thrash metal rather than black metal 39 the album s lyrics and imagery focused more on anti Christian and Satanic themes than any before it Their music was fast unpolished in production and with raspy or grunted vocals Venom s members also adopted pseudonyms a practice that became widespread among black metal musicians Another major influence on black metal was the Swedish band Bathory The band led by Thomas Forsberg a k a Quorthon created the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal 60 Not only was Bathory s music dark fast heavily distorted lo fi and with anti Christian themes Quorthon was also the first to use the shrieked vocals that later became a common trait 36 The band played in this style on their first four albums Bathory 1984 The Return 1985 Under the Sign of the Black Mark 1987 and Blood Fire Death 1988 With Blood Fire Death and the two following albums Bathory pioneered the style that became known as Viking metal Hellhammer from Switzerland made truly raw and brutal music 61 with Satanic lyrics and became an important influence on later black metal 62 Their simple yet effective riffs and fast guitar sound were groundbreaking anticipating the later trademark sound of early Swedish death metal 61 In 1984 members of Hellhammer formed Celtic Frost 63 whose music explored more orchestral and experimental territories The lyrics also became more personal with topics about inner feelings and majestic stories But for a couple of years Celtic Frost was one of the world s most extreme and original metal bands with a huge impact on the mid 1990s black metal scene 61 The Danish band Mercyful Fate influenced the Norwegian scene with their imagery and lyrics 64 Frontman King Diamond who wore ghoulish black and white facepaint on stage may be one of the inspirators of what became known as corpse paint Other acts which adopted a similar appearance on stage were the horror punk band Misfits Celtic Frost and the Brazilian extreme metal band Sarcofago 65 Other artists usually considered part of this movement include Kreator Sodom and Destruction from Germany 66 Bulldozer and Death SS from Italy 27 whose vocalist Steve Sylvester was a member of the Ordo Templi Orientis 67 In 1987 in the fifth issue of his Slayer fanzine Jon Metalion Kristiansen wrote that the latest fad of black Satanic bands seems to be over 68 the tradition being continued by a few bands like Incubus 68 and Morbid Angel 68 from the United States Sabbat from Great Britain 68 Tormentor from Hungary Sarcofago from Brazil Grotesque 69 70 Treblinka 70 71 and early Tiamat 69 72 from Sweden Other early black metal bands include Sabbat formed 1983 in Japan 73 Parabellum formed 1983 in Colombia 74 Salem formed 1985 in Israel and Mortuary Drape formed 1986 in Italy 75 Japanese band Sigh formed in 1990 and was in regular contact with key members of the Norwegian scene Their debut album Scorn Defeat became a cult classic in the black metal world 76 In the years before the Norwegian black metal scene arose important recordings were released by Root and Master s Hammer from Czechoslovakia Von from the United States Rotting Christ from Greece Samael from Switzerland and Blasphemy from Canada whose debut album Fallen Angel of Doom 1990 is considered one of the most influential records for the war metal style 77 78 79 Fenriz of the Norwegian band Darkthrone called Master s Hammer s debut album Ritual the first Norwegian black metal album even though they are from Czechoslovakia 80 In 1990 and 1991 Northern European metal acts began to release music influenced by these bands or the older ones from the first wave In Sweden this included Marduk Dissection Nifelheim and Abruptum In Finland there emerged a scene that mixed the first wave black metal style with elements of death metal and grindcore this included Beherit Archgoat and Impaled Nazarene whose debut album Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz Rock Hard journalist Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann considers a part of war metal s roots 81 Bands such as Demoncy and Profanatica emerged during this time in the United States when death metal was more popular among extreme metal fans The Norwegian band Mayhem s concert in Leipzig with Eminenz and Manos in 1990 later released as Live in Leipzig was said to have had a strong influence on the East German scene 82 and is even called the unofficial beginning of German black metal 83 Second wave Edit Main article Early Norwegian black metal scene Norwegian band Immortal influenced countless bands in the genre 84 The second wave of black metal began in the early 1990s and was spearheaded by the Norwegian black metal scene During 1990 1993 a number of Norwegian artists began performing and releasing a new kind of black metal music this included Mayhem Darkthrone Burzum Immortal Emperor Satyricon Enslaved Thorns and Gorgoroth They developed the style of their 1980s forebears into a distinct genre This was partly thanks to a new kind of guitar playing developed by Snorre Blackthorn Ruch of Stigma Diabolicum Thorns and Oystein Euronymous Aarseth of Mayhem 6 29 Fenriz of Darkthrone described it as being derived from Bathory 85 and noted that those kinds of riffs became the new order for a lot of bands in the 90s 86 The wearing of corpse paint became standard and was a way for many black metal artists to distinguish themselves from other metal bands of the era 39 The scene also had an ideology and ethos Artists were bitterly opposed to Christianity and presented themselves as misanthropic Devil worshippers who wanted to spread terror hatred and evil 87 They professed to be serious in their views and vowed to act on them Ihsahn of Emperor said that they sought to create fear among people 88 and be in opposition to society 89 The scene was exclusive and created boundaries around itself incorporating only those who were true and attempting to expel all poseurs 26 Some members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murder which eventually drew attention to it and led to a number of artists being imprisoned Dead s suicide Edit On 8 April 1991 Mayhem vocalist Per Dead Ohlin committed suicide while left alone in a house shared by the band 90 91 Fellow musicians described Dead as odd introverted and depressed Mayhem s drummer Hellhammer said that Dead was the first to wear the distinctive corpse paint that became widespread in the scene 92 He was found with slit wrists and a shotgun wound to the head Dead s suicide note began with Excuse all the blood and apologized for firing the weapon indoors 91 93 Before calling the police Euronymous got a disposable camera and photographed the body 94 after re arranging some items One of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album Dawn of the Black Hearts 92 Euronymous made necklaces with bits of Dead s skull and gave some to musicians he deemed worthy 16 Rumors also spread that he had made a stew with bits of his brain 39 90 Euronymous used Dead s suicide to foster Mayhem s evil image and claimed Dead had killed himself because extreme metal had become trendy and commercialized 95 Mayhem bassist Jorn Necrobutcher Stubberud noted that people became more aware of the black metal scene after Dead had shot himself I think it was Dead s suicide that really changed the scene 96 Two other members of the early Norwegian scene later committed suicide Erik Grim Brodreskift of Immortal Borknagar Gorgoroth in 1999 97 98 and Espen Storm Andersen of Strid in 2001 99 Helvete and Deathlike Silence Edit The basement of Helvete showing graffiti from the early 1990s During May June 1991 100 Euronymous of Mayhem opened an independent record shop named Helvete Norwegian for Hell at Schweigaards gate 56 in Oslo It quickly became the focal point of Norway s emerging black metal scene and a meeting place for many of its musicians especially the members of Mayhem Burzum Emperor and Thorns 101 Jon Metalion Kristiansen writer of the fanzine Slayer said that the opening of Helvete was the creation of the whole Norwegian black metal scene 51 In its basement Euronymous founded an independent record label named Deathlike Silence Productions With the rising popularity of his band and others like it the underground success of Euronymous s label is often credited for encouraging other record labels who had previously shunned black metal acts to then reconsider and release their material Church burnings Edit The Fantoft Stave Church restored in 1997 102 In 1992 members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on Christian churches By 1996 there had been at least 50 such attacks in Norway 101 Some of the buildings were hundreds of years old and seen as important historical landmarks The first to be burnt down was Norway s Fantoft Stave Church Police believe Varg Vikernes of Burzum was responsible 101 The cover of Burzum s EP Aske ashes is a photograph of the destroyed church 102 In May 1994 Vikernes was found guilty for burning down the Holmenkollen Chapel Skjold Church and Asane Church 85 103 In addition he was found guilty for an attempted arson of a fourth church and for the theft and storage of 150 kg of explosives 104 To coincide with the release of Mayhem s De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas Vikernes and Euronymous had also allegedly plotted to bomb the Nidaros Cathedral which appears on the album cover The musicians Faust 105 Samoth 104 both of Emperor and Jorn Inge Tunsberg of Hades Almighty 104 101 were also convicted for church arsons Members of the Swedish black metal scene started to burn churches as well in 1993 106 Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic retaliation against Christianity in Norway 107 Mayhem drummer Hellhammer said he had called for attacks on mosques and Hindu temples on the basis that they were more foreign 108 Today opinions on the church burnings differ within the black metal community Many musicians singers and songwriters in the early Norwegian black metal scene such as Infernus and Gaahl of Gorgoroth continue to praise the church burnings with the latter saying there should have been more of them and there will be more of them 16 Others such as Necrobutcher and Kjetil Manheim of Mayhem and Abbath of Immortal 16 see the church burnings as having been futile Manheim claimed that many arsons were just people trying to gain acceptance within the black metal scene 90 Watain vocalist Erik Danielsson respected the attacks but said of those responsible the only Christianity they defeated was the last piece of Christianity within themselves Which is a very good beginning of course 109 Murder of Euronymous Edit In early 1993 animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes 110 On the night of 10 August 1993 Varg Vikernes of Burzum and Snorre Blackthorn Ruch of Thorns drove from Bergen to Euronymous s apartment in Oslo When they arrived a confrontation began and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death His body was found outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds two to the head five to the neck and sixteen to the back 111 It has been speculated that the murder was the result of either a power struggle a financial dispute over Burzum records or an attempt at outdoing a stabbing in Lillehammer the year before by Faust 112 Vikernes denies all of these claiming that he attacked Euronymous in self defense He says that Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an electroshock weapon tie him up and torture him to death while videotaping the event 85 He said Euronymous planned to use a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him 85 113 Vikernes claims he intended to hand Euronymous the signed contract that night and tell him to fuck off but that Euronymous panicked and attacked him first 113 He also claims that most of the cuts were from broken glass Euronymous had fallen on during the struggle 113 The self defense story is doubted by Faust 114 while Necrobutcher confirmed that Vikernes killed Euronymous in self defense due to the death threats he received from him 115 Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993 in Bergen 116 Many other members of the scene were taken in for questioning around the same time Some of them confessed to their crimes and implicated others In May 1994 Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison Norway s maximum penalty for the murder of Euronymous the arson of four churches and for possession of 150 kg of explosives However he only confessed to the latter Two churches were burnt the day he was sentenced presumably as a statement of symbolic support 104 Vikernes smiled when his verdict was read and the picture was widely reprinted in the news media Blackthorn was sentenced to eight years in prison for being an accomplice to the murder 104 That month saw the release of Mayhem s album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas which featured Euronymous on guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar 29 Euronymous s family had asked Mayhem s drummer Hellhammer to remove the bass tracks recorded by Vikernes but Hellhammer said I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record I put word out that I was re recording the bass parts But I never did 29 In 2003 Vikernes failed to return to Tonsberg prison after being given a short leave He was re arrested shortly after while driving a stolen car with various weapons 117 Vikernes was released on parole in 2009 118 119 Outside Norway Edit Enthroned from Belgium Black metal scenes also emerged on the European mainland during the early 1990s inspired by the Norwegian scene or the older bands or both In Poland a scene was spearheaded by Graveland and Behemoth In France a close knit group of musicians known as Les Legions Noires emerged this included artists such as Mutiilation Vlad Tepes Belketre and Torgeist In Belgium there were acts such as Ancient Rites and Enthroned Bands such as Black Funeral Grand Belial s Key and Judas Iscariot emerged during this time in the United States Black Funeral from Houston formed in 1993 was associated with black magic and Satanism 120 English band Cradle of Filth performing at Metalmania in 2005 A notable black metal group in England was Cradle of Filth who released three demos in a black death metal style with symphonic flourishes followed by the album The Principle of Evil Made Flesh which featured a then unusual hybrid style of black and gothic metal The band then abandoned black metal for gothic metal 121 becoming one of the most successful extreme metal bands to date John Serba of AllMusic commented that their first album made waves in the early black metal scene putting Cradle of Filth on the tips of metalheads tongues whether in praise of the band s brazen attempts to break the black metal mold or in derision for its commercialization of an underground phenomenon that was proud of its grimy heritage 122 Some black metal fans did not consider Cradle of Filth to be black metal When asked if he considers Cradle of Filth a black metal band vocalist Dani Filth said he considers them black metal in terms of philosophy and atmosphere but not in other ways 123 Another English band called Necropolis never released any music but began a desecratory assault against churches and cemeteries in their area and almost caused Black Metal to be banned in Britain as a result 124 Dayal Patterson says successful acts like Cradle of Filth provoked an even greater extremity of negative opinion from the underground scene due to concerns about selling out 125 The controversy surrounding the Thuringian band Absurd drew attention to the German black metal scene In 1993 the members murdered a boy from their school Sandro Beyer 126 A photo of Beyer s gravestone is on the cover of one of their demos 127 Thuringian Pagan Madness along with pro Nazi statements It was recorded in prison and released in Poland by Graveland drummer Capricornus 128 The band s early music was more influenced by Oi and Rock Against Communism RAC than by black metal 129 and described as being more akin to 60s garage punk than some of the Black Metal of their contemporaries 130 Alexander von Meilenwald from German band Nagelfar considers Ungod s 1993 debut Circle of the Seven Infernal Pacts Desaster s 1994 demo Lost in the Ages Tha Norr s 1995 album Wolfenzeitalter Lunar Aurora s 1996 debut Weltenganger and Katharsis s 2000 debut 666 131 to be the most important recordings for the German scene 82 He said they were not necessarily the best German releases but they all kicked off something 82 After the second wave Edit Dimmu Borgir s music features synthesizers and orchestras 132 In the beginning of the second wave the different scenes developed their own styles as Alan Nemtheanga Averill says you had the Greek sound and the Finnish sound and the Norwegian sound and there was German bands and Swiss bands and that kind of thing 6 By the mid 1990s the style of the Norwegian scene was being adopted by bands worldwide and in 1998 Kerrang journalist Malcolm Dome said that black metal as we know it in 1998 owes more to Norway and to Scandinavia than any other particular country 101 Newer black metal bands also began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even full symphony orchestras By the late 1990s the underground concluded that several of the Norwegian pioneers like Emperor 78 133 Immortal 78 133 Dimmu Borgir 133 Ancient 78 133 Covenant The Kovenant 133 and Satyricon 78 had commercialized 78 133 or sold out to the mainstream and big bastard labels 133 Dayal Patterson states that successful acts like Dimmu Borgir provoked and even greater extremity of negative opinion from the underground regarding the view that these bands had sold out 125 After Euronymous s death some bands went more towards the Viking metal and epic style while some bands went deeper into the abyss 109 Since 1993 the Swedish scene had carried out church burnings grave desecration and other violent acts In 1995 Jon Nodtveidt of Dissection joined the Misanthropic Luciferian Order MLO 134 In 1997 he and another MLO member were arrested and charged with shooting dead a 37 year old man It was said he was killed out of anger because he had harassed the two men Nodtveidt received a 10 year sentence 135 As the victim was a homosexual immigrant Dissection was accused of being a Nazi band 136 but Nodtveidt denied this and dismissed racism and nationalism 136 137 The Swedish band Shining founded in 1996 began writing music almost exclusively about depression and suicide musically inspired by Strid and by Burzum s albums Hvis lyset tar oss and Filosofem 138 Vocalist Niklas Kvarforth wanted to force feed his listeners with self destructive and suicidal imagery and lyrics 109 In the beginning he used the term suicidal black metal for his music 109 139 However he stopped using the term in 2001 because it had begun to be used by a slew of other bands whom he felt had misinterpreted his vision 109 139 and were using the music as a kind of therapy 109 139 rather than a weapon against the listener as Kvarforth intended 139 He said that he wouldn t call Shining a black metal band and called the suicidal black metal term a foolish idea 109 Watain singer Erik Danielsson in torn clothes and covered with blood According to Erik Danielsson when his band Watain formed in 1998 there were very few bands who took black metal as seriously as the early Norwegian scene had 109 A newer generation of Swedish Satanic bands like Watain and Ondskapt inspired by Ofermod 140 141 the new band of Nefandus member Belfagor put this scene into a new light Kvarforth said It seems like people actually got afraid again 109 The current Swedish black metal scene has a particularly ambitious and articulate understanding of mysticism and its validity to black metal Many Swedish black metal bands most notably Watain and Dissection are or were affiliated with the Temple of the Black Light or Misanthropic Luciferian Order a Theistic Gnostic Satanic organization based in Sweden 142 Upon his release in 2004 Jon Nodtveidt restarted Dissection with new members whom he felt were able to stand behind and live up to the demands of Dissection s Satanic concept 143 He started calling Dissection the sonic propaganda unit of the MLO 144 145 and released a third full length album Reinkaos The lyrics contain magical formulae from the Liber Azerate and are based on the organization s teachings 146 After the album s release and a few concerts Nodtveidt said that he had reached the limitations of music as a tool for expressing what I want to express for myself and the handful of others that I care about and disbanded Dissection 145 before dying by suicide 147 A part of the underground scene adopted a Jungian interpretation of the church burnings and other acts of the early scene as the re emergence of ancient archetypes which Kadmon of Allerseelen and the authors of Lords of Chaos had implied in their writings 148 52 They mixed this interpretation with Paganism and Nationalism 52 Varg Vikernes was seen as an ideological messiah by some 149 although Vikernes had disassociated himself from black metal 149 150 and his neo Nazism had nothing to do with that subculture 150 This led to the rise of National Socialist black metal NSBM which Hendrik Mobus of Absurd calls the logical conclusion of the Norwegian black metal movement 52 Other parts of the scene oppose NSBM as it is indelibly linked with Asa Trŭ and opposed to Satanism or look upon Nazism with vague skepticism and indifference 151 Members of the NSBM scene among others see the Norwegian bands as poseurs whose ideology is cheap although they still respect Vikernes and Burzum whom Grand Belial s Key vocalist Richard Mills called the only Norwegian band that remains unapologetic and literally convicted of his beliefs 149 In France besides Les Legions Noires The Black Legions an NSBM scene arose Members of French band Funeral desecrated a grave in Toulon in June 1996 and a 19 year old black metal fan stabbed a priest to death in Mulhouse on Christmas Eve 1996 152 According to MkM of Antaeus and Aosoth the early French scene was quite easy to divide either you were NSBM and you had the support from zine and the audience or you were part of the black legions and you had that cult aura whereas his band Antaeus not belonging to either of these sub scenes did not fit anywhere 153 Many French bands like Deathspell Omega and Aosoth have an avantgarde approach 154 and a disharmonic sound that is representative of that scene 155 The early American black metal bands remained underground Some of them like Grand Belial s Key and Judas Iscariot joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front although Judas Iscariot s sole member Akhenaten left the organization 156 Other bands like Averse Sefira never had any link with Nazism 156 The US bands have no common style Many were musically inspired by Burzum but did not necessarily adopt Vikernes s ideas 156 Profanatica s music is close to death metal 157 while Demoncy were accused of ripping off Gorgoroth riffs 158 There also emerged bands like Xasthur and Leviathan 47 whose music is inspired by Burzum 156 and whose lyrics focus on topics such as depression and suicide 159 160 Nachtmystium 47 Krallice 47 161 Wolves in the Throne Room 47 161 a band linked to the crust punk scene and the environmental movement 162 163 and Liturgy the style of whom frontwoman Hunter Hunt Hendrix describes as transcendental black metal 47 164 These bands eschew black metal s traditional lyrical content for something more Whitman esque 47 and have been rejected by some traditional black metallers for their ideologies 165 and the post rock and shoegazing influences some of them have adopted 161 Also some bands like Agalloch started to incorporate doom and folk elements into the traditional blast beat and tremolo picking of the Scandinavian incarnation a style that later became known as Cascadian black metal in reference to the region where it emerged 166 In Australia a scene led by bands like Destroyer 666 Vomitor Hobbs Angel of Death Nocturnal Graves and Gospel of the Horns arose This scene s typical style is a mixture of old school black metal and raw thrash metal influenced by old Celtic Frost Bathory Venom and Sodom but also with its own elements 167 Melechesh was formed in Jerusalem in 1993 the first overtly anti Christian band to exist in one of the holiest cities in the world 168 Melechesh began as a straightforward black metal act with their first foray into folk metal occurring on their 1996 EP The Siege of Lachish 169 Their subsequent albums straddled black death and thrash metal 170 Another band Arallu was formed in the late 1990s and has relationships with Melechesh and Salem 171 172 Melechesh and Arallu perform a style they call Mesopotamian Black Metal a blend of black metal and Mesopotamian folk music 168 172 Since the 2000s a number of anti Islamic and anti religious black metal bands whose members come from Muslim backgrounds have emerged in the Middle East Janaza believed to be Iraq s first female black metal artist released the demo Burning Quran Ceremony in 2010 Its frontwoman Anahita claimed her parents and brother were killed by a suicide bomb during the Iraq War Another Iraqi band Seeds of Iblis also fronted by Anahita 173 released their debut EP Jihad Against Islam in 2011 through French label Legion of Death Metal news website Metalluminati suggests that their claims of being based in Iraq are a hoax 174 These bands along with Tadnees from Saudi Arabia Halla from Iran False Allah from Bahrain and Mosque of Satan from Lebanon style themselves as the Arabic Anti Islamic Legion Another Lebanese band Ayat drew much attention with their debut album Six Years of Dormant Hatred released through North American label Moribund Records in 2008 173 Some European bands have also begun expressing anti Islamic views most notably the Norwegian band Taake 175 Stylistic divisions EditRegarding the sound of black metal there are two conflicting groups within the genre those that stay true to the genre s roots and those that introduce progressive elements 39 The former believe that the music should always be minimalist performed only with the standard guitar bass drums setup and recorded in a low fidelity style One supporter of this train of thought is Blake Judd of Nachtmystium who has rejected labeling his band black metal for its departure from the genre s typical sound 176 Snorre Ruch of Thorns on the other hand has said that modern black metal is too narrow and believes that this was not the idea at the beginning 177 Since the 1990s different styles of black metal have emerged and some have melded Norwegian style black metal with other genres This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Ambient black metal Edit Ambient black metal is a style of black metal that relies on heavy incorporation of atmospheric sometimes dreamy textures and is therefore less aggressive It often features synthesizers or classical instrumentation typically for melody or ethereal shimmering over the wall of sound provided by the guitars The music is usually slow to mid paced with rare blast beat usage without any abrupt changes and generally features slowly developing sometimes repetitive melodies and riffs which separate it from other black metal styles Subject matter usually concerns nature folklore mythology and personal introspection 178 Artists include Agalloch 179 and Wolves in the Throne Room 179 Black doom Edit Black doom also known as blackened doom is a style that combines the slowness and thicker bassier sound of doom metal with the shrieking vocals and heavily distorted guitar sound of black metal 43 180 181 Black doom bands maintain the Satanic ideology associated with black metal while melding it with moodier themes more related to doom metal like depression nihilism and nature 43 They also use the slower pace of doom metal in order to emphasize the harsh atmosphere present in black metal 182 Examples of black doom bands include Barathrum 183 Forgotten Tomb 180 Woods of Ypres 184 Deinonychus 185 Shining 186 Nortt 187 Bethlehem 188 early Katatonia 189 Tiamat 182 Dolorian 182 and October Tide 182 Depressive suicidal black metal Edit Pioneered by black doom bands like Ophthalamia Katatonia Bethlehem Forgotten Tomb and Shining depressive suicidal black metal also known as suicidal black metal depressive black metal or DSBM is a style that melds the second wave style of black metal with doom metal 190 with lyrics revolving around themes such as depression self harm misanthropy suicide and death 44 45 DSBM bands draws the lo fi recording and highly distorted guitars of black metal while employing the usage of acoustic instruments and non distorted electric guitar s timbres present in doom metal interchanging the slower doom like sections with faster tremolo picking 190 Vocals are usually high pitched like in black metal but lacking of energy simulating feelings like hopelessness desperation and plea 190 The presence of one man bands is more prominent in this genre compared to others 190 Examples of bands include Xasthur 191 Leviathan 190 Strid 190 Silencer 44 45 Make a Change Kill Yourself 190 Lifelover 192 and I Shalt Become 44 45 Black n roll Edit Black n Roll Black N Roll and similar spelling variants redirect here For the album by Black River see Black n Roll album Black n roll is a style of black metal that incorporates elements from 1970s hard rock and rock and roll music 193 Examples of black n roll bands include Midnight 194 Kvelertak 195 Vreid 196 and Khold 193 197 Bands such as Satyricon 193 198 199 Darkthrone 200 Nachtmystium 201 Nidingr 202 Craft 193 and Sarke also experimented with the genre 203 Blackened crust Edit Crust punk groups such as Antisect Sacrilege and Anti System took some influence from early black metal bands like Venom Hellhammer and Celtic Frost 204 while Amebix s lead vocalist and guitarist sent his band s early demo tape to Cronos of Venom who replied by saying We ll rip you off 205 Similarly Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as heavy metal 206 Crust punk was affected by a second wave of black metal in the 1990s with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal influenced crust punk 207 Iskra coined their own phrase blackened crust to describe their new style The Japanese group Gallhammer also fused crust punk with black metal 208 while the English band Fukpig has been said to have elements of crust punk black metal and grindcore 209 210 North Carolina s Young and in the Way have been playing blackened crust since their formation in 2009 211 In addition Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008 In a very ironic paradox black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk while among crusties black metal is the latest fashion In fact the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s 212 Red and anarchist black metal Edit Red and anarchist black metal also known as RABM 213 214 is a subgenre that melds black metal with anarchist crust punk promoting ideologies such as anarchism environmentalism or Marxism 215 216 217 218 RABM was launched by supporters of these and related movements in response to National socialist black metal 219 Artists labelled RABM include Iskra Panopticon Skagos 218 214 Storm of Sedition 213 Not A Cost 213 and Black Kronstadt 213 Blackened death doom Edit Blackened death doom is a genre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming of doom metal the complex and loud riffage of death metal and the shrieking vocals of black metal 220 Examples of blackened death doom bands include Morast 220 Faustcoven 220 The Ruins of Beverast 220 Bolzer 220 Necros Christos 220 Harvest Gulgaltha 221 Dragged into Sunlight 222 Hands of Thieves 223 and Soulburn 224 225 Blackened death metal Edit Main article Blackened death metal Blackened death metal is commonly death metal that incorporates musical lyrical or ideological elements of black metal such as an increased use of tremolo picking anti Christian or Satanic lyrical themes and chord progressions similar to those used in black metal 226 227 228 Blackened death metal bands are also more likely to wear corpse paint and suits of armour than bands from other styles of death metal 229 Lower range guitar tunings death growls and abrupt tempo changes are common in the genre 230 Examples of blackened death metal bands are Belphegor 231 Behemoth 232 Akercocke 233 and Sacramentum 234 Melodic black death Edit Melodic black death 235 also known as blackened melodic death metal or melodic blackened death metal 236 is a genre of extreme metal that describes the style created when melodic death metal bands began being inspired by black metal and European romanticism However unlike most other black metal this take on the genre incorporated an increased sense of melody and narrative 236 Some bands who have played this style include Dissection 236 235 237 Sacramentum 236 235 Naglfar 236 God Dethroned 238 Dawn 236 Unanimated 236 Thulcandra 235 236 Skeletonwitch 239 and Cardinal Sin 235 War metal Edit War metal 77 78 79 also known as war black metal 78 or bestial black metal 79 is an aggressive 78 cacophonous 77 and chaotic 77 78 subgenre of blackened death metal 240 described by Rock Hard journalist Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann as rabid 78 and hammering 78 Important influences include early black and death metal bands such as Sodom 77 78 Possessed 78 Autopsy 78 Sarcofago 77 78 79 81 and the first two Sepultura releases 78 81 as well as seminal grindcore acts like Repulsion 77 78 War metal bands include Blasphemy 77 78 81 Archgoat 78 Impiety 78 and Bestial Warlust 241 Blackened grindcore Edit Blackened grindcore is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and grindcore 242 243 Notable bands include Anaal Nathrakh and early Rotting Christ 244 Blackened thrash metal Edit Blackened thrash metal also known as black thrash 245 is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and thrash metal 245 246 Being considered one of the first fusions of extreme metal 245 it was inspired by bands such as Venom Sodom and Sarcofago 247 Notable bands include Aura Noir 248 Witchery 249 250 Black Fast 251 Sathanas 252 and Destroyer 666 246 Folk black metal pagan metal and Viking metal Edit Main articles Pagan metal and Viking metal Folk black metal pagan metal and Viking metal are styles that incorporates elements of folk music with pagan metal bands focusing on pagan lyrics and imagery 253 and Viking metal bands giving thematic focus on Norse mythology Norse paganism and the Viking Age more influenced by Nordic folk music 254 While not focused on Satanism the bands use of ancient folklore and mythologies still express anti Christian views with folk black metal doing it as part of a rebellion to the status quo that developed concurrently along with the rise of folk metal in Europe in the 1990s 255 253 Notable artist include Negură Bunget 255 Windir 256 Primordial 257 258 In the Woods 259 Cruachan 260 and Bathory to whose albums Blood Fire Death 1988 and Hammerheart 1990 the origin of Viking metal can be traced 261 Industrial black metal Edit Industrial black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates elements of industrial music Mysticum formed in 1991 262 was the first of these groups 263 DHG Dodheimsgard Thorns from Norway and Blut Aus Nord N K V D and Blacklodge from France have been acclaimed for their incorporation of industrial elements 264 Other industrial black metal musicians include Samael 265 The Axis of Perdition 266 Aborym 267 and And Oceans 268 In addition The Kovenant 269 Mortiis and Ulver emerged from the Norwegian black metal scene but later chose to experiment with industrial music 270 271 Post black metal Edit Post black metal is an umbrella term for genres that experiment beyond black metal s conventions and broaden their sounds evolving past the genre s limits 272 Notable bands include Myrkur 273 Alcest 274 Bosse de Nage 275 and Wildernessking 276 Blackgaze Edit Main article Blackgaze Blackgaze incorporates common black metal and post black metal elements such as blast beat drumming and high pitched screamed vocals with the melodic and heavily distorted guitar styles typically associated with shoegazing 277 278 It is associated with bands such as Deafheaven 279 Alcest 280 Vaura 278 Amesoeurs 281 Bosse de Nage 278 Oathbreaker 282 and Fen 278 National Socialist black metal Edit Main article National Socialist black metal National Socialist black metal also known as NSBM is a subgenre that promotes neo Nazi or similar beliefs through its lyrics and imagery Artists typically meld neo Nazi ideology with ethnic European paganism but a few meld these beliefs with Satanism or occultism Some commentators see this ideology as a natural development of the black metal worldview Members of the early Norwegian scene flirted with Nazi themes but this was largely an attempt to provoke 283 Varg Vikernes who now refers to his ideology as Odalism 284 is credited with popularizing such views within the scene 285 286 NSBM emerged in the mid 1990s and was spearheaded by artists such as Absurd from Germany Graveland Infernum and Veles from Poland and Grand Belial s Key from the US It is particularly strong in the former Eastern Bloc Psychedelic black metal Edit Psychedelic black metal is a subgenre of black metal which employs the usage of psychedelic elements 287 Notable acts include Oranssi Pazuzu 287 288 289 Nachtmystium 289 Deafheaven 289 Woe 289 Amesoeurs 289 and In the Woods 290 Raw black metal Edit Raw black metal is a subgenre that seeks to amplify the primitive qualities of the second wave of black metal by giving priority to its lo fi production values 291 292 To achieve this bands under this style usually emphasize the usage of higher pitches in their guitar sound and vocals while employing techniques such as tremolo picking and blast beats more often 292 Its imagery is often associated with dystopic and minimalistic tendencies 291 292 Notable bands include Gorgoroth 291 Darkthrone 293 294 Satyricon 294 Bathory 294 and Burzum 294 Symphonic black metal Edit Main article Symphonic black metal Symphonic black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements This may include the usage of instruments found in symphony orchestras piano violin cello flute and keyboards clean or operatic vocals and guitars with less distortion 295 Unblack metal Edit Main article Unblack metal Lars Stokstad Elements of Rock 2011 Unblack metal or Christian black metal is a subgenre that promotes Christianity through its lyrics and imagery 296 The first unblack metal record Hellig Usvart 1994 by Australian artist Horde was a provocative parody of Norwegian black metal It sparked controversy and death threats were issued against Horde Norwegian unblack metal band Antestor was originally formed as a death doom band bearing a different name Crush Evil Ideology Edit Taake vocalist Hoest the inverted Christian cross is often used by black metallers to signify their opposition to Christianity Unlike other metal genres black metal is associated with an ideology and ethos It is fiercely opposed to Christianity 16 and the other main institutional religions Islam and Judaism Many black metal bands are Satanists and see Satanism as a key part of black metal Others advocate ethnic Paganism often coupled with nationalism 297 although the early Pagan bands did not call themselves black metal 259 298 299 Black metal tends to be misanthropic and hostile to modern society 39 It is a reaction against the mundanity insincerity and emotional emptiness that participants feel is intrinsic to modern secular culture 300 The black metal scene tends to oppose political correctness humanitarianism consumerism globalization and homogeneity 301 302 303 Aaron Weaver from Wolves in the Throne Room said I think that black metal is an artistic movement that is critiquing modernity on a fundamental level saying that the modern world view is missing something 304 As part of this some parts of the scene glorify nature and have a fascination with the distant past 305 306 Black metal has been likened to Romanticism and there is an undercurrent of romantic nationalism in the genre 307 308 Sam Dunn noted that unlike any other heavy metal scene the culture and the place is incorporated into the music and imagery 16 Individualism is also an important part of black metal 16 with Fenriz of Darkthrone describing black metal as individualism above all 309 Unlike other kinds of metal black metal has numerous one man bands However it is argued that followers of Euronymous were anti individualistic 310 and that Black Metal is characterized by a conflict between radical individualism and group identity and by an attempt to accept both polarities simultaneously 305 In his master s thesis Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that some artists can be seen as transcendentalists Dissatisfied with a world that they feel is devoid of spiritual and cultural significance 311 they try to leave or transcend their mundane physical forms and become one with the divine 312 This is done through their concerts which he describes as musical rituals that involve self mortification and taking on an alternative spiritual persona for example by the wearing of costume and face paint 313 Satanism Edit The inverted pentagram is commonly used by bands in the genre Black metal was originally a term for extreme metal bands with Satanic lyrics and imagery However most of the first wave bands including Venom who coined the term black metal were not Satanists and rather used Satanic themes to provoke controversy or gain attention One of the few exceptions was Mercyful Fate singer and Church of Satan member King Diamond whom Michael Moynihan calls one of the only performers of the 80s Satanic metal who was more than just a poseur using a devilish image for shock value 314 Video shoot for Carving a Giant by Gorgoroth which features mock crucifixions In the early 1990s many Norwegian black metallers presented themselves as genuine Devil worshippers 315 Mayhem s Euronymous was the key figure behind this 310 They attacked the Church of Satan for its freedom and life loving views 316 the theistic Satanism they espoused was an inversion of Christianity Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that they transform ed Venom s quasi Satanic stage theatrics into a form of cultural expression unique from other forms of metal or Satanism and abandoned the mundane identities and ambitions of other forms of metal in favor of religious and ideological fanaticism 310 Some prominent scene members such as Euronymous and Faust 27 66 stated that only bands who are Satanists can be called black metal Bands with a Norwegian style but without Satanic lyrics tended to use other names for their music 259 298 299 This view is still held by many artists such as Infernus 317 Arioch 318 Nornagest and Erik Danielsson 319 Some bands like the reformed Dissection 143 145 and Watain 320 insist that all members must be of the same Satanic belief whereas Michael Ford of Black Funeral 120 and MkM of Antaeus 321 believe black metal must be Satanic but not all band members need to be Satanists Others such as Jan Axel Blomberg 322 Sigurd Wongraven 39 and Eric Horner 323 believe that black metal does not need to be Satanic An article in Metalion s Slayer fanzine attacked musicians that care more about their guitars than the actual essence onto which the whole concept was and is based upon and insisted that the music itself doesn t come as the first priority 324 Bands with a similar style but with Pagan lyrics tend to be referred to as Pagan Metal by many purist black metallers 325 Others shun Satanism seeing it as Christian or Judeo Christian in origin 326 327 and regard Satanists as perpetuating the Judeo Christian worldview 328 Quorthon of Bathory said he used Satan to provoke and attack Christianity However with his third and fourth albums Under the Sign of the Black Mark and Blood Fire Death he began attacking Christianity from a different angle realizing that Satanism is a Christian product 327 Nevertheless some artists use Satan as a symbol or metaphor for their beliefs such as LaVeyan Satanists who are atheist Vocalist Gaahl who considers himself a Norse Shaman 329 said We use the word Satanist because it is Christian world and we have to speak their language When I use the word Satan it means the natural order the will of a man the will to grow the will to become the superman 330 Varg Vikernes called himself a Satanist in early interviews but now downplays his former interest in Satanism saying he was using Satan as a symbol for Odin as the adversary of the Christian God 331 He saw Satanism as an introduction to more indigenous heathen beliefs 332 Some bands such as Carach Angren 333 Immortal 334 and Enslaved 335 336 do not have Satanic lyrics Christianity Edit The Norwegian unblack metal band Antestor Many black metallers see Christian black metal as an oxymoron 337 and believe black metal cannot be Christian 39 In fact the early unblack metal groups Horde and Antestor refused to call their music black metal because they did not share its ethos Horde called its music holy unblack metal 338 and Antestor called theirs sorrow metal 339 Horde s Jayson Sherlock later said I will never understand why Christians think they can play Black Metal I really don t think they understand what true Black Metal is 340 However current unblack metal bands such as Crimson Moonlight feel that black metal has changed from an ideological movement to a purely musical genre and thus call their music black metal 337 Environmentalism Edit Black metal has a long tradition of environmentalism 341 163 Groups such as Botanist and Wolves in the Throne Room have been described as exemplifying radical environmentalism 342 343 344 Politics EditA wide range of political views are found in the black metal scene The vast majority of black metal bands are apolitical 345 346 347 Albeit a small minority within the genre 347 348 Neo Nazi artists have gained some notoriety throughout the years While some black metal fans boycott Neo Nazi artists many are indifferent or appreciate the music without supporting the musicians 151 but overall Neo Nazism has been criticized by some prominent and influential black metal artists including Jon Nodtveidt 137 Gorgoroth 349 24 25 Dark Funeral 6 350 Richard Lederer 351 Michael Ford 352 and Arkhon Infaustus 6 Some liken Nazism to Christianity by arguing that both are authoritarian collectivist and a herd mentality 137 349 Olson writes that the shunning of Nazism by some black metallers has nothing to do with notions of a universal humanity or a rejection of hate but that Nazism is shunned because its hatred is too specific and exclusive 353 Some time later a movement promoting Marxist and anarchist ideas was born in the genre mostly as a reaction to neo Nazi movements 218 Others with similar outlook such as Wolves in the Throne Room are not overtly political and do not endorse the label Media EditDocumentaries on black metal Edit 666 At Calling Death 1993 was a documentary released by Nuclear Blast which provides an abundance of interviews and perspectives on the meaning of both death and black metal genres from musicians who perform these styles in light of the Norwegian scene church burnings and murders which had been occurring around that time The latter half of the documentary focuses on black metal Det svarte alvor 1994 Satan Rides the Media 1998 Black Metal 1998 a Belgian documentary by Marilyn Watelet 354 Norsk Black Metal 2003 was aired on Norwegian TV by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation NRK Metal A Headbanger s Journey 2005 touches on black metal in the early 1990s and includes an extensive 25 minute feature on the DVD release True Norwegian Black Metal 2007 is a five part feature from VICE It explores some of the aspects of the lifestyle beliefs and controversies surrounding former Gorgoroth vocalist Gaahl 355 Black Metal A Documentary 2007 produced by Bill Zebub explores the world of black metal from the point of view of the artists There is no narrator and no one outside of black metal takes part in any interview or storytelling Pure Fucking Mayhem 2009 tells the story of the black metal band Mayhem and the tragedies surrounding them 356 Murder Music A History of Black Metal 2007 The Misanthrope 2007 written and directed by Ted Nocturno Culto Skjellum from extreme metal duo Darkthrone 357 Once Upon a Time in Norway 2008 Black Metal Satanica 2008 Until the Light Takes Us 2009 explores black metal s origins and subculture featuring exclusive interviews and including rare footage from the Black Circle s early days Loputon Gehennan Liekki Eternal Flame of Gehenna 2011 Finnish black metal documentary Out of the Black A Black Metal Documentary 2012 an examination of the musical and social origins of black metal while exploring the full spectrum of the religious ideology within the scene Also examines black metal in America and the multiple differences between the American and the Scandinavian scene 358 One Man Metal 2012 explores the lifestyle and thoughts of the members of the three one man bands Xasthur Leviathan and Striborg 359 Attention Black Metal 2012 References in media Edit A black metal mockumentary Legalize Murder was released in 2006 The cartoon show Metalocalypse is about an extreme metal band called Dethklok with many references to leading black metal artists on the names of various businesses such as Fintroll s convenience store Dimmu Burger Gorgoroth s electric wheelchair store Carpathian Forest High School Marduk s Putt amp Stuff Burzum s hot dogs and Behemoth studios the man who owns Behemoth studios is also named Mr Grishnackh In the episode Dethdad Dethklok travels to Norway to both visit Toki s dying father and the original black metal record store much to the dismay of the band members when they find out the store does not sell any of their music described by the owner as being too digital A Norwegian commercial for a laundry detergent once depicted black metal musicians as part of the advertisement 360 Black metal bands such as 1349 Emperor Behemoth Dimmu Borgir Enslaved and Satyricon have had their videos make appearances on MTV s Headbangers Ball Comedian Brian Posehn made a visual reference to Norwegian black metal bands in the music video for his comedy song Metal by Numbers 361 A KFC commercial screened in Canada 2008 and Australia 2010 featuring a fictional black metal band called Hellvetica Onstage the band s singer does a fire eating trick Once backstage he takes a bite of the spicy KFC chicken and declares Oh man that is hot The twenty first episode of the fourth season of Bones Mayhem on a Cross featured the discovery of a human skeleton at a black metal concert in Norway There are many references to black extreme metal bands Bathory Marduk Cradle of Filth and Dimmu Borgir in Ake Edwardson s 1999 crime novel Sun and Shadow Sol och skugga The plot involves the music of a fictional Canadian black metal band called Sacrament As part of the inquiry Inspector Winter tries to distinguish between black and death metal artists 362 In the UK show The Inbetweeners during some scenes in the sixth form common room a Mayhem poster for the album Ordo ad Chao can be seen A recurring theme in The IT Crowd seasons 1 and 2 is the conversion of a character Richmond from executive to pariah through his exposure to Cradle of Filth A black metal act is used to advertise ZYX Sitruuna a Finnish remedy for throat pain 363 Jonas Akerlund s 2018 horror thriller film Lords of Chaos based on the 1998 non fiction book of the same name centres around a series of crimes that occurred in Oslo Norway in the early 1990s surrounding the black metal bands Mayhem and Burzum See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black metal List of black metal bands ShriekingReferences Edit Bowar Chad Black Metal 101 About com a b Lee Cosmo Voegtlin Stewart Into the void Stylus Magazine s Beginner s Guide to Metal Stylus Magazine Retrieved 17 May 2010 Weisbard Eric ed 2012 Pop When the World Falls Apart Music in the Shadow of Doubt Duke University Press p 279 ISBN 978 0822351085 Phillips William amp Cogan Brian 2009 Encyclopedia of heavy metal music Greenwood Press pp 109 234 ISBN 978 0313348006 Stuart Maconie 24 May 2020 Dungeon Synth BBC Radio 6 Music Retrieved 24 May 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k Debub Bill 2007 Black Metal A Documentary motion picture Bill Zebub Productions The End of a Legend Isten smokes Holocaust Vengeance out of BEHERIT In Isten no 6 1995 pp 44f The Oath of the Goat s Black Blood Sinister Flame 1 28 32 2003 a b Chad Bowar Retro Recommendation Rotting Christ Thy Mighty Contract Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine 24 June 2011 accessed on 13 December 2012 a b Stefan Glas Rotting Christ Passage to Arcturo In Metal Hammer March 1992 pp 70f Vattnet Viskar s Settler Has Nearly Arrived Home MetalSucks 12 June 2015 Retrieved 25 August 2015 Dick Jonathan K 18 June 2015 False Untitled Pitchfork Retrieved 25 August 2015 O Hagar Sammy 8 November 2012 Von s Satanic Blood Black Black Black Black No 1 MetalSucks Retrieved 8 May 2013 Rivadavia Eduardo I N R I gt Overview AllMusic Retrieved 18 December 2007 Freeman Channing 18 January 2013 Album Review Darkthrone A Blaze in the Northern Sky Sputnikmusic Retrieved 22 January 2013 a b c d e f g h i Dunn Sam 2005 Metal A Headbanger s Journey motion picture Seville Pictures a b c d Patterson Dayal 2013 Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House p 342 ISBN 9781936239764 Retrieved 25 February 2020 Ekeroth Daniel 2009 Swedish Death Metal Bazillion Points Books p 255 ISBN 9780979616310 Retrieved 25 February 2020 Ekeroth Daniel 2009 Swedish Death Metal Bazillion Points Books p 225 ISBN 9780979616310 Retrieved 25 February 2020 Ekeroth Daniel 2009 Swedish Death Metal Bazillion Points Books p 253 ISBN 9780979616310 Retrieved 25 February 2020 McIver Joel 2009 Justice for All The Truth About Metallica updated ed Omnibus Press ISBN 9780857120090 Retrieved 4 September 2012 A look back at how a metal scene in Norway led to the arson of over 50 churches Mapped dailyhive com Retrieved 25 November 2022 Before you know it it s not a big deal to kill a man Norwegian black metal s murderous past the Guardian 22 March 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2022 a b Skot Mladen Interview with Jotunspor maelstrom nu Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 Retrieved 4 September 2012 a b Blabbermouth net Gorgoroth Guitarist Infernus I Personally Am Against Racism in Both Thought and Practice Blabbermouth net 15 March 2008 Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 Retrieved 4 September 2012 a b Olson 2008 p 30 42 a b c Emperor In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points Books 2011 p 274 a b c d Kahn Harris 2007 p 4 a b c d e Campion Chris 20 February 2005 In the Face of Death guardian co uk Guardian Unlimited Retrieved 4 September 2012 a b c d e f Kalis Quentin 31 August 2004 CoC Rant Black Metal A Brief Guide Chronicles of Chaos Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Patterson Dayal Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House 2013 p 301 Sharpe Young Garry Rockdetector A Z of Black Metal 2001 Cherry Red Books London UK p i Patterson Dayal Black Metal Evolution of the Cult 2013 Feral House Port Townsend Washington p 197 J Campbell Varathron Genesis of the Unaltered Evil DLP Triple LP and TS Out Now 30 January 2012 accessed on 13 December 2012 Bio Manifesto Gorgoroth official website Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 Gorgoroth was founded by Infernus in 1992 as a strategy to perpetrate sonic and spiritual violence upon the world in order to bring forth change in peoples perception of being therein Thus through metal music Satans minister on earth summoned an avatara of the forces of darkness and did let it manifestate through a variety of attempts on creating what was perceived as ultimate black metal taking form on stage as well as in a variety of studio recordings With the devoted presence of the new full time members Gaahl and King as well as a not a day too early achieved social and mental fundament for future work a deal was inked with the german label Nuclear Blast and the band to a bigger extent adopted the position as a live performance act taking upon them several tours worldwide bringing its sinister presence and the word of Satan to new territories a b Olson 2008 p 18f Bennett Andy Waksman Steve 19 January 2015 The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music SAGE p 458 ISBN 9781473914407 Buchanan Ian Swiboda Marcel 1 January 2004 Deleuze and Music Edinburgh University Press p 107 ISBN 9780748618699 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dome Michael 2007 Murder Music Black Metal motion picture Rockworld TV Event occurs at time needed Olson 2008 p 25 Marone V 2014 A Winterhorde in a Ravenrealm Immortal s lyrics as an expression of Northeroic Gothic PDF Aeternum The Journal of Contemporary Gothic Studies 1 2 40 60 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Hagen Ross 2011 Musical Style Ideology and Mythology in Norwegian Black Metal Book chapter in Metal Rules the Globe Heavy Metal Music Around the World Durham NC USA Duke University Press pp 180 199 a b c Ebner Arne 25 July 2010 Asthetik des Doom PDF Bachelor in German Macromedia University of Applied Sciences for Media and Communication Cologne Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 18 August 2018 a b c d Sil Janet 2013 Ishmael Amelia Price Zareen Stephanou Aspasia Woodward Ben eds Open a Vein Suicidal Black Metal and Enlightenment Helvete A Journal of Black Metal Theory Brooklyn Punctum Books 1 5 19 ISBN 9780615758282 ISSN 2326 683X a b c d Patterson Dayal 2013 Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Port Townsend Feral House p 351 ISBN 9781936239757 Marc Spermeth Besessen von der Dunkelheit und dem Bosen In Ablaze no 5 May June 1995 p 12 a b c d e f g Ben Ratliff Thank You Professor That Was Putrid In The New York Times 14 December 2009 a b Olson 2008 p 47 Tisdall Jonathan 4 February 2004 Aftenposten Norway Norwegian news in English aftenposten no Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Enrico Ahlig Marduk Gitarrist besitzt Leichenteile von Dead 5 June 2012 accessed on 9 January 2013 a b Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 39 a b c d Hendrik Mobus National Socialist Black Metal accessed on 2 January 2013 Jon Metalion Kristiansen The Saga of True Norwegian Black Metal accessed on 2 January 2013 Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann Darkthrone A Blaze in the Northern Sky In Rock Hard no 269 October 2009 p 97 Mersus 5 Klassiker In Rock Hard no 269 October 2009 p 84 sG 5 Klassiker In Rock Hard no 269 October 2009 p 79 a b c d e Patterson Dayal Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House 2013 pp 1 5 J Bennett Procreation of the Wicked Precious Metal Decibel Presents the Stories Behind 25 Extreme Metal Masterpieces Albert Mudrian ed Da Capo Press pp 34f Sharpe Young Garry Metal The Definitive Guide p 208 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 21 a b c Daniel Ekeroth Swedish Death Metal Second edition Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points 2009 p 244 accessed on 24 January 2013 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 10 Biography accessed on 24 January 2013 Moynihan amp Soderlind 1998 p 14 16 Moynihan amp Soderlind 1998 p 36 a b Lahdenpera Esa 1995 Northern Black Metal Legends Kill Yourself Magazine 4 Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Death SS In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points Books 2011 p 474 a b c d Incubus In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points Books 2011 p 88 a b Tiamat In Slayer no 8 1991 p 6 a b Daniel Ekeroth Swedish Death Metal Second edition Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points 2009 p 249 accessed on 8 October 2012 Daniel Ekeroth Swedish Death Metal Second edition Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points 2009 p 81 accessed on 24 September 2012 Daniel Ekeroth Swedish Death Metal Second edition Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points 2009 p 162f accessed on 24 September 2012 Ronald Ziegler Merchandise whorery accessed on 23 June 2013 Sharpe Young Garry Parabellum biography MusicMight Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 Retrieved 23 June 2013 Gotz Kuhnemund Mortuary Drape Tolling 13 Knell DLP In Rock Hard no 174 accessed on 14 June 2013 Biography accessed on 23 June 2013 a b c d e f g h Robert Muller Wollt Ihr den ewigen Krieg Der tote Winkel In Metal Hammer November 2011 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann War Black Metal Die Extremsten der Extremen Was bleibt ist Schutt und Asche In Rock Hard no 279 pp 71 73 a b c d Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann SARCOFAGO I N R I In Rock Hard Nr 304 September 2012 p 73 Fenriz Darkthrone Biography and Video Clips 21 November 2009 accessed on 24 September 2012 a b c d Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann Impaled Nazarene Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz In Rock Hard no 307 December 2012 p 77 a b c Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann Die Konige vom Westwall Die legendaren Protagonisten von damals im exklusiven Interview In Rock Hard no 269 October 2009 p 92 Wolf Rudiger Muhlmann Deutschland deine Schwarzmetall Bands In Rock Hard no 269 October 2009 p 89 Marsicano Dan Immortal About com Archived from the original on 2 June 2010 a b c d Until the Light Takes Us motion picture Variance Films 2009 Kory Grow WEB EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW DARKTHRONE S FENRIZ PART 2 HIS THOUGHTS ON TRANSILVANIAN HUNGER AND HIP Olson 2008 p 27 33 41 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 222 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 218f a b c Once Upon a Time in Norway motion picture Another World Entertainment 2007 a b Pure Fucking Mayhem motion picture Index Verlag 2008 a b Basik Dmitri June 1998 Interview with Hellhammer conducted by Dmitry Basik June 1998 thetruemayhem com Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 Retrieved 7 September 2012 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 62 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 49 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 59 60 Bromley Adrian The Energizer Mayhem To Hell and Back Unrestrained 15 Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 Retrieved 7 September 2012 MusicMight Artists Immortal rockdetector com Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 Retrieved 7 September 2012 w w w i m m o r t a l n u immortal nu Archived from the original on 20 August 2001 Retrieved 7 September 2012 Ravn Strid In Slayer No 20 Blood Fire Death 2010 p 78 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 66 a b c d e Satan Rides the Media 1998 a b Norwegian Church Draws Black Metal Fans Blabbermouth net 5 August 2004 Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 Retrieved 13 October 2020 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 93 a b c d e Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 141 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 94f Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 269f Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 89 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 105 a b c d e f g h i Black Metal Satanica 2008 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 117 Steinke Darcey Satan s Cheerleaders SPIN February 1996 Huey Steve 10 August 1993 Mayhem Mayhem Biography on Yahoo Music yahoo com Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 Retrieved 24 March 2010 a b c Vikernes Varg A Burzum Story Part II Euronymous Burzum org Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 123 Campion Chris 20 February 2005 In the face of death The Guardian London Retrieved 30 December 2018 Oystein was always sending death threats to people says Necro Butcher It was his reaction to everything But he didn t put so much into it And then when he met you he was like OK You re cool Then you were best friends So when eventually he got to be unfriendly with Varg he threatened him like he did everyone else Oystein told him I m going to send some people to torture you Until you die But Varg Vikernes saw this as a real threat He probably thought better him than me I ll just go down and do him Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 120 Berglund Nina 27 October 2003 Police Nab The Count After He Fled Jail Aftenposten Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Varg Vikernes ute pa prove Verdens Gang in Norwegian Oslo Norway NTB 10 March 2009 Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Ute av fengsel dagbladet no in Norwegian 22 May 2009 Retrieved 23 May 2009 a b Black Funeral Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine In Kill Yourself Magazine no 3 1995 p 36 accessed on 21 November 2012 Baddeley Gavin Filth Dani March 2010 The Gospel of Filth FAB Press pp 48 50 Serba John The Principle of Evil Made Flesh Cradle of Filth AllMusic Retrieved 27 August 2012 Partridge amp Christianson 2014 p 42 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 316 318 a b Patterson Dayal Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House 2013 First page of Ch 29 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 272 Nicholas Goodrick Clarke Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity NYU Press 2003 p 206 Absurd Thuringian Pagan Madness Capricornus Prod 1995 Moynihan amp Soderlind 1998 p 250f Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 295 Alexander von Meilenwald 5 Klassiker In Rock Hard no 269 October 2009 p 82 Dimmu Borgir AllMusic a b c d e f g Tornado Up Against the Wall Motherfucker A Worst Case Scenario Written by Tornado In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points Books 2011 pp 406f Andrea Biagi Biography Part One The First Era accessed on 25 October 2012 Andrea Biagi THE KILLING accessed on 25 October 2012 a b Dissection Fear the Return In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn NY Bazillion Points Books 2011 p 568 570 a b c Metal Centre Webzine News Gallery Reviews Interviews etc 09 03 2012 metalcentre com June 2003 Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Sabine Langner Shining Verzweiflung mein Erbe Archived 28 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine In Legacy no 73 accessed on 27 September 2012 a b c d Shining 25 04 07 Archived 1 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Nathan T Birk OFERMOD Stahlschrulle Ofermod Tiamtu Olson 2008 p 126 a b FAUST LEAVES DISSECTION BECAUSE OF THE SATANIC CONCEPT accessed on 25 October 2012 Dissection Live Legacy Nuclear Blast 2003 a b c INTERVIEW FOR THE FANS BY THE FANS Final Interview with Jon Nodtveidt accessed on 25 October 2012 REINKAWS accessed on 25 October 2012 Official Statement about Jon s Death 2006 accessed on 25 October 2012 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 176f a b c J Bennett NSBM Special Report a b Olson 2008 p 102 a b Olson 2008 p 99 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 312 315 Ankit Interview with MKM from Antaeus and Aosoth French Black Metal 23 August 2011 accessed on 31 December 2012 Jan Jaedike Merrimack Appetite for Destruction In Rock Hard no 302 July 2012 p 62 Tobias Gerber Sebastian Kessler Video Special zum deutschen Black Metal 11 April 2011 accessed on 31 December 2012 a b c d Gunnar Sauermann Special Black Metal in den USA Schwarzes Amerika In Metal Hammer August 2007 pp 88f Gunnar Sauermann Verfeindete Bruder Tod gegen Schwarz Death oder Black Metal In Metal Hammer August 2007 p 90 Gunnar Sauermann Special Black Metal in den USA Schwarzes Amerika In Metal Hammer August 2007 p 91 Janne I don t consider myself a poet by any means Roberto Martinelli Interview with XASTHUR Archived 6 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine In Maelstrom no 11 a b c Heiko Behr Black Metal Da kreischt die Avantgarde In Die Zeit 9 December 2011 Olson 2008 p 114 a b Davis Erik 13 November 2007 Deep Eco Metal Slate ISSN 1091 2339 Retrieved 21 December 2016 Jon Caramanica If You Celebrate Nihilism Is It Somethingism In The New York Times 5 June 2011 Watain Black Metal Militia In Slayer no 20 Blood Fire Death 2010 p 9 Agalloch Reluctant Kings exclaim ca Gotz Kuhnemund Gospel of the Horns Schluss mit dem schongeistigen Quatsch In Rock Hard no 306 November 2012 p 43 a b Sharpe Young Garry Melechesh MusicMight Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 Retrieved 23 June 2013 McKay Aaron Interview with Moloch of Melechesh Chronicles of Chaos Retrieved 23 June 2013 Serba John Djinn Review AllMusic Retrieved 23 June 2013 Sharpe Young Garry Arallu MusicMight Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 Retrieved 23 June 2013 a b Puhl Carl Interview with Butchered and Yonatan of Arallu Lords of Metal Retrieved 23 June 2013 a b Kelly Kim When Black Metal s Anti Religious Message Gets Turned on Islam The Atlantic 11 July 2012 Anti Islamic female black metal band from Iraq a hoax The Metalluminati 14 July 2012 Retrieved 4 August 2017 Anti Islam lyrics no barrier to Norway music prize The Local 6 January 2012 Retrieved 1 July 2016 Pizek Jeff 20 June 2008 Daily Herald Nachtmystium shines black light on black metal dailyherald com Retrieved 4 September 2012 Thorns voicesfromthedarkside de Archived from the original on 1 August 2010 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Raymer Miles 22 May 2008 Beautiful Brutality Chicago Reader Wrapports Retrieved 14 March 2015 a b Walschots Natalie 23 May 2014 Agalloch Reluctant Kings Exclaim Retrieved 18 June 2015 a b Newshound Terrorizer ITALIAN BLACKENED DOOMSTERS FORGOTTEN TOMB PLAN RELEASE Terrorizer Online Archived from the original on 18 July 2012 Retrieved 29 January 2009 Marsicano Dan Ordo Obsidium Orbis Tertius Review About com Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 Retrieved 29 January 2012 a b c d Zahn Thorsten Schurer Petra 1 June 2003 Emotionen in Zeitlupe Rolling Stone in German Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 Retrieved 18 August 2018 REVIEWS Archived from the original on 28 January 1999 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Newshound Terrorizer WOODS OF YPRES RELEASE DISCUSS THE GREEN ALBUM Terrorizer Online Retrieved 29 January 2009 DEINONYCHUS You Will Get A Pure Black Doom Metal Album Blabbermouth Retrieved 8 January 2018 Patterson Dayal 2013 Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House ISBN 978 1936239757 Retrieved 1 August 2018 Obstkrieg Dan 12 January 2018 Nortt Endeligt Review Last Rites Retrieved 1 August 2018 BETHLEHEM REPLACE LIFELOVER ON BILL FOR KINGS OF BLACK METAL FESTIVAL Brave Words Retrieved 1 August 2018 Katatonia Brave Murder Day Decibel Magazine Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 Retrieved 27 June 2012 a b c d e f g Yavuz Mehmet Selim September 2015 Dead is dead Perspectives on the Meaning of Death in Depressive Suicidal Black Metal Music through Musical Representations MMus University of London Archived from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 18 August 2018 Luedtke Christopher 2 February 2016 Essential Black Metal Listening XASTHUR Nocturnal Poisoning Metal Injection Retrieved 12 June 2017 September 2015 Alec Chillingworth30 30 September 2015 Lifelover One Last Laceration loudersound Retrieved 14 September 2021 a b c d Whelan Kez 17 September 2013 Incubate Preview Khold Terrorizer Retrieved 22 December 2015 Athenar of Midnight Does Not Give a Fuck Invisible Oranges Buchanan John D Kvelertak Allmusic Retrieved 22 December 2015 Vreid The Reap Video Released Blabbermouth net 12 February 2013 Retrieved 22 December 2015 Kelly Kim 14 August 2014 Hell Awaits Disemballerina Khold Heavydeath and more Pitchfork Retrieved 22 December 2015 Begrand Adrien 2 February 2009 Satyricon The Age of Nero Popmatters Retrieved 22 December 2015 Walschots Natalie Zina 16 September 2013 Satyricon Satyricon Exclaim Retrieved 22 December 2015 Marsicano Dan Darkthrone Soulside Journey Review About com Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 22 December 2015 Stosuy Brandon 9 July 2009 Nachtmystium Assassins Black Meddle Pt 1 Pitchfork Retrieved 22 December 2015 Raymer Miles 5 December 2012 Nidingr Greatest of Deceivers Pitchfork Retrieved 3 September 2015 Nelson Michael 30 December 2013 The Black Market The Month In Metal December 2013 Stereogum Retrieved 22 December 2015 Von Havoc Felix 1 January 1984 Rise of Crust Profane Existence Archived from the original on 15 June 2008 Retrieved 16 June 2008 Dunlap Xander Directionless people are malleable easily pointed in the wrong directions Thrasher Retrieved 19 July 2018 Ekeroth p 27 Iskra Interviews Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine Hard of Hearing Terrorizer no 171 June 2008 p 56 Fukpig Terrorizer C Do you think that FUKPIG has founded a style of his own Misery Nah its just d beat crust with added horror C and then What difference to FUKPIG from the rest of the bands Misery We add more black metal horror influences but are still inspired by the same things C Is Necro Punk your style Misery Yeah necro in the black metal style playing crust punk so yeah Necro Punk Interview Fukpig Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Zorgdrager Bradley Young and in the Way When Life Comes to Death Exclaim Retrieved 19 July 2018 Ekeroth p 258 a b c d Kelly Kim 1 April 2016 Canadian Crust Punks Storm of Sedition Go Off the Grid on Their Furious New Decivilize LP Vice Noisey Retrieved 10 May 2016 Storm of Sedition is part of the same Victoria BC anarchist black metal crust faction that claims Iskra Not A Cost and Black Kronstadt a b Kelly Kim 17 April 2013 Skagos Anarchic Album Review Pitchfork Retrieved 10 May 2016 The anarchist black metal movement forms a small but fascinating pocket in the extreme metal scene De Zwaarste Metalgids 66 metalgenres in een zin uitgelegd Studio Brussel in German Retrieved 20 February 2021 Gevorgyan Elen Music Ideology and How They Interact A Journey from Sacred Music to Black Metal PDF American University of Armenia Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2021 Nonjon Adrien 2019 Black Metal Theory Symposium Program University of Ljubljana Retrieved 20 February 2021 a b c If It Ain t Got No Blastbeat It s Not My Revolution Panopticon PopMatters 19 July 2012 Retrieved 10 May 2016 Unearthing The Metal Underground The Red and Anarchist Black Metal Underground Metal Underground 24 October 2011 Retrieved 2 September 2021 a b c d e f Kelly Kim 29 March 2017 Morast Expertly Synthesize Black Death and Doom Metal on Ancestral Void Noisey Vice Retrieved 18 August 2018 Mattia A 7 February 2017 DON T LOOK BELOW HARVEST GULGALTHA ALTARS OF DEVOTION REVIEW STREAM Cvlt Nation Retrieved 18 August 2018 Falzon Denise 31 October 2012 Dragged Into Sunlight Widowmaker album stream Exclaim Retrieved 18 August 2018 Moore Doug 31 August 2016 The Black Market The Month In Metal August 2016 Stereogum Retrieved 18 August 2018 Daniels Eric ERIC DANIELS SOULBURN Jackson Guitars Retrieved 18 August 2018 Whelan Kez 11 June 2014 Soulburn Band Of The Day Terrorizer Retrieved 18 August 2018 Unger Matthew Sound Symbol Sociality The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music p 27 Henderson Alex Ninewinged Serpent Devian AllMusic Retrieved 3 September 2012 Bowar Chad Hacavitz Venganza Review About com Retrieved 3 September 2012 Gardner Robert Owen Studies in Symbolic Interaction p 119 Dunn Sam Deaville Jason 2016 Blackened Death Metal a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Belphegor Suspends All Activities terrorizer com 21 October 2011 Retrieved 3 September 2012 Prato Greg Behemoth AllMusic Retrieved 3 September 2012 Lee Cosmo 21 February 2006 Akercocke Words That Go Unspoken Deeds That Go Undone Review Stylus Magazine Stylus Magazine Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 Retrieved 22 October 2012 Death metal and black metal are notoriously insular but Akercocke has distinguished itself by freely drawing from both Death metal tends to emphasize the low end while black metal mainly resides in the midrange and treble so Akercocke s blackened death hybrid is rich and full bodied Pretorious Neil 30 July 2009 Review Sacramentum Far Away from the Sun The Metal Observer If you think that Blackened Death Metal begins and ends with DISSECTION then think again SACRAMENTUM seriously dropped the snow ball with The Coming of Chaos and Thy Black Destiny but on Far Away from the Sun they really delivered the goods on all fronts a b c d e D Chris Top 5 Dissection Clones Decibel Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 Retrieved 25 July 2018 a b c d e f g h ANDREW J 19 February 2015 Blackened Melodic Death Metal A History Lesson Metal Injection Retrieved 25 July 2018 Ekeroth Daniel Swedish Death Metal p 267 Divita Joe GOD DETHRONED RETURN WITH THE WORLD ABLAZE UNLEASH DEATHLY MELODIC NEW SINGLE ON THE WRONG SIDE OF THE WIRE Loudwire Retrieved 25 July 2018 WIEDERHORN JON 18 June 2018 SKELETONWITCH HOW AN ANTON LAVEY LOVING EX CHOIR MEMBER PUSHED THRASHERS TO NEW LEVEL Revolver Retrieved 25 July 2018 KATEL JACOB 2013 Florida s Top Ten Black Metal Bands Miami New Times DISTEFANOl ALEX The 13 Most Satanic Metal Bands LA Weekly Retrieved 8 August 2018 Converse Rubber Tracks x MetalSucks 2015 Preview Dendritic Arbor Metal Sucks 16 September 2015 Blackened Grindcore Innovators Dendritic Arbor Announce Fall Tour Metal Sucks 19 October 2015 Rotting Christ Kata Ton Daimona Eaytoy Pop Matters 15 May 2013 a b c Top Ten Black Thrash Albums by Steve Jansson Daeva Decibel Magazine 6 December 2017 a b The Best Metal Album From 40 Subgenres Loudwire Nine Metal Bands Leading the Blackened Thrash Attack Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 Retrieved 29 August 2018 Hear Blackened Thrash Crew Aura Noir Channel Sepultura on Thundering New Song 5 April 2018 WITCHERY Releases Video For Of Blackened Wing Blabbermouth 6 October 2017 Retrieved 27 July 2018 McIver Joel 15 December 2008 The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists Jawbone Press ISBN 9781906002206 via Google Books Fixell Ethan THE UNDERGROUND SOUNDS OF AMERICA BLACK FAST Kerrang Retrieved 24 July 2018 30 Year Blackened Thrash Veterans SATHANAS Bring a Sharp Swagger on Sacramentum a b Wiederhorn Jon April 2009 Stairway to Heathen Revolver 60 64 Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 Retrieved 11 May 2009 Jonsson Johannes 13 November 2011 Vardoger Whitefrozen Metal For Jesus Johannes Jonsson Retrieved 5 August 2015 a b Unger Matthew 22 August 2016 Sound Symbol Sociality The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music Springer ISBN 9781137478351 via Google Books Patterson Dayal 25 November 2013 Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House ISBN 9781936239764 via Google Books Irish Metal Legends Primordial s New Album Is a Raw Edged Epic Noisey noisey vice com Monger James Christopher Primordial AllMusic Retrieved 3 September 2012 a b c Halupczok Marc March 2010 Waldschrate amp Met Trinker Metal Hammer 30 Bolther Giancarlo Rock Impressions Interviews Cruachan rock impressions com Retrieved 3 September 2012 Rivadavia Eduardo Bathory AllMusic Retrieved 3 September 2012 Marty Rytkonen Mysticum interview Worm Gear No 8 1 Access date 11 January 2009 Roel F Interview with Treachery Lords of Metal issue 87 December 2008 2 Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Access date 3 December 2008 Chris Dick Blut Aus Nord Decibel December 2006 Blut Aus Nord Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 Retrieved 9 February 2016 Access date 22 July 2008 Samael metal archives com 3 September 2011 3 Access date 10 September 2011 Mooring Matt 28 March 2005 Review of The Axis Of Perdition www metalreview com Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 Retrieved 25 January 2010 Access date 4 January 2009 Gothtronic 4 Access date 4 January 2009 Globaldomination 26 September 2007 Global Domination Reviews And Oceans A M G O D Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 Retrieved 25 January 2010 Access date 4 January 2009 Antti J Ravelin Nexus Polaris review Allmusic 5 Access date 11 January 2009 Stefanos Zachariadis Blood Inside review Metal Invader 3 May 2005 Metal Invader Ulver Blood Inside featured album Review Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 18 June 2007 Access date 9 January 2009 Mark Hensch Some Kind of Heroin review Thrashpit 6 Access date 9 January 2009 The 10 essential post black metal albums 14 May 2019 MYRKUR On Criticism From Black Metal Scene I Respect Passion Even If It s Against Me 19 August 2018 My Mom Likes Deafheaven and the Future of Black Metal 25 February 2016 The Best Metal Albums of 2015 Pitchfork pitchfork com South African Post Black Metal Enigmas Wildernessking Peer Into the Mystical Future Noisey Vice 20 January 2016 Peters Mark 30 March 2017 French rockers Alcest bring blackgaze genre to Hong Kong South China Morning Post Retrieved 6 October 2017 a b c d Walschots Natalie Zina 26 February 2014 The Translator Blackgaze Retrieved 15 April 2016 Howells Tom 5 October 2015 Blackgaze meet the bands taking black metal out of the shadows The Guardian Retrieved 5 October 2015 Nelson Michael 3 January 2014 Deconstructing Alcest s Shelter And Metal In A Post Deafheaven World Stereogum Retrieved 5 October 2015 Amesoeurs Amesoeurs review Pitchfork Media Retrieved 6 October 2015 OATHBREAKER Is Streaming Its Blast Heavy Shoegazey New Album Rheia Metal Injection Retrieved 27 August 2016 Olson 2008 p 101 Vikernes Varg July 2005 A Burzum Story Part VII The Nazi Ghost burzum org Retrieved 4 September 2012 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 303 Olson 2008 p 103 a b Oranssi Pazuzu Decibel Magazine 22 February 2016 Kelly Kim Finnish Black Metal Radicals Oranssi Pazuzu Set the Sky Ablaze In Their New Video For Lahja Noisey Vice Retrieved 22 August 2016 a b c d e READERS CHOICE THE PSYCHEDELIC BLACK METAL EDITION MetalSucks 7 June 2010 In The Woods Norway s psychedelic black masters branch out again 12 August 2016 a b c Smialek Eric 2015 Genre and Expression in Extreme Metal Music ca 1990 2015 PhD McGill University Retrieved 5 May 2021 a b c Hagen Ross Barratt Peacock Ruth eds 6 September 2019 Medievalism and Metal Music Studies Emerald Publishing Limited p 216 ISBN 9781787563971 Patterson Dayal ed 2013 Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Feral House p 203 a b c d Distefano Alex 7 July 2015 The 10 Most Satanic Metal Bands of All Time Phoenix New Times Retrieved 5 May 2021 Symphonic Black Metal Significant Albums Artists and Songs Most Viewed AllMusic AllMusic Retrieved 2 September 2012 Kapelovitz Dan February 2001 Heavy Metal Jesus Freaks Headbanging for Christ Mean Magazine Archived from the original on 5 August 2007 Retrieved 6 September 2007 And where secular black metal thrived so did its Christian counterpart unblack metal with names like Satanicide Neversatan and Satan s Doom Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 359 a b Frost CD liner notes Osmose Productions 1994 a b Nordic Metal A Tribute to Euronymous CD liner notes Necropolis Records 1995 Olson 2008 p 37 Murphy David 2012 Chapter 25 Extreme Neo nationalist Music Scenes at the Heart of Europe In Ullrich Kockel ed A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe Blackwell Publishing p 437 Manea Irina Maria 16 April 2015 Primal Roots Ancestry and Race in Extreme Music Discourses Proceedings of IAC SSaH 2015 International Academic Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities in Prague 2015 Czech Institute of Academic Education 186 187 190 ISBN 9788090579125 Noys Benjamin 2010 Remain True to the Earth Remarks on the Politics of Black Metal In Nicola Masciandaro ed Hideous Gnosis Black Metal Theory Symposium Glossator pp 106 108 An Interview w Wolves in the Throne Room s Aaron Weaver brooklynvegan com 22 May 2009 Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 Retrieved 4 September 2012 a b Olson 2008 p 2 Kalis Quentin 31 August 2004 CoC Rant Black Metal A Brief Guide Chronicles of Chaos Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Van Young Adrian Black Metal is Sublime The New Inquiry 4 March 2014 Lesourd Elodie 2013 Baptism or Death Black Metal in Contemporary Art In Amelia Ishmael ed Helvete a Journal of Black Metal Theory Punctum Books p 36 Norsk Black Metal Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 2003 a b c Olson 2008 p 27f Olson 2008 p 129 Olson 2008 p 4 Olson 2008 p 50 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 16 Olson 2008 p 7f Esa Lahdenpera Northern Black Metal Legends In Kill Yourself no 2 August 1993 Retrieved 30 January 2013 Maki Jeff 18 July 2006 live metal net Interviews Gorgoroth Infernus live metal net Retrieved 4 September 2012 Dr Rape Funeral Mist In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn New York Bazillion Points Books 2011 pp 420f Arthur Interview with Watain geocities com flesh ro Archived from the original on 19 October 2009 Retrieved 4 September 2012 terrybezer Unpublished Watain Interview Extras Archived 17 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine 27 March 2009 accessed on 21 November 2012 Ophth AntaeuS accessed on 21 November 2012 Article Interview metallibrary ru in Russian Open Publishing 7 January 2007 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Throne of Malediction Talks the Art of Black Metal metalunderground com 17 January 2011 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Kristiansen Jon 2011 Worship Him Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries Brooklyn New York Bazillion Points Books 467 Mulvany Aaron Patrick May 2000 Re Awakening Pride Once Lost Indigeneity and European Folk Metal Middletown Connecticut Wesleyan University p IV Varg Vikernes A Burzum Story Part III The Lie Propaganda Burzum org a b Writing the deeds of Darkness and Evil Official Bathory website Retrieved 29 October 2012 Mayhem vs Burzum Opposing views of black metal Invisible Oranges 21 September 2011 Tatiana Godarska GORGOROTH S GAAHL INFINITE DIMENSIONS 19 June 2006 accessed on 28 October 2012 Interview with Gaahl of Gorgoroth 7 October 2004 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Tartarean Desire Webzine Det Som Engang Varg In Jon Kristiansen Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries p 292 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 191 heavymetaltribune com www heavymetaltribune com Archived from the original on 29 January 2016 Retrieved 25 November 2014 Do You Know Your Greek Gods Identify the Major Players About com Sanneh Kelefa 8 November 2007 Enslaved Music The New York Times Director Sam Dunn Picks the Five Most Important Extreme Metal Bands Revolver Magazine 13 August 2013 Archived 27 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine a b Jordan Jason 24 May 2005 Crimson Moonlight At Their Most Brutal Ultimate Metal Forum ultimatemetal com Retrieved 4 September 2012 Erasmus 2006 Horde Interview Unblack de Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 Retrieved 9 December 2007 Morrow Matt 2001 Antestor The Return of the Black Death The Whipping Post Open Publishing Retrieved 6 October 2012 Sherlock Jayson 5 February 2013 For the life of me Facebook Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2013 Skylar Blake 12 October 2012 Environ Metal Where green is the new black People s World Retrieved 20 February 2022 Lucas Olivia R October 2019 Shrieking soldiers wiping clean the earth hearing apocalyptic environmentalism in the music of Botanist Popular Music 38 3 481 497 doi 10 1017 S0261143019000308 ISSN 0261 1430 S2CID 211654173 Davis Erik 13 November 2007 Heavy metal environmentalists Slate Magazine Retrieved 20 February 2022 Gotrich Lars 2 September 2011 Botanist One Man Hammered Dulcimer Black Metal No Really NPR Retrieved 20 February 2022 Moynihan amp Soderlind 2003 p 349 355 Trafford Simon Pluskowski Aleks 2007 Marshall David W ed Antichrist Superstars The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Mass Market Medieval Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture McFarland amp Company 64 ISBN 978 0 7864 2922 6 a b Gardell Mattias Gods of the Blood The Pagan Revival and White Separatism Duke University Press 2003 p 307 Olson 2008 p 123f a b Metal Heart 2 00 YouTube Dark Funeral Interview Episode 276 YouTube 5 April 2009 Archived from the original on 23 November 2021 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Political Statements from Protector Summoning summoning info Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Interview with Michael Ford fmp666 com Retrieved 4 September 2012 Olson 2008 p 123 Black metal Belgique 1998 sur Cinergie be True Norwegian Black Metal VICE 1 of 5 YouTube YouTube 25 April 2007 Archived from the original on 6 May 2007 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Pure Fucking Mayhem Full Documentary YouTube 17 May 2012 Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 Retrieved 19 January 2013 The Misanthrope Video 2007 IMDb retrieved 1 September 2021 Blabbermouth net Black Metal Documentary Out of the Black to Be Released for Free via Web Blabbermouth net 1 February 2012 Retrieved 4 September 2012 One Man Metal Part 1 Black Metal s Unexplored Fringes YouTube 2 October 2012 Archived from the original on 23 November 2021 Retrieved 19 January 2013 Christe Ian 2004 Sound of the Beast The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal New York HarperCollins p 289 Brian Posehn Metal by Numbers YouTube YouTube Archived from the original on 23 November 2021 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Edwardson Ake 2005 Sun and Shadow in Swedish New York Viking Adult ISBN 0 670 03415 0 ZYX SITRUUNA 3 mg 1 20fol Nettiapteekki Apteekkituotteet netista in Finnish Retrieved 6 March 2019 Sources Edit Moynihan Michael Soderlind Didrik 2003 1998 Lords of Chaos The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground revised and enlarged ed Los Angeles CA Feral House ISBN 0 922915 94 6 OCLC 63047807 Moynihan Michael Soderlind Didrik 1998 Lords of Chaos The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground first ed Venice CA Feral House ISBN 0 922915 48 2 OCLC 39151590 Olson Benjamin Hedge May 2008 I Am the Black Wizards Multiplicity Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture Bowling Green State University Kristiansen Jon 2011 Metalion The Slayer Mag Diaries New York Bazillion Points Books ISBN 978 0 9796163 4 1 Kahn Harris Keith 2007 Extreme Metal Music and Culture on the Edge Oxford New York Berg ISBN 978 1 84520 399 3 OCLC 701719393 Partridge Christopher H Christianson Eric S 2014 The Lure of the Dark Side Satan and Western Demonology in Popular Culture Routledge ISBN 9781317490791 Further reading EditEkeroth Daniel 2008 Swedish Death Metal New York Bazillion Points Books ISBN 978 0 9796163 1 0 Hainaut Berenger 2017 Le Style black metal Chateau Gontier Aedam Musicae ISBN 978 2 919046 21 8 Kugelberg John ed 2008 True Norwegian Black Metal Beste Peter photographer New York Power House Books ISBN 978 1 57687 435 6 Lilja Esa 2009 Theory and Analysis of Classic Heavy Metal Harmony Helsinki IAML Finland ISBN 978 952 5363 35 7 Metalphoto Cherie ed 2011 Chants of Evil The Visions of the Breathing Darkness Metalphoto Cherie photographer Metalphoto Publisher ISBN 978 90 816734 1 9 Patterson Dayal 2013 Black Metal Evolution of the Cult Port Townsend Feral House ISBN 978 1 936239 75 7 Pattison Louis Richardson Nick Stosuy Brandon eds 2012 Black Metal Beyond the Darkness Black Dog Publishing ISBN 978 1 907317 72 9 Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 16 February 2013 Swinford Dean 2013 Death Metal Epic Book I The Inverted Katabasis Dayton Atlatl Press ISBN 978 0 9883484 3 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Black metal amp oldid 1134007475, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.