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Wikipedia

Internet Archive

December 26, 2022

For other uses, see Internet archive (disambiguation).
For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) in the English Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine.
"archive.org" redirects here. Not to be confused with arXiv.org.

The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge".[notes 2][notes 3] It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of September 10, 2022, the Internet Archive holds over 35 million books and texts, 8.5 million movies, videos and TV shows, 894 thousand software programs, 14 million audio files, 4.4 million images, 2.4 million TV clips, 241 thousand concerts, and over 734 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine.

Internet Archive
Type of business501(c)(3) nonprofit
Type of site
Digital library
Available inEnglish
FoundedMay 10, 1996; 26 years ago (1996-05-10)[notes 1][1]
HeadquartersRichmond District
San Francisco, California
37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W / 37.782321°N 122.47161137°W / 37.782321; -122.47161137Coordinates: 37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W / 37.782321°N 122.47161137°W / 37.782321; -122.47161137
ChairmanBrewster Kahle
ServicesArchive-It
Open Library
Wayback Machine (since 2001)
Netlabels
NASA Images
Prelinger Archives
Revenue $36.7 million (2019)[2]
Employees 169 (2019)[2]
URLarchive.org
CommercialNo
Launched1996 (1996)
Current statusActive
Since late 2009, the headquarters of the Internet Archive has been the building that formerly housed the Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (San Francisco, California).

The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures.[notes 4][3] The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.

History

 
Headquarters in Building 116 of the Presidio of San Francisco in 2008

Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.[4][notes 5] In October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities,[notes 6] though it saved the earliest known page on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 PM.[5][6][7][8] The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine.

In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.[notes 7]

According to its website:[notes 8]

Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars.

In August 2012, the Archive announced[9] that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.[10][11] This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.[10][notes 9] On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire,[12] destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.[13] According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".[14] The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.[15]

An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.[16][17]

In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.[18][19][20] Kahle was quoted as saying:

On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world.[18]

Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.[21]

Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes[notes 10] of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.[22] Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.[23]

In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building.[24]

The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,[notes 11] such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,[25] a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018,[26] and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library in 2020 after it closed.[27] All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.[28]

Operations

 
Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $36 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.[29] The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.[30]

The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.[31] The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina[notes 12] in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.[32]

The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium[33] and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.[notes 13][34]

Web archiving

Main article: Web archiving

Wayback Machine

Main article: Wayback Machine
 
Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001
Mark Graham

The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon (specifically, Peabody's Improbable History), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.[35] This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content.[notes 14] Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional".[36]

 
A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive
 
Servers at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco

A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013,[37] accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page.[notes 15] Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine.[37] Through the Internet address web.archive.org,[38] users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including PDF and data compression file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the https://archive.org official website.

In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaScripts are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted.[39]

Year Archived pages (billions)
2005 40[notes 16]
2006 85[notes 17]
2007 85[notes 18]
2008 85[notes 19]
2009 150[notes 20]
2010 150[notes 21]
2011 150[notes 22]
2012 150[notes 23]
2013 373[notes 24]
2014 430[40]
2015 479[notes 25]
2016 510[A][notes 26]

273[B][39]

2017 286[notes 27]
2018 344[notes 28]
2019 396[notes 29]
2020 486[notes 30]
2021 635[notes 31]
2022 771[notes 32]

A Using the old counting system used before October 2016
B Using the new counting system used after October 2016

In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.[41]

Archive-It

Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations

Created in early 2006, Archive-It[42] is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.[43]

In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.[44] Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.[45] Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.

As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.

Internet Archive Scholar

In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar.[46][47][48] Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.

General Index

In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.[49][50]

Book collections

Text collection

 
Internet Archive "Scribe" book scanning workstation
 
An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing

The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books,[51] financially supported by libraries and foundations.[notes 33] As of July 2013, the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month.[51] As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.[52] Between about 2006 and 2008, Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books.[53] Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.[53]

Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search.[notes 34] As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;[notes 35] the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.[54] Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.[55] Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.[55]

The Archive's BookReader web app,[56] built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.[56][57]

Number of texts for each language

Number of all texts
(2022) 		34,000,000[58]
Language Number of texts
(2022)
English 25,000,000[58]
French 700,000[58]
Dutch 700,000[58]
German 700,000[58]
Chinese 550,000[58]
Arabic 450,000[58]
Italian 400,000[58]
Spanish 300,000[58]
Japanese 150,000[58]
Greek 150,000[58]
Latin 150,000[58]
Urdu 100,000[58]

Number of texts for each decade

XIX century
Decade Number of texts
(July 5, 2021)
1800s 82,587[notes 36]
1810s 100,048[notes 37]
1820s 151,669[notes 38]
1830s 203,287[notes 39]
1840s 239,343[notes 40]
1850s 307,302[notes 41]
1860s 322,843[notes 42]
1870s 336,637[notes 43]
1880s 445,046[notes 44]
1890s 570,017[notes 45]
XX century
Decade Number of texts
(July 5, 2021)
1900s 767,201[notes 46]
1910s 744,445[notes 47]
1920s 473,331[notes 48]
1930s 342,779[notes 49]
1940s 400,490[notes 50]
1950s 560,730[notes 51]
1960s 711,449[notes 52]
1970s 2,540,807[notes 53]
1980s 1,124,927[notes 54]
1990s 1,379,398[notes 55]
XXI century
Decade Number of texts
(July 5, 2021)
2000s 1,754,932[notes 56]
2010s 3,317,801[notes 57]
2020s 205,178[notes 58]

Open Library

Main article: Open Library

The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,[59] many of which are fully readable, downloadable[60][61] and full-text searchable;[62] it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries[51][63] after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.

The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,[64] and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.[65]

Digitizing sponsors for books

Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).[66] Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, the University of Alberta Libraries, the University of Ottawa, the Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, the Boston Public Library, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.[67]

In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist,[68] with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.[69][70] A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".[71][72]

The Library of Congress created numerous handle system identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.[73] The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.[74]

Media collections

 
Media reader
 
Microfilms at the Internet Archive
 
Videocassettes at the Internet Archive

In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.

Audio

Audio Archive

The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, and a wide variety of other audio files. There are more than 200,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.[notes 59] The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.[75]

Next to the stock HTML5 audio player, Winamp-resembling Webamp is available.

Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications

A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.[76][77]

Live Music Archive

Main article: Live Music Archive

The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.[78]

The Great 78 Project

Main article: The Great 78 Project

The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.[75]

Netlabels

Not to be confused with Netlabel.

The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.[notes 60][79]

Images collection

This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.[80] Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art - Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.

Cover Art Archive

 
Logo of Cover Art Archive

The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.[notes 61]

Metropolitan Museum of Art images

The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.[notes 62]

NASA Images

The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.[81] The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.

Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive

This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.[notes 63]

USGS Maps

This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.[notes 64]

Mathematical images

This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh.[notes 65]

Machinima Archive

One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.[notes 66]

Microfilm collection

This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and the National Technical Information Service.[notes 67][notes 68]

Moving image collection

See also: Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive

The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.[notes 69] Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.

Subcategories of this collection include:

  • IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.
  • IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.
  • IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"[notes 70]
  • IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
  • IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.[notes 71]

Open Educational Resources

See also: Open educational resources

Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.[notes 72]

TV News Search & Borrow

 
TV tuners at the Internet Archive

In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.[notes 73] The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."[82] According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs.[83] In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."[84]

Miscellaneous collections

Brooklyn Museum

This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.[notes 74]

Michelson library

In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.[85]

Other services and endeavors

Physical media

 
A vintage wall intercom, an example of another "archived" item

Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.[86]

Software

The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[notes 75] The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which was approved in 2003 for a period of three years.[notes 76] The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."[87] The exemption was renewed in 2006, and in 2009 was indefinitely extended pending further rulemakings.[88] The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.[89] In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[90] Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games[91][92][notes 77][93] for "scholarship and research purposes only".[notes 78][94][95] In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.[96]

Table Top Scribe System

A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.[notes 79][97]

Credit Union

From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.[98][99]

Controversies, legal disputes, and activism

See also: Wayback Machine § In legal evidence
 
The main hall of the current headquarters

Grateful Dead

In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times.[100] Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:

It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.[101]

A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.[notes 80]

National security letters

 
 
A national security letter issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user

On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.[102][103]

On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.[104]

Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills

The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.[105]

Opposition to Google Books settlement

The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.[106]

Nintendo Power magazine

In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".[107]

Government of India

In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court,[108] citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service.[109] The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.[108]

Turkey

See also: Censorship in Turkey

On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.[110][111]

Hosting of terrorist material

In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.[112] Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.[112]

In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".[113] The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.[113]

In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer uploaded an 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, to the Internet Archive.[114] The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.[114]

National Emergency Library

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.[115] At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.[116][117][118]

The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.[119] They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.[116][120]

However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: Open Library § Copyright violation accusations).[121][122][123][124] After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."[125]

Publishers' lawsuit

The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers – Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin Random House – in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.[65][126] In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.[127][128] The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance,[129] claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement".[130] In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021.[131] By June 2022, both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case, each favoring their respective sides, which Judge John G. Koeltl approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022.[132]

Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina, chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it—not Congress—gets to determine the scope of copyright law".[130]

As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries.[133]

In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources".[134]

In December 2020, Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020".[135]

Wayforward Machine

 
Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine

On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.[136][137] There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022, after Internet Archive's 25th anniversary celebration.[citation needed]

Ceramic archivists collection

 
Ceramic figures of Internet Archive employees

The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and is ongoing.[138]

Artists in residence

The Internet Archive visual arts residency,[139] organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.[140]

2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder.

2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand.

2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell

See also

Similar projects

Other

Notes

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  30. ^ {{cite web|title=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201018/https://archive.org/web/%7Carchive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=December 8, 2022|publisher=Internet Archive}
  31. ^ {{cite web|title=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208085520/https://archive.org/web/%7Carchive-date=December 8, 2021|access-date=December 8, 2022|publisher=Internet Archive}
  32. ^ {{cite web|title=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207110634/https://web.archive.org/%7Carchive-date=December 7, 2021|access-date=December 8, 2022|publisher=Internet Archive}
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Further reading

  • Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). . Scientific America. Archived from the original on October 11, 1997.
  • Kahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). "Scanning Center Fire—Please Help Rebuild". Internet Archive Blogs.
  • Lepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb". The New Yorker.
  • Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). "Liberate and Disseminate". Times Higher Education Supplement.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Archive.
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  • Internet Archive Scholar

December 26, 2022
internet, archive, other, uses, internet, archive, disambiguation, help, citing, wayback, machine, service, english, wikipedia, help, using, wayback, machine, archive, redirects, here, confused, with, arxiv, american, digital, library, with, stated, mission, u. For other uses see Internet archive disambiguation For help citing the Wayback Machine an Internet Archive service in the English Wikipedia see Help Using the Wayback Machine archive org redirects here Not to be confused with arXiv org The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge notes 2 notes 3 It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials including websites software applications games music movies videos moving images and millions of books In addition to its archiving function the Archive is an activist organization advocating a free and open Internet As of September 10 2022 update the Internet Archive holds over 35 million books and texts 8 5 million movies videos and TV shows 894 thousand software programs 14 million audio files 4 4 million images 2 4 million TV clips 241 thousand concerts and over 734 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine Internet ArchiveType of business501 c 3 nonprofitType of siteDigital libraryAvailable inEnglishFoundedMay 10 1996 26 years ago 1996 05 10 notes 1 1 HeadquartersRichmond DistrictSan Francisco California37 46 56 N 122 28 18 W 37 782321 N 122 47161137 W 37 782321 122 47161137 Coordinates 37 46 56 N 122 28 18 W 37 782321 N 122 47161137 W 37 782321 122 47161137ChairmanBrewster KahleServicesArchive It Open Library Wayback Machine since 2001 Netlabels NASA Images Prelinger ArchivesRevenue 36 7 million 2019 2 Employees169 2019 2 URLarchive wbr orgCommercialNoLaunched1996 1996 Current statusActiveSince late 2009 the headquarters of the Internet Archive has been the building that formerly housed the Fourth Church of Christ Scientist San Francisco California The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible Its web archive the Wayback Machine contains hundreds of billions of web captures notes 4 3 The Archive also oversees one of the world s largest book digitization projects Contents 1 History 2 Operations 3 Web archiving 3 1 Wayback Machine 3 2 Archive It 3 3 Internet Archive Scholar 3 4 General Index 4 Book collections 4 1 Text collection 4 2 Number of texts for each language 4 3 Number of texts for each decade 4 4 Open Library 4 5 Digitizing sponsors for books 5 Media collections 5 1 Audio 5 1 1 Audio Archive 5 1 2 Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications 5 1 3 Live Music Archive 5 1 4 The Great 78 Project 5 1 5 Netlabels 5 2 Images collection 5 2 1 Cover Art Archive 5 2 2 Metropolitan Museum of Art images 5 2 3 NASA Images 5 2 4 Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive 5 2 5 USGS Maps 5 2 6 Mathematical images 5 3 Machinima Archive 5 4 Microfilm collection 5 5 Moving image collection 5 6 Open Educational Resources 5 7 TV News Search amp Borrow 5 8 Miscellaneous collections 5 8 1 Brooklyn Museum 5 8 2 Michelson library 6 Other services and endeavors 6 1 Physical media 6 2 Software 6 3 Table Top Scribe System 6 4 Credit Union 7 Controversies legal disputes and activism 7 1 Grateful Dead 7 2 National security letters 7 3 Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills 7 4 Opposition to Google Books settlement 7 5 Nintendo Power magazine 7 6 Government of India 7 7 Turkey 7 8 Hosting of terrorist material 7 9 National Emergency Library 7 10 Publishers lawsuit 7 11 Wayforward Machine 8 Ceramic archivists collection 9 Artists in residence 10 See also 10 1 Similar projects 10 2 Other 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory Edit Headquarters in Building 116 of the Presidio of San Francisco in 2008 Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for profit web crawling company Alexa Internet 4 notes 5 In October of that year the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities notes 6 though it saved the earliest known page on May 10 1996 at 2 42 PM 5 6 7 8 The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001 when it developed the Wayback Machine In late 1999 the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive beginning with the Prelinger Archives Now the Internet Archive includes texts audio moving images and software It hosts a number of other projects the NASA Images Archive the contract crawling service Archive It and the wiki editable library catalog and book information site Open Library Soon after that the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print disabled publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System DAISY format notes 7 According to its website notes 8 Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage Without such artifacts civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form The Archive s mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers historians and scholars In August 2012 the Archive announced 9 that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1 3 million existing files and all newly uploaded files 10 11 This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive as files are served from two Archive data centers in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files 10 notes 9 On November 6 2013 the Internet Archive s headquarters in San Francisco s Richmond District caught fire 12 destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments 13 According to the Archive it lost a side building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers cameras lights and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars and maybe 20 boxes of books and film some irreplaceable most already digitized and some replaceable 14 The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated 600 000 in damage 15 An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014 and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016 16 17 In November 2016 Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump 18 19 20 Kahle was quoted as saying On November 9th in America we woke up to a new administration promising radical change It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours built for the long term need to design for change For us it means keeping our cultural materials safe private and perpetually accessible It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away indeed it looks like it will increase Throughout history libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy where people have been rounded up simply for what they read At the Internet Archive we are fighting to protect our readers privacy in the digital world 18 Beginning in 2017 OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive s records of digitized books available in WorldCat 21 Since 2018 the Internet Archive visual arts residency which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock helps connect artists with the Archive s over 48 petabytes notes 10 of digitized materials Over the course of the yearlong residency visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off 22 Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand Whitney Lynn and Jenny Odell 23 In 2019 its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building 24 The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations notes 11 such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017 25 a donation of 250 000 books from Trent University in 2018 26 and the entire collection of Marygrove College s library in 2020 after it closed 27 All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive s copy if not in the public domain is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending CDL theory of the first sale doctrine 28 Operations EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information May 2020 Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina The Archive is a 501 c 3 nonprofit operating in the United States In 2019 it had an annual budget of 36 million derived from revenue from its Web crawling services various partnerships grants donations and the Kahle Austin Foundation 29 The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns For instance a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching 6 million in donations 30 The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco California From 1996 to 2009 its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco a former U S military base Since 2009 its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco a former Christian Science Church At one time most of its staff worked in its book scanning centers as of 2019 scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide 31 The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities San Francisco Redwood City and Richmond To reduce the risk of data loss the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina notes 12 in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam 32 The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium 33 and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007 notes 13 34 Web archiving EditMain article Web archiving Wayback Machine Edit Main article Wayback Machine Wayback Machine logo used since 2001 source source Mark Graham The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term WABAC Machine from a segment of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon specifically Peabody s Improbable History and uses the name Wayback Machine for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed 35 This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet owned by Amazon com and the Internet Archive when a three dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content notes 14 Millions of web sites and their associated data images source code documents etc are saved in a database The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available or to visit web sites that no longer even exist Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites As with all sites based on data from web crawlers the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage but deemed them not intentional 36 A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive Servers at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco A Save Page Now archiving feature was made available in October 2013 37 accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine s main page notes 15 Once a target URL is entered and saved the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine 37 Through the Internet address web archive org 38 users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents including PDF and data compression file formats The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content that is accessible in the web even if not listed while searching in the https archive org official website In October 2016 it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown Embedded objects such as pictures videos style sheets JavaScripts are no longer counted as a web page whereas HTML PDF and plain text documents remain counted 39 Year Archived pages billions 2005 40 notes 16 2006 85 notes 17 2007 85 notes 18 2008 85 notes 19 2009 150 notes 20 2010 150 notes 21 2011 150 notes 22 2012 150 notes 23 2013 373 notes 24 2014 430 40 2015 479 notes 25 2016 510 A notes 26 273 B 39 2017 286 notes 27 2018 344 notes 28 2019 396 notes 29 2020 486 notes 30 2021 635 notes 31 2022 771 notes 32 A Using the old counting system used before October 2016B Using the new counting system used after October 2016In September 2020 the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its Always Online services 41 Archive It Edit source source source source source source source source source source track track track Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations Created in early 2006 Archive It 42 is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives Archive It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons Through a web application Archive It partners can harvest catalog manage browse search and view their archived collections 43 In terms of accessibility the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture 44 Content collected through Archive It is captured and stored as a WARC file A primary and back up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards 45 Periodically the data captured through Archive It is indexed into the Internet Archive s general archive As of March 2014 update Archive It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U S states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7 4 billion URLs for more than 2 444 public collections Archive It partners are universities and college libraries state archives federal institutions museums law libraries and cultural organizations including the Electronic Literature Organization North Carolina State Archives and Library Stanford University Columbia University American University in Cairo Georgetown Law Library and many others Internet Archive Scholar Edit In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals called Internet Archive Scholar 46 47 48 Its full text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre prints crawled from the World Wide Web General Index Edit In 2021 the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles 49 50 Book collections EditText collection Edit Internet Archive Scribe book scanning workstation An Internet Archive in house scan ongoing The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries digitizing about 1 000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books 51 financially supported by libraries and foundations notes 33 As of July 2013 update the collection included 4 4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month 51 As of November 2008 update when there were approximately 1 million texts the entire collection was greater than 0 5 petabytes which includes raw camera images cropped and skewed images PDFs and raw OCR data 52 Between about 2006 and 2008 Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project scanning more than 300 000 books that were contributed to the collection as well as financial support and scanning equipment On May 23 2008 Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books 53 Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners 53 Around October 2007 Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search notes 34 As of November 2013 update there were more than 900 000 Google digitized books in the Archive s collection notes 35 the books are identical to the copies found on Google except without the Google watermarks and are available for unrestricted use and download 54 Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz who with a bunch of friends downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google s restrictions They did this to ensure public access to the public domain The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google which never complained while libraries grumbled According to Kahle this is an example of Swartz s genius to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people 55 Besides books the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions legal briefs or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall On the Archive they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013 55 The Archive s BookReader web app 56 built into its website has features such as single page two page and thumbnail modes fullscreen mode page zooming of high resolution images and flip page animation 56 57 Number of texts for each language Edit Number of all texts 2022 34 000 000 58 Language Number of texts 2022 English 25 000 000 58 French 700 000 58 Dutch 700 000 58 German 700 000 58 Chinese 550 000 58 Arabic 450 000 58 Italian 400 000 58 Spanish 300 000 58 Japanese 150 000 58 Greek 150 000 58 Latin 150 000 58 Urdu 100 000 58 Number of texts for each decade Edit XIX century Decade Number of texts July 5 2021 1800s 82 587 notes 36 1810s 100 048 notes 37 1820s 151 669 notes 38 1830s 203 287 notes 39 1840s 239 343 notes 40 1850s 307 302 notes 41 1860s 322 843 notes 42 1870s 336 637 notes 43 1880s 445 046 notes 44 1890s 570 017 notes 45 XX century Decade Number of texts July 5 2021 1900s 767 201 notes 46 1910s 744 445 notes 47 1920s 473 331 notes 48 1930s 342 779 notes 49 1940s 400 490 notes 50 1950s 560 730 notes 51 1960s 711 449 notes 52 1970s 2 540 807 notes 53 1980s 1 124 927 notes 54 1990s 1 379 398 notes 55 XXI century Decade Number of texts July 5 2021 2000s 1 754 932 notes 56 2010s 3 317 801 notes 57 2020s 205 178 notes 58 Open Library Edit Main article Open Library The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published it holds 25 million catalog records of editions It also seeks to be a web accessible public library it contains the full texts of approximately 1 600 000 public domain books out of the more than five million from the main texts collection as well as in print and in copyright books 59 many of which are fully readable downloadable 60 61 and full text searchable 62 it offers a two week loan of e books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647 784 books not in the public domain in partnership with over 1 000 library partners from six countries 51 63 after a free registration on the web site Open Library is a free and open source software project with its source code freely available on GitHub The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws 64 and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project 65 Digitizing sponsors for books Edit Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications text items 66 Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto s Robarts Library the University of Alberta Libraries the University of Ottawa the Library of Congress Boston Library Consortium member libraries the Boston Public Library the Princeton Theological Seminary Library and many others 67 In 2017 the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press s backlist 68 with financial support from the Arcadia Fund 69 70 A year later the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books a project called Unlocking University Press Books 71 72 The Library of Congress created numerous handle system identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive 73 The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e books 74 Media collections Edit Media reader Microfilms at the Internet Archive Videocassettes at the Internet Archive In addition to web archives the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution such as Creative Commons licenses Media are organized into collections by media type moving images audio text etc and into sub collections by various criteria Each of the main collections includes a Community sub collection formerly named Open Source where general contributions by the public are stored Audio Edit Audio Archive Edit The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music audiobooks news broadcasts old time radio shows and a wide variety of other audio files There are more than 200 000 free digital recordings in the collection The subcollections include audio books and poetry podcasts non English audio and many others notes 59 The sound collections are curated by B George director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music 75 Next to the stock HTML5 audio player Winamp resembling Webamp is available Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications Edit A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation 76 77 Live Music Archive Edit Main article Live Music Archive The Live Music Archive sub collection includes more than 170 000 concert recordings from independent musicians as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts such as the Grateful Dead and more recently The Smashing Pumpkins Also Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon s concert recordings The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1 137 songs 78 The Great 78 Project Edit Main article The Great 78 Project The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250 000 78 rpm singles 500 000 songs from the period between 1880 and 1960 donated by various collectors and institutions It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio responsible for the audio digitization 75 Netlabels Edit Not to be confused with Netlabel The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons license catalogs of virtual record labels notes 60 79 Images collection Edit This collection contains more than 3 5 million items 80 Cover Art Archive Metropolitan Museum of Art Gallery Images NASA Images Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive and USGS Maps are some sub collections of Image collection Cover Art Archive Edit Logo of Cover Art Archive The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet As of April 2021 update this collection contains more than 1 400 000 items notes 61 Metropolitan Museum of Art images Edit The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art This collection contains more than 140 000 items notes 62 NASA Images Edit The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA s image video and audio collections in a single searchable resource The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever growing collection 81 The nasaimages org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100 000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012 Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive Edit This collection contains Creative Commons licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement This collection contains more than 15 000 items notes 63 USGS Maps Edit This collection contains more than 59 000 items from Libre Map Project notes 64 Mathematical images Edit This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh notes 65 Machinima Archive Edit One of the sub collections of the Internet Archive s Video Archive is the Machinima Archive This small section hosts many Machinima videos Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games game engines or software engines are used in a sandbox like mode to create motion pictures recreate plays or even publish presentations or keynotes The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima com as well as independent producers The sub collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences and Machinima com notes 66 Microfilm collection Edit This collection contains approximately 160 000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign the University of Alberta Allen County Public Library and the National Technical Information Service notes 67 notes 68 Moving image collection Edit See also Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3 863 feature films notes 69 Additionally the Internet Archive s Moving Image collection includes newsreels classic cartoons pro and anti war propaganda The Video Cellar Collection Skip Elsheimer s A V Geeks collection early television and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives such as advertising educational and industrial films as well as amateur and home movie collections Subcategories of this collection include IA s Brick Films collection which contains stop motion animation filmed with Lego bricks some of which are remakes of feature films IA s Election 2004 collection a non partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election IA s FedFlix collection Joint Venture NTIS 1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public Resource Org that features the best movies of the United States Government from training films to history from our national parks to the U S Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors notes 70 IA s Independent News collection which includes sub collections such as the Internet Archive s World At War competition from 2001 in which contestants created short films demonstrating why access to history matters Among their most downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake IA s September 11 Television Archive which contains archival footage from the world s major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 as they unfolded on live television notes 71 Open Educational Resources Edit See also Open educational resources Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive org This collection contains hundreds of free courses video lectures and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University Hewlett Foundation MIT Monterey Institute and Naropa University notes 72 TV News Search amp Borrow Edit TV tuners at the Internet Archive In September 2012 the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search amp Borrow service for searching U S national news programs notes 73 The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30 second video clips Upon launch the service contained 350 000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U S networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D C 82 According to Kahle the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive a similar library of televised network news programs 83 In contrast to Vanderbilt which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities the TV News Search amp Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips In 2013 the Archive received an additional donation of approximately 40 000 well organized tapes from the estate of a Philadelphia woman Marion Stokes Stokes had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines 84 Miscellaneous collections Edit Brooklyn Museum Edit This collection contains approximately 3 000 items from Brooklyn Museum notes 74 Michelson library Edit In December 2020 the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive 85 Other services and endeavors EditPhysical media Edit A vintage wall intercom an example of another archived item Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published We re not going to get there but that s our goal he said Alongside the books Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive s old servers which were replaced in 2010 86 Software Edit The Internet Archive has the largest collection of historical software online in the world spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals books shareware discs FTP sites video games etc The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as vintage software as a way to preserve them notes 75 The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection which was approved in 2003 for a period of three years notes 76 The Archive does not offer the software for download as the exemption is solely for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive 87 The exemption was renewed in 2006 and in 2009 was indefinitely extended pending further rulemakings 88 The Library reiterated the exemption as a Final Rule with no expiration date in 2010 89 In 2013 the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser playable via MESS for instance the Atari 2600 game E T the Extra Terrestrial 90 Since December 23 2014 the Internet Archive presents via a browser based DOSBox emulation thousands of DOS PC games 91 92 notes 77 93 for scholarship and research purposes only notes 78 94 95 In November 2020 the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31 2020 end of life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems 96 Table Top Scribe System Edit A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content notes 79 97 Credit Union Edit From 2012 to November 2015 the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union a federal credit union based in New Brunswick New Jersey with the goal of providing access to low and middle income people Throughout its short existence the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration which severely limited the IAFCU s loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms At the time of its dissolution it consisted of 395 members and was worth 2 5 million 98 99 Controversies legal disputes and activism EditSee also Wayback Machine In legal evidence The main hall of the current headquarters Grateful Dead Edit In November 2005 free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change according to an article in The New York Times 100 Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30 2005 posting to his personal web site It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive org right before Thanksgiving I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead s legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it 101 A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only Concerts have since been re added notes 80 National security letters Edit A national security letter issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user On May 8 2008 it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user 102 103 On November 28 2016 it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user 104 Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills Edit The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout as well as numerous other protests across the Internet 105 Opposition to Google Books settlement Edit The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project 106 Nintendo Power magazine Edit In February 2016 Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power Nintendo s official magazine for their games and products which ran from 1988 to 2012 The first 140 issues had been collected before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8 2016 In response to the take down Nintendo told gaming website Polygon Nintendo must protect our own characters trademarks and other content The unapproved use of Nintendo s intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it or to possibly use it for new projects 107 Government of India Edit In August 2017 the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file sharing websites in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court 108 citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service 109 The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol 108 Turkey Edit See also Censorship in Turkey On October 9 2016 the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used amongst other file hosting services by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails 110 111 Hosting of terrorist material Edit In May 2018 a report published by the cyber security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda 112 Chris Butler from the Internet Archive responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism 112 In April 2019 Europol acting on a referral from French police asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of terrorist propaganda 113 The Archive rejected the request saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to or were too broad for the organization to comply with 113 In January 2022 a former UCLA lecturer uploaded an 800 page manifesto containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff to the Internet Archive 114 The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not 114 National Emergency Library Edit In the midst of the COVID 19 pandemic which closed many schools universities and libraries the Archive announced on March 24 2020 that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1 4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return normally the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed This Library would remain as such until at least June 30 2020 or until the US national emergency was over whichever came later 115 At launch the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library 116 117 118 The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide 119 They justified the move in a number of ways Legally they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court Morally they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions 116 120 However the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library authors publishers and groups representing both took further issue equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy and using the COVID 19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright see also Open Library Copyright violation accusations 121 122 123 124 After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses the Internet Archive s Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone s books I realize there s strong debate and disagreement here but books are life giving and life changing and these writers made them 125 Publishers lawsuit Edit The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers Hachette HarperCollins John Wiley amp Sons and Penguin Random House in June 2020 challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program 65 126 In response the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16 2020 rather than the planned June 30 2020 due to the lawsuit 127 128 The plaintiffs supported by the Copyright Alliance 129 claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive s actions constituted a willful mass copyright infringement 130 In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021 131 By June 2022 both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case each favoring their respective sides which Judge John G Koeltl approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022 132 Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it not Congress gets to determine the scope of copyright law 130 As part of its response to the publishers lawsuit in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries hashtag EmpoweringLibraries that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries 133 In a 2021 preprint article Argyri Panezi argued that the case presents two important but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works first it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending and second it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable future generations to keep having equal access or opportunities to access a plurality of original sources 134 In December 2020 Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its Top 10 Library Stories of 2020 135 Wayforward Machine Edit Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine On 30 September 2021 as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration Internet Archive launched the Wayforward Machine a satirical fictional website covered with pop ups asking for personal information The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real world events leading to such a future such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041 136 137 There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022 after Internet Archive s 25th anniversary celebration citation needed Ceramic archivists collection Edit Ceramic figures of Internet Archive employees The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive This collection inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China was commissioned by Brewster Kahle sculpted by Nuala Creed and is ongoing 138 Artists in residence EditThe Internet Archive visual arts residency 139 organized by Amir Saber Esfahani is designed to connect emerging and mid career artists with the Archive s millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts During this one year residency selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive s collections in their own practice 140 2019 Residency Artists Caleb Duarte Whitney Lynn and Jeffrey Alan Scudder 2018 Residency Artists Mieke Marple Chris Sollars and Taravat Talepasand 2017 Residency Artists Laura Kim Jeremiah Jenkins and Jenny OdellSee also Edit Internet portal History portal List of online image archives Public domain music Similar projects Edit archive today Internet Memory Foundation LibriVox National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program NDIIPP National Digital Library Program NDLP Project Gutenberg UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives United Kingdom UK Web Archive WebCite Other Edit Anna s ArchiveArchive Team Digital dark age Digital preservation Heritrix Library Genesis Link rot Memory hole PetaBox Search engine cacheNotes Edit Internet Archive About the Archive Wayback Machine April 8 2000 Archived from the original on April 8 2000 Retrieved March 13 2016 Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions Internet Archive Archived from the original on October 21 2009 Retrieved April 13 2013 Internet Archive Universal Access to all Knowledge Internet Archive Archived from the original on March 10 2013 Retrieved April 13 2013 Internet Archive Projects Internet Archive Archived from the 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at the Wayback Machine in the Internet Archive December 29 2014 Internet Archive s Terms of Use Privacy Policy and Copyright Policy December 31 2014 Archived from the original on January 3 2015 Retrieved January 8 2015 Access to the Archive s Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only Table Top Scribe System Internet Archive Archived from the original on October 10 2018 Retrieved October 23 2018 Kahle Brewster Vernon Matt December 1 2005 Good News and an Apology GD on the Internet Archive Live Music Archive Forum Internet Archive Archived from the original on August 6 2014 Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread References Edit archive org WHOIS DNS amp Domain Info DomainTools WHOIS Archived from the original on November 5 2018 Retrieved March 13 2016 a b Internet Archive Full text of Full Filing for fiscal year ending Dec 2019 May 9 2013 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Retrieved October 30 2021 via ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer Grotke A December 2011 Web Archiving at the Library of Congress Archived December 15 2013 at the Wayback Machine Computers In Libraries v 31 n 10 pp 15 19 Information Today Consalvo Mia Ess Charles eds April 2011 Web Archiving Between Past Present and Future The Handbook of Internet Studies 1 ed Wiley pp 24 42 doi 10 1002 9781444314861 ISBN 978 1 4051 8588 2 Microsoft Internet Explorer for Windows 95 Download Internet Archive Wayback Machine May 10 1996 Archived from the original on May 10 1996 Retrieved June 5 2022 Internet Archive Forums What is the oldest page on the Wayback Machine archive org Archived from the original on March 11 2019 Retrieved October 6 2019 MTV Online Main Page Wayback Machine Wayback Machine May 12 1996 Archived from the original on May 12 1996 Retrieved December 16 2016 Infoseek Guide Wayback Machine Wayback Machine May 12 1996 Archived from the original on May 12 1996 Retrieved December 16 2016 Kahle Brewster August 7 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Melissa July 3 2018 The Internet Archive is helping these artists get inspired by digital history Fast Company Archived from the original on December 29 2018 Retrieved December 29 2018 Jenny Odell Neo Surreal The Photographers Gallery May 30 2018 Archived from the original on September 27 2019 Retrieved September 27 2019 Internet Archive evacuated due to bomb threat msn com Archived from the original on July 14 2019 Retrieved July 14 2019 Boston Public Library transfers sound archives collection to Internet Archive for digitization preservation and public access Boston Public Library October 11 2017 Archived from the original on January 23 2021 Retrieved December 4 2020 Trent University donates 250 000 books to be digitized by Internet Archive as part of Bata Library transformation Trent University September 13 2018 Archived from the original on November 30 2020 Retrieved December 4 2020 Seltzer Rick October 21 2020 A new home online for closed college libraries Inside Higher Ed Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved December 4 2020 Matt Enis May 2 2019 Internet Archive Expands Partnerships for Open Libraries Project Archived from the original on May 3 2019 Retrieved May 3 2019 Roberts Andrea Suozzo Ken Schwencke Mike Tigas Sisi Wei Alec Glassford Brandon May 9 2013 INTERNET ARCHIVE Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2019 Nonprofit Explorer ProPublica Retrieved November 8 2022 Jessen Jenica December 19 2019 I m Done Selling Sweaters Instead I m Selling a Vision I Believe In Internet Archive Blogs Retrieved August 16 2022 Whitney Kimball November 4 2019 The Internet Archive Fights Wiki Citation Wars With Books Gizmodo Archived from the original on November 5 2019 Retrieved November 5 2019 Brewster Kahle Universal Access to All Knowledge The Long Now longnow org 45 47 Archived from the original on October 20 2016 Retrieved October 18 2016 Members Archived from the original on June 13 2010 Retrieved April 24 2011 International Internet Preservation Consortium Netpreserve org McCoy Adrian June 24 2007 The Internet gives birth to an official online library Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on January 27 2021 Retrieved January 5 2021 Green Heather February 28 2002 A Library as Big as the World Business Week Online Archived from the original on June 1 2002 Thelwall Mike Vaughan Liwen Spring 2004 A fair history of the Web Examining country balance in the Internet Archive PDF Library amp Information Science Research 26 2 162 176 doi 10 1016 j lisr 2003 12 009 Archived PDF from the original on September 24 2015 a b Rossi Alexis October 25 2013 Fixing Broken Links on the Internet Internet Archive Archived from the original on November 7 2014 Retrieved December 29 2013 Web archive org directory Archived from the original on January 3 2012 Retrieved March 2 2014 a b Goel Vinay October 23 2016 Defining Web pages Web sites and Web captures Internet Archive Archived from the original on December 9 2018 Retrieved December 9 2018 430 Billion Web Pages Saved Help Us Do More Internet Archive Blogs blog archive org December 3 2014 Archived from the original on July 7 2018 Retrieved June 10 2018 Graham Mark September 17 2020 Cloudflare and the Wayback Machine joining forces for a more reliable Web Internet Archive Blogs Retrieved September 17 2020 archive it org archive it org Archived from the original on April 14 2013 Retrieved April 13 2013 Truman Gail January 2016 Web Archiving Environmental Scan Harvard Library Report Archived from the original on December 8 2019 Retrieved October 3 2017 What is the Difference between the General Archive sometimes called the Wayback Machine and Archive It Archived October 15 2016 at the Wayback Machine Archive It How to FAQ Archive It via Jira com About Archive It Archive It Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved March 3 2014 The Internet Archive Will Digitize amp Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database Internet Archive Scholar Open Culture September 22 2020 Archived from the original on September 22 2020 Retrieved September 23 2020 Bryan Newbold March 9 2021 Search Scholarly Materials Preserved in the Internet Archive Internet Archive Scholar homepage Internet Archive Retrieved March 24 2022 Else Holly October 26 2021 Giant free index to world s research papers released online Nature doi 10 1038 d41586 021 02895 8 PMID 34703019 S2CID 240000069 Archived from the original on November 13 2021 Retrieved November 12 2021 The General Index New tool allows you to search 107 million research papers for free Big Think Archived from the original on November 12 2021 Retrieved November 12 2021 a b c Hoffelder Nate July 9 2013 Internet Archive Now Hosts 4 4 Million eBooks Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month Archived November 10 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Digital Reader Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books Archived December 6 2008 at the Wayback Machine Open Library Blog November 24 2008 a b Book search winding down MSDN Live Search Blog May 23 2008 Archived from the original on August 20 2008 Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner google for searching purposes The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies but also maintains a local PDF copy which is viewable under the All Files HTTPS link As all the other books in the collection they also provide OCR text and images in open formats particularly DjVu which Google Books doesn t offer a b Brewster Kahle Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive Archived June 29 2015 at the Wayback Machine 2013 01 24 via The well prepared mind Archived August 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine via S I Lex Archived August 8 2014 at the Wayback Machine a b Internet Archive BookReader archive org Archived from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved June 21 2019 Kaplan Jeff December 10 2010 New BookReader blog archive org Archived from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved June 21 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Internet Archive texts collection language facets FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending CDL National Writers Union February 13 2019 Archived from the original on March 30 2020 Retrieved February 15 2019 Gonsalves Antone December 20 2006 Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative InformationWeek Archived from the original on October 14 2007 The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut The Wired Campus Chronicle of Higher Education July 19 2007 Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Search Inside Archived October 20 2013 at the Wayback Machine feature OpenLibrary org Internet Archive June 25 2011 In Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1 000 Libraries Archived August 13 2014 at the Wayback Machine Internet Archive Blogs June 25 2011 Flood Alison January 22 2019 Internet Archive s ebook loans face UK copyright challenge The Guardian Archived from the original on February 12 2019 Retrieved March 28 2020 a b Brandom Russell June 1 2020 Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending The Verge Archived from the original on June 1 2020 Retrieved June 1 2020 For example the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive Partnering with the Internet Archive Princeton Theological Seminary Library Archived from the original on November 30 2020 Retrieved December 4 2020 Internet Archive Search collection texts archive org Retrieved December 4 2020 The MIT Press archive org Retrieved June 27 2020 Hanamura Wendy May 30 2017 MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive org blog archive org Retrieved June 27 2020 For more than eighty years MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science technology art and architecture Now thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time Green Alex December 1 2019 New Takes on Academic Publishing Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market Publishers Weekly Archived from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved June 27 2020 Since she became director of the MIT Press in 2015 there s little that Brand hasn t reenvisioned at the press In 2017 the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available for free at libraries resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations Freeland Chris May 21 2018 Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections blog archive org Retrieved June 27 2020 Internet Archive has received a 1 million dollar grant from Arcadia a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending Albanese Andrew May 25 2018 Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections Publishers Weekly Archived from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved June 27 2020 For example hdl loc gov loc gdc scd0001 00198115083 archived from the original on July 4 2021 retrieved November 25 2020 hdl loc gov loc gdc scd0001 00060921933 archived from the original on July 4 2021 retrieved November 25 2020 hdl loc gov loc gdc scd0001 00060927248 archived from the original on July 4 2021 retrieved November 25 2020 hdl loc gov loc gdc scd0001 00001740908 archived from the original on July 4 2021 retrieved November 25 2020 hdl loc gov loc gdc scd0001 00027740005 archived from the original on July 4 2021 retrieved November 25 2020 External Web Sites Finding E books A Guide Library of Congress Bibliographies Research Guides and Finding Aids Virtual Programs amp Services Library of Congress www loc gov Archived from the original on November 25 2020 Retrieved November 25 2020 The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2 5 million e books including e books supplied by the Library of Congress Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats E books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts And Devices and Formats Finding E books A Guide Library of Congress Bibliographies Research Guides and Finding Aids Virtual Programs amp Services Library of Congress www loc gov Archived from the original on February 12 2021 Retrieved November 25 2020 Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive The iPad can be used as an e reader via apps such as iBooks which support both ePub epub and PDF pdf formats Both formats are available from the Internet Archive a b Pritchard Will August 18 2017 How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity The Vinyl Factory Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved November 2 2017 Holt Kris October 5 2022 The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts Engadget Retrieved October 9 2022 Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue American Radio Relay League January 27 2022 Retrieved October 9 2022 Tirpack Alex June 3 2009 Warren Zevon live shows hit the web possible film in the works Rolling Stone Archived from the original on February 2 2013 Boswell Wendy October 21 2006 Download free music at the Internet Archive Lifehacker Archived from the original on May 5 2012 The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free downloadable music in their NetLabels category Image Internet Archive Archived from the original on September 25 2020 Retrieved October 12 2020 NASA Images archive Internet Archive Archived from the original on November 11 2012 Retrieved April 13 2013 Fowler Geoffrey A Hagey Keach September 18 2012 Let s Go to the Videotape Nonprofit Offers News Clips The Wall Street Journal Online Archived from the original on April 24 2013 subscription required Kahle Brewster September 17 2012 Launch of TV News Search amp Borrow with 350 000 Broadcasts Internet Archive Blogs Archived from the original on August 13 2014 Brownell Brett Benjy Hansen Brandy May 22 2014 Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet Mother Jones Archived from the original on June 7 2014 Retrieved June 7 2014 Column Lillian Michelson and her one of a kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending Los Angeles Times January 28 2021 Archived from the original on February 8 2021 Retrieved February 7 2021 Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device the book The Guardian August 1 2011 Archived from the original on August 22 2012 Brewster Kahle the man behind a project to file every webpage now wants to gather one copy of every published book Library of Congress Copyright Office November 27 2006 Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies Federal Register 71 227 68472 68480 Archived from the original on November 1 2007 Retrieved October 21 2007 Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace Library of Congress Copyright Office October 28 2009 Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies PDF Federal Register 27 206 55137 55139 Archived PDF from the original on December 2 2009 Retrieved December 17 2009 Library of Congress Copyright Office July 27 2010 Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies Federal Register 75 143 43825 43839 Archived from the original on June 27 2015 Robertson Adi October 25 2013 The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser The Verge Archived from the original on October 27 2013 Ohlheiser Abby January 5 2015 You can now play nearly 2 400 MS DOS video games in your browser Washington Post Archived from the original on January 7 2015 Retrieved January 8 2015 Each New Boot a Miracle Archived January 9 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Jason Scott December 23 2014 Graft Kris March 5 2015 Saving video game history begins right now Gamasutra Archived from the original on March 7 2015 Retrieved March 5 2015 Lu Kathy January 12 2015 Time suck alert Pac Man among thousands of MS DOS games available for free The Kansas City Star Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 7 2016 O Neil Lauren January 7 2015 90 s kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2 300 MS DOS games for free Your Community CBCNEWS Archived from the original on October 17 2016 Retrieved December 7 2016 Campbell Ian Carlos November 19 2020 The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations The Verge Archived from the original on November 20 2020 Retrieved November 19 2020 Stutz Michael March 28 2007 Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history Linux com The Linux foundation Archived from the original on October 23 2017 Strozniak Peter December 18 2015 Death of a Credit Union Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates Credit Union Times Archived from the original on October 6 2019 Retrieved October 6 2019 Difficult Times at our Credit Union Internet Archive Blogs November 24 2015 Archived from the original on June 16 2019 Retrieved October 6 2019 Leeds Jeff Mayshark Jesse Fox December 1 2005 Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown The New York Times Archived from the original on May 8 2015 Lesh Phil November 30 2005 An Announcement from Phil Lesh Hotline blog PhilLesh net Archived from the original on July 15 2007 Broache Anne May 7 2008 FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records CNet Archived from the original on May 15 2008 Nakashima Ellen May 8 2008 FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit The Washington Post Archived from the original on September 6 2008 Crocker Andrew December 1 2016 Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order Electronic Frontier Foundation Archived from the original on December 13 2016 Kahle Brewster January 17 2012 12 Hours Dark Internet Archive vs Censorship Internet Archive Blogs Archived from the original on August 13 2014 Open Content Alliance opencontentalliance org Archived from the original on April 10 2013 Retrieved April 13 2013 Frank Allegra August 8 2016 Nintendo takes down Nintendo Power collection from Internet Archive after noticing it Polygon Archived from the original on August 11 2016 a b Indian ISP Ban on Wayback Machine Lifted Confirmation Awaited Guiding Tech August 9 2017 Archived from the original on April 12 2020 Retrieved April 12 2020 Kelion Leo August 9 2017 Bollywood blocks the Internet Archive BBC Archived from the original on August 6 2018 Retrieved January 1 2018 Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services Turkey Blocks Archived from the original on September 24 2017 Retrieved October 10 2016 Turkey Country Report Freedom on the Net 2017 freedomhouse org November 14 2017 Archived from the original on December 27 2018 Retrieved December 26 2018 a b Kelion Leo May 15 2018 IS propaganda hidden on Internet Archive BBC News Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 a b Internet Archive denies hosting terrorist content BBC News April 12 2019 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 a b Woodcock Claire February 14 2022 Archivists Are Putting Terrorist Manifestos Online Should They Stay There Vice Archived from the original on March 2 2022 Retrieved March 2 2022 Lee Timothy B March 28 2020 Internet Archive offers 1 4 million copyrighted books for free online Ars Technica Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved April 10 2020 a b Freeland Chris March 30 2020 Internet Archive responds Why we released the National Emergency Library Internet Archive Blogs Retrieved May 26 2020 Cohen Noam April 20 2020 The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents Wired Archived from the original on April 20 2020 Retrieved April 20 2020 Flood Alison March 30 2020 Internet Archive accused of using Covid 19 as an excuse for piracy The Guardian Archived from the original on March 31 2020 Retrieved May 26 2020 Freeland Chris March 24 2020 Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public Internet Archive Blogs Retrieved May 26 2020 Hurst Wahl Jill April 20 2020 Digitization 101 The National Emergency Library Digitization 101 Archived from the original on May 31 2020 Retrieved May 26 2020 Hampton Rachelle April 2020 The Internet Archive Started an Emergency Online Library Authors Are Furious Slate Archived from the original on April 3 2020 Retrieved July 30 2021 Flood Alison March 30 2020 Internet Archive accused of using Covid 19 as an excuse for piracy The Guardian Archived from the original on March 30 2020 Retrieved March 30 2020 Dwyer Colin March 30 2020 Authors Publishers Condemn The National Emergency Library As Piracy NPR Archived from the original on March 30 2020 Retrieved March 30 2020 Grady Constance April 2 2020 Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive s Emergency Library Vox Archived from the original on April 4 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 Internet Archive Controversy Lotus May 2 2020 Archived from the original on May 26 2020 Retrieved May 25 2020 DiFeliciantonio Chase September 6 2021 He founded the Internet Archive with a utopian vision That hasn t changed but the internet has San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on November 15 2021 Retrieved November 15 2021 Lee Timothy June 11 2020 Internet Archive ends emergency library early to appease publishers Ars Technica Archived from the original on June 14 2020 Retrieved June 14 2020 Dwyer Colin June 3 2020 Publishers Sue Internet Archive For Mass Copyright Infringement NPR Archived from the original on October 30 2020 Retrieved October 16 2020 Copyright Alliance Statement on Book Publishers Infringement Suit Against Internet Archive Copyright Alliance June 2020 Archived from the original on January 22 2021 Retrieved January 17 2021 a b Harris Elizabeth June 11 2020 Internet Archive Will End Its Program for Free E Books NY Times Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved June 15 2020 Albanese Andrew September 1 2020 Judge sets tentative schedule for Internet Archive copyright case Publishers Weekly Archived from the original on September 8 2020 Retrieved September 7 2020 Albanese Andrew June 13 2022 Internet Archive Publishers to Seek Summary Judgment in Book Scanning Lawsuit Publishers Weekly Retrieved June 15 2022 Ojala Marydee January February 2021 Controlled digital lending legal lending or piracy Online Searcher Vol 45 no 1 Archived from the original on February 18 2021 Retrieved February 18 2021 Panezi Argyri March 28 2021 A public service role for digital libraries the unequal battle against online misinformation through copyright law reform and the emergency electronic access to library material Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy SSRN 3813320 Archived from the original on July 30 2021 Retrieved July 30 2021 Article reportedly forthcoming Albanese Andrew December 11 2020 The top 10 library stories of 2020 Publishers Weekly Archived from the original on January 27 2021 Retrieved February 19 2021 Holt Kris October 7 2021 The Internet Archive s Wayforward Machine paints a grim future for the web Engadget Archived from the original on October 7 2021 Retrieved October 7 2021 Imagine the future of the Internet Internet Archive Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Retrieved October 7 2021 Levy Karyne April 29 2014 These Are The Ceramic Action Figures For The Heroes Of The Internet Business Insider Insider Inc Archived from the original on July 4 2021 Retrieved July 12 2019 Internet Archive is a treasure trove of material for artists SFChronicle com sfchronicle com August 11 2017 Archived from the original on August 1 2019 Retrieved August 1 2019 The Internet Archive s 2019 Artists in Residency Exhibition Internet Archive Blogs June 22 2019 Archived from the original on July 31 2019 Retrieved August 1 2019 Further reading EditKahle Brewster November 1996 Archiving the Internet Scientific America Archived from the original on October 11 1997 Kahle Brewster November 6 2013 Scanning Center Fire Please Help Rebuild Internet Archive Blogs Lepore Jill January 26 2015 The Cobweb The New Yorker Ringmar Erik April 10 2008 Liberate and Disseminate Times Higher Education Supplement External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Archive Official website Internet Archive Scholar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Internet Archive amp oldid 1128455486, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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