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Veganism

February 26, 2023

"Vegan" redirects here. For other uses, see Vegan (disambiguation). For notable vegans, see List of vegans.
Not to be confused with Vegetarianism.

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal product—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.[c] An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians", refrain from consuming meat, eggs, dairy products, and any other animal-derived substances.[d] An ethical vegan is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals and animal products[e] wherever practical.[21] Another term is "environmental veganism", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the premise that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable.[22]

Veganism
The symbol widely used to denote a vegan-friendly product
PronunciationVeganism /ˈviːɡənɪzəm/ VEE-gə-niz-əm
Vegan /ˈviːɡən/ VEE-gən[a]
DescriptionAvoiding the use of animal products, particularly in diet
Earliest proponents
Term coined byDorothy Morgan and Donald Watson (November 1944)[3][4]
Notable vegansList of vegans
Notable publicationsList of vegan media

Well-planned vegan diets are regarded as appropriate for all stages of life, including infancy and pregnancy, as said by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,[f] the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council,[24] the British Dietetic Association,[25] Dietitians of Canada,[26] the New Zealand Ministry of Health,[27] and the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.[28] The German Society for Nutrition—which is a non-profit organisation and not an official health agency—does not recommend vegan diets for children or adolescents, or during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[g] The components of a whole-foods plant-based vegan diet including legumes, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and nuts—along with little to no consumption of refined foods and animal products, are widely acknowledged to be highly beneficial for both avoiding and treating type 2 diabetes, also known as metabolic syndrome; some evidence suggests that a vegan diet can help with weight loss, especially in the short term.[30][31] Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, and phytochemicals, and lower in dietary energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acid, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12.[h] As a result of the elimination of all animal products, a vegan diet may lead to nutritional deficiencies that nullify any beneficial effects and may cause serious health issues.[32][33][34] some of which can only be prevented with fortified foods or dietary supplements.[32][35] Vitamin B12 supplementation is important because its deficiency can cause blood disorders and potentially irreversible neurological damage; this danger is also one of the most common in poorly-planned non-vegan diets.[34][36][37]

The word vegan was coined by Donald Watson and his then-future wife Dorothy Morgan in 1944.[38][30] Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s.

Origins

Further information: History of vegetarianism

Vegetarian etymology

The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet.[39] Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable[40] and the suffix -arian (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in humanitarian).[41] The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble, in her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839.[i]

History

Vegetarianism can be traced to Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent,[44][45][46] particularly in northern and western ancient India.[47] Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha, Mahavira, Acharya Kundakunda, Umaswati, Samantabhadra, and the Tamil poet Valluvar; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka; Greek philosophers such as Empedocles, Theophrastus, Plutarch, Plotinus, and Porphyry; and the Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger.[48][49] The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism,[50][51] but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism at all.[52] He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans[52] and from wearing woolen garments.[52] Eudoxus of Cnidus, a student of Archytas and Plato, writes that "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters".[52] One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Maʿarri (c. 973 – c. 1057).[53][b] Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare, and the view—espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ("On Abstinence from Animal Food", c. 268 – c. 270)—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals.[48]

Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States.[55] A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely.[56] In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe, a London physician, stated that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne.[57] Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation", and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together".[58] Sylvester Graham's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour—became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States.[59] Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, Amos Bronson Alcott, father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott, opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844,[60][j] and in England, James Pierrepont Greaves founded the Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common, in 1838.[8][62]

Vegetarian Society

Further information: Vegetarian Society
 
Fruitlands, a short-lived vegan community established in 1844 by Amos Bronson Alcott in Harvard, Massachusetts
 
Mahatma Gandhi, Vegetarian Society, London, 20 November 1931, with Henry Salt on his right[k]

In 1843, members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food,[64] led by Sophia Chichester, a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House.[65] Alcott House also helped to establish the UK Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent.[66] The Medical Times and Gazette in London reported in 1884:

There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form, the members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division.[56]

An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger, in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet.[67] By the 1886 publication of Henry S. Salt's A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays, he asserts that, "It is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..."[68] Russell Thacher Trall's The Hygeian Home Cook-Book published in 1874 is the first known vegan cookbook in America.[69] The book contains recipes "without the employment of milk, sugar, salt, yeast, acids, alkalies, grease, or condiments of any kind."[69] An early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes, was published by C. W. Daniel in 1910.[70] The consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism came from vegetarians.[70][71]

During a visit to London in 1931, Mahatma Gandhi—who had joined the Vegetarian Society's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote a meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health.[63][72] Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The lacto-vegetarians, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."[70]

Vegan etymology

External images
  , first edition, 1944
  Donald Watson, front row, fourth left, 1947[73]

In August 1944, several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was turned down, Donald Watson, secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter in November 1944, priced tuppence.[11] He called it The Vegan News. The word vegan was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he would later marry.[3][38] The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'" because it marked, in Mr Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian".[74][75] The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested allvega, neo-vegetarian, dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivores, and beaumangeur.[11][76]

The first edition attracted more than 100 letters, including from George Bernard Shaw, who resolved to give up eggs and dairy.[71] The new Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn, London. Those in attendance were Donald Watson, Elsie B. Shrigley, Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa (Barbara Moore, a Russian-British engineer) observing.[77] World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society and the month of November is considered by the Society to be World Vegan Month.[78][79]

 
Barbara Moore attended the first meeting of the Vegan Society as an observer.[77]

The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers.[80] It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue.[81] Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson (1946) [82][83] and Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948).[84][85]

The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own ...".[86] From 1948, The Vegan's front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951, the Society published its definition of veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".[86][87] In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society; and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later Plamil Foods, it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world.[88]

The first vegan society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter.[89][90] In 1960, H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa, "non-harming" in Sanskrit.[90][91][92] According to Joanne Stepaniak, the word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk".[93]

Definition

Since 1988, The Vegan Society defines veganism as follows:

Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.

— The Vegan Society, Definition of veganism, https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism

The definition by The Vegan Society is widely accepted among vegans.[94]

The European Commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in article 36 of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011.[95] The German consumer protection minister conference approved a definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016.[96] The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019.[97]

In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims".[98] The ISO 23662 was rejected by Vegan Societies worldwide joined in the Vegan World Alliance who found the standard inconsistent with their shared vision on veganism.[99]

Increasing interest

Alternative food movements

In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the United States that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening.[100][101] One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappé's 1971 text, Diet for a Small Planet.[102] It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain".[103]

The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the United States, including physicians Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, John A. McDougall, Michael Greger, and biochemist T. Colin Campbell, who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as the Western pattern diet, were detrimental to health.[104] They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990).[105] In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages.[106][107] This was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011).[108]

In the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies, particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the United States;[109] and anarcho-punk in the United Kingdom.[110] This association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe.[111][112]

Into the mainstream

See also: 2010s in food and List of vegans

The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s,[113][114][115] especially in the latter half.[114][116] The Economist declared 2019 "the year of the vegan".[117] Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food.[118]

The global mock-meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010,[119] and in the United States by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $553 million a year.[120] The Vegetarian Butcher (De Vegetarische Slager), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010,[119][121] while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016.[120][122] Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in the U.S grew 37% between 2017 and 2019.[123]

 
German strongman Patrik Baboumian, who starred in the 2018 documentary The Game Changers to demonstrate that athletes can thrive on a vegan diet

In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Veganz in Berlin and Vegilicious in Dortmund.[124][125] In 2013, the Oktoberfest in Munich (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history.[126]

By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking plant milk, and 91% still drank dairy milk.[127] In the United Kingdom, the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013.[128] There was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the UK.[116] In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016,[129] reflecting a change happening in many parts of the world, including Brazil and England.[citation needed]

In total, as of 2016, the largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet.[130] In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among millennials.[131] China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020,[131][130] which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period".[131] This exceeds the projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively.[130][132]

In 2018, the book The End of Animal Farming by Jacy Reese Anthis argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100.[133] The book was featured in The Guardian,[134] The New Republic,[135] and Forbes, among other newspapers and magazines.[136]

The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with the lunches added by Los Angeles, California in 2018, Portland, Maine in 2019, and New York City in 2022.[137]

In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000.[138] That same month, ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star.[139] Throughout the year, a further 79 plant-based restaurants around the world received Michelin stars.[140] At the end of the year, a poll conducted by The Guardian showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism.[141]

Prevalence by country

See also: Vegetarianism by country § Demographics
  •   Australia: Australians topped Google's worldwide searches for the word "vegan" between mid-2015 and mid-2016.[142] A Euromonitor International study concluded the market for packaged vegan food in Australia would rise 9.6% per year between 2015 and 2020, making Australia the third-fastest growing vegan market behind China and the United Arab Emirates.[130][132]
  •   Austria: In 2013, Kurier estimated that 0.5 percent of Austrians practised veganism, and in the capital, Vienna, 0.7 percent.[143]
  •   Belgium: A 2016 iVOX online study found that out of 1000 Dutch-speaking residents of Flanders and Brussels of 18 years and over, 0.3 percent were vegan.[144]
  •   Brazil: According to research by IBOPE Inteligência published in April 2018, 14% of Brazilians, or about 30 million people, considered themselves vegetarians, 7 million of them vegans.[145][146]
  •   Canada: In 2018, one survey estimated that 2.1 percent of adult Canadians considered themselves as vegans.[147]
  •   Germany: A government-commissioned survey indicates that as of 2021, 2% of German residents follow a vegan diet, with higher incidence rates among the younger, the less educated (people who ended their formal education with Hauptschule graduation), and residents of former West Germany.[148]
  •   India: In the 2005–06 National Health Survey, 1.6% of the surveyed population reported never consuming animal products. Veganism was most common in the states of Gujarat (4.9%) and Maharashtra (4.0%).[149]
  •   Israel: Five percent (approx. 300,000) in Israel said they were vegan in 2014, making it the highest per capita vegan population in the world.[150] A 2015 survey by Globes and Israel's Channel 2 News similarly found 5% of Israelis were vegan.[151] Veganism increased among Israeli Arabs.[152] The Israeli army made special provision for vegan soldiers in 2015, which included providing non-leather boots and wool-free berets.[153] Veganism also simplifies adherence to the Judaic prohibition on combining meat and milk in meals.
  •   Italy: Between 0.6 and 3 percent of Italians were reported to be vegan as of 2015.[154]
  •   Netherlands: In 2018, the Dutch Society for Veganism (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme, NVV) estimated there were more than 100,000 Dutch vegans (0.59 percent), based on their membership growth.[155] In July 2020 the NVV estimated the number of vegans in the Netherlands at 150,000. That is approximately 0.9% of the Dutch population.[156]
  •   Romania: Followers of the Romanian Orthodox Church keep fast during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year. In the Romanian Orthodox tradition, devotees abstain from eating any animal products during these times. As a result, vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants; however, Romanians may not be familiar with a vegan diet as a full-time lifestyle choice.[157]
  •   Sweden: Four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 Demoskop poll.[158]
  •   Switzerland: Market research company DemoSCOPE estimated in 2017 that three percent of the population was vegan.[159]
  •   United Kingdom: A 2016 Ipsos MORI study commissioned by the Vegan Society, surveying almost 10,000 people aged 15 or over across England, Scotland, and Wales, found that 1.05 percent were vegan; the Vegan Society estimates that 542,000 in the UK follow a vegan diet.[160] According to a 2018 survey by Comparethemarket.com, the number of people who identify as vegans in the United Kingdom has risen to over 3.5 million, which is approximately seven percent of the population, and environmental concerns were a major factor in this development.[161] However, doubt was cast on this inflated figure by the UK-based Vegan Society, who perform their own regular survey: the Vegan Society themselves found in 2018 that there were 600,000 vegans in Great Britain (1.16%), which was seen as a dramatic increase on previous figures.[162][163] YouGov reported 3% vegans in 2021.[164]
  •   United States: Estimates of vegans in the U.S. in past varied from 2% (Gallup, 2012)[165] to 0.5% (Faunalytics, 2014).[166] According to the latter, 70% of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it.[166] However, Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017, a report by GlobalData, estimated that "6% of US consumers now claim to be vegan, up from just 1% in 2014."[167] In 2020, YouGov published results of 2019 research which showed only 2.26% reported being vegan. Nearly 59% of the vegan respondents were female.[168] According to Gallup, black Americans are three times as likely to be vegan and vegetarian as whites as of July 2018 (9% compared to 3%).[169][170][171]

The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from HappyCow was Chiang Mai (Thailand), followed by Ubud (Bali, Indonesia), Phuket (Thailand), Tel Aviv (Israel), and Lisbon (Portugal).[172]

Vegan diets, substitutions, and meat analogues

Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds, legumes (particularly beans), fruits, vegetables, edible mushrooms, and nuts.[173]

 
Soy milk

Meat substitutes

Vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in the form of vegetarian sausage, mince, and veggie burgers.[174] They are often made from soybeans, seitan (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables.[175] Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 common era), including mock duck made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries.[176] Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat. However, in the late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes.[177]

Plant milk and dairy product alternatives

Plant milks—such as soy milk, almond milk, cashew milk, grain milks (oat milk, flax milk and rice milk), hemp milk, and coconut milk—are used in place of cows' or goats' milk.[l] Soy milk provides around 7 g (1⁄4oz) of protein per cup (240 mL or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein.[179] Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula, normally based on cows' milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF.[180][181]

Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products.[182] Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower; nuts, such as cashew,[183] pine nut, and almond;[184] and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast, tapioca,[185] and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate the meltability of dairy cheese.[186] Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes.[182] Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews.[183] Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy yoghurt.[187][188]

Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream, and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy.

In the 2010s and 2020s, a number of companies have genetically engineered yeast to produce cow milk proteins, whey, or fat, without the use of cows. These include Perfect Day, Novacca, Motif FoodWorks, Remilk, Final Foods, Imagindairy, Nourish Ingredients, and Circe.[189]

Egg replacements

Further information: Egg substitutes

As of 2019 in the United States, there were numerous vegan egg substitutes available, including products used for "scrambled" eggs, cakes, cookies, and doughnuts.[193][194] Baking powder, silken (soft) tofu, mashed potato, bananas, flaxseeds, and aquafaba from chickpeas can also be used as egg substitutes. Which one of these works depends on the egg property the replacement is meant to emulate. Scrambled tofu for instance replaces scrambled eggs, but tofu does not act as a binding agent for cakes like raw eggs, flaxseeds or bananas do.[182][194][195][196]

Raw veganism

Main article: Raw veganism

Raw veganism, combining veganism and raw foodism, excludes all animal products and food cooked above 48 °C (118 °F). A raw vegan diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, and sea vegetables. There are many variations of the diet, including fruitarianism.[197]

Animal products

 
Mock meats in a supermarket in Vienna

General

Logos

Vegan Society sunflower:
certified vegan, no animal testing
PETA bunny:
certified vegan, no animal testing
:
no animal testing, might not be vegan

While vegans broadly abstain from animal products, there are many ways in which animal products are used, and different individuals and organizations that identify with the practice of veganism may use some limited animal products based on philosophy, means or other concerns. Philosopher Gary Steiner argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan, because animal use and products are "deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society".[198]

Animal Ingredients A to Z (2004) and Veganissimo A to Z (2013) list which ingredients might be animal-derived. The British Vegan Society's sunflower logo and PETA's bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan, which includes no animal testing. The Leaping Bunny logo signals no animal testing, but it might not be vegan.[199][200] The Vegan Society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products, and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by, or on behalf of, the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control. Its website contains a list of certified products,[201][202] as does Australia's Choose Cruelty Free (CCF).[203] The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including animal testing,[201][204][205] but "recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals",[206] an issue that was highlighted in 2016 when it became known that the UK's newly introduced £5 note contained tallow.[207][208]

Meat, eggs and dairy

 
Modern methods of factory farming are considered highly unethical by most vegans.

Like vegetarians, vegans do not eat meat (including beef, pork, poultry, fowl, game, animal seafood). The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products and eggs.[citation needed]

Clothing

Many clothing products may be made of animal products such as silk, wool (including lambswool, shearling, cashmere, angora, mohair, and a number of other fine wools), fur, feathers, pearls, animal-derived dyes, leather, snakeskin, or other kinds of skin or animal product. While dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing, toiletries, and similar, ethical veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or use of animal products, and rejects the commodification of animals altogether.[19]: 62  Most leather clothing is made from cow skins. Unlike ethical vegans, dietary vegans do not oppose the use of leather itself and may continue to wear leather they had bought before adopting the diet on the grounds that they are not financially supporting the meat industry.[209] Ethical vegans may wear clothing items and accessories made of non-animal-derived materials such as hemp, linen, cotton, canvas, polyester, artificial leather (pleather), rubber, and vinyl.[210]: 16  Leather alternatives can come from materials such as cork, piña (from pineapples), cactus, and mushroom leather.[211][212][213] Some vegan clothes, in particular leather alternatives, are made of petroleum-based products, which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production.[214]

Toiletries

Further information: Testing cosmetics on animals
 
Vegan soap made from olive oil; soap is usually made from tallow (animal fat).

Vegans replace personal care products and household cleaners containing animal products with products that are vegan. Animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are relatively inexpensive. After animals are slaughtered for meat, the leftovers are put through a rendering process and some of that material, particularly the fat, is used in toiletries.

Common animal-derived ingredients include: tallow in soap; collagen-derived glycerine, which used as a lubricant and humectant in many haircare products, moisturizers, shaving foams, soaps and toothpastes;[215] lanolin from sheep's wool is often found in lip balm and moisturizers; stearic acid is a common ingredient in face creams, shaving foam and shampoos, (as with glycerine, it can be plant-based, but is usually animal-derived); Lactic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from animal milk, is used in moisturizers; allantoin— from the comfrey plant or cows' urine —is found in shampoos, moisturizers and toothpaste;[215] and carmine from scale insects, such as the female cochineal, is used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades;[216][217]

Beauty Without Cruelty, founded as a charity in 1959, was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of animal-free personal care products.[218]

Insect products

Vegan groups disagree about insect products.[219] Neither the Vegan Society nor the American Vegan Society considers honey, silk, and other insect products as suitable for vegans.[205][220] Some vegans believe that exploiting the labor of bees and harvesting their energy source is immoral, and that commercial beekeeping operations can harm and even kill bees.[221] Insect products can be defined much more widely, as commercial bees are used to pollinate about 100 different food crops.[219]

Pet food

See also: Vegetarian and vegan dog diet, Dog food § Vegetarian and vegan dog diet, Cat food § Vegetarian and vegan diet, and Cat health § Diet and nutrition

Some environmental vegans do not use meat-based pet food to feed their pets due to its environmental impact[222][223] and ethical vegans do not use meat-based pet food to feed their pets due to it being an animal product.[230][234] This is particularly true for domesticated cats[235] and dogs,[236] for which vegan pet food is both available and nutritionally complete,[223][231][232] such as Vegepet. This practice has been met with caution and criticism,[231][237] especially regarding vegan cat diets because felids are obligate carnivores.[229][231][237] Nutritionally complete vegan pet diets are comparable to meat-based ones for cats and dogs.[238] A 2015 study found that 6 out of 24 commercial vegan pet food brands do not meet the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) labeling regulations for amino acid adequacy.[239]

Other products and farming practices

See also: Vegan organic agriculture

A concern is the case of medications, which are routinely tested on animals to ensure they are effective and safe,[240] and may also contain animal ingredients, such as lactose, gelatine, or stearates.[206] There may be no alternatives to prescribed medication or these alternatives may be unsuitable, less effective, or have more adverse side effects.[206] Experimentation with laboratory animals is also used for evaluating the safety of vaccines, food additives, cosmetics, household products, workplace chemicals, and many other substances.[241] Vegans may avoid certain vaccines, such as the flu vaccine, which is commonly produced in chicken eggs.[242] An effective alternative, Flublok, is widely available in the United States.[242]

Farming of fruits and vegetables may include fertilizing the soil with animal manure – even on organic farms,[243] possibly causing a concern to vegans for ethical or environmental reasons.[244] "Vegan" (or "animal-free") farming uses plant compost only.[244]

Comparison of selected vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets (view template)
Plants Dairy Eggs Seafood Poultry All other animals
Vegetarianism Lacto-ovo vegetarianism Yes Yes Yes No No No
Ovo vegetarianism Yes No Yes No No No
Lacto vegetarianism Yes Yes No No No No
Veganism Yes No No No No No
Semi-vegetarianism Flexitarianism Yes Yes Yes Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes
Pollotarianism Yes Maybe Yes No Yes No
Pescetarianism Yes Maybe Maybe Yes No No

Research and guidance

 
Vegan dish

A 2022 review indicated that a vegan diet may be effective for reducing body weight, lowering the risk of cancer, and providing a lower risk of all-cause mortality. People on a vegan diet with diabetes or cardiovascular diseases may have lower levels of disease biomarkers.[245]

A 2022 meta-analysis found moderate evidence that adhering to a vegan diet for at least 12 weeks may be effective in individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes to induce a meaningful decrease in body weight and improve glycemia.[246]

A 2021 Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials found that there is "currently insufficient information to draw conclusions about the effects of vegan dietary interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors".[247] A 2018 meta-analysis of observational studies concluded that "In most countries, a vegan diet is associated with a more favourable cardio-metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet".[248] A 2022 meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies concluded that vegan diets are associated with reduced risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, but no clear association was found for cardiovascular disease and stroke.[249]

A 2020 review of inflammation biomarkers found that a vegan diet was associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein compared to omnivores.[250] There is inconsistent evidence for vegan diets providing an effect on metabolic syndrome.[251] There is tentative evidence of an association between vegan diets and a reduced risk of cancer.[252] A vegan diet without caloric restriction may reduce high blood pressure similarly to diets recommended by medical societies and portion-controlled diets.[253][254] Vegans may be at risk of low bone mineral density.[32][255]

Positions of dietetic and government associations

 
Healthy vegan meal composition shown using the food plate method

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada state that properly planned vegetarian or vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages, including pregnancy and lactation.[256] The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council similarly recognizes a well-planned vegan diet as viable for any age,[24] as does the British Dietetic Association,[257] British National Health Service[258] and the Canadian Pediatric Society.[259]

The German Society for Nutrition [de] does not recommend a vegan diet for babies, children and adolescents, or for pregnancy or breastfeeding.[260]

As of 2022, 45% of government nutritional guidelines discuss vegan meat or milk alternatives (or both).[261][262]

Pregnancy, infants and children

Further information: Vegan nutrition § Pregnancy, infants and children; and Nutrition and pregnancy

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada consider well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets "appropriate for individuals during all stages of the lifecycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes".[23] The German Society for Nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, babies, children, and adolescents.[29] The position of the Canadian Pediatric Society is that "well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets with appropriate attention to specific nutrient components can provide a healthy alternative lifestyle at all stages of fetal, infant, child and adolescent growth. It is recommended that attention should be given to nutrient intake, particularly protein, vitamins B12 and D, essential fatty acids, iron, zinc, and calcium.[259]

Nutrients and potential deficiencies

Main article: Vegan nutrition
 
Granola oatmeal with soy milk. Oatmeal is a rich source of manganese and a moderate source of protein, fiber, phosphorus, and zinc.

Vegan diets tend to be high in dietary fiber, folate, vitamins C and E, potassium, magnesium, and unsaturated fats.[32] However, consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B12 and D, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids.[32][263]

The American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics states that special attention may be necessary to ensure that a vegan diet will provide adequate amounts of vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, iron, and zinc. It also states that concern that vegans and vegan athletes may not consume an adequate amount and quality of protein is unsubstantiated.[264]

These nutrients are available in plant foods, with the exception of vitamin B12, which can be obtained only from B12-fortified vegan foods or supplements. Iodine may also require supplementation, such as using iodized salt.[264] Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in up to 80% of all vegans in some Asian countries.[265]

For information on the impact of meat on the diet, see this article.

Philosophy

Ethical veganism

Further information: Animal rights, Carnism, Cruelty to animals § Welfare concerns of farm animals, and Ethics of eating meat
 
Pigs, as well as chickens and cattle, often have their movement restricted.

Ethical veganism is based on opposition to speciesism, the assignment of value to individuals based on (animal) species membership alone. Divisions within animal rights theory include the utilitarian, protectionist approach, which pursues improved conditions for animals. It also pertains to the rights-based abolitionism, which seeks to end human ownership of non-humans, including as pets. Abolitionists argue that protectionism serves only to make the public feel that animal use can be morally unproblematic (the "happy meat" position).[19]: 62–63 

Donald Watson, co-founder of The Vegan Society, stated in response to a question on why he was an ethical vegan, "If an open-minded, honest person pursues a course long enough, and listens to all the criticisms, and in one's own mind can satisfactorily meet all the criticisms against that idea, sooner or later one's resistance against what one sees as evil tradition has to be discarded."[266] On bloodsports, he has said that "to kill creatures for fun must be the very dregs," and that vivisection and animal experimentation "is probably the cruelest of all Man's attack on the rest of Creation." He has also stated that "vegetarianism, whilst being a necessary stepping-stone, between meat eating and veganism, is only a stepping stone."[266]

Alex Hershaft, co-founder of the Farm Animal Rights Movement and Holocaust survivor, states he "was always bothered by the idea of hitting a beautiful, living, innocent animal over the head, cutting him up into pieces, then shoving the pieces into [his] mouth," and that his experiences in the Nazi Holocaust allowed him "to empathize with the conditions of animals in factory farms, auction yards, and slaughterhouses" because he "knows firsthand what it's like to be treated like a worthless object."[267] Several animal rights activists including Isaac Bashevis Singer, Gary Yourofsky and Karen Davis have compared the cruel treatment of animals in CAFOs and slaughterhouses to the Holocaust.[268][269][270]

Law professor Gary Francione, an abolitionist, argues that all sentient beings should have the right not to be treated as property, and that adopting veganism must be the baseline for anyone who believes that non-humans have intrinsic moral value.[m][19]: 62  Philosopher Tom Regan, also a rights theorist, argues that animals possess value as "subjects-of-a-life", because they have beliefs, desires, memory and the ability to initiate action in pursuit of goals. The right of subjects-of-a-life not to be harmed can be overridden by other moral principles, but Regan argues that pleasure, convenience and the economic interests of farmers are not weighty enough.[272] Philosopher Peter Singer, a protectionist and utilitarian, argues that there is no moral or logical justification for failing to count animal suffering as a consequence when making decisions, and that killing animals should be rejected unless necessary for survival.[273] Despite this, he writes that "ethical thinking can be sensitive to circumstances", and that he is "not too concerned about trivial infractions".[274]

An argument proposed by Bruce Friedrich, also a protectionist, holds that strict adherence to veganism harms animals, because it focuses on personal purity, rather than encouraging people to give up whatever animal products they can.[275] For Francione, this is similar to arguing that, because human-rights abuses can never be eliminated, we should not defend human rights in situations we control. By failing to ask a server whether something contains animal products, we reinforce that the moral rights of animals are a matter of convenience, he argues. He concludes from this that the protectionist position fails on its own consequentialist terms.[19]: 72–73 

Philosopher Val Plumwood maintained that ethical veganism is "subtly human-centred", an example of what she called "human/nature dualism" because it views humanity as separate from the rest of nature. Ethical vegans want to admit non-humans into the category that deserves special protection, rather than recognize the "ecological embeddedness" of all.[276] Plumwood wrote that animal food may be an "unnecessary evil" from the perspective of the consumer who "draws on the whole planet for nutritional needs"—and she strongly opposed factory farming—but for anyone relying on a much smaller ecosystem, it is very difficult or impossible to be vegan.[277]

Bioethicist Ben Mepham,[278] in his review of Francione and Garner's book The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation?, concludes that "if the aim of ethics is to choose the right, or best, course of action in specific circumstances 'all things considered', it is arguable that adherence to such an absolutist agenda is simplistic and open to serious self-contradictions. Or, as Farlie puts it, with characteristic panache: 'to conclude that veganism is the "only ethical response" is to take a big leap into a very muddy pond'."[279] He cites as examples the adverse effects on animal wildlife derived from the agricultural practices necessary to sustain most vegan diets and the ethical contradiction of favoring the welfare of domesticated animals but not that of wild animals; the imbalance between the resources that are used to promote the welfare of animals as opposed to those destined to alleviate the suffering of the approximately one billion human beings who undergo malnutrition, abuse, and exploitation; the focus on attitudes and conditions in western developed countries, leaving out the rights and interests of societies whose economy, culture and, in some cases, survival rely on a symbiotic relationship with animals.[279]

David Pearce, a transhumanist philosopher, has argued that humanity has a "hedonistic imperative" to not merely avoid cruelty to animals or abolish the ownership of non-human animals, but also to redesign the global ecosystem such that wild animal suffering ceases to exist.[280] In the pursuit of abolishing suffering itself, Pearce promotes predation elimination among animals and the "cross-species global analogue of the welfare state". Fertility regulation could maintain herbivore populations at sustainable levels, "a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine, predation, and disease".[281] The increasing number of vegans and vegetarians in the transhumanism movement has been attributed in part to Pearce's influence.[282]

A growing political philosophy that incorporates veganism as part of its revolutionary praxis is veganarchism, which seeks "total abolition" or "total liberation" for all animals, including humans. Veganarchists identify the state as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and non-human, and advocate for the adoption of a vegan lifestyle within a stateless society. The term was popularized in 1995 with Brian A. Dominick's pamphlet Animal Liberation and Social Revolution, described as "a vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism".[283]

Direct action is a common practice among veganarchists (and anarchists generally) with groups like the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), the Justice Department (JD) and Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade (RCALB) often engaging in such activities, sometimes criminally, to further their goals.[284] Steven Best, animal rights activist and professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso, is an advocate of this approach, and has been critical of vegan activists like Francione for supporting animal liberation, but not total liberation, which would include not only opposition to "the property status of animals", but also "a serious critique of capitalism, the state, property relations, and commodification dynamics in general." In particular, he criticizes the focus on the simplistic and apolitical "Go Vegan" message directed mainly at wealthy Western audiences, while ignoring people of color, the working class and the poor, especially in the developing world, noting that "for every person who becomes vegan, a thousand flesh eaters arise in China, India and Indonesia." The "faith in the singular efficacy of conjectural education and moral persuasion," Best writes, is no substitute for "direct action, mass confrontation, civil disobedience, alliance politics, and struggle for radical change."[285] Donald Watson has stated that he "respects the people enormously who do it, believing that it's the most direct and quick way to achieve their ends."[266] Sociologist David Nibert of Wittenberg University posits that any movement towards global justice would necessitate not only the abolition of animal exploitation, particularly as a food source for humans, but also transitioning towards a socioeconomic alternative to the capitalist system, both of which dovetail into what he refers to as the animal–industrial complex.[286]

Some vegans also embrace the philosophy of anti-natalism, as they see the two as complementary in terms of "harm reduction" to animals and the environment.[287]

Vegan social psychologist Melanie Joy described the ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products as carnism,[288] as a sort of opposite to veganism.[289]

Exploitation concerns

Further information: Animal slaughter § Effects on livestock workers

The Vegan Society has written, "by extension, [veganism] promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans."[290] Many ethical vegans and vegan organizations cite the poor working conditions of slaughterhouse workers as a reason to reject animal products.[291] The first vegan activist, Donald Watson, has stated, "If these butchers and vivisectors weren't there, could we perform the acts that they are doing? And, if we couldn't, we have no right to expect them to do it on our behalf. Full stop! That simply compounds the issue. It means that we're not just exploiting animals; we're exploiting human beings."[266]

Dietary veganism

Some people only follow the diet that fits to a vegan way of living. Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina perceive a focus on the diet as a precursor to a vegan way of living.[38] Authors like Richard Twine and Breeze Harper argue that this can not be described as veganism, as veganism is more than the diet.[292][293] Gary L. Francione argued that the promotion of "dietary veganism" lacks the moral imperative that was expressed in the words of Leslie J. Cross, an early and influential vice-president of The Vegan Society, who described in 1949 that veganism was "the abolition of the exploitation of animals by man".[294]

Environmental veganism

Further information: Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental impact of meat production, and Vegan organic gardening
 
The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by three-quarters if the entire population adopted a vegan diet.[295]

Environmental vegans focus on conservation, rejecting the use of animal products on the premise that fishing, hunting, trapping and farming, particularly factory farming, are environmentally unsustainable.

According to a 2006 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report, Livestock's Long Shadow, around 26% of the planet's terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing.[296] The UN report also concluded that livestock farming (mostly of cows, chickens and pigs) affects the air, land, soil, water, biodiversity and climate change.[297] Livestock consumed 1,174 million tonnes of food in 2002—including 7.6 million tonnes of fishmeal and 670 million tonnes of cereals, one-third of the global cereal harvest.[298] Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society called pigs and chicken "major aquatic predators", because livestock eat 40 percent of the fish that are caught.[22]

A 2010 UN report, Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production, argued that animal products "in general require more resources and cause higher emissions than plant-based alternatives".[299]: 80  It proposed a move away from animal products to reduce environmental damage.[n][300]

 
Reduction of one's carbon footprint for various actions. A plant-based diet in this study referred to a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. Vegan diets are known to have lower carbon footprints.[301]

A 2015 study determined that significant biodiversity loss can be attributed to the growing demand for meat, which is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction, with species-rich habitats being converted to agriculture for livestock production.[302][303][304] A 2017 study by the World Wildlife Fund found that 60% of biodiversity loss can be attributed to the vast scale of feed crop cultivation needed to rear tens of billions of farm animals, which puts an enormous strain on natural resources resulting in an extensive loss of lands and species.[305] In November 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a warning to humanity calling for, among other things, "promoting dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods".[306]

A 2018 study found that global adoption of plant-based diets would reduce agricultural land use by 76% (3.1 billion hectares, an area the size of Africa) and cut total global greenhouse gas emissions by 28%. Half of this emissions reduction came from avoided emissions from animal production including methane and nitrous oxide, and half came from trees re-growing on abandoned farmland which remove carbon dioxide from the air.[307][295] The authors conclude that avoiding meat and diary is the "single biggest way" to reduce one's impact on Earth.[308]

The 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that industrial agriculture and overfishing are the primary drivers of the extinction crisis, with the meat and dairy industries having a substantial impact.[309][310] On 8 August 2019, the IPCC released a summary of the 2019 special report which asserted that a shift towards plant-based diets would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change.[311]

A 2022 study found that for high-income nations alone 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide could be removed from the air by the end of the century through a shift to plant-based diets and re-wilding of farmland. The researchers coined the term double climate dividend to describe the effect that re-wilding after a diet shift can have.[312][313] However, the researchers note that "We don't have to be purist about this, even just cutting animal intake would be helpful. If half of the public in richer regions cut half the animal products in their diets, you're still talking about a massive opportunity in environmental outcomes and public health".[314]

Feminist veganism

See also: Vegetarian ecofeminism

Pioneers

One of the leading activists and scholars of feminist animal rights is Carol J. Adams. Her premier work, The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (1990), noted the relationship between feminism and meat consumption. Since the release of The Sexual Politics of Meat, Adams has published several other works, including essays, books, and keynote addresses. In one of her speeches, "Why feminist-vegan now?"[315]—adapted from her original address at the "Minding Animals" conference in Newcastle, Australia (2009)—Adams stated that "the idea that there was a connection between feminism and vegetarianism came to [her] in October 1974", illustrating that the concept of feminist veganism has been around for nearly half a century. Other authors have echoed Adams' ideas while also expanding on them. Feminist scholar Angella Duvnjak stated in "Joining the Dots: Some Reflections on Feminist-Vegan Political Practice and Choice" that she was met with opposition when she pointed out the connection between feminist and vegan ideals, even though the connection seemed more than obvious to her and other scholars (2011).[316]

Animal and human abuse parallels

One of the central concepts that animates feminist veganism is the idea that there is a connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of animals. For example, Marjorie Spiegal compared the consumption or servitude of animals for human gain to slavery.[316] This connection is further mirrored by feminist vegan writers like Carrie Hamilton, who pointed out that violent "rapists sometimes exhibit behavior that seems to be patterned on the mutilation of animals" suggesting there is a parallel between the violence of rape and animal cruelty.[317]

Capitalism and feminist veganism

Feminist veganism also relates to feminist thought through the common critique of the capitalist means of production. In an interview with Carol J. Adams, she highlighted "meat eating as the ultimate capitalist product, because it takes so much to make the product, it uses up so many resources".[318] This extensive use of resources for meat production is discouraged in favor of using that productive capacity for other food products that have a less detrimental impact on the environment.

Religious veganism

Further information: Religion and vegetarianism

Streams within a number of religious traditions encourage veganism, sometimes on ethical or environmental grounds.  Scholars have especially noted the growth in the twenty-first century of Jewish veganism[319] and Jain veganism.[320] Some interpretations of Christian vegetarianism,[321] Hindu vegetarianism,[322] and Buddhist vegetarianism[323] also recommend or mandate a vegan diet.

Donald Watson argued, "If Jesus were alive today, he'd be an itinerant vegan propagandist instead of an itinerant preacher of those days, spreading the message of compassion, which, as I see it, is the only useful part of what religion has to offer and, sad as it seems, I doubt if we have to enroll our priest as a member of the Vegan Society."[266]

Black veganism

Main article: Black veganism

In the US, Black veganism is a social and political philosophy as well as a diet.[324] It connects the use of non-human animals with other social justice concerns such as racism, and with the lasting effects of slavery, such as the subsistence diets of enslaved people enduring as familial and cultural food traditions.[324][325][326][327] Dietary changes caused by the Great Migration also meant former farmers, who had previously been able to grow or forage their own vegetables, became reliant on processed foods.[328][327]

According to AshEL Eldridge, an Oakland activist, the movement is about the Black community reclaiming its food sovereignty and "decolonizing" the diet of Black Americans.[329] According to Shah, the area where most vegans of color feel the greatest rift with mainstream veganism is in mainstream veganism's failure to recognize the intersectionality with other social justice issues such as food access.[328]

PETA columnist Zachary Tolivar noted he had often heard Black veganism called "a revolutionary act" because it often involves rejecting both family tradition and systemic oppression.[328][325] Amirah Mercer described it as "revoking my own Black card" and said that for US Blacks, choosing veganism was an act of protest against disenfranchisement by governmental health care and food policy.[327]

Politics and activism

See also: Plant-based diet § Politics, and Animal rights movement
 
Participant of the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw encouraging veganism, 2022

In 2021, vegan climate activist Greta Thunberg called for more vegan food production and consumption worldwide.[330] Parties like Tierschutzpartei in Germany and PACMA in Spain have pro-vegan agendas. They cooperate via Animal Politics EU.[331] In the European Union, meat producers and vegans argue whether vegan food products should be allowed to use labels like "sausages" or "burgers" for vegan food.[332] The EU currently bans labeling with dairy-related words like "almond milk", a rule instated in 2017.[333] As of 2019, six countries in Europe apply higher value-added tax (VAT) rates to vegan plant milk than to cows' milk, which pro-vegan activists have called discrimination.[334]

Demographics

In the United States, 1 out of 10 Americans over the age of 18 consider themselves vegan or vegetarian.[335]

In the below chart, polls with larger sample sizes are preferred over those with smaller sample size.

Veganism by demographic subgroup
Subgroup Sample size Ref
Gender Male Female Over 8000 [336][337]
21% 79%
Religion (general) Atheist or Agnostic Spiritual but not religious Major religion Over 8000 [336]
43% 45% 11%
Religion (specific) Christianity Judaism Other religion 287, American [338]
8% 7% 12%
Political orientation Liberal Apolitical Conservative Over 8000 [336]
62% 33% 5%
Motivation Animal rights Other Over 8000 [336]
69% 31%
Parenting Don't want or have children Might have children Is raising vegan children Over 8000 [336]
39% 33% 10%
Age 18 to 25 24 to 35 35 to 44 45 to 54 287, American [338]
22% 35% 21% 14%
How long vegan Five years or more One to five years Less than one year 287, American [338]
49% 42% 8%
Sexual orientation Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual Queer/other 287, American [338]
65% 13% 7% 15%
Race (United States) White Hispanic Black Asian Native American Mixed 287, American [338]
79% 5% 2.5% 6% 1% 5%
Area type Urban Suburban Rural 287, American [338]
52% 40% 8%
Income Under $35,000 $35,000 to $55,000 $56,000 to $75,000 $76,000 to $100,000 over $100,000 287, American [338]
29% 18% 13% 14% 25%

Prejudice against vegans

This section is an excerpt from Vegaphobia.[edit]
Vegaphobia or vegephobia is an aversion to, or dislike of, vegetarians and vegans.[339][340][341][342][343] The term first appeared in the 2010s, coinciding with the rise in veganism in the late 2010s.[344][345] Several studies have found an incidence of vegaphobic sentiments in the general population.[345][346][347][348] Positive feelings regarding vegetarians and vegans also exist. Because of their diet, others may perceive them as more virtuous; they may get rated less masculine but more principled.[349]

Vegan rights

In some countries, vegans have some rights to meals and legal protections against discrimination.

  • The German police sometimes provides on-duty staff with food. After not being provided a vegan option in this context, a vegan employee has been granted an additional food allowance.[350]
  • In Portugal, starting in 2017, public administration canteens and cafeterias such as schools, prisons and social services must offer at least one vegan option at every meal.[351]
  • In Ontario, a province of Canada, there were reports[352] that ethical veganism became protected under the Ontario Human Rights Code, following a 2015 update to legal guidance by the Ontario Human Rights Commission. However, said body later issued a statement that this question is for a judge or tribunal to decide on a case-by-case basis.[353]
  • In the United Kingdom, an employment tribunal ruled in 2020 that the Equality Act 2010 protects "ethical veganism", a belief it defined as veganism that extends beyond diet to all areas of life and is motivated by a concern for animals.[354][355]

Symbols

 
Vegan graffiti showing an enclosed V in Lisbon, Portugal
Main article: Vegetarian and vegan symbolism

Multiple symbols have been developed to represent veganism. Several are used on consumer packaging, including the Vegan Society trademark[201] and the Vegan Action logo,[199] to indicate products without animal-derived ingredients.[356][357] Various symbols may also be used by members of the vegan community to represent their identity and in the course of animal rights activism,[citation needed] such as a vegan flag.[358]

Media depictions

Veganism is often misrepresented in media. Some argue that veganism has been dismissed in news media[359] or that clickbait culture often portrays feminists and vegans as "irrational extremists."[360] This is because in Western societies, "meat-based diets are the norm" with those who avoid meat still representing "a small minority,"[361][362] with more women than men as vegan and vegetarian, with women being "under-represented in the mass media," the latter influencing more to be vegetarians.[363] Others have noted those who are vegetarian and vegan are met with "acceptance, tolerance, or hostility" after they divulge they are vegetarian or vegan.[364] There are a number of vegan stereotypes, including claims they hate meat-eaters, are always hungry, weak, angry, or moralistic.[365][366] The hatred of vegans has been termed as vegaphobia by some individuals. Farhad Manjoo, in 2019, stated that "preachy vegans are something of a myth," and argued that in pop culture, and generally, it is "still widely acceptable to make fun of vegans."[367]

Literature

Often vegan or vegetarian characters are portrayed as fringe characters, although other novels cast them as protagonists or encourage people to become vegetarians or vegans.[368][369] Some have argued that there are more vegan cookbooks than "vegan literature"[370] There also books which introduce "vegan identity to children"[371] or encourage people to "write for" animals.[372] Also, Bruce Banner in Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk[373] and Karolina Dean in Runaways, who is also known as Lucy in the Sky or L.S.D., are vegans. The latter is a lesbian, a vegan, and "an ardent animal lover...committed to a life completely free of meat and dairy."[373][374]

TV shows

Jessica Cruz / Green Lantern, a lead character in the animated series, DC Super Hero Girls is not only pacifist, but also a vegan and environmentalist,[375][376] resulting in her becoming friends with Pam Isley. She often professes her commitment to the environment and plant-based meals.[377][378]

The recent series City of Ghosts featured a chef, Sonya, who runs a vegan cafe in Leimert Park, Los Angeles.[379][380] Draculaura in Monster High has also been described as "one of the very few outspoken vegan cartoon characters out there".[381]

Social media

By the 2010s, social media sites like Instagram became prominent in the promotion of veganism, more than a fad, with people trying to "change the world by being vegan" as stated by various media outlets.[382][383][384]

Economics of veganism

See also: Economic vegetarianism and Food vs. feed

The 2014 documentary film Cowspiracy estimates that a vegan, over the course of one year, will save 1.5 million litres of water, 6,607 kg of grain, 1,022 square metres of forest cover, 3,322 kg of CO2, and 365 animal lives compared to the average U.S. diet.[385][scholarly source needed] According to a 2016 study, if everyone in the U.S. switched to a vegan diet, the country would save $208.2 billion in direct health-care savings, $40.5 billion in indirect health-care savings, $40.5 billion in environmental savings, and $289.1 billion in total savings by 2050. The study also found that if everybody in the world switched to a vegan diet, the global economy would save $684.4 billion in direct health-care savings, $382.6 billion in indirect health-care savings, $569.5 billion in environmental savings, and $1.63 trillion in total savings by 2050.[386]

In his 2015 book Doing Good Better, William MacAskill stated the following (citing numbers from a 2011 book, Compassion by the pound[387]):

Economists have worked out how, on average, a consumer affects the number of animal products supplied by declining to buy that product. They estimate that, on average, if you give up one egg, total production ultimately falls by 0.91 eggs; if you give up one gallon of milk, total production falls by 0.56 gallons. Other products are somewhere in between: economists estimate that if you give up one pound of beef, beef production falls by 0.68 pounds; if you give up one pound of pork, production ultimately falls by 0.74 pounds; if you give up one pound of chicken, production ultimately falls by 0.76 pounds.[388]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other common but less frequent pronunciations recorded by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary are /ˈveɪɡən/ VAY-gən and /ˈvɛdʒən/ VEJ-ən.[1][2] The word was coined in Britain by Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson,[3][4] who preferred the pronunciation /ˈviːɡən/ VEE-gən, and the 1997 edition of the Random House Dictionary reported that this pronunciation was considered "especially British" and that /ˈvɛdʒən/ VEJ-ən was the most frequent and only other common American pronunciation.[5]
  2. ^ a b "[Al-Maʿarri's] diet was extremely frugal, consisting chiefly of lentils, with figs for sweet; and, very unusually for a Muslim, he was not only a vegetarian, but a vegan who abstained from meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and honey, because he did not want to kill or hurt animals, or deprive them of their food."[54]
  3. ^ For veganism and animals as commodities:
    Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu (The Rise of Critical Animal Studies, 2014): "[W]e are vegan because we are ethically opposed to the notion that life (human or otherwise) can, or should, ever be rendered as a buyable or sellable commodity."[12]
    Gary Steiner (Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, 2013): " ... ethical veganism, the principle that we ought as far as possible to eschew the use of animals as sources of food, labour, entertainment and the like ... [This means that animals] ... are entitled not to be eaten, used as forced field labor, experimented upon, killed for materials to make clothing and other commodities of use to human beings, or held captive as entertainment."[13]

    Gary Francione ("Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", 2012): "Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals ..."[14]

  4. ^ Laura Wright (The Vegan Studies Project, 2015): "[The Vegan Society] definition simplifies the concept of veganism in that it assumes that all vegans choose to be vegan for ethical reasons, which may be the case for the majority, but there are other reasons, including health and religious mandates, people choose to be vegan. Veganism exists as a dietary and lifestyle choice with regard to what one consumes, but making this choice also constitutes participation in the identity category of 'vegan'."[15]
    Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina (Becoming Vegan, 2013): "There are degrees of veganism. A pure vegetarian or dietary vegan is someone who consumes a vegan diet but doesn't lead a vegan lifestyle. Pure vegetarians may use animal products, support the use of animals in research, wear leather clothing, or have no objection to the exploitation of animals for entertainment. They are mostly motivated by personal health concerns rather than by ethical objections. Some may adopt a more vegan lifestyle as they are exposed to vegan philosophy."[16]
    Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner ("Politics on Your Plate", 2012): "A vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating NHA [non-human animal] flesh of any kind. A vegan goes further, abstaining from eating anything made from NHA. Thus, a vegan does not consume eggs and dairy foods. Going beyond dietary veganism, 'lifestyle' vegans also refrain from using leather, wool or any NHA-derived ingredient."[17]

    Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as plant-based and vegan diets as entirely plant-based.[18]

  5. ^ Gary Francione (The Animal Rights Debate, 2010): "Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products."[19]: 62 
    This terminology is controversial within the vegan community. While some vegan leaders, such as Karen Dawn, endorse efforts to avoid animal consumption for any reason; others, including Francione, believe that veganism must be part of an holistic ethical and political movement in order to support animal liberation. Accordingly, the latter group rejects the label "dietary vegan", referring instead to "strict vegetarians", "pure vegetarians", or followers of a plant-based diet.[20]
  6. ^ Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2009): "It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes."[23]
  7. ^ The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, 2016: "The DGE does not recommend a vegan diet for pregnant women, lactating women, infants, children or adolescents."[29]
  8. ^ Winston J. Craig (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009): "Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12. ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."[32]
  9. ^ Fanny Kemble (Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, 1839): "The sight and smell of raw meat are especially odious to me, and I have often thought that if I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian, probably, indeed, return entirely to my green and salad days."[42]

    Another early use was by the editor of The Healthian, a journal published by Alcott House, in April 1942: "To tell a man, who is in the stocks for a given fault, that he cannot be so confined for such an offence, is ridiculous enough; but not more so than to tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature, and contrary to reason."[43]

  10. ^ In 1838 William Alcott, Amos's cousin, published Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages (1838).[61] The word vegetarian appears in the second edition but not the first.
  11. ^ Mahatma Gandhi, address to the Vegetarian Society, 20 November 1931: "I feel especially honoured to find on my right, Mr. Henry Salt. It was Mr. Salt's book 'A Plea for Vegetarianism', which showed me why apart from a hereditary habit, and apart from my adherence to a vow administered to me by my mother, it was right to be a vegetarian. He showed me why it was a moral duty incumbent on vegetarians not to live upon fellow-animals. It is, therefore, a matter of additional pleasure to me that I find Mr. Salt in our midst."[63]
  12. ^ Plant-milk brands include Dean Foods' Silk soy milk and almond milk; Blue Diamond's Almond Breeze, Taste the Dream's Almond Dream, and Rice Dream; and Plamil Foods' Organic Soya and Alpro's Soya. Vegan ice-creams include Swedish Glace, Food Heaven, Tofutti, Turtle Mountain's So Delicious and Luna & Larry's Coconut Bliss.[178]
  13. ^ Gary Francione (2009): "We all believe it's wrong to inflict unnecessary suffering and death on animals. ... So now the next question becomes 'what do we mean by necessity?' Well, whatever it means, whatever abstract meaning it has, if it has any meaning whatsoever, its minimal meaning has to be that it's wrong to inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience ... Problem is 99.9999999 percent of our animal use can only be justified by reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience."[271]
  14. ^ United Nations Environment Programme (2010): "Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth, increasing consumption of animal products. Unlike fossil fuels, it is difficult to look for alternatives: people have to eat. A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products."[299]: 82 

References

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  4. ^ a b Adams, Carol J. (2014). Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet. Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina. New York. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61519-098-0. OCLC 864299353. In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.
  5. ^ "Meaning of vegan – Infoplease". InfoPlease.
  6. ^ Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68.
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    Matthew Cole, "Veganism", in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, ABC-Clio, 2010 (239–241), 241.

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    John Davis, "Prototype Vegans", The Vegan, Winter 2010, 22–23 (also ).

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February 26, 2023
veganism, vegan, redirects, here, other, uses, vegan, disambiguation, notable, vegans, list, vegans, confused, with, vegetarianism, practice, abstaining, from, animal, product, particularly, diet, associated, philosophy, that, rejects, commodity, status, anima. Vegan redirects here For other uses see Vegan disambiguation For notable vegans see List of vegans Not to be confused with Vegetarianism Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal product particularly in diet and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals c An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism Dietary vegans also known as strict vegetarians refrain from consuming meat eggs dairy products and any other animal derived substances d An ethical vegan is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals and animal products e wherever practical 21 Another term is environmental veganism which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the premise that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable 22 VeganismThe symbol widely used to denote a vegan friendly productPronunciationVeganism ˈ v iː ɡ en ɪ z em VEE ge niz emVegan ˈ v iː ɡ en VEE gen a DescriptionAvoiding the use of animal products particularly in dietEarliest proponentsAl Ma arri c 973 c 1057 b Roger Crab 1621 1680 6 Johann Conrad Beissel 1691 1768 7 James Pierrepont Greaves 1777 1842 8 Lewis Gompertz c 1784 1861 9 Amos Bronson Alcott 1799 1888 10 Donald Watson 1910 2005 11 Term coined byDorothy Morgan and Donald Watson November 1944 3 4 Notable vegansList of vegansNotable publicationsList of vegan mediaWell planned vegan diets are regarded as appropriate for all stages of life including infancy and pregnancy as said by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics f the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council 24 the British Dietetic Association 25 Dietitians of Canada 26 the New Zealand Ministry of Health 27 and the Italian Society of Human Nutrition 28 The German Society for Nutrition which is a non profit organisation and not an official health agency does not recommend vegan diets for children or adolescents or during pregnancy and breastfeeding g The components of a whole foods plant based vegan diet including legumes whole grains fruits vegetables and nuts along with little to no consumption of refined foods and animal products are widely acknowledged to be highly beneficial for both avoiding and treating type 2 diabetes also known as metabolic syndrome some evidence suggests that a vegan diet can help with weight loss especially in the short term 30 31 Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber magnesium folic acid vitamin C vitamin E iron and phytochemicals and lower in dietary energy saturated fat cholesterol omega 3 fatty acid vitamin D calcium zinc and vitamin B12 h As a result of the elimination of all animal products a vegan diet may lead to nutritional deficiencies that nullify any beneficial effects and may cause serious health issues 32 33 34 some of which can only be prevented with fortified foods or dietary supplements 32 35 Vitamin B12 supplementation is important because its deficiency can cause blood disorders and potentially irreversible neurological damage this danger is also one of the most common in poorly planned non vegan diets 34 36 37 The word vegan was coined by Donald Watson and his then future wife Dorothy Morgan in 1944 38 30 Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s Contents 1 Origins 1 1 Vegetarian etymology 1 2 History 1 3 Vegetarian Society 1 4 Vegan etymology 2 Definition 3 Increasing interest 3 1 Alternative food movements 3 2 Into the mainstream 4 Prevalence by country 5 Vegan diets substitutions and meat analogues 5 1 Meat substitutes 5 2 Plant milk and dairy product alternatives 5 3 Egg replacements 5 4 Raw veganism 6 Animal products 6 1 General 6 2 Meat eggs and dairy 6 3 Clothing 6 4 Toiletries 6 5 Insect products 6 6 Pet food 6 7 Other products and farming practices 7 Research and guidance 7 1 Positions of dietetic and government associations 7 2 Pregnancy infants and children 7 3 Nutrients and potential deficiencies 8 Philosophy 8 1 Ethical veganism 8 1 1 Exploitation concerns 8 2 Dietary veganism 8 3 Environmental veganism 8 4 Feminist veganism 8 4 1 Pioneers 8 4 2 Animal and human abuse parallels 8 4 3 Capitalism and feminist veganism 8 5 Religious veganism 8 6 Black veganism 9 Politics and activism 10 Demographics 11 Prejudice against vegans 12 Vegan rights 13 Symbols 14 Media depictions 14 1 Literature 14 2 TV shows 14 3 Social media 15 Economics of veganism 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links 20 BibliographyOriginsFurther information History of vegetarianism Vegetarian etymology The term vegetarian has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet 39 Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable 40 and the suffix arian in the sense of supporter believer as in humanitarian 41 The earliest known written use is attributed to actress writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble in her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838 1839 i History Vegetarianism can be traced to Indus Valley civilization in 3300 1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent 44 45 46 particularly in northern and western ancient India 47 Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha Mahavira Acharya Kundakunda Umaswati Samantabhadra and the Tamil poet Valluvar the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka Greek philosophers such as Empedocles Theophrastus Plutarch Plotinus and Porphyry and the Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger 48 49 The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism 50 51 but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism at all 52 He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans 52 and from wearing woolen garments 52 Eudoxus of Cnidus a student of Archytas and Plato writes that Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters 52 One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al Maʿarri c 973 c 1057 53 b Their arguments were based on health the transmigration of souls animal welfare and the view espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium On Abstinence from Animal Food c 268 c 270 that if humans deserve justice then so do animals 48 Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th century Britain and the United States 55 A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely 56 In 1813 the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet advocating abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors and in 1815 William Lambe a London physician stated that his water and vegetable diet could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne 57 Lambe called animal food a habitual irritation and argued that milk eating and flesh eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together 58 Sylvester Graham s meatless Graham diet mostly fruit vegetables water and bread made at home with stoneground flour became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States 59 Several vegan communities were established around this time In Massachusetts Amos Bronson Alcott father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844 60 j and in England James Pierrepont Greaves founded the Concordium a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common in 1838 8 62 Vegetarian Society Further information Vegetarian Society Fruitlands a short lived vegan community established in 1844 by Amos Bronson Alcott in Harvard Massachusetts Mahatma Gandhi Vegetarian Society London 20 November 1931 with Henry Salt on his right k In 1843 members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food 64 led by Sophia Chichester a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House 65 Alcott House also helped to establish the UK Vegetarian Society which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate Kent 66 The Medical Times and Gazette in London reported in 1884 There are two kinds of Vegetarians one an extreme form the members of which eat no animal food products what so ever and a less extreme sect who do not object to eggs milk or fish The Vegetarian Society belongs to the latter more moderate division 56 An article in the Society s magazine the Vegetarian Messenger in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely not only in diet 67 By the 1886 publication of Henry S Salt s A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays he asserts that It is quite true that most not all Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk butter cheese and eggs 68 Russell Thacher Trall s The Hygeian Home Cook Book published in 1874 is the first known vegan cookbook in America 69 The book contains recipes without the employment of milk sugar salt yeast acids alkalies grease or condiments of any kind 69 An early vegan cookbook Rupert H Wheldon s No Animal Food Two Essays and 100 Recipes was published by C W Daniel in 1910 70 The consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism came from vegetarians 70 71 During a visit to London in 1931 Mahatma Gandhi who had joined the Vegetarian Society s executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891 gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote a meat free diet as a matter of morality not health 63 72 Lacto vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non animal food was available This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society which in 1935 stated The lacto vegetarians on the whole do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency 70 Vegan etymology External images The Vegan News first edition 1944 Donald Watson front row fourth left 1947 73 In August 1944 several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non dairy vegetarianism When the request was turned down Donald Watson secretary of the Leicester branch set up a new quarterly newsletter in November 1944 priced tuppence 11 He called it The Vegan News The word vegan was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan a schoolteacher he would later marry 3 38 The word is based on the first three and last two letters of vegetarian because it marked in Mr Watson s words the beginning and end of vegetarian 74 75 The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for non dairy vegetarian They suggested allvega neo vegetarian dairyban vitan benevore sanivores and beaumangeur 11 76 The first edition attracted more than 100 letters including from George Bernard Shaw who resolved to give up eggs and dairy 71 The new Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club 144 High Holborn London Those in attendance were Donald Watson Elsie B Shrigley Fay K Henderson Alfred Hy Haffenden Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake with Mme Pataleewa Barbara Moore a Russian British engineer observing 77 World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society and the month of November is considered by the Society to be World Vegan Month 78 79 Barbara Moore attended the first meeting of the Vegan Society as an observer 77 The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945 by which time it had 500 subscribers 80 It published recipes and a vegan trade list of animal free products such as toothpastes shoe polishes stationery and glue 81 Vegan books appeared including Vegan Recipes by Fay K Henderson 1946 82 83 and Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V Mayo 1948 84 85 The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose not only in diet In 1947 Watson wrote The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own 86 From 1948 The Vegan s front page read Advocating living without exploitation and in 1951 the Society published its definition of veganism as the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals 86 87 In 1956 its vice president Leslie Cross founded the Plantmilk Society and in 1965 as Plantmilk Ltd and later Plamil Foods it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world 88 The first vegan society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California who distributed Watson s newsletter 89 90 In 1960 H Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society AVS linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa non harming in Sanskrit 90 91 92 According to Joanne Stepaniak the word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary defined as a vegetarian who eats no butter eggs cheese or milk 93 DefinitionSince 1988 The Vegan Society defines veganism as follows Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude as far as is possible and practicable all forms of exploitation of and cruelty to animals for food clothing or any other purpose and by extension promotes the development and use of animal free alternatives for the benefit of animals humans and the environment In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals The Vegan Society Definition of veganism https www vegansociety com go vegan definition veganism The definition by The Vegan Society is widely accepted among vegans 94 The European Commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in article 36 of Regulation EU No 1169 2011 95 The German consumer protection minister conference approved a definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016 96 The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation EU No 1169 2011 in July 2019 97 In 2021 the International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 23662 on definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims 98 The ISO 23662 was rejected by Vegan Societies worldwide joined in the Vegan World Alliance who found the standard inconsistent with their shared vision on veganism 99 Increasing interestAlternative food movements In the 1960s and 1970s a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the United States that focused on concerns about diet the environment and a distrust of food producers leading to increasing interest in organic gardening 100 101 One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappe s 1971 text Diet for a Small Planet 102 It sold more than three million copies and suggested getting off the top of the food chain 103 The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the United States including physicians Dean Ornish Caldwell Esselstyn Neal D Barnard John A McDougall Michael Greger and biochemist T Colin Campbell who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein such as the Western pattern diet were detrimental to health 104 They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets including McDougall s The McDougall Plan 1983 John Robbins s Diet for a New America 1987 which associated meat eating with environmental damage and Dr Dean Ornish s Program for Reversing Heart Disease 1990 105 In 2003 two major North American dietitians associations indicated that well planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages 106 107 This was followed by the film Earthlings 2005 Campbell s The China Study 2005 Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin s Skinny Bitch 2005 Jonathan Safran Foer s Eating Animals 2009 and the film Forks over Knives 2011 108 In the 1980s veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the United States 109 and anarcho punk in the United Kingdom 110 This association continues on into the 21st century as evinced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe 111 112 Into the mainstream See also 2010s in food and List of vegans The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s 113 114 115 especially in the latter half 114 116 The Economist declared 2019 the year of the vegan 117 Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan processed food 118 The global mock meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010 119 and in the United States by eight percent between 2012 and 2015 to 553 million a year 120 The Vegetarian Butcher De Vegetarische Slager the first known vegetarian butcher shop selling mock meats opened in the Netherlands in 2010 119 121 while America s first vegan butcher the Herbivorous Butcher opened in Minneapolis in 2016 120 122 Since 2017 more than 12 500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products including Carl s Jr outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers Plant based meat sales in the U S grew 37 between 2017 and 2019 123 German strongman Patrik Baboumian who starred in the 2018 documentary The Game Changers to demonstrate that athletes can thrive on a vegan diet In 2011 Europe s first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany Veganz in Berlin and Vegilicious in Dortmund 124 125 In 2013 the Oktoberfest in Munich traditionally a meat heavy event offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200 year history 126 By 2016 49 of Americans were drinking plant milk and 91 still drank dairy milk 127 In the United Kingdom the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years from 36 million litres 63 million imperial pints in 2011 to 92 million 162 million imperial pints in 2013 128 There was a 185 increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the UK 116 In 2017 the United States School Nutrition Association found 14 of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11 5 of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016 129 reflecting a change happening in many parts of the world including Brazil and England citation needed In total as of 2016 update the largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet 130 In 2017 veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China particularly among millennials 131 China s vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17 between 2015 and 2020 131 130 which is expected to be the fastest growth rate internationally in that period 131 This exceeds the projected growth in the second and third fastest growing vegan markets internationally in the same period the United Arab Emirates 10 6 and Australia 9 6 respectively 130 132 In 2018 the book The End of Animal Farming by Jacy Reese Anthis argued that veganism will completely replace animal based food by 2100 133 The book was featured in The Guardian 134 The New Republic 135 and Forbes among other newspapers and magazines 136 The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with the lunches added by Los Angeles California in 2018 Portland Maine in 2019 and New York City in 2022 137 In January 2021 582 538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary breaking the previous year s record of 400 000 138 That same month ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star 139 Throughout the year a further 79 plant based restaurants around the world received Michelin stars 140 At the end of the year a poll conducted by The Guardian showed that a new high of 36 of the British public were interested in veganism 141 Prevalence by countrySee also Vegetarianism by country Demographics Australia Australians topped Google s worldwide searches for the word vegan between mid 2015 and mid 2016 142 A Euromonitor International study concluded the market for packaged vegan food in Australia would rise 9 6 per year between 2015 and 2020 making Australia the third fastest growing vegan market behind China and the United Arab Emirates 130 132 Austria In 2013 update Kurier estimated that 0 5 percent of Austrians practised veganism and in the capital Vienna 0 7 percent 143 Belgium A 2016 iVOX online study found that out of 1000 Dutch speaking residents of Flanders and Brussels of 18 years and over 0 3 percent were vegan 144 Brazil According to research by IBOPE Inteligencia published in April 2018 14 of Brazilians or about 30 million people considered themselves vegetarians 7 million of them vegans 145 146 Canada In 2018 one survey estimated that 2 1 percent of adult Canadians considered themselves as vegans 147 Germany A government commissioned survey indicates that as of 2021 update 2 of German residents follow a vegan diet with higher incidence rates among the younger the less educated people who ended their formal education with Hauptschule graduation and residents of former West Germany 148 India In the 2005 06 National Health Survey 1 6 of the surveyed population reported never consuming animal products Veganism was most common in the states of Gujarat 4 9 and Maharashtra 4 0 149 Israel Five percent approx 300 000 in Israel said they were vegan in 2014 making it the highest per capita vegan population in the world 150 A 2015 survey by Globes and Israel s Channel 2 News similarly found 5 of Israelis were vegan 151 Veganism increased among Israeli Arabs 152 The Israeli army made special provision for vegan soldiers in 2015 which included providing non leather boots and wool free berets 153 Veganism also simplifies adherence to the Judaic prohibition on combining meat and milk in meals Italy Between 0 6 and 3 percent of Italians were reported to be vegan as of 2015 update 154 Netherlands In 2018 the Dutch Society for Veganism Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme NVV estimated there were more than 100 000 Dutch vegans 0 59 percent based on their membership growth 155 In July 2020 the NVV estimated the number of vegans in the Netherlands at 150 000 That is approximately 0 9 of the Dutch population 156 Romania Followers of the Romanian Orthodox Church keep fast during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year In the Romanian Orthodox tradition devotees abstain from eating any animal products during these times As a result vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants however Romanians may not be familiar with a vegan diet as a full time lifestyle choice 157 Sweden Four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 Demoskop poll 158 Switzerland Market research company DemoSCOPE estimated in 2017 that three percent of the population was vegan 159 United Kingdom A 2016 Ipsos MORI study commissioned by the Vegan Society surveying almost 10 000 people aged 15 or over across England Scotland and Wales found that 1 05 percent were vegan the Vegan Society estimates that 542 000 in the UK follow a vegan diet 160 According to a 2018 survey by Comparethemarket com the number of people who identify as vegans in the United Kingdom has risen to over 3 5 million which is approximately seven percent of the population and environmental concerns were a major factor in this development 161 However doubt was cast on this inflated figure by the UK based Vegan Society who perform their own regular survey the Vegan Society themselves found in 2018 that there were 600 000 vegans in Great Britain 1 16 which was seen as a dramatic increase on previous figures 162 163 YouGov reported 3 vegans in 2021 164 United States Estimates of vegans in the U S in past varied from 2 Gallup 2012 165 to 0 5 Faunalytics 2014 166 According to the latter 70 of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it 166 However Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017 a report by GlobalData estimated that 6 of US consumers now claim to be vegan up from just 1 in 2014 167 In 2020 YouGov published results of 2019 research which showed only 2 26 reported being vegan Nearly 59 of the vegan respondents were female 168 According to Gallup black Americans are three times as likely to be vegan and vegetarian as whites as of July 2018 9 compared to 3 169 170 171 The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from HappyCow was Chiang Mai Thailand followed by Ubud Bali Indonesia Phuket Thailand Tel Aviv Israel and Lisbon Portugal 172 Vegan diets substitutions and meat analoguesVegan diets are based on grains and other seeds legumes particularly beans fruits vegetables edible mushrooms and nuts 173 Soy milk Meat substitutes Vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in the form of vegetarian sausage mince and veggie burgers 174 They are often made from soybeans seitan wheat gluten beans lentils rice mushrooms or vegetables 175 Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the Tang dynasty 618 to 907 common era including mock duck made from seitan They are much newer to Western countries 176 Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat However in the late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes 177 Plant milk and dairy product alternatives Plant milks such as soy milk almond milk cashew milk grain milks oat milk flax milk and rice milk hemp milk and coconut milk are used in place of cows or goats milk l Soy milk provides around 7 g 1 4 oz of protein per cup 240 mL or 8 fl oz compared with 8 g 2 7oz of protein per cup of cow s milk Almond milk is lower in dietary energy carbohydrates and protein 179 Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula normally based on cows milk or soy The latter is known as soy based infant formula or SBIF 180 181 Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products 182 Vegan cheeses are made from seeds such as sesame and sunflower nuts such as cashew 183 pine nut and almond 184 and soybeans coconut oil nutritional yeast tapioca 185 and rice among other ingredients and can replicate the meltability of dairy cheese 186 Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes 182 Cheese substitutes can be made at home including from nuts such as cashews 183 Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant based products such as soy yoghurt 187 188 Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream and some types of imitation whipped cream are non dairy In the 2010s and 2020s a number of companies have genetically engineered yeast to produce cow milk proteins whey or fat without the use of cows These include Perfect Day Novacca Motif FoodWorks Remilk Final Foods Imagindairy Nourish Ingredients and Circe 189 Nutritional content of cows soy and almond milkCows milk whole vitamin D added 190 Soy milk unsweetened fortified 191 Silk almond milk unsweetened original fortified 192 Dietary energy per 240 mL cup 620 kJ 149 kcal 330 kJ 80 kcal 120 kJ 29 kcal Protein g 7 69 6 95 1Fat g 7 93 3 91 2 5Saturated fat g 4 55 0 5 0Carbohydrate g 11 71 4 23 1Fibre g 0 1 2 1Sugars g 12 32 1 0Calcium mg 276 301 451Potassium mg 322 292 36Sodium mg 105 90 170Vitamin B12 µg 1 10 2 70 3Vitamin A IU 395 503 499Vitamin D IU 124 119 101Cholesterol mg 24 0 0Egg replacements Further information Egg substitutes As of 2019 in the United States there were numerous vegan egg substitutes available including products used for scrambled eggs cakes cookies and doughnuts 193 194 Baking powder silken soft tofu mashed potato bananas flaxseeds and aquafaba from chickpeas can also be used as egg substitutes Which one of these works depends on the egg property the replacement is meant to emulate Scrambled tofu for instance replaces scrambled eggs but tofu does not act as a binding agent for cakes like raw eggs flaxseeds or bananas do 182 194 195 196 Raw veganism Main article Raw veganism Raw veganism combining veganism and raw foodism excludes all animal products and food cooked above 48 C 118 F A raw vegan diet includes vegetables fruits nuts grain and legume sprouts seeds and sea vegetables There are many variations of the diet including fruitarianism 197 Animal products Mock meats in a supermarket in Vienna General Logos Vegan Society sunflower certified vegan no animal testingPETA bunny certified vegan no animal testingLeaping bunny no animal testing might not be vegan While vegans broadly abstain from animal products there are many ways in which animal products are used and different individuals and organizations that identify with the practice of veganism may use some limited animal products based on philosophy means or other concerns Philosopher Gary Steiner argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan because animal use and products are deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society 198 Animal Ingredients A to Z 2004 and Veganissimo A to Z 2013 list which ingredients might be animal derived The British Vegan Society s sunflower logo and PETA s bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan which includes no animal testing The Leaping Bunny logo signals no animal testing but it might not be vegan 199 200 The Vegan Society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by or on behalf of the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control Its website contains a list of certified products 201 202 as does Australia s Choose Cruelty Free CCF 203 The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical including animal testing 201 204 205 but recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals 206 an issue that was highlighted in 2016 when it became known that the UK s newly introduced 5 note contained tallow 207 208 Meat eggs and dairy Modern methods of factory farming are considered highly unethical by most vegans Like vegetarians vegans do not eat meat including beef pork poultry fowl game animal seafood The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products and eggs citation needed Clothing Many clothing products may be made of animal products such as silk wool including lambswool shearling cashmere angora mohair and a number of other fine wools fur feathers pearls animal derived dyes leather snakeskin or other kinds of skin or animal product While dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing toiletries and similar ethical veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or use of animal products and rejects the commodification of animals altogether 19 62 Most leather clothing is made from cow skins Unlike ethical vegans dietary vegans do not oppose the use of leather itself and may continue to wear leather they had bought before adopting the diet on the grounds that they are not financially supporting the meat industry 209 Ethical vegans may wear clothing items and accessories made of non animal derived materials such as hemp linen cotton canvas polyester artificial leather pleather rubber and vinyl 210 16 Leather alternatives can come from materials such as cork pina from pineapples cactus and mushroom leather 211 212 213 Some vegan clothes in particular leather alternatives are made of petroleum based products which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production 214 Toiletries Further information Testing cosmetics on animals Vegan soap made from olive oil soap is usually made from tallow animal fat Vegans replace personal care products and household cleaners containing animal products with products that are vegan Animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are relatively inexpensive After animals are slaughtered for meat the leftovers are put through a rendering process and some of that material particularly the fat is used in toiletries Common animal derived ingredients include tallow in soap collagen derived glycerine which used as a lubricant and humectant in many haircare products moisturizers shaving foams soaps and toothpastes 215 lanolin from sheep s wool is often found in lip balm and moisturizers stearic acid is a common ingredient in face creams shaving foam and shampoos as with glycerine it can be plant based but is usually animal derived Lactic acid an alpha hydroxy acid derived from animal milk is used in moisturizers allantoin from the comfrey plant or cows urine is found in shampoos moisturizers and toothpaste 215 and carmine from scale insects such as the female cochineal is used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades 216 217 Beauty Without Cruelty founded as a charity in 1959 was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of animal free personal care products 218 Insect products Vegan groups disagree about insect products 219 Neither the Vegan Society nor the American Vegan Society considers honey silk and other insect products as suitable for vegans 205 220 Some vegans believe that exploiting the labor of bees and harvesting their energy source is immoral and that commercial beekeeping operations can harm and even kill bees 221 Insect products can be defined much more widely as commercial bees are used to pollinate about 100 different food crops 219 Pet food This section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Veganism Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may contain an excessive number of citations The details given are 5 sentences cited with 22 references includes combination citations is overkill See also WP POVPUSH Please consider removing references to unnecessary or disreputable sources merging citations where possible or if necessary flagging the content for deletion August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Dog food Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Cat food Vegetarian and vegan diet and Cat health Diet and nutrition Some environmental vegans do not use meat based pet food to feed their pets due to its environmental impact 222 223 and ethical vegans do not use meat based pet food to feed their pets due to it being an animal product 230 234 This is particularly true for domesticated cats 235 and dogs 236 for which vegan pet food is both available and nutritionally complete 223 231 232 such as Vegepet This practice has been met with caution and criticism 231 237 especially regarding vegan cat diets because felids are obligate carnivores 229 231 237 Nutritionally complete vegan pet diets are comparable to meat based ones for cats and dogs 238 A 2015 study found that 6 out of 24 commercial vegan pet food brands do not meet the Association of American Feed Control Officials AAFCO labeling regulations for amino acid adequacy 239 Other products and farming practices See also Vegan organic agriculture A concern is the case of medications which are routinely tested on animals to ensure they are effective and safe 240 and may also contain animal ingredients such as lactose gelatine or stearates 206 There may be no alternatives to prescribed medication or these alternatives may be unsuitable less effective or have more adverse side effects 206 Experimentation with laboratory animals is also used for evaluating the safety of vaccines food additives cosmetics household products workplace chemicals and many other substances 241 Vegans may avoid certain vaccines such as the flu vaccine which is commonly produced in chicken eggs 242 An effective alternative Flublok is widely available in the United States 242 Farming of fruits and vegetables may include fertilizing the soil with animal manure even on organic farms 243 possibly causing a concern to vegans for ethical or environmental reasons 244 Vegan or animal free farming uses plant compost only 244 Comparison of selected vegetarian and semi vegetarian diets view template Plants Dairy Eggs Seafood Poultry All other animalsVegetarianism Lacto ovo vegetarianism Yes Yes Yes No No NoOvo vegetarianism Yes No Yes No No NoLacto vegetarianism Yes Yes No No No NoVeganism Yes No No No No NoSemi vegetarianism Flexitarianism Yes Yes Yes Sometimes Sometimes SometimesPollotarianism Yes Maybe Yes No Yes NoPescetarianism Yes Maybe Maybe Yes No NoResearch and guidance Vegan dish A 2022 review indicated that a vegan diet may be effective for reducing body weight lowering the risk of cancer and providing a lower risk of all cause mortality People on a vegan diet with diabetes or cardiovascular diseases may have lower levels of disease biomarkers 245 A 2022 meta analysis found moderate evidence that adhering to a vegan diet for at least 12 weeks may be effective in individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes to induce a meaningful decrease in body weight and improve glycemia 246 A 2021 Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials found that there is currently insufficient information to draw conclusions about the effects of vegan dietary interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors 247 A 2018 meta analysis of observational studies concluded that In most countries a vegan diet is associated with a more favourable cardio metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet 248 A 2022 meta analysis of prospective cohort studies concluded that vegan diets are associated with reduced risk of Ischemic Heart Disease but no clear association was found for cardiovascular disease and stroke 249 A 2020 review of inflammation biomarkers found that a vegan diet was associated with lower levels of C reactive protein compared to omnivores 250 There is inconsistent evidence for vegan diets providing an effect on metabolic syndrome 251 There is tentative evidence of an association between vegan diets and a reduced risk of cancer 252 A vegan diet without caloric restriction may reduce high blood pressure similarly to diets recommended by medical societies and portion controlled diets 253 254 Vegans may be at risk of low bone mineral density 32 255 Positions of dietetic and government associations Healthy vegan meal composition shown using the food plate method The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada state that properly planned vegetarian or vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages including pregnancy and lactation 256 The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council similarly recognizes a well planned vegan diet as viable for any age 24 as does the British Dietetic Association 257 British National Health Service 258 and the Canadian Pediatric Society 259 The German Society for Nutrition de does not recommend a vegan diet for babies children and adolescents or for pregnancy or breastfeeding 260 As of 2022 45 of government nutritional guidelines discuss vegan meat or milk alternatives or both 261 262 Pregnancy infants and children Further information Vegan nutrition Pregnancy infants and children and Nutrition and pregnancy The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada consider well planned vegetarian and vegan diets appropriate for individuals during all stages of the lifecycle including pregnancy lactation infancy childhood and adolescence and for athletes 23 The German Society for Nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women breastfeeding women babies children and adolescents 29 The position of the Canadian Pediatric Society is that well planned vegetarian and vegan diets with appropriate attention to specific nutrient components can provide a healthy alternative lifestyle at all stages of fetal infant child and adolescent growth It is recommended that attention should be given to nutrient intake particularly protein vitamins B12 and D essential fatty acids iron zinc and calcium 259 Nutrients and potential deficiencies Main article Vegan nutrition Granola oatmeal with soy milk Oatmeal is a rich source of manganese and a moderate source of protein fiber phosphorus and zinc Vegan diets tend to be high in dietary fiber folate vitamins C and E potassium magnesium and unsaturated fats 32 However consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B12 and D calcium iron and omega 3 fatty acids 32 263 The American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics states that special attention may be necessary to ensure that a vegan diet will provide adequate amounts of vitamin B12 omega 3 fatty acids vitamin D calcium iodine iron and zinc It also states that concern that vegans and vegan athletes may not consume an adequate amount and quality of protein is unsubstantiated 264 These nutrients are available in plant foods with the exception of vitamin B12 which can be obtained only from B12 fortified vegan foods or supplements Iodine may also require supplementation such as using iodized salt 264 Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in up to 80 of all vegans in some Asian countries 265 For information on the impact of meat on the diet see this article PhilosophyEthical veganism Further information Animal rights Carnism Cruelty to animals Welfare concerns of farm animals and Ethics of eating meat Pigs as well as chickens and cattle often have their movement restricted Ethical veganism is based on opposition to speciesism the assignment of value to individuals based on animal species membership alone Divisions within animal rights theory include the utilitarian protectionist approach which pursues improved conditions for animals It also pertains to the rights based abolitionism which seeks to end human ownership of non humans including as pets Abolitionists argue that protectionism serves only to make the public feel that animal use can be morally unproblematic the happy meat position 19 62 63 Donald Watson co founder of The Vegan Society stated in response to a question on why he was an ethical vegan If an open minded honest person pursues a course long enough and listens to all the criticisms and in one s own mind can satisfactorily meet all the criticisms against that idea sooner or later one s resistance against what one sees as evil tradition has to be discarded 266 On bloodsports he has said that to kill creatures for fun must be the very dregs and that vivisection and animal experimentation is probably the cruelest of all Man s attack on the rest of Creation He has also stated that vegetarianism whilst being a necessary stepping stone between meat eating and veganism is only a stepping stone 266 Alex Hershaft co founder of the Farm Animal Rights Movement and Holocaust survivor states he was always bothered by the idea of hitting a beautiful living innocent animal over the head cutting him up into pieces then shoving the pieces into his mouth and that his experiences in the Nazi Holocaust allowed him to empathize with the conditions of animals in factory farms auction yards and slaughterhouses because he knows firsthand what it s like to be treated like a worthless object 267 Several animal rights activists including Isaac Bashevis Singer Gary Yourofsky and Karen Davis have compared the cruel treatment of animals in CAFOs and slaughterhouses to the Holocaust 268 269 270 Law professor Gary Francione an abolitionist argues that all sentient beings should have the right not to be treated as property and that adopting veganism must be the baseline for anyone who believes that non humans have intrinsic moral value m 19 62 Philosopher Tom Regan also a rights theorist argues that animals possess value as subjects of a life because they have beliefs desires memory and the ability to initiate action in pursuit of goals The right of subjects of a life not to be harmed can be overridden by other moral principles but Regan argues that pleasure convenience and the economic interests of farmers are not weighty enough 272 Philosopher Peter Singer a protectionist and utilitarian argues that there is no moral or logical justification for failing to count animal suffering as a consequence when making decisions and that killing animals should be rejected unless necessary for survival 273 Despite this he writes that ethical thinking can be sensitive to circumstances and that he is not too concerned about trivial infractions 274 An argument proposed by Bruce Friedrich also a protectionist holds that strict adherence to veganism harms animals because it focuses on personal purity rather than encouraging people to give up whatever animal products they can 275 For Francione this is similar to arguing that because human rights abuses can never be eliminated we should not defend human rights in situations we control By failing to ask a server whether something contains animal products we reinforce that the moral rights of animals are a matter of convenience he argues He concludes from this that the protectionist position fails on its own consequentialist terms 19 72 73 Philosopher Val Plumwood maintained that ethical veganism is subtly human centred an example of what she called human nature dualism because it views humanity as separate from the rest of nature Ethical vegans want to admit non humans into the category that deserves special protection rather than recognize the ecological embeddedness of all 276 Plumwood wrote that animal food may be an unnecessary evil from the perspective of the consumer who draws on the whole planet for nutritional needs and she strongly opposed factory farming but for anyone relying on a much smaller ecosystem it is very difficult or impossible to be vegan 277 Bioethicist Ben Mepham 278 in his review of Francione and Garner s book The Animal Rights Debate Abolition or Regulation concludes that if the aim of ethics is to choose the right or best course of action in specific circumstances all things considered it is arguable that adherence to such an absolutist agenda is simplistic and open to serious self contradictions Or as Farlie puts it with characteristic panache to conclude that veganism is the only ethical response is to take a big leap into a very muddy pond 279 He cites as examples the adverse effects on animal wildlife derived from the agricultural practices necessary to sustain most vegan diets and the ethical contradiction of favoring the welfare of domesticated animals but not that of wild animals the imbalance between the resources that are used to promote the welfare of animals as opposed to those destined to alleviate the suffering of the approximately one billion human beings who undergo malnutrition abuse and exploitation the focus on attitudes and conditions in western developed countries leaving out the rights and interests of societies whose economy culture and in some cases survival rely on a symbiotic relationship with animals 279 David Pearce a transhumanist philosopher has argued that humanity has a hedonistic imperative to not merely avoid cruelty to animals or abolish the ownership of non human animals but also to redesign the global ecosystem such that wild animal suffering ceases to exist 280 In the pursuit of abolishing suffering itself Pearce promotes predation elimination among animals and the cross species global analogue of the welfare state Fertility regulation could maintain herbivore populations at sustainable levels a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine predation and disease 281 The increasing number of vegans and vegetarians in the transhumanism movement has been attributed in part to Pearce s influence 282 A growing political philosophy that incorporates veganism as part of its revolutionary praxis is veganarchism which seeks total abolition or total liberation for all animals including humans Veganarchists identify the state as unnecessary and harmful to animals both human and non human and advocate for the adoption of a vegan lifestyle within a stateless society The term was popularized in 1995 with Brian A Dominick s pamphlet Animal Liberation and Social Revolution described as a vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism 283 Direct action is a common practice among veganarchists and anarchists generally with groups like the Animal Liberation Front ALF the Animal Rights Militia ARM the Justice Department JD and Revolutionary Cells Animal Liberation Brigade RCALB often engaging in such activities sometimes criminally to further their goals 284 Steven Best animal rights activist and professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso is an advocate of this approach and has been critical of vegan activists like Francione for supporting animal liberation but not total liberation which would include not only opposition to the property status of animals but also a serious critique of capitalism the state property relations and commodification dynamics in general In particular he criticizes the focus on the simplistic and apolitical Go Vegan message directed mainly at wealthy Western audiences while ignoring people of color the working class and the poor especially in the developing world noting that for every person who becomes vegan a thousand flesh eaters arise in China India and Indonesia The faith in the singular efficacy of conjectural education and moral persuasion Best writes is no substitute for direct action mass confrontation civil disobedience alliance politics and struggle for radical change 285 Donald Watson has stated that he respects the people enormously who do it believing that it s the most direct and quick way to achieve their ends 266 Sociologist David Nibert of Wittenberg University posits that any movement towards global justice would necessitate not only the abolition of animal exploitation particularly as a food source for humans but also transitioning towards a socioeconomic alternative to the capitalist system both of which dovetail into what he refers to as the animal industrial complex 286 Some vegans also embrace the philosophy of anti natalism as they see the two as complementary in terms of harm reduction to animals and the environment 287 Vegan social psychologist Melanie Joy described the ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products as carnism 288 as a sort of opposite to veganism 289 Exploitation concerns Further information Animal slaughter Effects on livestock workers The Vegan Society has written by extension veganism promotes the development and use of animal free alternatives for the benefit of humans 290 Many ethical vegans and vegan organizations cite the poor working conditions of slaughterhouse workers as a reason to reject animal products 291 The first vegan activist Donald Watson has stated If these butchers and vivisectors weren t there could we perform the acts that they are doing And if we couldn t we have no right to expect them to do it on our behalf Full stop That simply compounds the issue It means that we re not just exploiting animals we re exploiting human beings 266 Dietary veganism Some people only follow the diet that fits to a vegan way of living Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina perceive a focus on the diet as a precursor to a vegan way of living 38 Authors like Richard Twine and Breeze Harper argue that this can not be described as veganism as veganism is more than the diet 292 293 Gary L Francione argued that the promotion of dietary veganism lacks the moral imperative that was expressed in the words of Leslie J Cross an early and influential vice president of The Vegan Society who described in 1949 that veganism was the abolition of the exploitation of animals by man 294 Environmental veganism Further information Environmental vegetarianism Environmental impact of meat production and Vegan organic gardening The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by three quarters if the entire population adopted a vegan diet 295 Environmental vegans focus on conservation rejecting the use of animal products on the premise that fishing hunting trapping and farming particularly factory farming are environmentally unsustainable According to a 2006 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report Livestock s Long Shadow around 26 of the planet s terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing 296 The UN report also concluded that livestock farming mostly of cows chickens and pigs affects the air land soil water biodiversity and climate change 297 Livestock consumed 1 174 million tonnes of food in 2002 including 7 6 million tonnes of fishmeal and 670 million tonnes of cereals one third of the global cereal harvest 298 Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society called pigs and chicken major aquatic predators because livestock eat 40 percent of the fish that are caught 22 A 2010 UN report Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production argued that animal products in general require more resources and cause higher emissions than plant based alternatives 299 80 It proposed a move away from animal products to reduce environmental damage n 300 Reduction of one s carbon footprint for various actions A plant based diet in this study referred to a lacto ovo vegetarian diet Vegan diets are known to have lower carbon footprints 301 A 2015 study determined that significant biodiversity loss can be attributed to the growing demand for meat which is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction with species rich habitats being converted to agriculture for livestock production 302 303 304 A 2017 study by the World Wildlife Fund found that 60 of biodiversity loss can be attributed to the vast scale of feed crop cultivation needed to rear tens of billions of farm animals which puts an enormous strain on natural resources resulting in an extensive loss of lands and species 305 In November 2017 15 364 world scientists signed a warning to humanity calling for among other things promoting dietary shifts towards mostly plant based foods 306 A 2018 study found that global adoption of plant based diets would reduce agricultural land use by 76 3 1 billion hectares an area the size of Africa and cut total global greenhouse gas emissions by 28 Half of this emissions reduction came from avoided emissions from animal production including methane and nitrous oxide and half came from trees re growing on abandoned farmland which remove carbon dioxide from the air 307 295 The authors conclude that avoiding meat and diary is the single biggest way to reduce one s impact on Earth 308 The 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that industrial agriculture and overfishing are the primary drivers of the extinction crisis with the meat and dairy industries having a substantial impact 309 310 On 8 August 2019 the IPCC released a summary of the 2019 special report which asserted that a shift towards plant based diets would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change 311 A 2022 study found that for high income nations alone 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide could be removed from the air by the end of the century through a shift to plant based diets and re wilding of farmland The researchers coined the term double climate dividend to describe the effect that re wilding after a diet shift can have 312 313 However the researchers note that We don t have to be purist about this even just cutting animal intake would be helpful If half of the public in richer regions cut half the animal products in their diets you re still talking about a massive opportunity in environmental outcomes and public health 314 Feminist veganism See also Vegetarian ecofeminism Pioneers One of the leading activists and scholars of feminist animal rights is Carol J Adams Her premier work The Sexual Politics of Meat A Feminist Vegetarian Critical Theory 1990 noted the relationship between feminism and meat consumption Since the release of The Sexual Politics of Meat Adams has published several other works including essays books and keynote addresses In one of her speeches Why feminist vegan now 315 adapted from her original address at the Minding Animals conference in Newcastle Australia 2009 Adams stated that the idea that there was a connection between feminism and vegetarianism came to her in October 1974 illustrating that the concept of feminist veganism has been around for nearly half a century Other authors have echoed Adams ideas while also expanding on them Feminist scholar Angella Duvnjak stated in Joining the Dots Some Reflections on Feminist Vegan Political Practice and Choice that she was met with opposition when she pointed out the connection between feminist and vegan ideals even though the connection seemed more than obvious to her and other scholars 2011 316 Animal and human abuse parallels One of the central concepts that animates feminist veganism is the idea that there is a connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of animals For example Marjorie Spiegal compared the consumption or servitude of animals for human gain to slavery 316 This connection is further mirrored by feminist vegan writers like Carrie Hamilton who pointed out that violent rapists sometimes exhibit behavior that seems to be patterned on the mutilation of animals suggesting there is a parallel between the violence of rape and animal cruelty 317 Capitalism and feminist veganism Feminist veganism also relates to feminist thought through the common critique of the capitalist means of production In an interview with Carol J Adams she highlighted meat eating as the ultimate capitalist product because it takes so much to make the product it uses up so many resources 318 This extensive use of resources for meat production is discouraged in favor of using that productive capacity for other food products that have a less detrimental impact on the environment Religious veganism Further information Religion and vegetarianismStreams within a number of religious traditions encourage veganism sometimes on ethical or environmental grounds Scholars have especially noted the growth in the twenty first century of Jewish veganism 319 and Jain veganism 320 Some interpretations of Christian vegetarianism 321 Hindu vegetarianism 322 and Buddhist vegetarianism 323 also recommend or mandate a vegan diet Donald Watson argued If Jesus were alive today he d be an itinerant vegan propagandist instead of an itinerant preacher of those days spreading the message of compassion which as I see it is the only useful part of what religion has to offer and sad as it seems I doubt if we have to enroll our priest as a member of the Vegan Society 266 Black veganism Main article Black veganism In the US Black veganism is a social and political philosophy as well as a diet 324 It connects the use of non human animals with other social justice concerns such as racism and with the lasting effects of slavery such as the subsistence diets of enslaved people enduring as familial and cultural food traditions 324 325 326 327 Dietary changes caused by the Great Migration also meant former farmers who had previously been able to grow or forage their own vegetables became reliant on processed foods 328 327 According to AshEL Eldridge an Oakland activist the movement is about the Black community reclaiming its food sovereignty and decolonizing the diet of Black Americans 329 According to Shah the area where most vegans of color feel the greatest rift with mainstream veganism is in mainstream veganism s failure to recognize the intersectionality with other social justice issues such as food access 328 PETA columnist Zachary Tolivar noted he had often heard Black veganism called a revolutionary act because it often involves rejecting both family tradition and systemic oppression 328 325 Amirah Mercer described it as revoking my own Black card and said that for US Blacks choosing veganism was an act of protest against disenfranchisement by governmental health care and food policy 327 Politics and activismSee also Plant based diet Politics and Animal rights movement Participant of the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw encouraging veganism 2022 In 2021 vegan climate activist Greta Thunberg called for more vegan food production and consumption worldwide 330 Parties like Tierschutzpartei in Germany and PACMA in Spain have pro vegan agendas They cooperate via Animal Politics EU 331 In the European Union meat producers and vegans argue whether vegan food products should be allowed to use labels like sausages or burgers for vegan food 332 The EU currently bans labeling with dairy related words like almond milk a rule instated in 2017 333 As of 2019 update six countries in Europe apply higher value added tax VAT rates to vegan plant milk than to cows milk which pro vegan activists have called discrimination 334 DemographicsIn the United States 1 out of 10 Americans over the age of 18 consider themselves vegan or vegetarian 335 In the below chart polls with larger sample sizes are preferred over those with smaller sample size Veganism by demographic subgroup Subgroup Sample size RefGender Male Female Over 8000 336 337 21 79 Religion general Atheist or Agnostic Spiritual but not religious Major religion Over 8000 336 43 45 11 Religion specific Christianity Judaism Other religion 287 American 338 8 7 12 Political orientation Liberal Apolitical Conservative Over 8000 336 62 33 5 Motivation Animal rights Other Over 8000 336 69 31 Parenting Don t want or have children Might have children Is raising vegan children Over 8000 336 39 33 10 Age 18 to 25 24 to 35 35 to 44 45 to 54 287 American 338 22 35 21 14 How long vegan Five years or more One to five years Less than one year 287 American 338 49 42 8 Sexual orientation Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual Queer other 287 American 338 65 13 7 15 Race United States White Hispanic Black Asian Native American Mixed 287 American 338 79 5 2 5 6 1 5 Area type Urban Suburban Rural 287 American 338 52 40 8 Income Under 35 000 35 000 to 55 000 56 000 to 75 000 76 000 to 100 000 over 100 000 287 American 338 29 18 13 14 25 Prejudice against vegansThis section is an excerpt from Vegaphobia edit Vegaphobia or vegephobia is an aversion to or dislike of vegetarians and vegans 339 340 341 342 343 The term first appeared in the 2010s coinciding with the rise in veganism in the late 2010s 344 345 Several studies have found an incidence of vegaphobic sentiments in the general population 345 346 347 348 Positive feelings regarding vegetarians and vegans also exist Because of their diet others may perceive them as more virtuous they may get rated less masculine but more principled 349 Vegan rightsIn some countries vegans have some rights to meals and legal protections against discrimination The German police sometimes provides on duty staff with food After not being provided a vegan option in this context a vegan employee has been granted an additional food allowance 350 In Portugal starting in 2017 public administration canteens and cafeterias such as schools prisons and social services must offer at least one vegan option at every meal 351 In Ontario a province of Canada there were reports 352 that ethical veganism became protected under the Ontario Human Rights Code following a 2015 update to legal guidance by the Ontario Human Rights Commission However said body later issued a statement that this question is for a judge or tribunal to decide on a case by case basis 353 In the United Kingdom an employment tribunal ruled in 2020 that the Equality Act 2010 protects ethical veganism a belief it defined as veganism that extends beyond diet to all areas of life and is motivated by a concern for animals 354 355 Symbols Vegan graffiti showing an enclosed V in Lisbon PortugalMain article Vegetarian and vegan symbolism Multiple symbols have been developed to represent veganism Several are used on consumer packaging including the Vegan Society trademark 201 and the Vegan Action logo 199 to indicate products without animal derived ingredients 356 357 Various symbols may also be used by members of the vegan community to represent their identity and in the course of animal rights activism citation needed such as a vegan flag 358 Media depictionsVeganism is often misrepresented in media Some argue that veganism has been dismissed in news media 359 or that clickbait culture often portrays feminists and vegans as irrational extremists 360 This is because in Western societies meat based diets are the norm with those who avoid meat still representing a small minority 361 362 with more women than men as vegan and vegetarian with women being under represented in the mass media the latter influencing more to be vegetarians 363 Others have noted those who are vegetarian and vegan are met with acceptance tolerance or hostility after they divulge they are vegetarian or vegan 364 There are a number of vegan stereotypes including claims they hate meat eaters are always hungry weak angry or moralistic 365 366 The hatred of vegans has been termed as vegaphobia by some individuals Farhad Manjoo in 2019 stated that preachy vegans are something of a myth and argued that in pop culture and generally it is still widely acceptable to make fun of vegans 367 Literature Often vegan or vegetarian characters are portrayed as fringe characters although other novels cast them as protagonists or encourage people to become vegetarians or vegans 368 369 Some have argued that there are more vegan cookbooks than vegan literature 370 There also books which introduce vegan identity to children 371 or encourage people to write for animals 372 Also Bruce Banner in Ultimate Wolverine vs Hulk 373 and Karolina Dean in Runaways who is also known as Lucy in the Sky or L S D are vegans The latter is a lesbian a vegan and an ardent animal lover committed to a life completely free of meat and dairy 373 374 TV shows Jessica Cruz Green Lantern a lead character in the animated series DC Super Hero Girls is not only pacifist but also a vegan and environmentalist 375 376 resulting in her becoming friends with Pam Isley She often professes her commitment to the environment and plant based meals 377 378 The recent series City of Ghosts featured a chef Sonya who runs a vegan cafe in Leimert Park Los Angeles 379 380 Draculaura in Monster High has also been described as one of the very few outspoken vegan cartoon characters out there 381 Social media By the 2010s social media sites like Instagram became prominent in the promotion of veganism more than a fad with people trying to change the world by being vegan as stated by various media outlets 382 383 384 Economics of veganismSee also Economic vegetarianism and Food vs feed The 2014 documentary film Cowspiracy estimates that a vegan over the course of one year will save 1 5 million litres of water 6 607 kg of grain 1 022 square metres of forest cover 3 322 kg of CO2 and 365 animal lives compared to the average U S diet 385 scholarly source needed According to a 2016 study if everyone in the U S switched to a vegan diet the country would save 208 2 billion in direct health care savings 40 5 billion in indirect health care savings 40 5 billion in environmental savings and 289 1 billion in total savings by 2050 The study also found that if everybody in the world switched to a vegan diet the global economy would save 684 4 billion in direct health care savings 382 6 billion in indirect health care savings 569 5 billion in environmental savings and 1 63 trillion in total savings by 2050 386 In his 2015 book Doing Good Better William MacAskill stated the following citing numbers from a 2011 book Compassion by the pound 387 Economists have worked out how on average a consumer affects the number of animal products supplied by declining to buy that product They estimate that on average if you give up one egg total production ultimately falls by 0 91 eggs if you give up one gallon of milk total production falls by 0 56 gallons Other products are somewhere in between economists estimate that if you give up one pound of beef beef production falls by 0 68 pounds if you give up one pound of pork production ultimately falls by 0 74 pounds if you give up one pound of chicken production ultimately falls by 0 76 pounds 388 See also Food portal Drink portal Medicine portalBuddhist cuisine List of diets List of vegan media Raw veganism Vegan nutrition Vegan school mealNotes Other common but less frequent pronunciations recorded by the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary are ˈ v eɪ ɡ en VAY gen and ˈ v ɛ dʒ en VEJ en 1 2 The word was coined in Britain by Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson 3 4 who preferred the pronunciation ˈ v iː ɡ en VEE gen and the 1997 edition of the Random House Dictionary reported that this pronunciation was considered especially British and that ˈ v ɛ dʒ en VEJ en was the most frequent and only other common American pronunciation 5 a b Al Maʿarri s diet was extremely frugal consisting chiefly of lentils with figs for sweet and very unusually for a Muslim he was not only a vegetarian but a vegan who abstained from meat fish dairy products eggs and honey because he did not want to kill or hurt animals or deprive them of their food 54 For veganism and animals as commodities Helena Pedersen Vasile Staescu The Rise of Critical Animal Studies 2014 W e are vegan because we are ethically opposed to the notion that life human or otherwise can or should ever be rendered as a buyable or sellable commodity 12 Gary Steiner Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism 2013 ethical veganism the principle that we ought as far as possible to eschew the use of animals as sources of food labour entertainment and the like This means that animals are entitled not to be eaten used as forced field labor experimented upon killed for materials to make clothing and other commodities of use to human beings or held captive as entertainment 13 Gary Francione Animal Welfare Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline 2012 Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals 14 Laura Wright The Vegan Studies Project 2015 The Vegan Society definition simplifies the concept of veganism in that it assumes that all vegans choose to be vegan for ethical reasons which may be the case for the majority but there are other reasons including health and religious mandates people choose to be vegan Veganism exists as a dietary and lifestyle choice with regard to what one consumes but making this choice also constitutes participation in the identity category of vegan 15 Brenda Davis Vesanto Melina Becoming Vegan 2013 There are degrees of veganism A pure vegetarian or dietary vegan is someone who consumes a vegan diet but doesn t lead a vegan lifestyle Pure vegetarians may use animal products support the use of animals in research wear leather clothing or have no objection to the exploitation of animals for entertainment They are mostly motivated by personal health concerns rather than by ethical objections Some may adopt a more vegan lifestyle as they are exposed to vegan philosophy 16 Laura H Kahn Michael S Bruner Politics on Your Plate 2012 A vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating NHA non human animal flesh of any kind A vegan goes further abstaining from eating anything made from NHA Thus a vegan does not consume eggs and dairy foods Going beyond dietary veganism lifestyle vegans also refrain from using leather wool or any NHA derived ingredient 17 Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as plant based and vegan diets as entirely plant based 18 Gary Francione The Animal Rights Debate 2010 Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products 19 62 This terminology is controversial within the vegan community While some vegan leaders such as Karen Dawn endorse efforts to avoid animal consumption for any reason others including Francione believe that veganism must be part of an holistic ethical and political movement in order to support animal liberation Accordingly the latter group rejects the label dietary vegan referring instead to strict vegetarians pure vegetarians or followers of a plant based diet 20 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2009 It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets including total vegetarian or vegan diets are healthful nutritionally adequate and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases Well planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle including pregnancy lactation infancy childhood and adolescence and for athletes 23 The Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung 2016 The DGE does not recommend a vegan diet for pregnant women lactating women infants children or adolescents 29 Winston J Craig The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009 Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber magnesium folic acid vitamins C and E iron and phytochemicals and they tend to be lower in calories saturated fat and cholesterol long chain n 3 omega 3 fatty acids vitamin D calcium zinc and vitamin B 12 A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases 32 Fanny Kemble Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838 1839 1839 The sight and smell of raw meat are especially odious to me and I have often thought that if I had had to be my own cook I should inevitably become a vegetarian probably indeed return entirely to my green and salad days 42 Another early use was by the editor of The Healthian a journal published by Alcott House in April 1942 To tell a man who is in the stocks for a given fault that he cannot be so confined for such an offence is ridiculous enough but not more so than to tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature and contrary to reason 43 In 1838 William Alcott Amos s cousin published Vegetable Diet As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages 1838 61 The word vegetarian appears in the second edition but not the first Mahatma Gandhi address to the Vegetarian Society 20 November 1931 I feel especially honoured to find on my right Mr Henry Salt It was Mr Salt s book A Plea for Vegetarianism which showed me why apart from a hereditary habit and apart from my adherence to a vow administered to me by my mother it was right to be a vegetarian He showed me why it was a moral duty incumbent on vegetarians not to live upon fellow animals It is therefore a matter of additional pleasure to me that I find Mr Salt in our midst 63 Plant milk brands include Dean Foods Silk soy milk and almond milk Blue Diamond s Almond Breeze Taste the Dream s Almond Dream and Rice Dream and Plamil Foods Organic Soya and Alpro s Soya Vegan ice creams include Swedish Glace Food Heaven Tofutti Turtle Mountain s So Delicious and Luna amp Larry s Coconut Bliss 178 Gary Francione 2009 We all believe it s wrong to inflict unnecessary suffering and death on animals So now the next question becomes what do we mean by necessity Well whatever it means whatever abstract meaning it has if it has any meaning whatsoever its minimal meaning has to be that it s wrong to inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure amusement or convenience Problem is 99 9999999 percent of our animal use can only be justified by reasons of pleasure amusement or convenience 271 United Nations Environment Programme 2010 Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth increasing consumption of animal products Unlike fossil fuels it is difficult to look for alternatives people have to eat A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change away from animal products 299 82 References Definition of VEGANISM www merriam webster com the definition of veganism www dictionary com a b c Ripened by human determination 70 years of The Vegan Society PDF Vegan Society p 3 Retrieved 14 February 2021 Watson and his wife Dorothy came up with the word vegan a b Adams Carol J 2014 Never too late to go vegan the over 50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant based diet Patti Breitman Virginia Messina New York p 8 ISBN 978 1 61519 098 0 OCLC 864299353 In 1944 the word vegan pronounced VEEgan was coined A group was forming and needed a name Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan members of the group were at a dance discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians Morgan proposed the name Watson liked it as did the other members Morgan and Watson married and along with twenty three other people they founded the Vegan Society in England Meaning of vegan Infoplease InfoPlease Records of Buckinghamshire Volume 3 BPC Letterpress 1870 68 Karen Iacobbo Michael Iacobbo Vegetarian America A History Greenwood Publishing Group 2004 3 ISBN 978 0 275 97519 7 a b J E M Latham Search for a New Eden Madison Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 1999 168 Renier Hannah March 2012 An Early Vegan Lewis Gompertz London Historians Retrieved 22 April 2020 Richard Francis Fruitlands The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia New Haven Yale University Press 2010 11 ISBN 978 0 300 17790 9 a b c Watson Donald 15 December 2002 Interview with Donald Watson PDF Transcript Interviewed by George D Rodger The Vegan Society Archived PDF from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2018 Watson Donald 11 August 2004 24 Carrot Award Donald Watson Vegetarians in Paradise e Zine Vol 6 no 10 Interviewed by George D Rodger Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2018 I invited my early readers to suggest a more concise word to replace non dairy vegetarian Some bizarre suggestions were made like dairyban vitan benevore sanivore beaumangeur et cetera I settled for my own word vegan containing the first three and last two letters of vegetarian the beginning and end of vegetarian The word was accepted by the Oxford English Dictionary and no one has tried to improve it Pedersen Helena Staescu Vasile 2014 Conclusion Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies In Taylor Nik Twine Richard eds The Rise of Critical Animal Studies From the Margins to the Centre Routledge pp 262 276 ISBN 978 1 135 10087 2 Gary Steiner 206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism Columbia University Press 2013 Gary Francione Animal Welfare Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline in David M Kaplan The 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the original on 12 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Haenfler Ross 2006 Straight Edge Hardcore Punk Clean Living Youth and Social Change Rutgers University Press pp 53 427 8 ISBN 978 0 8135 3851 8 Tilburger Len Kale Chris P 2014 Nailing Descartes to the Wall animal rights veganism and punk culture Zine Active Distribution Archived from the original on 12 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 via The Anarchist Library Kuhn Gabriel 2010 Sober Living for the Revolution Hardcore Punk Straight Edge and Radical Politics PM Press p 137 ISBN 978 1 60486 051 1 Retrieved 7 October 2017 Sanna Jacopo 20 September 2017 The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene Bandcamp Archived from the original on 12 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Every year at the end of July the small and grassy airport of Rokycany a small Czech town a few miles east of Plzen fills with people for a gathering called Fluff Fest Attendance is a summer ritual for many European fans of punk hardcore crust and screamo 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Rynn Berry Veganism The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink Oxford University Press 2007 604 605 a b Burt Kate 18 May 2012 Is this the end of meat The Independent Archived from the original on 12 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 a b Shah Allie 8 January 2016 Nation s first vegan butcher shop to open in Minneapolis January 23 Star Tribune Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 The Herbivorous Butcher is scheduled to open on January 23 2016 in northeast Minneapolis The opening of a vegan butcher shop is yet another sign of the rise of fake meat in American diets Since 2012 sales of plant based meat alternatives have grown 8 percent to 553 million annually according to the market research firm Mintel Walraven Michel 14 September 2011 Vegetarian butchers make a killing Radio Netherlands Worldwide Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 Retrieved 12 March 2018 The first Vegetarian Butcher shop opened its doors in October 2010 in The Hague Now less than a year later there are 30 spread all over the country The display counter of these shops challenges even a staunchly carnivorous stomach not to rumble the fake meat products are almost indistinguishable from the real thing Locker Melissa 7 January 2016 A Vegan Butcher Shop Is Opening in Minnesota TIME Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Gajanan Mahita 29 January 2016 The Herbivorous Butcher sausage and steak but hold the slaughter The Guardian Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 The Walches soon took their products on the road selling them at farmers markets and breweries across the midwest before returning to Minneapolis and opening the Herbivorous Butcher on 23 January 2016 More than 5 000 patrons visited the shop on its opening weekend Adele Peters 18 September 2019 Think fake burgers are just for vegetarians 95 of Impossible Foods customers are meat eaters Fast Company Retrieved 25 November 2019 Since 2017 more than 12 500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products Carl s Jr outlets offer Beyond Burgers Burger King outlets begin serving Impossible Whoppers 37 The amount plant based meat sales in the U S grew in the past two years Wandel Hannah 10 March 2011 Witkop Nathan ed Europe s first vegan supermarket opens in Dortmund Deutsche Welle Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Mesure Susie 8 December 2013 Veganism 2 0 Let them eat kale The Independent Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 One further example of how plant based diets are becoming mainstream will arrive in Britain next year when a German owned chain of vegan supermarkets opens its first outlet in London Veganz which is a European first in offering a full range of vegan grocery products opened its first store in Berlin in 2011 It is expanding fast and aims to have 21 outlets across Europe by the end of 2015 Guttman Amy 4 October 2013 Meat Drenched Oktoberfest Warms To Vegans The Salt NPR Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2018 The culinary cornerstones of the Munich festival which runs this year from Sept 21 to Oct 6 include roast pork ham hock and weisswurst a white sausage that complements the 40 different types of local beer But this year breaking with a 200 year old tradition Oktoberfest is catering to vegans Claudia Bauer of the Munich City Council which organizes the festival says the move is a sign of the times US sales of dairy milk turn sour as non dairy milk sales grow 9 in 2015 Mintel April 2016 Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 The continued popularity of non dairy milk is troubling for the dairy milk category with Mintel research revealing that half 49 percent of Americans consume non dairy milk including 68 percent of parents and 54 percent of children under age 18 What s more seven in 10 69 percent consumers agree that non dairy milk is healthy for kids compared to 62 percent who agree that dairy milk is healthy for kids While an overwhelming majority of Americans consume dairy milk 91 percent it is most commonly used as an addition to other food 69 percent such as cereal or as an ingredient 61 percent Just 57 percent of consumers drink dairy milk by itself Khomami Nadia 8 February 2015 From Beyonce to the Baftas vegan culture gets star status The Guardian Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 In 2012 there were an estimated 150 000 vegans in the UK a number thought to have increased dramatically Mintel s 2014 report on the market for dairy drinks milk and cream showed the non dairy market jumping from 36m litres in 2011 to 92m litres in 2013 an increase of 155 Plant based non dairy foods are worth 150 6m a year and sales of soya based alternatives to yoghurt are rising by 8 year on year Povich Elaine S 30 September 2019 Vegan School Lunches Expand Despite Opposition From Meat Industry Stateline Retrieved 18 February 2020 a b c d White Victoria 24 May 2016 Euromonitor launches new Ethical Labels database New Food Russell Publishing Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 Retrieved 12 April 2018 The top three fastest growing vegan markets between 2015 and 2020 are China at 17 2 percent United Arab Emirates at 10 6 percent and Australia at 9 6 percent Sales growth of the vegan market between 2015 and 2020 worldwide by country Euromonitor International May 2016 Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 Retrieved 12 April 2018 via Statista According to the report China was projected to be the fastest growing market for vegan products between 2015 and 2020 with a growth rate of 17 2 percent As of 2016 Asia Pacific held the largest share of vegan consumers globally with approximately nine percent of people following a vegan diet in this area China the United Arab Emirates and Australia were forecast to be the fastest growing markets for vegan products between 2015 and 2020 Australia s vegan market was projected to have a growth rate of 9 6 percent during the period considered a b c Moon Louise 28 October 2017 Inside Hong Kong s growing appetite for veganism Hong Kong Health amp Environment South China Morning Post Alibaba Group Archived from the original on 10 April 2018 Retrieved 10 April 2018 In contrast Hong Kong residents in 2015 consumed the highest amount of meat and seafood in the world at 140 kg per capita a study by global market research company Euromonitor found Yet in the five years from 2015 to 2020 China s vegan market is expected to rise by more than 17 per cent marking the fastest growth rate internationally in that period and offering proof the trend has filtered into the region in recent years a b Cormack Lucy 4 June 2016 Australia is the third fastest growing vegan market in the world The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 Retrieved 12 April 2018 The Brewers are an example of the increasing move towards veganism in Australia now the third fastest growing vegan market in the world after the United Arab Emirates and China Data from market researcher Euromonitor International has shown Australia s packaged vegan food market is currently worth almost 136 million set to reach 215 million by 2020 Reese Jacy 6 November 2018 The End of Animal Farming How Scientists Entrepreneurs and Activists are Building an Animal Free Food System Boston Beacon Press ISBN 978 0 8070 3987 8 Reese Jacy 16 November 2018 There s no such thing as humane meat or eggs Stop kidding yourself The Guardian Retrieved 17 May 2020 Riederer Rachel 13 February 2019 The Future of Meat Is Vegan The New Republic Retrieved 17 May 2020 Banis Davide 27 November 2018 New Book Draws Detailed Roadmap Of How We Can End Animal Farming Forbes Retrieved 17 May 2020 New York City s Vegan Fridays school food program is as vegan as its mayor that is not entirely The Counter 9 February 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2022 Vernelli Toni 1 February 2021 Veganuary s Rise is Unstoppable as 2021 Becomes Biggest Year Yet Veganuary Veganuary Retrieved 11 February 2021 ONA Vegan restaurant becomes first in France to get Michelin star BBC News 19 January 2021 Retrieved 9 May 2021 80 Plant Based Restaurants Have Received Michelin Stars in 2021 No meat please we re British now a third of us approve of vegan diet The Guardian 25 December 2021 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Why Vegan Is THE Word of 2016 PETA Australia 12 April 2016 Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 Retrieved 24 February 2018 Barbara Reiter Anita Kattinger Total Vegan Kurier 28 May 2013 in Dutch Minder vlees eten steeds meer ingeburgerd Vilt 16 February 2016 Vegan and Vegetarian Market in Brazil 2018 Study Most vegans vegetarians in Canada are under 35 Survey Ernahrungsreport 2021 Ergebnisse einer reprasentativen Bevolkerungsbefragung PDF BMEL Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture Germany in German p 24 Retrieved 22 May 2021 Deutschland wie es isst der BMEL Ernahrungsreport 2021 Bundesministeriums fur Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft in German 19 May 2021 Agrawal Sutapa Millett Christopher J Dhillon Preet K Subramanian SV Ebrahim Shah 2014 Type of vegetarian diet obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population Nutrition Journal 13 1 89 doi 10 1186 1475 2891 13 89 PMC 4168165 PMID 25192735 Sales Ben 17 October 2014 Israelis growing hungry for vegan diet Tel Aviv Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 Retrieved 3 March 2018 via The Times of Israel Avivi Yuval 6 March 2014 Is Tel Aviv s vegan craze here to stay Al Monitor Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 15 April 2018 Another poll published by the Panels Institute in advance of the new season of the reality cooking show Master Chef in January 2014 found that 8 of Israelis define themselves as vegetarians and 5 as vegans In that same poll 13 of the respondents said that they are considering adopting a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle in the near future while almost 25 said that they had reduced their meat consumption in the last year Cohen Tova 21 July 2015 In the land of milk and honey Israelis turn vegan Reuters Tel Aviv Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 A study prepared for the Globes newspaper and Israel s Channel Two found 5 percent of Israelis identify as vegan and 8 percent as vegetarian while 13 percent are weighing going vegan or vegetarian In 2010 just 2 6 percent were vegetarian or vegan Veganism in Israel Society amp Culture Veganism The Jewish Virtual Library AICE February 2016 Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Israel is home to the largest percentage of vegans per capita in the world Approximately 5 percent of Israelis approximately 300 000 are vegans according to a 2015 survey by Globes and Israel s Channel 2 News compared to 2 percent of U S and U K citizens and only 1 percent of Germans Hence it s not surprising that more than 400 certified vegan restaurants can be found in Tel Aviv alone Shpigel Noa 13 September 2015 Veganism on the Rise Among Israeli Arabs Haaretz Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Kamin Debra December 2015 Big in Israel Vegan Soldiers The Atlantic Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 The IDF is also issuing leather free combat boots and wool free berets to soldiers who register as vegan so they can march into battle knowing that no living creature has been harmed in their provisioning What happens during battle is of course harder to control Cheslow Daniella 10 December 2015 As More Israelis Go Vegan Their Military Adjusts Its Menu The Salt NPR Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 The Israeli military it turns out was surprisingly eager to help A military spokesman tells The Salt that vegans serve in all capacities including as combat soldiers Vegan soldiers wear wool free berets and leather free boots and they get an additional stipend to supplement their food the military says in Italian Vera Schiavazzi Addio carne e pesce in aumento il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia La Repubblica 2 October 2015 in Dutch NVV Vegan jaaroverzicht 2017 Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2018 Hoeveel veganisten zijn er in Dutch Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme What Vegan Travelers Need to Know about Dining in Romania Huffington Post 14 February 2017 Retrieved 30 July 2018 Molloy Antonia 24 March 2014 One in ten Swedes is vegetarian or vegan according to study The Independent Archived from the original on 22 March 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2018 In the poll conducted by Demoskop six per cent of respondents said they were vegetarians while four per cent said they were vegans The highest prevalence was seen among 15 34 year olds with 17 per cent describing themselves as vegetarian or vegan Veg Umfrage 2017 in German swissveg Retrieved 17 October 2019 Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain The Vegan Society 17 May 2016 Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 There are over half a million vegans in Britain at least 1 05 of the 15 and over population new research commissioned by The Vegan Society in partnership with Vegan Life magazine has found At least 542 000 people in Britain are now following a vegan diet and never consume any animal products including meat fish milk cheese eggs and honey This is a whopping increase since the last estimate of 150 000 ten years ago making veganism one of Britain s fastest growing lifestyle movements There are 51 million people in England Scotland and Wales aged 15 and over Petter Olivia 3 April 2018 Number of vegans in UK soars to 3 5 million survey finds Indy Eats The Independent Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 A ccording to a new survey by comparethemarket com there has been a significant spike in the number of people going vegan in the UK since 2016 with more than 3 5 million Brits now identifying as such The research means that seven per cent of Great Britain s population are now shunning animal products altogether for life less meaty and cheesy Supported by Gresham College professor Carolyn Roberts the research suggests that environmental concerns are largely responsible for edging people towards a vegan diet as Brits strive to reduce their carbon footprint Veganism Skyrockets To 7 Of UK Population Says New Survey www plantbasednews org 2 April 2018 Retrieved 3 September 2022 Statistics www vegansociety com Retrieved 3 September 2022 Dietary choices of Brits e g vegeterian flexitarian meat eater etc yougov co uk Retrieved 27 December 2021 Newport Frank 26 July 2012 In U S 5 Consider Themselves Vegetarians Gallup Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Vegetarianism in the U S remains quite uncommon and a lifestyle that is neither growing nor waning in popularity The 5 of the adult population who consider themselves to be vegetarians is no larger than it was in previous Gallup surveys conducted in 1999 and 2001 The incidence of veganism is even smaller at a scant 2 of the adult population a b Study of Current and Former Vegetarians and Vegans Faunalytics December 2014 4 How Many Former Vegetarians and Vegans Are There Faunalytics 2 December 2014 Neff Michelle 27 June 2017 6 Percent of Americans Now Identify as Vegan Why This Is a Huge Deal for the Planet One Green Planet Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017 Exploring trends in meat fish and seafood pasta noodles and rice prepared meals savory deli food soup and meat substitutes Research and Markets June 2017 Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 via Report Buyer Consumers diets are diverse and while most claim not to follow a specific diet there is a gradual shift occurring in response to health trends Interestingly 44 of consumers in Germany follow a low meat diet which is a significant increase from 2014 26 Similarly 6 of US consumers now claim to be vegan up from just 1 in 2014 Frankovic Kathy 21 January 2020 Interactive Data Visualization Crunch Retrieved 6 February 2021 Why black Americans are more likely to be vegan BBC News 10 September 2020 Retrieved 19 January 2021 What Percentage of Americans Are Vegetarian Gallup 27 September 2019 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Why black Americans are more likely to be vegan BBC News 11 September 2020 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Most Vegan Friendly Cities in the World in 2022 The Vegan Word 17 December 2021 Retrieved 16 March 2022 Reed Mangels Virginia Messina and Mark Messina The Dietitian s Guide to Vegetarian Diets Jones amp Bartlett Learning 2011 7 Berkeley Wellness 2 December 2014 Fake Meat Gets Real Berkeley Wellness Berkeley University of California Archived from the original on 25 February 2018 Retrieved 25 February 2018 Made from such ingredients as soy beans lentils wheat gluten rolled oats brown rice nuts sunflower seeds and vegetables like mushrooms onions peas peppers and carrots fake meats are also being embraced by some hard core meat eaters And you won t find just faux burgers sausages hot dogs and breakfast patties anymore Now there is everything from chicken less strips and beef less tips to pulled pork and fish fillets all ready to heat and eat Faux prawns are not only vegetarian but kosher to boot Proctor Anika Nayak Kailey Why plant based meats are healthier than regular meats according to dietitians Insider Retrieved 6 October 2021 The Origins of Fake Meat Are Rooted in Chinese Cooking www vice com Retrieved 7 October 2021 Yaffe Bellany David 14 October 2019 The New Makers of Plant Based Meat Big Meat Companies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 14 October 2019 Retrieved 6 October 2021 Krule Miriam 15 August 2012 Two Scoops Hold the Dairy What s the best vegan ice cream We taste tested six dairy free brands Slate Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 Retrieved 3 March 2018 Monica Reinagel Nutrition Diva s Secrets for a Healthy Diet Macmillan 2011 20 21 Reed Mangels The Everything Vegan Pregnancy Book Adams Media 2011 174 Merritt Russell J Jenks Belinda H May 2004 Safety of Soy Based Infant Formulas Containing Isoflavones The Clinical Evidence The Journal of Nutrition 134 5 1220S 1224S doi 10 1093 jn 134 5 1220S PMID 15113975 a b c Coscarelli Chloe 2012 Chloe s Kitchen 125 Easy Delicious Recipes for Making the Food You Love the Vegan Way Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1 4516 3675 8 a b Stepkin Kay 16 January 2013 Vegan cheese replaces lingering brie craving Vegan brie takes just minutes of actual work Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 Retrieved 3 March 2018 Buren Alex Van 29 March 2018 What Is Vegan Cheese Exactly and Should You Be Eating It Health Yahoo Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Those looking to emulate the creamy texture and saltiness of real cheese tend to find themselves reaching for cashews both at restaurants and at home But several other nuts can be transformed into vegan cheese what Keenan calls nutcheese such as almonds and pine nuts among others Moreau Elise 23 December 2015 What in the World is Vegan Cheese Anyway Can it Actually Replace Real Cheese Foodie Buzz Organic Authority Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Depending on the brand and recipe that s used vegan cheese can be made from soy protein used in shiny slick rubbery varieties solidified vegetable oil like coconut palm or safflower nutritional yeast thickening agar flakes nuts including cashews macadamias and almonds tapioca flour natural enzymes vegetable glycerin assorted bacterial cultures arrowroot and even pea protein Which Vegan Cheeses Melts The Best VeganCheese co www vegancheese co Retrieved 3 April 2021 Fleming Alisa 2 July 2012 How to Substitute Yogurt For Dairy Free and Vegans Go Dairy Free 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FAQ Are all Leaping Bunny companies vegan i e manufactured without animal by products Leaping Bunny 27 February 2014 Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2018 The Leaping Bunny list does not provide information about the composition of ingredients Because ingredient information is available and required by law we know that conscientious consumers can read labels to discover whether products are vegan or not For this reason Leaping Bunny chooses to focus its resources on validating information that is not readily available to consumers such as animal testing claims Many Leaping Bunny companies are committed to manufacturing natural and vegan products however the Leaping Bunny Program can only certify the animal testing component of this process a b c Vegan Trademark standards The Vegan Society Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2018 Trademark search The Vegan Society Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2018 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