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Vancouver

Vancouver (/vænˈkvər/ (listen) van-KOO-vər) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2.6 million in 2021, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada. Greater Vancouver, along with the Fraser Valley, comprises the Lower Mainland with a regional population of over 3 million. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada, with over 5,700 people per square kilometre,[6] and fourth highest in North America (after New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City).

Vancouver
City
City of Vancouver
Nickname: 
Motto(s): 
"By sea land and air we prosper"
Interactive map of Vancouver
Location of Vancouver in Metro Vancouver
Coordinates: 49°15′40″N 123°06′50″W / 49.26111°N 123.11389°W / 49.26111; -123.11389[1]
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Regional districtMetro Vancouver
First settled6000–8000 BCE
EstablishedMarch 10, 1870 (as Granville)
IncorporatedApril 6, 1886 (as Vancouver)
AmalgamatedJanuary 1, 1929
Named forGeorge Vancouver
SeatVancouver City Hall
Government
 • TypeMayor-council government
 • BodyVancouver City Council
 • MayorKen Sim (ABC Vancouver)
 • City Council
List of councillors
 • MPs (fed.)
 • MLAs (prov.)
Area
 • Land115.18 km2 (44.47 sq mi)
 • Urban911.64 km2 (351.99 sq mi)
 • Metro2,878.93 km2 (1,111.56 sq mi)
Highest elevation152 m (501 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • City662,248
 • Density5,749.9/km2 (14,892/sq mi)
  • Rank1st in Canada
 • Metro2,642,825 (3rd in Canada)
 • Metro density918.0/km2 (2,378/sq mi)
 • Region
3,049,496
DemonymVancouverite
Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Forward sortation area
Area codes604, 778, 236, 672
NTS map92G3 Lulu Island, 92G6 North Vancouver
GNBC codeJBRIK[1]
GDP (Vancouver CMA)$154.3 billion (2018)[5]
GDP per capita (Vancouver CMA)$58,384 (2018)
Websitevancouver.ca

Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada: 49.3 percent of its residents are not native English speakers, 47.8 percent are native speakers of neither English nor French, and 54.5 percent of residents belong to visible minority groups.[7][8] It has been consistently ranked one of the most livable cities in Canada and in the world.[9][10][11] In terms of housing affordability, Vancouver is also one of the most expensive cities in Canada and in the world.[12] Vancouver plans to become the greenest city in the world. Vancouverism is the city's urban planning design philosophy.

Indigenous settlement of Vancouver began more than 10,000 years ago, and included the Squamish, Musqueam, and Tsleil-Waututh (Burrard) peoples. The beginnings of the modern city, which was originally named Gastown, grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill that was built on July 1, 1867, and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack. The original site is marked by the Gastown steam clock. Gastown then formally registered as a townsite dubbed Granville, Burrard Inlet. The city was renamed "Vancouver" in 1886, through a deal with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway was extended to the city by 1887. The city's large natural seaport on the Pacific Ocean became a vital link in the trade between Asia-Pacific, East Asia, Europe, and Eastern Canada.[13][14]

Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events, including the 1954 Commonwealth Games, UN Habitat I, Expo 86, APEC Canada 1997, the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver,[15] and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler, a resort community 125 km (78 mi) north of the city.[16] In 1969, Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver. The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014.

As of 2016, the Port of Vancouver is the fourth-largest port by tonnage in the Americas,[17] the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America.[18][19] While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry.[20] Major film production studios in Vancouver and nearby Burnaby have turned Greater Vancouver and nearby areas into one of the largest film production centres in North America,[21][22] earning it the nickname "Hollywood North".[23][24][25]

Etymology

The city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names.[26] The family name "Vancouver" itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from the city of Coevorden, Netherlands. The explorer's ancestors came to England "from Coevorden", which is the origin of the name that eventually became "Vancouver".[27][28]

The indigenous Squamish people who reside in a region that encompasses southwestern British Columbia including this city gave the name K'emk'emeláy̓ which means "place of many maple trees"; this was originally the name of a village inhabited by said people where a sawmill was established by Edward Stamp as part of the foundations to the British settlement later becoming part of Vancouver.[29]

History

Before 1850

Archaeological records indicate that Aboriginal people were already living in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.[30][31] The city is located in the traditional and presently unceded territories of the Squamish, Musqueam, and Tsleil-Waututh (Burrard) peoples of the Coast Salish group.[32][33][34] They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey and near the mouth of the Fraser River.[31] The region where Vancouver is currently located was referred to in contemporary Halkomelem as Lhq’á:lets,[35][36] meaning "wide at the bottom/end".

Europeans became acquainted with the area of the future Vancouver when José María Narváez of Spain explored the coast of present-day Point Grey and parts of Burrard Inlet in 1791—although one author contends that Francis Drake may have visited the area in 1579.[37]

 
Draft map of villages and landmarks with their Indigenous names, Burrard Inlet and English Bay, by Vancouver archivist J. S. Matthews

The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his crew became the first-known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey.[38]

Early growth

 
View of Gastown from Carrall and Water Street in 1886. Gastown was a settlement that quickly became a centre for trade and commerce on Burrard Inlet.

The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster (founded February 14, 1859) on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, bypassing what would become Vancouver.[39][40][41] Vancouver is among British Columbia's youngest cities;[42] the first European settlement in what is now Vancouver was not until 1862 at McCleery's Farm on the Fraser River, just east of the ancient village of Musqueam in what is now Marpole. A sawmill established at Moodyville (now the City of North Vancouver) in 1863, began the city's long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the south shore of the inlet. Stamp, who had begun logging in the Port Alberni area, first attempted to run a mill at Brockton Point, but difficult currents and reefs forced the relocation of the operation in 1867 to a point near the foot of Dunlevy Street. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed. The mill's central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the local economy until it closed in the 1920s.[43] The settlement, which came to be called Gastown, grew quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property.[42][44]

In 1870, the colonial government surveyed the settlement and laid out a townsite, renamed "Granville" in honour of the then–British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Granville. This site, with its natural harbour, was selected in 1884[45] as the terminus for the Canadian Pacific Railway, to the disappointment of Port Moody, New Westminster and Victoria, all of which had vied to be the railhead. A railway was among the inducements for British Columbia to join the Confederation in 1871 but the Pacific Scandal and arguments over the use of Chinese labour delayed construction until the 1880s.[46]

Incorporation

 
The first Vancouver City Council meeting following the Great Vancouver Fire in 1886

The City of Vancouver was incorporated on April 6, 1886, the same year that the first transcontinental train arrived. CPR president William Van Horne arrived in Port Moody to establish the CPR terminus recommended by Henry John Cambie, and gave the city its name in honour of George Vancouver.[42] The Great Vancouver Fire on June 13, 1886, razed the entire city. The Vancouver Fire Department was established that year and the city quickly rebuilt.[43] Vancouver's population grew from a settlement of 1,000 people in 1881 to over 20,000 by the turn of the century and 100,000 by 1911.[47]

Vancouver merchants outfitted prospectors bound for the Klondike Gold Rush in 1898.[39] One of those merchants, Charles Woodward, had opened the first Woodward's store at Abbott and Cordova Streets in 1892 and, along with Spencer's and the Hudson's Bay department stores, formed the core of the city's retail sector for decades.[48]

The economy of early Vancouver was dominated by large companies such as the CPR, which fuelled economic activity and led to the rapid development of the new city;[49] in fact, the CPR was the main real estate owner and housing developer in the city. While some manufacturing did develop, including the establishment of the British Columbia Sugar Refinery by Benjamin Tingley Rogers in 1890,[50] natural resources became the basis for Vancouver's economy. The resource sector was initially based on logging and later on exports moving through the seaport, where commercial traffic constituted the largest economic sector in Vancouver by the 1930s.[51]

The 20th century

 
Plainclothes RCMP officers attack Relief Camp Workers' Union protesters in 1938. Several protests over unemployment occurred in the city during the Great Depression.
 
Downtown celebrations at the end of World War II

The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant labour movement. The first major sympathy strike was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition. Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed by CPR police while picketing at the docks, becoming the movement's first martyr in British Columbia.[52]: 39–41  The rise of industrial tensions throughout the province led to Canada's first general strike in 1918, at the Cumberland coal mines on Vancouver Island.[52]: 71–74  Following a lull in the 1920s, the strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province.[53][54] After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting, the relief camp strikers decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the On-to-Ottawa Trek,[54] but their protest was put down by force. The workers were arrested near Mission and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression.[55]

Other social movements, such as the first-wave feminist, moral reform, and temperance movements were also instrumental in Vancouver's development. Mary Ellen Smith, a Vancouver suffragist and prohibitionist, became the first woman elected to a provincial legislature in Canada in 1918.[56]: 172  Alcohol prohibition began in the First World War and lasted until 1921, when the provincial government established control over alcohol sales, a practice still in place today.[56]: 187–188  Canada's first drug law came about following an inquiry conducted by the federal minister of Labour and future prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King. King was sent to investigate damages claims resulting from a riot when the Asiatic Exclusion League led a rampage through Chinatown and Japantown. Two of the claimants were opium manufacturers, and after further investigation, King found that white women were reportedly frequenting opium dens as well as Chinese men. A federal law banning the manufacture, sale, and importation of opium for non-medicinal purposes was soon passed based on these revelations.[57] These riots, and the formation of the Asiatic Exclusion League, also act as signs of a growing fear and mistrust towards the Japanese living in Vancouver and throughout BC. These fears were exacerbated by the attack on Pearl Harbor leading to the eventual internment or deportation of all Japanese-Canadians living in the city and the province.[58] After the war, these Japanese-Canadian men and women were not allowed to return to cities like Vancouver causing areas, like the aforementioned Japantown, to cease to be ethnically Japanese areas as the communities never revived.[59]

Amalgamation with Point Grey and South Vancouver gave the city its final boundaries not long before it became the third-largest metropolis in the country. As of January 1, 1929, the population of the enlarged Vancouver was 228,193.[60]

Geography

 
Satellite image of Metro Vancouver (2018)

Located on the Burrard Peninsula, Vancouver lies between Burrard Inlet to the north and the Fraser River to the south. The Strait of Georgia, to the west, is shielded from the Pacific Ocean by Vancouver Island. The city has an area of 115.18 km2 (44.47 sq mi), including both flat and hilly ground and is in the Pacific Time Zone (UTC−8) and the Pacific Maritime Ecozone.[61]

Until the city's naming in 1885, "Vancouver" referred to Vancouver Island and it remains a common misconception that the city is located on the island.[62][63] The island and the city are both named after Royal Navy Captain George Vancouver (as is the city of Vancouver, Washington, in the United States).

Vancouver has one of the largest urban parks in North America, Stanley Park, which covers 404.9 ha (1,001 acres).[64] The North Shore Mountains dominate the cityscape, and on a clear day, scenic vistas include the snow-capped volcano Mount Baker in the state of Washington to the southeast, Vancouver Island across the Strait of Georgia to the west and southwest, and Bowen Island to the northwest.[65]

Ecology

The vegetation in the Vancouver area was originally temperate rainforest, consisting of conifers with scattered pockets of maple and alder and large areas of swampland (even in upland areas, due to poor drainage).[66] The conifers were a typical coastal British Columbia mix of Douglas fir, western red cedar and western hemlock.[67] The area is thought to have had the largest trees of these species on the British Columbia Coast. Only in Elliott Bay, Seattle, did the size of trees rival those of Burrard Inlet and English Bay. The largest trees in Vancouver's old-growth forest were in the Gastown area, where the first logging occurred and on the southern slopes of False Creek and English Bay, especially around Jericho Beach. The forest in Stanley Park was logged between the 1860s and 1880s and evidence of old-fashioned logging techniques such as springboard notches can still be seen there.[68]

Many plants and trees growing throughout Vancouver and the Lower Mainland were imported from other parts of the continent and from points across the Pacific. Examples include the monkey puzzle tree, the Japanese maple and various flowering exotics, such as magnolias, azaleas and rhododendrons. Some species imported from harsher climates in Eastern Canada or Europe have grown to immense sizes. The native Douglas maple can also attain a tremendous size. Many of the city's streets are lined with flowering varieties of Japanese cherry trees donated from the 1930s onward by the government of Japan. These flower for several weeks in early spring each year, an occasion celebrated by the Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival. Other streets are lined with flowering chestnut, horse chestnut and other decorative shade trees.[69]

Climate

Vancouver
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
168
 
 
7
1
 
 
105
 
 
8
2
 
 
114
 
 
10
3
 
 
89
 
 
13
6
 
 
65
 
 
17
9
 
 
54
 
 
20
12
 
 
36
 
 
22
14
 
 
37
 
 
22
14
 
 
51
 
 
19
11
 
 
121
 
 
14
7
 
 
189
 
 
9
4
 
 
162
 
 
6
1
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
6.6
 
 
44
35
 
 
4.1
 
 
47
35
 
 
4.5
 
 
51
38
 
 
3.5
 
 
56
42
 
 
2.6
 
 
62
48
 
 
2.1
 
 
67
53
 
 
1.4
 
 
72
57
 
 
1.4
 
 
72
57
 
 
2
 
 
66
51
 
 
4.8
 
 
56
45
 
 
7.4
 
 
49
38
 
 
6.4
 
 
43
33
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Vancouver is one of Canada's warmest cities in the winter. Vancouver's climate is temperate by Canadian standards and is classified as oceanic or marine west coast, (Köppen climate classification Cfb) that borders on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). While during summer months the inland temperatures are significantly higher, Vancouver has the coolest summer average high of all major Canadian metropolitan areas. The summer months are typically dry, with an average of only one in five days during July and August receiving precipitation. In contrast, the majority of days from November through March record some type of precipitation.[70]

Vancouver is also one of the wettest Canadian cities. However, precipitation varies throughout the metropolitan area. Annual precipitation as measured at Vancouver International Airport in Richmond averages 1,189 mm (46.8 in), compared with 1,588 mm (62.5 in) in the downtown area and 2,044 mm (80.5 in) in North Vancouver.[71][72] The daily maximum averages 22 °C (72 °F) in July and August, with highs rarely reaching 30 °C (86 °F).[73]

The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) set on July 30, 2009,[74] and the highest temperature ever recorded within the city of Vancouver was 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) occurring first on July 31, 1965,[75] again on August 8, 1981,[76] and also on May 29, 1983.[77] The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on January 14, 1950[78] and again on December 29, 1968.[79]

On average, snow falls on nine days per year, with three days receiving 5 cm (2.0 in) or more. Average yearly snowfall is 38.1 cm (15.0 in) but typically does not remain on the ground for long.[73]

Winters in Greater Vancouver are the fourth-mildest of Canadian cities after nearby Victoria, Nanaimo and Duncan, all on Vancouver Island.[80] Vancouver's growing season averages 237 days, from March 18 until November 10.[73] Vancouver's 1981–2010 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone ranges from 8A to 9A depending on elevation and proximity to water.[81]

Climate data for Richmond (Vancouver International Airport)
Climate ID: 1108447; coordinates 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W / 49.19500; -123.18194 (Vancouver International Airport); elevation: 4.3 m (14 ft); 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1898–present[a]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 17.2 18.0 20.3 23.9 33.7 38.4 38.3 35.9 33.0 27.2 21.1 16.1 38.4
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)
18.4
(65.1)
20.0
(68.0)
26.1
(79.0)
30.4
(86.7)
33.3
(91.9)
34.4
(93.9)
33.3
(91.9)
30.0
(86.0)
25.0
(77.0)
23.3
(73.9)
15.0
(59.0)
34.4
(93.9)
Average high °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4)
8.2
(46.8)
10.3
(50.5)
13.2
(55.8)
16.7
(62.1)
19.6
(67.3)
22.2
(72.0)
22.2
(72.0)
18.9
(66.0)
13.5
(56.3)
9.2
(48.6)
6.3
(43.3)
13.9
(57.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4)
4.9
(40.8)
6.9
(44.4)
9.4
(48.9)
12.8
(55.0)
15.7
(60.3)
18.0
(64.4)
18.0
(64.4)
14.9
(58.8)
10.3
(50.5)
6.3
(43.3)
3.6
(38.5)
10.4
(50.7)
Average low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5)
1.6
(34.9)
3.4
(38.1)
5.6
(42.1)
8.8
(47.8)
11.7
(53.1)
13.7
(56.7)
13.8
(56.8)
10.8
(51.4)
7.0
(44.6)
3.5
(38.3)
0.8
(33.4)
6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0)
−16.1
(3.0)
−9.4
(15.1)
−3.3
(26.1)
0.6
(33.1)
3.9
(39.0)
6.1
(43.0)
3.9
(39.0)
−1.1
(30.0)
−6.1
(21.0)
−14.3
(6.3)
−17.8
(0.0)
−17.8
(0.0)
Record low wind chill −22.6 −21.2 −14.5 −5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 −11.4 −21.3 −27.8 −27.8
Average precipitation mm (inches) 168.4
(6.63)
104.6
(4.12)
113.9
(4.48)
88.5
(3.48)
65.0
(2.56)
53.8
(2.12)
35.6
(1.40)
36.7
(1.44)
50.9
(2.00)
120.8
(4.76)
188.9
(7.44)
161.9
(6.37)
1,189
(46.81)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 157.5
(6.20)
98.9
(3.89)
111.8
(4.40)
88.1
(3.47)
65.0
(2.56)
53.8
(2.12)
35.6
(1.40)
36.7
(1.44)
50.9
(2.00)
120.7
(4.75)
185.8
(7.31)
148.3
(5.84)
1,153.1
(45.38)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 11.1
(4.4)
6.3
(2.5)
2.3
(0.9)
0.3
(0.1)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.0)
3.2
(1.3)
14.8
(5.8)
38.1
(15.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 19.5 15.4 17.7 14.8 13.2 11.5 6.3 6.7 8.3 15.4 20.4 19.7 168.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 18.4 14.7 17.5 14.8 13.2 11.5 6.3 6.8 8.3 15.4 19.9 18.4 165.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 2.6 1.4 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.8 2.8 8.73
Average relative humidity (%) 81.2 74.5 70.1 65.4 63.5 62.2 61.4 61.8 67.2 75.6 79.5 80.9 70.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.2 91.0 134.8 185.0 222.5 226.9 289.8 277.1 212.8 120.7 60.4 56.5 1,937.5
Percent possible sunshine 22.3 31.8 36.6 45.0 46.9 46.8 59.3 62.1 56.1 36.0 21.9 22.0 40.6
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 6 7 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source 1: Environment and Climate Change Canada[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]
Source 2: Weather Atlas(UV)[97]

Cityscape

Urban planning

 
Aerial view of Downtown Vancouver. Urban development in Vancouver is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre with mixed-use developments.

As of 2021, Vancouver is the most densely populated city in Canada.[6] Urban planning in Vancouver is characterized by high-rise residential and mixed-use development in urban centres, as an alternative to sprawl.[98] As part of the larger Metro Vancouver region, it is influenced by the policy direction of livability as illustrated in Metro Vancouver's Regional Growth Strategy.

Vancouver has been ranked one of the most livable cities in the world for more than a decade. As of 2019, Vancouver has been ranked as having the third-highest quality of living of any city on Earth.[11] In contrast, according to Forbes, Vancouver had the fourth-most expensive real estate market in the world in 2019.[99] Vancouver has also been ranked among Canada's most expensive cities to live in. Sales in February 2016 were 56.3 percent higher than the 10-year average for the month.[100][101][102] Forbes also ranked Vancouver as the tenth-cleanest city in the world in 2007.[103]

Vancouver's characteristic approach to urban planning originated in the late 1950s, when city planners began to encourage the building of high-rise residential towers in Vancouver's West End,[104] subject to strict requirements for setbacks and open space to protect sight lines and preserve green space. The success of these dense but livable neighbourhoods led to the redevelopment of urban industrial sites, such as North False Creek and Coal Harbour, beginning in the mid-1980s. The result is a compact urban core that has gained international recognition for its "high amenity and 'livable' development".[105] In 2006, the city launched a planning initiative entitled EcoDensity, with the stated goal of exploring ways in which "density, design, and land use can contribute to environmental sustainability, affordability, and livability".[106]

 
Vancouver skyline from Stanley Park

Architecture

 
Robson Square is a civic centre and public square designed by local architect Arthur Erickson.
 
Waterfront station, Vancouver

The Vancouver Art Gallery is housed downtown in the neoclassical former courthouse built in 1906. The courthouse building was designed by Francis Rattenbury, who also designed the British Columbia Parliament Buildings and the Empress Hotel in Victoria, and the lavishly decorated second Hotel Vancouver.[107] The 556-room Hotel Vancouver, opened in 1939 and the third by that name, is across the street with its copper roof. The Gothic-style Christ Church Cathedral, across from the hotel, opened in 1894 and was declared a heritage building in 1976.

There are several modern buildings in the downtown area, including the Harbour Centre, the Vancouver Law Courts and surrounding plaza known as Robson Square (designed by Arthur Erickson) and the Vancouver Library Square (designed by Moshe Safdie and DA Architects), reminiscent of the Colosseum in Rome, and the recently completed Woodward's building Redevelopment (designed by Henriquez Partners Architects).

The original BC Hydro headquarters building (designed by Ron Thom and Ned Pratt) at Nelson and Burrard Streets is a modernist high-rise, now converted into the Electra condominia.[108] Also notable is the "concrete waffle" of the MacMillan Bloedel building on the north-east corner of the Georgia and Thurlow intersection.

 

A prominent addition to the city's landscape is the giant tent-frame Canada Place (designed by Zeidler Roberts Partnership Partnership, MCMP & DA Architects), the former Canada Pavilion from the 1986 World Exposition, which includes part of the Convention Centre, the Pan-Pacific Hotel, and a cruise ship terminal. Two modern buildings that define the southern skyline away from the downtown area are City Hall and the Centennial Pavilion of Vancouver General Hospital, both designed by Townley and Matheson in 1936 and 1958, respectively.[109][110]: 160–161 

A collection of Edwardian buildings in the city's old downtown core were, in their day, the tallest commercial buildings in the British Empire. These were, in succession, the Carter-Cotton Building (former home of The Vancouver Province newspaper), the Dominion Building (1907) and the Sun Tower (1911), the former two at Cambie and Hastings Streets and the latter at Beatty and Pender Streets.

The Sun Tower's cupola was finally exceeded as the Empire's tallest commercial building by the elaborate Art Deco Marine Building in the 1920s.[110]: 22, 24, 78  The Marine Building is known for its elaborate ceramic tile facings and brass-gilt doors and elevators, which make it a favourite location for movie shoots.[111] Topping the list of tallest buildings in Vancouver is Living Shangri-La at 201 m (659 ft)[112] and 62 storeys. The second-tallest building in Vancouver is the Trump International Hotel and Tower at 188 m (617 ft), followed by the Private Residences at Hotel Georgia, at 156 m (512 ft). The fourth-tallest is One Wall Centre at 150 m (490 ft)[113] and 48 storeys, followed closely by the Shaw Tower at 149 m (489 ft).[113]

Demographics

Vancouver
YearPop.±%
189113,709—    
190126,133+90.6%
1911100,401+284.2%
1921117,217+16.7%
1931246,593+110.4%
1941275,353+11.7%
1951344,833+25.2%
1956365,844+6.1%
1961384,522+5.1%
1966410,375+6.7%
1971426,256+3.9%
1976410,188−3.8%
1981414,281+1.0%
1986431,147+4.1%
1991471,644+9.4%
1996514,008+9.0%
2001545,671+6.2%
2006578,041+5.9%
2011603,502+4.4%
2016631,486+4.6%
2021662,248+4.9%
Source: Statistics Canada

In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Vancouver had a population of 662,248 living in 305,336 of its 328,347 total private dwellings, a change of 4.9% from its 2016 population of 631,486, making it the eighth-largest among Canadian cities. More specifically, Vancouver is the fourth-largest in Western Canada after Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg. With a land area of 115.18 km2 (44.47 sq mi), it had a population density of 5,749.7/km2 (14,891.6/sq mi) in 2021,[2] the most densely populated Canadian municipality with more than 5,000 residents.[6]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the metropolitan area referred to as Greater Vancouver had a population of 2,642,825 living in 1,043,319 of its 1,104,532 total private dwellings, a change of 7.3% from its 2016 population of 2,463,431, the third-most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With a land area of 2,878.93 km2 (1,111.56 sq mi), it had a population density of 918.0/km2 (2,377.6/sq mi) in 2021.[4] Approximately 75 percent of the people living in Metro Vancouver live outside Vancouver itself.

The larger Lower Mainland-Southwest economic region (which includes also the Squamish-Lillooet, Fraser Valley, and Sunshine Coast Regional District) has a population of over 3.04 million.[114]

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 274,365 persons or 42.2% of the total population of Vancouver. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were China (63,275 persons or 23.1%), Philippines (29,930 persons or 10.9%), Hong Kong (25,480 persons or 9.3%), India (14,640 persons or 5.3%), United Kingdom (12,895 persons or 4.7%), Vietnam (12,120 persons or 4.4%), Taiwan (9,870 persons or 3.6%), United States of America (9,790 persons or 3.6%), Iran (8,775 persons or 3.2%), and South Korea (6,495 persons or 2.4%).[115]

Ethnicity

Pan-ethnic breakdown of Vancouver from the 2021 census[115]

  European[b] (43.22%)
  East Asian[c] (29.26%)
  Southeast Asian[d] (9.1%)
  South Asian (6.9%)
  Latin American (2.78%)
  Middle Eastern[e] (2.44%)
  Indigenous (2.25%)
  African (1.31%)
  Other[f] (2.74%)

Vancouver has been called a "city of neighbourhoods". Each neighbourhood in Vancouver has a distinct character and ethnic mix.[116] People of English, Scottish, and Irish origins were historically the largest ethnic groups in the city,[117] and elements of British society and culture are still visible in some areas, particularly South Granville and Kerrisdale. Germans are the next-largest European ethnic group in Vancouver and were a leading force in the city's society and economy until the rise of anti-German sentiment with the outbreak of World War I in 1914.[14] Today the Chinese are the largest visible ethnic group in Vancouver; the city has a diverse Chinese-speaking community with speakers of several dialects, notably Cantonese and Mandarin.[43][118] Neighbourhoods with distinct ethnic commercial areas include Chinatown, Punjabi Market, Little Italy, Greektown, and (formerly) Japantown.

Since the 1980s, immigration increased substantially, making the city more ethnically and linguistically diverse; 49 percent of Vancouver's residents do not speak English as their first language.[8] Over 25 percent of the city's inhabitants are of Chinese heritage.[7] In the 1980s, an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong in anticipation of the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, combined with an increase in immigrants from mainland China and previous immigrants from Taiwan, established in Vancouver one of the highest concentrations of ethnic Chinese residents in North America.[119] Another significant Asian ethnic group in Vancouver includes South Asians, forming approximately 7 percent of the city's inhabitants; while a small community had existed in the city since 1897,[120] larger waves of migration began in the 1960s, prompting new Punjabi immigrants to establish a Little India (known as Punjabi Market) and preside over much of the mass construction of the Vancouver Special across the southeastern quadrant of the city,[121][122] notably within the Sunset neighbourhood prior to the suburbanization of the community to outer suburbs such as Surrey or Delta.[123][124][125]

Other Asian-origin groups that reside in Vancouver include Filipinos (5.9%), Japanese (1.7%), Korean (1.7%), West Asians (1.9%), as well as sizable communities of Vietnamese, Indonesians, and Cambodians.[7] Despite increases in Latin American immigration to Vancouver in the 1980s and 1990s, recent immigration has been comparatively low. Although, growth in the Latino population arose in the late 2010s and early 2020s, and which largely consists of Mexicans, Salvadorans, and other groups. African immigration has been similarly stagnant (3.6% and 3.3% of total immigrant population, respectively).[126] The black population of Vancouver is small in comparison to other Canadian major cities, making up 1.3 percent of the city. Hogan's Alley, a small area adjacent to Chinatown, just off Main Street at Prior, was once home to a significant black community. The Black population consists of Somalis, Jamaicans/Caribbeans, and other groups including those who descended from African Americans. The neighbourhood of Strathcona was the core of the city's Jewish community.[127][128] In 1981, less than 7 percent of the population belonged to a visible minority group.[129] By 2016, this proportion had grown to 52 percent.[130]

Prior to the Hong Kong diaspora of the 1990s, the largest non-British ethnic groups in the city were Irish and German, followed by Scandinavian, Italian, Ukrainian, Chinese, and Punjabi. From the mid-1950s until the 1980s, many Portuguese immigrants came to Vancouver and the city had the third-largest Portuguese population in Canada in 2001.[131] Eastern Europeans, including Russians, Czechs, Poles, Romanians and Hungarians began immigrating after the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe after World War II.[14] Greek immigration increased in the late 1960s and early '70s, with most settling in the Kitsilano area. Vancouver also has a significant aboriginal community of about 15,000 people.[132][7]

Vancouver has a large LGBT community,[133] with a recognized gay male enclave focused in the West End neighbourhood of the downtown core, particularly along Davie Street, officially designated as Davie Village,[134] though the gay community is omnipresent throughout West End and Yaletown areas. Vancouver is host to one of the country's largest annual pride parades.[135]

Language

According to the 2021 Canadian census, 612,215 persons or 94.1% of Vancouver's population have knowledge of the English language; 96,965 persons or 14.9% of the population have knowledge of the Cantonese language, followed by Mandarin (74,695 or 11.5%), French (60,990 or 9.4%), Tagalog (30,430 or 4.7%), Punjabi (19,130 or 2.9%), Hindi (15,025 or 2.3%), Vietnamese (14,905 or 2.3%), Japanese (12,075 or 1.9%), Farsi (11,855 or 1.9%), German (11,050 or 1.7%), Korean (10,480 or 1.6%), Portuguese (8,715 or 1.3%), Italian (7,740 or 1.2%), and Russian (7,620 or 1.2%).[115]

Furthermore, the 2021 census stated 332,135 persons or 50.7% of Vancouver's population have English as a mother tongue; Cantonese is the mother tongue of 77,435 persons or 11.8% of the population, followed by Mandarin (41,695 or 6.4%), Tagalog (18,675 or 2.9%), Spanish (16,735 or 2.6%), Punjabi (13,305 or 2.0%), Vietnamese (11,870 or 1.8%), Farsi (9,900 or 1.6%), Korean (8,605 or 1.3%), Japanese (7,150 or 1.1%), Portuguese (6,740 or 1.0%), Russian (5,155 or 0.8%), German (4,725 or 0.7%), Hindi (4,355 or 0.7%), and Italian (4,000 or 0.6%).[115]

Religion

According to the 2021 Canadian census, religious groups in Vancouver included:[115]

Homelessness

Homelessness is a significant and persistent issue in Vancouver. A 2019 count found that at least 2,223 people in the city were experiencing homelessness, the highest number recorded since counts began in 2005. Of those surveyed, 28 percent reported having no physical shelter. Indigenous people accounted for 39 percent of all respondents. Three-fifths of respondents reported at least two health concerns, and 67 percent reported an addiction to at least one substance.[136]

Economy

With its location on the Pacific Rim and at the western terminus of Canada's transcontinental highway and rail routes, Vancouver is one of the nation's largest industrial centres.[65] Port Metro Vancouver, Canada's largest and most diversified port, does more than $172 billion in trade with over 160 different trading economies annually. Port activities generate $9.7 billion in gross domestic product and $20.3 billion in economic output.[137] Vancouver is also the headquarters of forest product and mining companies. In recent years, Vancouver has become a centre for software development, biotechnology, aerospace, video game development, animation studios and television production and film industry.[138] Vancouver hosts approximately 65 movies and 55 TV series annually and is the 3rd largest film & TV production centre in North America, supporting 20,000 jobs.[139] The city's strong focus on lifestyle and health culture also makes it a hub for many lifestyle brands with Lululemon, Arc'teryx, Kit and Ace, Mountain Equipment Co-op, Herschel Supply Co., Aritzia, Reigning Champ, and Nature's Path Foods all founded and headquartered in Vancouver. Vancouver was also the birthplace of 1-800-GOT-JUNK? and Western Canada's largest online-only publication, Daily Hive.[140]

 
The Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the third-largest port in the Americas (by tonnage).

Vancouver's scenic location makes it a major tourist destination. Over 10.3 million people visited Vancouver in 2017. Annually, tourism contributes approximately $4.8 billion to the Metro Vancouver economy and supports over 70,000 jobs.[141] Many visit to see the city's gardens, Stanley Park, Queen Elizabeth Park, VanDusen Botanical Garden and the mountains, ocean, forest and parklands which surround the city. Each year over a million people pass through Vancouver on cruise ship vacations, often bound for Alaska.[138]

Vancouver is the most stressed city in the spectrum of affordability of housing in Canada.[142] In 2012, Vancouver was ranked by Demographia as the second-most unaffordable city in the world, rated as even more severely unaffordable in 2012 than in 2011.[143][144][145][146] The city has adopted various strategies to reduce housing costs, including cooperative housing, legalized secondary suites, increased density and smart growth. As of April 2010, the average two-level home in Vancouver sold for a record high of $987,500, compared with the Canadian average of $365,141.[147] A factor explaining the high property prices may be policies by the Canadian government which permit snow washing, which allows foreigners to buy property in Canada while shielding their identities from tax authorities, making real estate transactions an effective way to conduct money laundering.[148]

Since the 1990s, development of high-rise condominia in the downtown peninsula has been financed, in part, by an inflow of capital from Hong Kong immigrants due to the former colony's 1997 handover to China.[149] Such development has clustered in the Yaletown and Coal Harbour districts and around many of the SkyTrain stations to the east of the downtown.[138] The city's selection to co-host the 2010 Winter Olympics was also a major influence on economic development. Concern was expressed that Vancouver's increasing homelessness problem would be exacerbated by the Olympics because owners of single room occupancy hotels, which house many of the city's lowest income residents, converted their properties to attract higher income residents and tourists.[150] Another significant international event held in Vancouver, the 1986 World Exposition, received over 20 million visitors and added $3.7 billion to the Canadian economy.[151] Some still-standing Vancouver landmarks, including the SkyTrain public transit system and Canada Place, were built as part of the exposition.[151]

Government

 
Map of the 22 official neighbourhoods of Vancouver

Vancouver, unlike other British Columbia municipalities, is incorporated under the Vancouver Charter.[152] The legislation, passed in 1953, supersedes the Vancouver Incorporation Act, 1921 and grants the city more and different powers than other communities possess under BC's Municipalities Act.

The civic government was dominated by the centre-right Non-Partisan Association (NPA) since World War II, albeit with some significant centre-left interludes until 2008.[43] The NPA fractured over the issue of drug policy in 2002, facilitating a landslide victory for the Coalition of Progressive Electors (COPE) on a harm reduction platform. Subsequently, North America's only legal safe injection site at the time, Insite, was opened for the significant number of intravenous heroin users in the city.[153]

Vancouver is governed by the eleven-member Vancouver City Council, a nine-member School Board, and a seven-member Park Board, all of whom serve four-year terms. Unusually for a city of Vancouver's size, all municipal elections are on an at-large basis. Historically, in all levels of government, the more affluent west side of Vancouver has voted along conservative or liberal lines while the eastern side of the city has voted along left-wing lines.[154] This was reaffirmed with the results of the 2005 provincial election and the 2006 federal election.

 
Opened in 1936, Vancouver City Hall is home to Vancouver City Council.

Though polarized, a political consensus has emerged in Vancouver around a number of issues. Protection of urban parks, a focus on the development of rapid transit as opposed to a freeway system, a harm-reduction approach to illegal drug use, and a general concern about community-based development are examples of policies that have come to have broad support across the political spectrum in Vancouver.[155]

In the 2008 municipal election campaign, NPA incumbent mayor Sam Sullivan was ousted as mayoral candidate by the party in a close vote, which instated Peter Ladner as the new mayoral candidate for the NPA. Gregor Robertson, a former MLA for Vancouver-Fairview and head of Happy Planet, was the mayoral candidate for Vision Vancouver, the other main contender. Vision Vancouver candidate Gregor Robertson defeated Ladner by a considerable margin, nearing 20,000 votes. The balance of power was significantly shifted to Vision Vancouver, which held seven of the 10 spots for councillor. Of the remaining three, COPE received two and the NPA one. For park commissioner, four spots went to Vision Vancouver, one to the Green Party, one to COPE, and one to NPA. For school trustee, there were four Vision Vancouver seats, three COPE seats, and two NPA seats.[156] In the 2018 Vancouver municipal election, independent Kennedy Stewart was elected mayor of Vancouver.[157] Stewart was later defeated as mayor in the 2022 Vancouver municipal election by Ken Sim, the runner-up in the 2018 election.[158]

Vancouver's budget consists of a capital and an operating component. The 2017 operating budget was $1.323 billion, while the 2018 operating budget is $1.407 billion (a year over year increase of 6.4%). The capital budget for 2018 is unchanged from 2017 and stands at $426.4 million.[159] Budget increases are largely funded through increases in property taxes and community amenity contributions imposed in exchange for increases in allowable density as part of the construction permitting process. Utility fees and other user fees have also been increased, but represent a comparatively small portion of Vancouver's overall budget.

Regional government

Along with 20 other municipalities, one electoral area and one treaty First Nation,[160] Vancouver is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, the regional government whose seat is in Burnaby. While each member of Metro Vancouver has its own separate local governing body, Metro Vancouver oversees common services and planning functions within the area such as providing drinking water; operating sewage and solid waste handling; maintaining regional parks; overseeing air quality, greenhouse gases and ecological health; and providing a strategy for regional growth and land use.

Provincial and federal representation

In the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Vancouver is represented by 11 members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). As of June 2022, there are two seats held by the BC Liberal Party,[161] and nine by the BC New Democratic Party.

In the House of Commons of Canada, Vancouver is represented by six members of Parliament. In the 2021 federal election, the Liberals retained three seats (Vancouver Quadra, Vancouver Centre, and Vancouver South) and gained one (Vancouver Granville), while the NDP held on to the two seats (Vancouver East and Vancouver Kingsway) they held at dissolution. The Conservatives were shut out of the city's ridings. Two current Cabinet ministers hail from the city – Vancouver South MP Harjit Sajjan is Minister of International Development, and Vancouver Quadra MP Joyce Murray is Minister of Fisheries, Oceans, and the Canadian Coast Guard.

Policing and crime

 
Mounted officers of the Vancouver Police Department in Stanley Park

Vancouver operates the Vancouver Police Department, with 1,327 sworn members and an operating budget of $316.5 million in 2018.[162][163] Over 19 percent of the city's budget was spent on police protection in 2018.[163]

The Vancouver Police Department's operational divisions include a bicycle squad, a marine squad, and a dog squad. It also has a mounted squad, used primarily to patrol Stanley Park, as well as for crowd control.[164] The police work in conjunction with civilian and volunteer-run Community Police Centres.[165] In 2006, the police department established its own counterterrorism unit. In 2005, a new transit police force, the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Police Service (now the Metro Vancouver Transit Police), was established with full police powers.

Before the legalization of marijuana, Vancouver police generally did not arrest people for possessing small amounts of marijuana.[166] In 2000 the Vancouver Police Department established a specialized drug squad, "Growbusters", to carry out an aggressive campaign against the city's estimated 4,000 hydroponic marijuana growing operations (or grow-ops) in residential areas.[167] As with other law enforcement campaigns targeting marijuana this initiative has been sharply criticized.[168]

 
Hypodermic needles scattered amidst trash on Station Street near Pacific Central Station

As of 2018, Vancouver had the ninth-highest crime rate, dropping 5 spots since 2005, among Canada's 35 census metropolitan areas.[169] However, as with other Canadian cities, the overall crime rate has been falling "dramatically".[170] The rate of firearm related violence dropped from 45.3 per 100,000 in 2006, the highest of any major metropolitan region in Canada at that time, to 16.2 in 2017.[171][172] A series of gang-related incidents in early 2009 escalated into what police have dubbed a gang war. Vancouver plays host to special events such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation conference, the Clinton-Yeltsin Summit, or the Symphony of Fire fireworks show that require significant policing. The 1994 Stanley Cup riot overwhelmed police and injured as many as 200 people.[173] A second riot took place following the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals.[174]

To reduce the public health risk from discarded hypodermic needles which are commonly found on the streets of downtown and the adjacent Downtown Eastside, the city runs a continuous collection effort, recovering approximately 1000 needles per day from public spaces.[175][176] According to Vancouver Coastal Health, the regional health authority and a distributor of clean needles to intravenous drug users, there has never been a documented case of disease transmission from an accidental needlestick.[177]

Military

Jericho Beach in Vancouver is the location of the headquarters of 39 Canadian Brigade Group of the Canadian Army.[178] Local primary reserve units include The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own), based at the Seaforth Armoury and the Beatty Street Drill Hall, respectively, and the 15th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery.[179] The Naval Reserve Unit HMCS Discovery is based on Deadman's Island in Stanley Park.[180] RCAF Station Jericho Beach, the first air base in Western Canada, was taken over by the Canadian Army in 1947 when sea planes were replaced by long-range aircraft. Most of the base facilities were transferred to the City of Vancouver in 1969 and the area renamed "Jericho Park".[181]

Education

 
Headquarters of the Vancouver School Board. The English-language school district serves Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands.
 
Main mall of the University of British Columbia (UBC). UBC is one of five public universities located in Vancouver.

The Vancouver School Board enrolls more than 110,000 students in its elementary, secondary, and post-secondary institutions, making it the second-largest school district in the province.[182][183] The district administers about 76 elementary schools, 17 elementary annexes, 18 secondary schools, 7 adult education centres, 2 Vancouver Learning Network schools,[184] which include 18 French immersion schools, a Mandarin bilingual school, and fine arts (Byng Arts Mini School), gifted, and Montessori schools.[182] The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates three Francophone schools in that city: the primary schools école Rose-des-vents and école Anne-Hébert as well as the école secondaire Jules-Verne.[185] More than 46 independent schools of a wide variety are also eligible for partial provincial funding and educate approximately 10 percent of pupils in the city.[186]

There are five public universities in the Greater Vancouver area, the largest and most prestigious being the University of British Columbia (UBC) and Simon Fraser University (SFU), with a combined enrolment of more than 90,000 undergraduates, graduates, and professional students in 2008.[187][188] UBC often ranks among the top 50 best universities in the world and is ranked among the 20 best public universities in Canada.[189][190] SFU consistently ranks as the top comprehensive university in Canada and is among the 300 best universities in the world.[191][192] UBC's main campus is located on the tip of Burrard Peninsula, just west of the University Endowment Lands with the city-proper adjacent to the east. SFU's main campus is in Burnaby. Both also maintain campuses in Downtown Vancouver and Surrey.

The other public universities in the metropolitan area around Vancouver are Capilano University in North Vancouver, Emily Carr University of Art and Design, and Kwantlen Polytechnic University whose four campuses are all outside the city proper. Six private institutions also operate in the region: Trinity Western University in Langley, UOPX Canada in Burnaby, and University Canada West, NYIT Canada, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Columbia College, and Sprott Shaw College, all in Vancouver.

Vancouver Community College and Langara College are publicly funded college-level institutions in Vancouver, as is Douglas College with three campuses outside the city. The British Columbia Institute of Technology in Burnaby provides polytechnic education. These are augmented by private and vocational institutions and other colleges in the surrounding areas of Metro Vancouver that provide career, trade, technical, and university-transfer programs, while the Vancouver Film School provides one-year programs in film production and video game design.[193][194]

International students and English as a second language (ESL) students have been significant in the enrolment of these public and private institutions. For the 2008–2009 school year, 53 percent of Vancouver School Board's students spoke a language other than English at home.[183]

Arts and culture

 
Opened in 2005, VIFF Centre houses production rooms and offices for the Vancouver International Film Festival.

Theatre, dance, film and television

Theatre

Prominent theatre companies in Vancouver include the Arts Club Theatre Company on Granville Island, and Bard on the Beach. Smaller companies include Touchstone Theatre, and Studio 58. The Cultch, The Firehall Arts Centre, United Players, Pacific and Metro Theatres, all run continuous theatre seasons. Theatre Under the Stars produces shows in the summer at Malkin Bowl in Stanley Park. Annual festivals that are held in Vancouver include the PuSh International Performing Arts Festival in January and the Vancouver Fringe Festival in September.

The Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company operated for fifty years, ending in March 2012.[195]

Dance

Vancouver is home to Ballet BC, a ballet company whose principle venue is the Queen Elizabeth Theatre. Ballet BC was founded in 1986 and is currently British Columbia's only ballet company.[196]

The Scotiabank Dance Centre, a converted bank building on the corner of Davie and Granville, functions as a gathering place and performance venue for Vancouver-based dancers and choreographers. Dances for a Small Stage is a semi-annual dance festival.

Film

The Vancouver International Film Festival, which runs for two weeks each September, shows over 350 films and is one of the larger film festivals in North America. The VIFF Centre venue, the Vancity Theatre, runs independent non-commercial films throughout the rest of the year, as do the Pacific Cinémathèque, and the Rio theatres.

Films set in Vancouver

Vancouver has become a major film location,[197] known as Hollywood North, as it has stood in for several U.S. cities. However, it has started to appear as itself in several feature films. Among films set in the city and its surroundings are the 1994 US thriller Intersection, starring Richard Gere and Sharon Stone; the 2007 Canadian ghost thriller They Wait, starring Terry Chen and Jaime King; and the acclaimed Canadian 'mockumentary' Hard Core Logo, and was named the second-best Canadian film of the last 15 years, in a 2001 poll of 200 industry voters, performed by Playback. Genie Award-winning filmmaker Mina Shum has filmed and set several of her internationally released features in Vancouver, including the Sundance-screened Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity (2002).

Television shows produced in Vancouver

Many past and current TV shows have been filmed and set in Vancouver. The first Canadian prime time national series to be produced out of Vancouver was Cold Squad[198][199] and its storyline was also physically set in the city. Other series set in or around the city of Vancouver include Continuum, Da Vinci's Inquest, Danger Bay, Edgemont, Godiva's, Intelligence, Motive, Northwood, Primeval: New World, Robson Arms, The Romeo Section, Shattered, The Switch, and These Arms of Mine.

Television shows produced[200] (but not set) in Vancouver (that have been produced by American and Canadian studios alike) include 21 Jump Street, The 100, The 4400, Airwolf, Almost Human, Arrow, Backstrom, Caprica, Cedar Cove, Chesapeake Shores, The Commish, Dark Angel, Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, The Flash, The Good Doctor, Haters Back Off, Hellcats, Intelligence, iZombie, The Killing, The L Word, Life Unexpected, The Man in the High Castle, Once Upon a Time, Psych, Reaper, Riverdale, Rogue, Smallville, Stargate SG-1, Supergirl, Supernatural, The Tomorrow People, The Magicians, Tru Calling, Van Helsing, Witches of East End, and The X-Files.

Libraries and museums

 
Science World is an interactive science centre. The building was originally constructed for Expo 86.

Libraries in Vancouver include the Vancouver Public Library with its main branch at Library Square, designed by Moshe Safdie. The central branch contains 1.5 million volumes. Altogether there are twenty-two branches containing 2.25 million volumes.[201] The Vancouver Tool Library is Canada's original tool lending library.

The Vancouver Art Gallery has a permanent collection of nearly 10,000 items and is the home of a significant number of works by Emily Carr.[202] However, little or none of the permanent collection is ever on view. Downtown is also home to the Contemporary Art Gallery (Vancouver), which showcases temporary exhibitions by up-and-coming Vancouver artists. The Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery with a small collection of contemporary works is part of the University of British Columbia.

In the Kitsilano district are the Vancouver Maritime Museum, the H. R. MacMillan Space Centre, and the Vancouver Museum, the largest civic museum in Canada. The Museum of Anthropology at UBC is a leading museum of Pacific Northwest Coast First Nations culture. A more interactive museum is Science World at the head of False Creek. The city also features a diverse collection of Public Art.

Visual art

 
Inukshuk at English Bay. The inuksuk sculpture is one of several pieces of public art on display in Vancouver.

The Vancouver School of conceptual[203] photography (often referred to as photoconceptualism)[204] is a term applied to a grouping of artists from Vancouver who achieved international recognition starting in the 1980s.[203] No formal "school" exists and the grouping remains both informal and often controversial[205] even among the artists themselves, who often resist the term.[205] Artists associated with the term include Jeff Wall, Ian Wallace, Ken Lum, Roy Arden,[204] Stan Douglas and Rodney Graham.[206]

Vancouver has a history of Aboriginal art. Examples of this can be seen at the Museum of Anthropology at UBC.[207]

Music and nightlife

Musical contributions from Vancouver include performers of classical, folk and popular music. The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra is the professional orchestra based in the city. The Vancouver Opera is a major opera company in the city, and City Opera of Vancouver is the city's professional chamber opera company. The city is home to a number of Canadian composers including Rodney Sharman, Jeffrey Ryan, and Jocelyn Morlock.

 
The Granville Entertainment District downtown can attract large crowds to the street's many bars and nightclubs.

The city produced a number of notable punk rock bands, including D.O.A. Other early Vancouver punk bands included the Subhumans, the Young Canadians, the Pointed Sticks, and U-J3RK5.[208] When alternative rock became popular in the 1990s, several Vancouver groups rose to prominence, including 54-40, Odds, Moist, the Matthew Good Band, Sons of Freedom and Econoline Crush. Recent successful Vancouver bands include Gob, Marianas Trench, Theory of a Deadman and Stabilo. Today, Vancouver is home to a number of popular independent bands such as The New Pornographers, Japandroids, Destroyer, In Medias Res, Tegan and Sara, and independent labels including Nettwerk and Mint. Vancouver also produced influential metal band Strapping Young Lad and pioneering electro-industrial bands Skinny Puppy, Numb and Front Line Assembly; the latter's Bill Leeb is better known for founding ambient pop super-group Delerium. Other popular musical artists who made their mark from Vancouver include Carly Rae Jepsen, Bryan Adams, Sarah McLachlan, Heart, Prism, Trooper, Chilliwack, Payolas, Moev, Images in Vogue, Michael Bublé, Stef Lang and Spirit of the West.[209]

Larger musical performances are usually held at venues such as Rogers Arena, Queen Elizabeth Theatre, BC Place Stadium or the Pacific Coliseum, while smaller acts are held at places such as the Commodore Ballroom, the Orpheum Theatre and the Vogue Theatre. The Vancouver Folk Music Festival and the Vancouver International Jazz Festival showcase music in their respective genres from around the world. Vancouver's Hong Kong Chinese population has produced several Cantopop stars across the Hong Kong entertainment industry. Similarly, various Indo-Canadian artists and actors have a profile in Bollywood or other aspects of India's entertainment industry.

Vancouver has a vibrant nightlife scene, whether it be food and dining, or bars and nightclubs. The Granville Entertainment District has the city's highest concentration of bars and nightclubs with closing times of 3 am, in addition to various after-hours clubs open until late morning on weekends. The street can attract large crowds on weekends and is closed to traffic on such nights. Gastown is also a popular area for nightlife with many upscale restaurants and nightclubs, as well as the Davie Village which is centre to the city's LGBT community.

Media

 
Granville Square (centre building) houses the two major daily newspapers of the city, The Vancouver Sun and The Province.

Vancouver is a centre for film and television production. Nicknamed Hollywood North, a distinction it shares with Toronto,[210][211][212] the city has been used as a film making location for nearly a century, beginning with the Edison Manufacturing Company.[213] In 2008 more than 260 productions were filmed in Vancouver.[non-primary source needed] In 2011 Vancouver slipped to fourth place overall at 1.19 billion, although the region still leads Canada in foreign production.[214][215]

A wide mix of local, national, and international newspapers are distributed in the city. The two major English-language daily newspapers are the Vancouver Sun and The Province. Also, there are two national newspapers distributed in the city, including The Globe and Mail, which began publication of a "national edition" in BC in 1983 and recently expanded to include a three-page BC news section, and the National Post which centres on national news. Other local newspapers include 24H (a local free daily), the Vancouver franchise of the national free daily Metro, the twice-a-week Vancouver Courier, and the independent newspaper The Georgia Straight. Three Chinese-language daily newspapers – Ming Pao, Sing Tao and World Journal – cater to the city's large Cantonese- and Mandarin-speaking population. A number of other local and international papers serve other multicultural groups in the Lower Mainland.

 
750 Burrard Street houses Bell Media's West Coast headquarters and the regional offices for The Globe and Mail.

Some of the local television stations include CBC, Citytv, CTV and Global BC. OMNI British Columbia produces daily newscasts in Cantonese, Mandarin, Punjabi and Korean, and weekly newscasts in Tagalog, as well as programs aimed at other cultural groups. Fairchild Group also has two television stations: Fairchild TV and Talentvision, serving Cantonese- and Mandarin-speaking audiences, respectively.

Radio stations with news departments include CBC Radio One, CKNW and News 1130. The Franco-Columbian community is served by Radio-Canada outlets CBUFT-DT channel 26 (Ici Radio-Canada Télé), CBUF-FM 97.7 (Première Chaîne) and CBUX-FM 90.9 (Espace musique). The multilingual South Asian community is served by Spice Radio on 1200 AM established in 2014.[216]

Media dominance is a frequently discussed issue in Vancouver as newspapers the Vancouver Sun, The Province, the Vancouver Courier and other local newspapers such as the Surrey Now, the Burnaby Now and the Richmond News, are all owned by Postmedia Network.[217] The concentration of media ownership has spurred alternatives, making Vancouver a centre for independent online media including The Tyee, The Vancouver Observer, and NowPublic,[218] as well as hyperlocal online media, like Daily Hive and Vancouver Is Awesome,[219] which provide coverage of community events and local arts and culture.

Transportation

 
A SeaBus crosses Burrard Inlet between Vancouver and the neighbouring city of North Vancouver.

Vancouver's streetcar system began on June 28, 1890, and ran from the (first) Granville Street Bridge to Westminster Avenue (now Main Street and Kingsway). Less than a year later, the Westminster and Vancouver Tramway Company began operating Canada's first interurban line between the two cities (extended to Chilliwack in 1910). Another line (1902), the Vancouver and Lulu Island Railway, was leased by the Canadian Pacific Railway to the British Columbia Electric Railway in 1905 and ran from the Granville Street Bridge to Steveston via Kerrisdale, which encouraged residential neighbourhoods outside the central core to develop.[220] From 1897 the British Columbia Electric Railway (BCER) became the company that operated the urban and interurban rail system, until 1958, when its last vestiges were dismantled in favour of "trackless" trolley and gasoline/diesel buses;[221] in that same year the BCER became the core of the newly created, publicly owned BC Hydro.[citation needed] Vancouver currently has the second-largest trolleybus fleet in North America, after San Francisco.[222]

 
Off- and on-ramps leading to British Columbia Highway 1 in Vancouver. Highway 1 is the only controlled-access highway within the city limits.

Successive city councils in the 1970s and 1980s prohibited the construction of freeways as part of a long-term plan.[223] As a result, the only major freeway within city limits is Highway 1, which passes through the north-eastern corner of the city. While the number of cars in Vancouver proper has been steadily rising with population growth, the rate of car ownership and the average distance driven by daily commuters have fallen since the early 1990s.[224][225] Vancouver is the only major Canadian city with these trends. Despite the fact that the journey time per vehicle has increased by one-third and growing traffic mass, there are 7 percent fewer cars making trips into the downtown core.[224] In 2012, Vancouver had the worst traffic congestion in Canada and the second-highest in North America, behind Los Angeles.[226] As of 2013, Vancouver now has the worst traffic congestion in North America.[227] Residents have been more inclined to live in areas closer to their interests, or use more energy-efficient means of travel, such as mass transit and cycling. This is, in part, the result of a push by city planners for a solution to traffic problems and pro-environment campaigns. Transportation demand management policies have imposed restrictions on drivers making it more difficult and expensive to commute while introducing more benefits for non-drivers.[224]

 
Vancouver's SkyTrain in the Grandview Cut, with downtown Vancouver in the background. The white dome-like structure is the old roof of BC Place Stadium.

TransLink is responsible for roads and public transportation within Metro Vancouver (in succession to BC Transit, which had taken over the transit functions of BC Hydro). It provides bus service, including the RapidBus express service, a foot passenger and bicycle ferry service (known as SeaBus), an automated rapid transit service called SkyTrain, and West Coast Express commuter rail. Vancouver's SkyTrain system is currently running on three lines, the Millennium Line, the Expo Line and the Canada Line[228] with a total of 53 stations as of 2017. Only 20 of these stations are within the City of Vancouver borders, with the remainders in the adjacent suburbs. A number of city's biggest tourist attractions, such as English Bay, Stanley Park, the Vancouver Aquarium, University of British Columbia with the Museum of Anthropology, and Kitsilano are not connected by this rapid transit system.

Changes are being made to the regional transportation network as part of Translink's 10-Year Transportation Plan. The Canada Line, opened on August 17, 2009, connects Vancouver International Airport and the neighbouring city of Richmond with the existing SkyTrain system. The Evergreen Extension, which opened on December 2, 2016, links the cities of Coquitlam and Port Moody with the SkyTrain system.[229] As of January 2019, plans to extend the SkyTrain Millennium Line west to UBC as a subway under Broadway have been approved and there are plans for capacity upgrades and an extension to the Expo Line.[230] Several road projects will be completed within the next few years, as part of the Provincial Government's Gateway Program.[228]

Other modes of transport add to the diversity of options available in Vancouver. Inter-city passenger rail service is operated from Pacific Central Station by Via Rail to points east, Amtrak Cascades to Seattle and Portland, and Rocky Mountaineer rail tour routes. Small passenger ferries operating in False Creek provide commuter service to Granville Island, Downtown Vancouver and Kitsilano. Vancouver has a citywide network of bicycle lanes and routes, which supports an active population of cyclists year-round. Cycling has become Vancouver's fastest-growing mode of transportation.[231] The bicycle-sharing system Mobi was introduced to the city in June 2016.[232]

Vancouver is served by Vancouver International Airport (YVR), located on Sea Island in the city of Richmond, immediately south of Vancouver. Vancouver's airport is Canada's second-busiest airport,[233] and the second-largest gateway on the west coast of North America for international passengers.[234] HeliJet and float plane companies operate scheduled air service from Vancouver harbour and YVR south terminal. The city is also served by two BC Ferry terminals. One is to the northwest at Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver, and the other is to the south, at Tsawwassen in Delta.[235]

Sports and recreation

 
Third Beach is one of many beaches located in Vancouver. Given the city's proximity to the ocean and mountains, the area is a popular destination for outdoor recreation.

The mild climate of the city and proximity to ocean, mountains, rivers and lakes make the area a popular destination for outdoor recreation. Vancouver has over 1,298 ha (3,210 acres) of parks, of which Stanley Park, at 404 ha (1,000 acres), is the largest.[236] The city has several large beaches, many adjacent to one another, extending from the shoreline of Stanley Park around False Creek to the south side of English Bay, from Kitsilano to the University Endowment Lands, (which also has beaches that are not part of the city proper). The 18 km (11 mi) of beaches include Second and Third Beaches in Stanley Park, English Bay (First Beach), Sunset, Kitsilano Beach, Jericho, Locarno, Spanish Banks, Spanish Banks Extension, Spanish Banks West, and Wreck Beach. There is also a freshwater beach at Trout Lake in John Hendry Park. The coastline provides for many types of water sport, and the city is a popular destination for boating enthusiasts.[237]

Within a 20- to 30-minute drive from downtown Vancouver are the North Shore Mountains, with three ski areas: Cypress Mountain, Grouse Mountain, and Mount Seymour. Mountain bikers have created world-renowned trails across the North Shore. The Capilano River, Lynn Creek and Seymour River, also on the North Shore, provide opportunities to whitewater enthusiasts during periods of rain and spring melt, though the canyons of those rivers are more utilized for hiking and swimming than whitewater.[238]

Running races include the Vancouver Sun Run (a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) race) every April; the Vancouver Marathon, held every May; and the Scotiabank Vancouver Half-Marathon held every June. The Grouse Grind is a 2.9-kilometre (1.8 mi) climb up Grouse Mountain open throughout the summer and fall months, including the annual Grouse Grind Mountain Run. Hiking trails include the Baden-Powell Trail, an arduous 42-kilometre-long (26 mi) hike from West Vancouver's Horseshoe Bay to Deep Cove in the District of North Vancouver.[239]

 
BC Place is a multi-purpose stadium that is home to the BC Lions of the CFL and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of MLS.

Vancouver is also home to notable cycling races. During most summers since 1973, the Global Relay Gastown Grand Prix has been held on the cobblestone streets of Gastown. This race and the UBC Grand Prix are part of BC Superweek, an annual series of professional cycling races in Metro Vancouver.

The British Columbia Derby is a nine-furlong horse race held at the Hastings Racecourse in the third week of September.[240]

In 2009, Metro Vancouver hosted the World Police and Fire Games. Swangard Stadium, in the neighbouring city of Burnaby, hosted games for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup.[16][241]

Vancouver, along with Whistler and Richmond, was the host city for the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. On June 12, 2010, it played host to Ultimate Fighting Championship 115 (UFC 115) which was the fourth UFC event to be held in Canada (and the first outside Montreal).

In 2011, Vancouver hosted the Grey Cup, the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship game which is awarded every year to a different city which has a CFL team. The BC Titans of the International Basketball League played their inaugural season in 2009, with home games at the Langley Event Centre.[242] Vancouver is a centre for the fast-growing sport of ultimate. During the summer of 2008 Vancouver hosted the World Ultimate Championships.[243]

The National Basketball Association (NBA) came to town in the form of the Vancouver Grizzlies in 1995. They played their games at Rogers Arena. After six years in Vancouver, the team relocated to Memphis, Tennessee, in 2001.

 
The Vancouver Canucks are an NHL team who play their home games in Rogers Arena.

In 2015, Vancouver was one of six venues for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup and hosted the Final game between the United States and Japan. Vancouver is one of two Canadian cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[244]

Vancouver is Canada's fittest major city with an obesity rate of only 17.4%, compared to the national average of 24.8%. It is only surpassed by Kelowna, British Columbia with a rate of 17% and followed by Victoria, British Columbia at 19.6%.[245] Overall, the province of British Columbia has the lowest obesity rate in Canada, followed by Quebec at 2nd and Ontario at 3rd.

Current professional teams

Professional team League Sport Venue Established Championships
BC Lions Canadian Football League (CFL) Football BC Place 1954 6
Vancouver Canucks National Hockey League (NHL) Ice hockey Rogers Arena 1970
(1945: PCHL)
0 (6 in previous leagues)
Vancouver Canadians Northwest League
(NWL)
Baseball Nat Bailey Stadium 2000 4
Vancouver Giants Western Hockey League (WHL) Ice hockey Langley Events Centre 2001 1
Vancouver Whitecaps FC Major League Soccer (MLS) Soccer BC Place 2009
(1974: NASL)
0 (7 in previous leagues)
BC Bears Canadian Rugby Championship (CRC) Rugby Union Thunderbird Stadium 2009 2
Vancouver Warriors National Lacrosse League (NLL) Box Lacrosse Rogers Arena 2014 0 (1 as the Washington Stealth)
Vancouver Titans Overwatch League Overwatch Blizzard Arena 2018 1 (Stage 1 Champions)
Vancouver Knights Global T20 Canada (GT20) Cricket None 2018 1
Vancouver FC Canadian Premier League (CPL) Soccer Willoughby Community Park 2023 0

Sustainability

 
Container recycling, paper recycling and garbage bins in Vancouver

The City of Vancouver is a member of Metro Vancouver, which provides sustainable regional services[246] to the Greater Vancouver area. The city electrical grid is serviced by BC Hydro, which has 97.8 percent clean energy generation.[247] The City of Vancouver is the greenest city in Canada according to an independent ongoing urban ecological footprint study.[248]

The Greenest City action plan (GCAP) is a City of Vancouver urban sustainability initiative. Its primary mission was to ensure that Vancouver would become the greenest city in the world by 2020. The GCAP originated based on the 2009 work of the Greenest City Action Team, a committee co-chaired by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson.[249] The GCAP was approved by Vancouver city council in July 2011.[250]

In May 2018, the Zero Waste 2040 Strategy was passed by Vancouver's city council.[251] The city began work the same year on decreasing the amount of single-use items distributed in the city and stated its intention to ban these items by 2021 if businesses do not meet reduction targets. As part of the plan, a ban on plastic straws, polystyrene food packaging and free shopping bags was to go into effect in mid-2019.[252]

Twin towns – sister cities

The City of Vancouver was one of the first cities in Canada to enter into an international sister cities arrangement.[253] Special arrangements for cultural, social and economic benefits have been created with these sister cities.[65][254][255]

Country Municipality[256] Year
Ukraine Odesa 1944
Japan Yokohama 1965
Scotland Edinburgh 1978
China Guangzhou 1985
United States Los Angeles 1986

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 1981–2010 normals are for Vancouver International Airport, while extreme high and low temperatures are from Vancouver PMO (October 1898 to May 1945),[82] and Vancouver International Airport (January 1937 to present).[83]
  2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  6. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

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vancouver, this, article, about, canadian, city, suburb, portland, oregon, washington, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, vər, major, city, western, canada, located, lower, mainland, region, british, columbia, most, populous, city, province, 2021, canadian, . This article is about the Canadian city For the suburb of Portland Oregon see Vancouver Washington For other uses see Vancouver disambiguation Vancouver v ae n ˈ k uː v er listen van KOO ver is a major city in western Canada located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia As the most populous city in the province the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662 248 people in the city up from 631 486 in 2016 The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2 6 million in 2021 making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada Greater Vancouver along with the Fraser Valley comprises the Lower Mainland with a regional population of over 3 million Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5 700 people per square kilometre 6 and fourth highest in North America after New York City San Francisco and Mexico City VancouverCityCity of VancouverFrom top left to right Downtown Vancouver skyline from Fairview Science World BC Place Granville Street Bridge Gastown Harbour Centre totem poles at Stanley ParkFlagCoat of armsLogoNickname See nicknames of VancouverMotto s By sea land and air we prosper Interactive map of VancouverLocation of Vancouver in Metro VancouverCoordinates 49 15 40 N 123 06 50 W 49 26111 N 123 11389 W 49 26111 123 11389 1 CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegional districtMetro VancouverFirst settled6000 8000 BCEEstablishedMarch 10 1870 as Granville IncorporatedApril 6 1886 as Vancouver AmalgamatedJanuary 1 1929Named forGeorge VancouverSeatVancouver City HallGovernment TypeMayor council government BodyVancouver City Council MayorKen Sim ABC Vancouver City CouncilList of councillors Rebecca BlighChristine BoyleAdriane CarrLisa DominatoPete FrySarah Kirby YungMike KlassenPeter MeisznerBrian MontagueLenny Zhou MPs fed List of MPs Don Davies NDP Vancouver KingswayHedy Fry LPC Vancouver CentreJenny Kwan NDP Vancouver EastJoyce Murray LPC Vancouver QuadraHarjit Sajjan LPC Vancouver SouthTaleeb Noormohamed LPC Vancouver Granville MLAs prov List of MLAs Spencer Chandra Herbert NDP Vancouver West EndGeorge Chow NDP Vancouver FraserviewAdrian Dix NDP Vancouver KingswayDavid Eby NDP Vancouver Point GreyMable Elmore NDP Vancouver KensingtonGeorge Heyman NDP Vancouver FairviewMichael Lee BCL Vancouver LangaraMelanie Mark NDP Vancouver Mount PleasantShane Simpson NDP Vancouver HastingsBrenda Bailey NDP Vancouver False CreekKevin Falcon BCL Vancouver QuilchenaArea 2 Land115 18 km2 44 47 sq mi Urban 3 911 64 km2 351 99 sq mi Metro 4 2 878 93 km2 1 111 56 sq mi Highest elevation Little Mountain 152 m 501 ft Lowest elevation0 m 0 ft Population 2021 2 City662 248 Density5 749 9 km2 14 892 sq mi Rank1st in Canada Metro 4 2 642 825 3rd in Canada Metro density918 0 km2 2 378 sq mi Region3 049 496DemonymVancouveriteTime zoneUTC 08 00 PST Summer DST UTC 07 00 PDT Forward sortation areaV5K V6T V6Z V7X V7YArea codes604 778 236 672NTS map92G3 Lulu Island 92G6 North VancouverGNBC codeJBRIK 1 GDP Vancouver CMA 154 3 billion 2018 5 GDP per capita Vancouver CMA 58 384 2018 Websitevancouver wbr caVancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada 49 3 percent of its residents are not native English speakers 47 8 percent are native speakers of neither English nor French and 54 5 percent of residents belong to visible minority groups 7 8 It has been consistently ranked one of the most livable cities in Canada and in the world 9 10 11 In terms of housing affordability Vancouver is also one of the most expensive cities in Canada and in the world 12 Vancouver plans to become the greenest city in the world Vancouverism is the city s urban planning design philosophy Indigenous settlement of Vancouver began more than 10 000 years ago and included the Squamish Musqueam and Tsleil Waututh Burrard peoples The beginnings of the modern city which was originally named Gastown grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill that was built on July 1 1867 and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack The original site is marked by the Gastown steam clock Gastown then formally registered as a townsite dubbed Granville Burrard Inlet The city was renamed Vancouver in 1886 through a deal with the Canadian Pacific Railway CPR The Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway was extended to the city by 1887 The city s large natural seaport on the Pacific Ocean became a vital link in the trade between Asia Pacific East Asia Europe and Eastern Canada 13 14 Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events including the 1954 Commonwealth Games UN Habitat I Expo 86 APEC Canada 1997 the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 several matches of 2015 FIFA Women s World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver 15 and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler a resort community 125 km 78 mi north of the city 16 In 1969 Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 As of 2016 update the Port of Vancouver is the fourth largest port by tonnage in the Americas 17 the busiest and largest in Canada and the most diversified port in North America 18 19 While forestry remains its largest industry Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature making tourism its second largest industry 20 Major film production studios in Vancouver and nearby Burnaby have turned Greater Vancouver and nearby areas into one of the largest film production centres in North America 21 22 earning it the nickname Hollywood North 23 24 25 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Before 1850 2 2 Early growth 2 3 Incorporation 2 4 The 20th century 3 Geography 3 1 Ecology 3 2 Climate 4 Cityscape 4 1 Urban planning 4 2 Architecture 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnicity 5 2 Language 5 3 Religion 5 4 Homelessness 6 Economy 7 Government 7 1 Regional government 7 2 Provincial and federal representation 7 3 Policing and crime 7 4 Military 8 Education 9 Arts and culture 9 1 Theatre dance film and television 9 1 1 Theatre 9 1 2 Dance 9 1 3 Film 9 1 3 1 Films set in Vancouver 9 1 4 Television shows produced in Vancouver 9 2 Libraries and museums 9 3 Visual art 9 4 Music and nightlife 10 Media 11 Transportation 12 Sports and recreation 12 1 Current professional teams 13 Sustainability 14 Twin towns sister cities 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External linksEtymologyThe city takes its name from George Vancouver who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names 26 The family name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch van Coevorden denoting somebody from the city of Coevorden Netherlands The explorer s ancestors came to England from Coevorden which is the origin of the name that eventually became Vancouver 27 28 The indigenous Squamish people who reside in a region that encompasses southwestern British Columbia including this city gave the name K emk emelay which means place of many maple trees this was originally the name of a village inhabited by said people where a sawmill was established by Edward Stamp as part of the foundations to the British settlement later becoming part of Vancouver 29 HistoryMain article History of Vancouver For a chronological guide see Timeline of Vancouver history Before 1850 Archaeological records indicate that Aboriginal people were already living in the Vancouver area from 8 000 to 10 000 years ago 30 31 The city is located in the traditional and presently unceded territories of the Squamish Musqueam and Tsleil Waututh Burrard peoples of the Coast Salish group 32 33 34 They had villages in various parts of present day Vancouver such as Stanley Park False Creek Kitsilano Point Grey and near the mouth of the Fraser River 31 The region where Vancouver is currently located was referred to in contemporary Halkomelem as Lhq a lets 35 36 meaning wide at the bottom end Europeans became acquainted with the area of the future Vancouver when Jose Maria Narvaez of Spain explored the coast of present day Point Grey and parts of Burrard Inlet in 1791 although one author contends that Francis Drake may have visited the area in 1579 37 Draft map of villages and landmarks with their Indigenous names Burrard Inlet and English Bay by Vancouver archivist J S Matthews The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his crew became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present day city In 1808 they travelled from the east down the Fraser River perhaps as far as Point Grey 38 Early growth View of Gastown from Carrall and Water Street in 1886 Gastown was a settlement that quickly became a centre for trade and commerce on Burrard Inlet The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25 000 men mainly from California to nearby New Westminster founded February 14 1859 on the Fraser River on their way to the Fraser Canyon bypassing what would become Vancouver 39 40 41 Vancouver is among British Columbia s youngest cities 42 the first European settlement in what is now Vancouver was not until 1862 at McCleery s Farm on the Fraser River just east of the ancient village of Musqueam in what is now Marpole A sawmill established at Moodyville now the City of North Vancouver in 1863 began the city s long relationship with logging It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the south shore of the inlet Stamp who had begun logging in the Port Alberni area first attempted to run a mill at Brockton Point but difficult currents and reefs forced the relocation of the operation in 1867 to a point near the foot of Dunlevy Street This mill known as the Hastings Mill became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed The mill s central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway CPR in the 1880s It nevertheless remained important to the local economy until it closed in the 1920s 43 The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property 42 44 In 1870 the colonial government surveyed the settlement and laid out a townsite renamed Granville in honour of the then British Secretary of State for the Colonies Lord Granville This site with its natural harbour was selected in 1884 45 as the terminus for the Canadian Pacific Railway to the disappointment of Port Moody New Westminster and Victoria all of which had vied to be the railhead A railway was among the inducements for British Columbia to join the Confederation in 1871 but the Pacific Scandal and arguments over the use of Chinese labour delayed construction until the 1880s 46 Incorporation The first Vancouver City Council meeting following the Great Vancouver Fire in 1886 The City of Vancouver was incorporated on April 6 1886 the same year that the first transcontinental train arrived CPR president William Van Horne arrived in Port Moody to establish the CPR terminus recommended by Henry John Cambie and gave the city its name in honour of George Vancouver 42 The Great Vancouver Fire on June 13 1886 razed the entire city The Vancouver Fire Department was established that year and the city quickly rebuilt 43 Vancouver s population grew from a settlement of 1 000 people in 1881 to over 20 000 by the turn of the century and 100 000 by 1911 47 Vancouver merchants outfitted prospectors bound for the Klondike Gold Rush in 1898 39 One of those merchants Charles Woodward had opened the first Woodward s store at Abbott and Cordova Streets in 1892 and along with Spencer s and the Hudson s Bay department stores formed the core of the city s retail sector for decades 48 The economy of early Vancouver was dominated by large companies such as the CPR which fuelled economic activity and led to the rapid development of the new city 49 in fact the CPR was the main real estate owner and housing developer in the city While some manufacturing did develop including the establishment of the British Columbia Sugar Refinery by Benjamin Tingley Rogers in 1890 50 natural resources became the basis for Vancouver s economy The resource sector was initially based on logging and later on exports moving through the seaport where commercial traffic constituted the largest economic sector in Vancouver by the 1930s 51 The 20th century Plainclothes RCMP officers attack Relief Camp Workers Union protesters in 1938 Several protests over unemployment occurred in the city during the Great Depression Downtown celebrations at the end of World War II The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant labour movement The first major sympathy strike was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed by CPR police while picketing at the docks becoming the movement s first martyr in British Columbia 52 39 41 The rise of industrial tensions throughout the province led to Canada s first general strike in 1918 at the Cumberland coal mines on Vancouver Island 52 71 74 Following a lull in the 1920s the strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province 53 54 After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting the relief camp strikers decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the On to Ottawa Trek 54 but their protest was put down by force The workers were arrested near Mission and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression 55 Other social movements such as the first wave feminist moral reform and temperance movements were also instrumental in Vancouver s development Mary Ellen Smith a Vancouver suffragist and prohibitionist became the first woman elected to a provincial legislature in Canada in 1918 56 172 Alcohol prohibition began in the First World War and lasted until 1921 when the provincial government established control over alcohol sales a practice still in place today 56 187 188 Canada s first drug law came about following an inquiry conducted by the federal minister of Labour and future prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King King was sent to investigate damages claims resulting from a riot when the Asiatic Exclusion League led a rampage through Chinatown and Japantown Two of the claimants were opium manufacturers and after further investigation King found that white women were reportedly frequenting opium dens as well as Chinese men A federal law banning the manufacture sale and importation of opium for non medicinal purposes was soon passed based on these revelations 57 These riots and the formation of the Asiatic Exclusion League also act as signs of a growing fear and mistrust towards the Japanese living in Vancouver and throughout BC These fears were exacerbated by the attack on Pearl Harbor leading to the eventual internment or deportation of all Japanese Canadians living in the city and the province 58 After the war these Japanese Canadian men and women were not allowed to return to cities like Vancouver causing areas like the aforementioned Japantown to cease to be ethnically Japanese areas as the communities never revived 59 Amalgamation with Point Grey and South Vancouver gave the city its final boundaries not long before it became the third largest metropolis in the country As of January 1 1929 the population of the enlarged Vancouver was 228 193 60 GeographyFurther information List of bodies of water in Vancouver and Lower Mainland Ecoregion Satellite image of Metro Vancouver 2018 Located on the Burrard Peninsula Vancouver lies between Burrard Inlet to the north and the Fraser River to the south The Strait of Georgia to the west is shielded from the Pacific Ocean by Vancouver Island The city has an area of 115 18 km2 44 47 sq mi including both flat and hilly ground and is in the Pacific Time Zone UTC 8 and the Pacific Maritime Ecozone 61 Until the city s naming in 1885 Vancouver referred to Vancouver Island and it remains a common misconception that the city is located on the island 62 63 The island and the city are both named after Royal Navy Captain George Vancouver as is the city of Vancouver Washington in the United States Vancouver has one of the largest urban parks in North America Stanley Park which covers 404 9 ha 1 001 acres 64 The North Shore Mountains dominate the cityscape and on a clear day scenic vistas include the snow capped volcano Mount Baker in the state of Washington to the southeast Vancouver Island across the Strait of Georgia to the west and southwest and Bowen Island to the northwest 65 Ecology The vegetation in the Vancouver area was originally temperate rainforest consisting of conifers with scattered pockets of maple and alder and large areas of swampland even in upland areas due to poor drainage 66 The conifers were a typical coastal British Columbia mix of Douglas fir western red cedar and western hemlock 67 The area is thought to have had the largest trees of these species on the British Columbia Coast Only in Elliott Bay Seattle did the size of trees rival those of Burrard Inlet and English Bay The largest trees in Vancouver s old growth forest were in the Gastown area where the first logging occurred and on the southern slopes of False Creek and English Bay especially around Jericho Beach The forest in Stanley Park was logged between the 1860s and 1880s and evidence of old fashioned logging techniques such as springboard notches can still be seen there 68 Many plants and trees growing throughout Vancouver and the Lower Mainland were imported from other parts of the continent and from points across the Pacific Examples include the monkey puzzle tree the Japanese maple and various flowering exotics such as magnolias azaleas and rhododendrons Some species imported from harsher climates in Eastern Canada or Europe have grown to immense sizes The native Douglas maple can also attain a tremendous size Many of the city s streets are lined with flowering varieties of Japanese cherry trees donated from the 1930s onward by the government of Japan These flower for several weeks in early spring each year an occasion celebrated by the Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival Other streets are lined with flowering chestnut horse chestnut and other decorative shade trees 69 Climate Main article Climate of Vancouver VancouverClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 168 7 1 105 8 2 114 10 3 89 13 6 65 17 9 54 20 12 36 22 14 37 22 14 51 19 11 121 14 7 189 9 4 162 6 1Average max and min temperatures in CPrecipitation totals in mmImperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 6 6 44 35 4 1 47 35 4 5 51 38 3 5 56 42 2 6 62 48 2 1 67 53 1 4 72 57 1 4 72 57 2 66 51 4 8 56 45 7 4 49 38 6 4 43 33Average max and min temperatures in FPrecipitation totals in inchesVancouver is one of Canada s warmest cities in the winter Vancouver s climate is temperate by Canadian standards and is classified as oceanic or marine west coast Koppen climate classification Cfb that borders on a warm summer Mediterranean climate Csb While during summer months the inland temperatures are significantly higher Vancouver has the coolest summer average high of all major Canadian metropolitan areas The summer months are typically dry with an average of only one in five days during July and August receiving precipitation In contrast the majority of days from November through March record some type of precipitation 70 Vancouver is also one of the wettest Canadian cities However precipitation varies throughout the metropolitan area Annual precipitation as measured at Vancouver International Airport in Richmond averages 1 189 mm 46 8 in compared with 1 588 mm 62 5 in in the downtown area and 2 044 mm 80 5 in in North Vancouver 71 72 The daily maximum averages 22 C 72 F in July and August with highs rarely reaching 30 C 86 F 73 The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was 34 4 C 93 9 F set on July 30 2009 74 and the highest temperature ever recorded within the city of Vancouver was 35 0 C 95 0 F occurring first on July 31 1965 75 again on August 8 1981 76 and also on May 29 1983 77 The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was 17 8 C 0 0 F on January 14 1950 78 and again on December 29 1968 79 On average snow falls on nine days per year with three days receiving 5 cm 2 0 in or more Average yearly snowfall is 38 1 cm 15 0 in but typically does not remain on the ground for long 73 Winters in Greater Vancouver are the fourth mildest of Canadian cities after nearby Victoria Nanaimo and Duncan all on Vancouver Island 80 Vancouver s growing season averages 237 days from March 18 until November 10 73 Vancouver s 1981 2010 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone ranges from 8A to 9A depending on elevation and proximity to water 81 Climate data for Richmond Vancouver International Airport Climate ID 1108447 coordinates 49 11 42 N 123 10 55 W 49 19500 N 123 18194 W 49 19500 123 18194 Vancouver International Airport elevation 4 3 m 14 ft 1981 2010 normals extremes 1898 present a Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high humidex 17 2 18 0 20 3 23 9 33 7 38 4 38 3 35 9 33 0 27 2 21 1 16 1 38 4Record high C F 15 3 59 5 18 4 65 1 20 0 68 0 26 1 79 0 30 4 86 7 33 3 91 9 34 4 93 9 33 3 91 9 30 0 86 0 25 0 77 0 23 3 73 9 15 0 59 0 34 4 93 9 Average high C F 6 9 44 4 8 2 46 8 10 3 50 5 13 2 55 8 16 7 62 1 19 6 67 3 22 2 72 0 22 2 72 0 18 9 66 0 13 5 56 3 9 2 48 6 6 3 43 3 13 9 57 0 Daily mean C F 4 1 39 4 4 9 40 8 6 9 44 4 9 4 48 9 12 8 55 0 15 7 60 3 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 14 9 58 8 10 3 50 5 6 3 43 3 3 6 38 5 10 4 50 7 Average low C F 1 4 34 5 1 6 34 9 3 4 38 1 5 6 42 1 8 8 47 8 11 7 53 1 13 7 56 7 13 8 56 8 10 8 51 4 7 0 44 6 3 5 38 3 0 8 33 4 6 8 44 2 Record low C F 17 8 0 0 16 1 3 0 9 4 15 1 3 3 26 1 0 6 33 1 3 9 39 0 6 1 43 0 3 9 39 0 1 1 30 0 6 1 21 0 14 3 6 3 17 8 0 0 17 8 0 0 Record low wind chill 22 6 21 2 14 5 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 21 3 27 8 27 8Average precipitation mm inches 168 4 6 63 104 6 4 12 113 9 4 48 88 5 3 48 65 0 2 56 53 8 2 12 35 6 1 40 36 7 1 44 50 9 2 00 120 8 4 76 188 9 7 44 161 9 6 37 1 189 46 81 Average rainfall mm inches 157 5 6 20 98 9 3 89 111 8 4 40 88 1 3 47 65 0 2 56 53 8 2 12 35 6 1 40 36 7 1 44 50 9 2 00 120 7 4 75 185 8 7 31 148 3 5 84 1 153 1 45 38 Average snowfall cm inches 11 1 4 4 6 3 2 5 2 3 0 9 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 1 3 14 8 5 8 38 1 15 0 Average precipitation days 0 2 mm 19 5 15 4 17 7 14 8 13 2 11 5 6 3 6 7 8 3 15 4 20 4 19 7 168 9Average rainy days 0 2 mm 18 4 14 7 17 5 14 8 13 2 11 5 6 3 6 8 8 3 15 4 19 9 18 4 165 2Average snowy days 0 2 cm 2 6 1 4 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 8 2 8 8 73Average relative humidity 81 2 74 5 70 1 65 4 63 5 62 2 61 4 61 8 67 2 75 6 79 5 80 9 70 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 60 2 91 0 134 8 185 0 222 5 226 9 289 8 277 1 212 8 120 7 60 4 56 5 1 937 5Percent possible sunshine 22 3 31 8 36 6 45 0 46 9 46 8 59 3 62 1 56 1 36 0 21 9 22 0 40 6Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 6 7 6 4 2 1 1 4Source 1 Environment and Climate Change Canada 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Source 2 Weather Atlas UV 97 CityscapeUrban planning Aerial view of Downtown Vancouver Urban development in Vancouver is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre with mixed use developments Main article Vancouverism As of 2021 update Vancouver is the most densely populated city in Canada 6 Urban planning in Vancouver is characterized by high rise residential and mixed use development in urban centres as an alternative to sprawl 98 As part of the larger Metro Vancouver region it is influenced by the policy direction of livability as illustrated in Metro Vancouver s Regional Growth Strategy Vancouver has been ranked one of the most livable cities in the world for more than a decade As of 2019 update Vancouver has been ranked as having the third highest quality of living of any city on Earth 11 In contrast according to Forbes Vancouver had the fourth most expensive real estate market in the world in 2019 99 Vancouver has also been ranked among Canada s most expensive cities to live in Sales in February 2016 were 56 3 percent higher than the 10 year average for the month 100 101 102 Forbes also ranked Vancouver as the tenth cleanest city in the world in 2007 103 Vancouver s characteristic approach to urban planning originated in the late 1950s when city planners began to encourage the building of high rise residential towers in Vancouver s West End 104 subject to strict requirements for setbacks and open space to protect sight lines and preserve green space The success of these dense but livable neighbourhoods led to the redevelopment of urban industrial sites such as North False Creek and Coal Harbour beginning in the mid 1980s The result is a compact urban core that has gained international recognition for its high amenity and livable development 105 In 2006 the city launched a planning initiative entitled EcoDensity with the stated goal of exploring ways in which density design and land use can contribute to environmental sustainability affordability and livability 106 Vancouver skyline from Stanley Park Architecture Main article Architecture of Vancouver Robson Square is a civic centre and public square designed by local architect Arthur Erickson Waterfront station Vancouver The Vancouver Art Gallery is housed downtown in the neoclassical former courthouse built in 1906 The courthouse building was designed by Francis Rattenbury who also designed the British Columbia Parliament Buildings and the Empress Hotel in Victoria and the lavishly decorated second Hotel Vancouver 107 The 556 room Hotel Vancouver opened in 1939 and the third by that name is across the street with its copper roof The Gothic style Christ Church Cathedral across from the hotel opened in 1894 and was declared a heritage building in 1976 There are several modern buildings in the downtown area including the Harbour Centre the Vancouver Law Courts and surrounding plaza known as Robson Square designed by Arthur Erickson and the Vancouver Library Square designed by Moshe Safdie and DA Architects reminiscent of the Colosseum in Rome and the recently completed Woodward s building Redevelopment designed by Henriquez Partners Architects The original BC Hydro headquarters building designed by Ron Thom and Ned Pratt at Nelson and Burrard Streets is a modernist high rise now converted into the Electra condominia 108 Also notable is the concrete waffle of the MacMillan Bloedel building on the north east corner of the Georgia and Thurlow intersection Completed in 2008 Living Shangri La is the tallest building in Vancouver A prominent addition to the city s landscape is the giant tent frame Canada Place designed by Zeidler Roberts Partnership Partnership MCMP amp DA Architects the former Canada Pavilion from the 1986 World Exposition which includes part of the Convention Centre the Pan Pacific Hotel and a cruise ship terminal Two modern buildings that define the southern skyline away from the downtown area are City Hall and the Centennial Pavilion of Vancouver General Hospital both designed by Townley and Matheson in 1936 and 1958 respectively 109 110 160 161 A collection of Edwardian buildings in the city s old downtown core were in their day the tallest commercial buildings in the British Empire These were in succession the Carter Cotton Building former home of The Vancouver Province newspaper the Dominion Building 1907 and the Sun Tower 1911 the former two at Cambie and Hastings Streets and the latter at Beatty and Pender Streets The Sun Tower s cupola was finally exceeded as the Empire s tallest commercial building by the elaborate Art Deco Marine Building in the 1920s 110 22 24 78 The Marine Building is known for its elaborate ceramic tile facings and brass gilt doors and elevators which make it a favourite location for movie shoots 111 Topping the list of tallest buildings in Vancouver is Living Shangri La at 201 m 659 ft 112 and 62 storeys The second tallest building in Vancouver is the Trump International Hotel and Tower at 188 m 617 ft followed by the Private Residences at Hotel Georgia at 156 m 512 ft The fourth tallest is One Wall Centre at 150 m 490 ft 113 and 48 storeys followed closely by the Shaw Tower at 149 m 489 ft 113 DemographicsFurther information Demographics of Metro Vancouver VancouverYearPop 189113 709 190126 133 90 6 1911100 401 284 2 1921117 217 16 7 1931246 593 110 4 1941275 353 11 7 1951344 833 25 2 1956365 844 6 1 1961384 522 5 1 1966410 375 6 7 1971426 256 3 9 1976410 188 3 8 1981414 281 1 0 1986431 147 4 1 1991471 644 9 4 1996514 008 9 0 2001545 671 6 2 2006578 041 5 9 2011603 502 4 4 2016631 486 4 6 2021662 248 4 9 Source Statistics CanadaIn the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada Vancouver had a population of 662 248 living in 305 336 of its 328 347 total private dwellings a change of 4 9 from its 2016 population of 631 486 making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities More specifically Vancouver is the fourth largest in Western Canada after Calgary Edmonton and Winnipeg With a land area of 115 18 km2 44 47 sq mi it had a population density of 5 749 7 km2 14 891 6 sq mi in 2021 2 the most densely populated Canadian municipality with more than 5 000 residents 6 At the census metropolitan area CMA level in the 2021 census the metropolitan area referred to as Greater Vancouver had a population of 2 642 825 living in 1 043 319 of its 1 104 532 total private dwellings a change of 7 3 from its 2016 population of 2 463 431 the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada With a land area of 2 878 93 km2 1 111 56 sq mi it had a population density of 918 0 km2 2 377 6 sq mi in 2021 4 Approximately 75 percent of the people living in Metro Vancouver live outside Vancouver itself The larger Lower Mainland Southwest economic region which includes also the Squamish Lillooet Fraser Valley and Sunshine Coast Regional District has a population of over 3 04 million 114 The 2021 census reported that immigrants individuals born outside Canada comprise 274 365 persons or 42 2 of the total population of Vancouver Of the total immigrant population the top countries of origin were China 63 275 persons or 23 1 Philippines 29 930 persons or 10 9 Hong Kong 25 480 persons or 9 3 India 14 640 persons or 5 3 United Kingdom 12 895 persons or 4 7 Vietnam 12 120 persons or 4 4 Taiwan 9 870 persons or 3 6 United States of America 9 790 persons or 3 6 Iran 8 775 persons or 3 2 and South Korea 6 495 persons or 2 4 115 Ethnicity Pan ethnic breakdown of Vancouver from the 2021 census 115 European b 43 22 East Asian c 29 26 Southeast Asian d 9 1 South Asian 6 9 Latin American 2 78 Middle Eastern e 2 44 Indigenous 2 25 African 1 31 Other f 2 74 Vancouver has been called a city of neighbourhoods Each neighbourhood in Vancouver has a distinct character and ethnic mix 116 People of English Scottish and Irish origins were historically the largest ethnic groups in the city 117 and elements of British society and culture are still visible in some areas particularly South Granville and Kerrisdale Germans are the next largest European ethnic group in Vancouver and were a leading force in the city s society and economy until the rise of anti German sentiment with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 14 Today the Chinese are the largest visible ethnic group in Vancouver the city has a diverse Chinese speaking community with speakers of several dialects notably Cantonese and Mandarin 43 118 Neighbourhoods with distinct ethnic commercial areas include Chinatown Punjabi Market Little Italy Greektown and formerly Japantown Since the 1980s immigration increased substantially making the city more ethnically and linguistically diverse 49 percent of Vancouver s residents do not speak English as their first language 8 Over 25 percent of the city s inhabitants are of Chinese heritage 7 In the 1980s an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong in anticipation of the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China combined with an increase in immigrants from mainland China and previous immigrants from Taiwan established in Vancouver one of the highest concentrations of ethnic Chinese residents in North America 119 Another significant Asian ethnic group in Vancouver includes South Asians forming approximately 7 percent of the city s inhabitants while a small community had existed in the city since 1897 120 larger waves of migration began in the 1960s prompting new Punjabi immigrants to establish a Little India known as Punjabi Market and preside over much of the mass construction of the Vancouver Special across the southeastern quadrant of the city 121 122 notably within the Sunset neighbourhood prior to the suburbanization of the community to outer suburbs such as Surrey or Delta 123 124 125 Other Asian origin groups that reside in Vancouver include Filipinos 5 9 Japanese 1 7 Korean 1 7 West Asians 1 9 as well as sizable communities of Vietnamese Indonesians and Cambodians 7 Despite increases in Latin American immigration to Vancouver in the 1980s and 1990s recent immigration has been comparatively low Although growth in the Latino population arose in the late 2010s and early 2020s and which largely consists of Mexicans Salvadorans and other groups African immigration has been similarly stagnant 3 6 and 3 3 of total immigrant population respectively 126 The black population of Vancouver is small in comparison to other Canadian major cities making up 1 3 percent of the city Hogan s Alley a small area adjacent to Chinatown just off Main Street at Prior was once home to a significant black community The Black population consists of Somalis Jamaicans Caribbeans and other groups including those who descended from African Americans The neighbourhood of Strathcona was the core of the city s Jewish community 127 128 In 1981 less than 7 percent of the population belonged to a visible minority group 129 By 2016 this proportion had grown to 52 percent 130 Prior to the Hong Kong diaspora of the 1990s the largest non British ethnic groups in the city were Irish and German followed by Scandinavian Italian Ukrainian Chinese and Punjabi From the mid 1950s until the 1980s many Portuguese immigrants came to Vancouver and the city had the third largest Portuguese population in Canada in 2001 131 Eastern Europeans including Russians Czechs Poles Romanians and Hungarians began immigrating after the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe after World War II 14 Greek immigration increased in the late 1960s and early 70s with most settling in the Kitsilano area Vancouver also has a significant aboriginal community of about 15 000 people 132 7 Vancouver has a large LGBT community 133 with a recognized gay male enclave focused in the West End neighbourhood of the downtown core particularly along Davie Street officially designated as Davie Village 134 though the gay community is omnipresent throughout West End and Yaletown areas Vancouver is host to one of the country s largest annual pride parades 135 Language According to the 2021 Canadian census 612 215 persons or 94 1 of Vancouver s population have knowledge of the English language 96 965 persons or 14 9 of the population have knowledge of the Cantonese language followed by Mandarin 74 695 or 11 5 French 60 990 or 9 4 Tagalog 30 430 or 4 7 Punjabi 19 130 or 2 9 Hindi 15 025 or 2 3 Vietnamese 14 905 or 2 3 Japanese 12 075 or 1 9 Farsi 11 855 or 1 9 German 11 050 or 1 7 Korean 10 480 or 1 6 Portuguese 8 715 or 1 3 Italian 7 740 or 1 2 and Russian 7 620 or 1 2 115 Furthermore the 2021 census stated 332 135 persons or 50 7 of Vancouver s population have English as a mother tongue Cantonese is the mother tongue of 77 435 persons or 11 8 of the population followed by Mandarin 41 695 or 6 4 Tagalog 18 675 or 2 9 Spanish 16 735 or 2 6 Punjabi 13 305 or 2 0 Vietnamese 11 870 or 1 8 Farsi 9 900 or 1 6 Korean 8 605 or 1 3 Japanese 7 150 or 1 1 Portuguese 6 740 or 1 0 Russian 5 155 or 0 8 German 4 725 or 0 7 Hindi 4 355 or 0 7 and Italian 4 000 or 0 6 115 Religion According to the 2021 Canadian census religious groups in Vancouver included 115 Irreligion 362 925 persons or 55 8 Christianity 194 365 persons or 29 9 Buddhism 26 245 persons or 4 0 Islam 17 910 persons or 2 8 Sikhism 16 535 persons or 2 5 Hinduism 12 585 persons or 1 9 Judaism 11 675 persons or 1 8 Indigenous spirituality 480 persons or 0 1 Other 7 665 persons or 1 2 Homelessness Main article Homelessness in Vancouver Homelessness is a significant and persistent issue in Vancouver A 2019 count found that at least 2 223 people in the city were experiencing homelessness the highest number recorded since counts began in 2005 Of those surveyed 28 percent reported having no physical shelter Indigenous people accounted for 39 percent of all respondents Three fifths of respondents reported at least two health concerns and 67 percent reported an addiction to at least one substance 136 EconomyMain article Economy of Vancouver With its location on the Pacific Rim and at the western terminus of Canada s transcontinental highway and rail routes Vancouver is one of the nation s largest industrial centres 65 Port Metro Vancouver Canada s largest and most diversified port does more than 172 billion in trade with over 160 different trading economies annually Port activities generate 9 7 billion in gross domestic product and 20 3 billion in economic output 137 Vancouver is also the headquarters of forest product and mining companies In recent years Vancouver has become a centre for software development biotechnology aerospace video game development animation studios and television production and film industry 138 Vancouver hosts approximately 65 movies and 55 TV series annually and is the 3rd largest film amp TV production centre in North America supporting 20 000 jobs 139 The city s strong focus on lifestyle and health culture also makes it a hub for many lifestyle brands with Lululemon Arc teryx Kit and Ace Mountain Equipment Co op Herschel Supply Co Aritzia Reigning Champ and Nature s Path Foods all founded and headquartered in Vancouver Vancouver was also the birthplace of 1 800 GOT JUNK and Western Canada s largest online only publication Daily Hive 140 The Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the third largest port in the Americas by tonnage Vancouver s scenic location makes it a major tourist destination Over 10 3 million people visited Vancouver in 2017 Annually tourism contributes approximately 4 8 billion to the Metro Vancouver economy and supports over 70 000 jobs 141 Many visit to see the city s gardens Stanley Park Queen Elizabeth Park VanDusen Botanical Garden and the mountains ocean forest and parklands which surround the city Each year over a million people pass through Vancouver on cruise ship vacations often bound for Alaska 138 Vancouver is the most stressed city in the spectrum of affordability of housing in Canada 142 In 2012 Vancouver was ranked by Demographia as the second most unaffordable city in the world rated as even more severely unaffordable in 2012 than in 2011 143 144 145 146 The city has adopted various strategies to reduce housing costs including cooperative housing legalized secondary suites increased density and smart growth As of April 2010 the average two level home in Vancouver sold for a record high of 987 500 compared with the Canadian average of 365 141 147 A factor explaining the high property prices may be policies by the Canadian government which permit snow washing which allows foreigners to buy property in Canada while shielding their identities from tax authorities making real estate transactions an effective way to conduct money laundering 148 Since the 1990s development of high rise condominia in the downtown peninsula has been financed in part by an inflow of capital from Hong Kong immigrants due to the former colony s 1997 handover to China 149 Such development has clustered in the Yaletown and Coal Harbour districts and around many of the SkyTrain stations to the east of the downtown 138 The city s selection to co host the 2010 Winter Olympics was also a major influence on economic development Concern was expressed that Vancouver s increasing homelessness problem would be exacerbated by the Olympics because owners of single room occupancy hotels which house many of the city s lowest income residents converted their properties to attract higher income residents and tourists 150 Another significant international event held in Vancouver the 1986 World Exposition received over 20 million visitors and added 3 7 billion to the Canadian economy 151 Some still standing Vancouver landmarks including the SkyTrain public transit system and Canada Place were built as part of the exposition 151 GovernmentMain article Government and politics of Vancouver Map of the 22 official neighbourhoods of Vancouver Vancouver unlike other British Columbia municipalities is incorporated under the Vancouver Charter 152 The legislation passed in 1953 supersedes the Vancouver Incorporation Act 1921 and grants the city more and different powers than other communities possess under BC s Municipalities Act The civic government was dominated by the centre right Non Partisan Association NPA since World War II albeit with some significant centre left interludes until 2008 43 The NPA fractured over the issue of drug policy in 2002 facilitating a landslide victory for the Coalition of Progressive Electors COPE on a harm reduction platform Subsequently North America s only legal safe injection site at the time Insite was opened for the significant number of intravenous heroin users in the city 153 Vancouver is governed by the eleven member Vancouver City Council a nine member School Board and a seven member Park Board all of whom serve four year terms Unusually for a city of Vancouver s size all municipal elections are on an at large basis Historically in all levels of government the more affluent west side of Vancouver has voted along conservative or liberal lines while the eastern side of the city has voted along left wing lines 154 This was reaffirmed with the results of the 2005 provincial election and the 2006 federal election Opened in 1936 Vancouver City Hall is home to Vancouver City Council Though polarized a political consensus has emerged in Vancouver around a number of issues Protection of urban parks a focus on the development of rapid transit as opposed to a freeway system a harm reduction approach to illegal drug use and a general concern about community based development are examples of policies that have come to have broad support across the political spectrum in Vancouver 155 In the 2008 municipal election campaign NPA incumbent mayor Sam Sullivan was ousted as mayoral candidate by the party in a close vote which instated Peter Ladner as the new mayoral candidate for the NPA Gregor Robertson a former MLA for Vancouver Fairview and head of Happy Planet was the mayoral candidate for Vision Vancouver the other main contender Vision Vancouver candidate Gregor Robertson defeated Ladner by a considerable margin nearing 20 000 votes The balance of power was significantly shifted to Vision Vancouver which held seven of the 10 spots for councillor Of the remaining three COPE received two and the NPA one For park commissioner four spots went to Vision Vancouver one to the Green Party one to COPE and one to NPA For school trustee there were four Vision Vancouver seats three COPE seats and two NPA seats 156 In the 2018 Vancouver municipal election independent Kennedy Stewart was elected mayor of Vancouver 157 Stewart was later defeated as mayor in the 2022 Vancouver municipal election by Ken Sim the runner up in the 2018 election 158 Vancouver s budget consists of a capital and an operating component The 2017 operating budget was 1 323 billion while the 2018 operating budget is 1 407 billion a year over year increase of 6 4 The capital budget for 2018 is unchanged from 2017 and stands at 426 4 million 159 Budget increases are largely funded through increases in property taxes and community amenity contributions imposed in exchange for increases in allowable density as part of the construction permitting process Utility fees and other user fees have also been increased but represent a comparatively small portion of Vancouver s overall budget Regional government Vancouver Metropolitan Area in 2018 Along with 20 other municipalities one electoral area and one treaty First Nation 160 Vancouver is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver the regional government whose seat is in Burnaby While each member of Metro Vancouver has its own separate local governing body Metro Vancouver oversees common services and planning functions within the area such as providing drinking water operating sewage and solid waste handling maintaining regional parks overseeing air quality greenhouse gases and ecological health and providing a strategy for regional growth and land use Provincial and federal representation In the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Vancouver is represented by 11 members of the Legislative Assembly MLAs As of June 2022 there are two seats held by the BC Liberal Party 161 and nine by the BC New Democratic Party In the House of Commons of Canada Vancouver is represented by six members of Parliament In the 2021 federal election the Liberals retained three seats Vancouver Quadra Vancouver Centre and Vancouver South and gained one Vancouver Granville while the NDP held on to the two seats Vancouver East and Vancouver Kingsway they held at dissolution The Conservatives were shut out of the city s ridings Two current Cabinet ministers hail from the city Vancouver South MP Harjit Sajjan is Minister of International Development and Vancouver Quadra MP Joyce Murray is Minister of Fisheries Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard Policing and crime Mounted officers of the Vancouver Police Department in Stanley Park Vancouver operates the Vancouver Police Department with 1 327 sworn members and an operating budget of 316 5 million in 2018 162 163 Over 19 percent of the city s budget was spent on police protection in 2018 163 The Vancouver Police Department s operational divisions include a bicycle squad a marine squad and a dog squad It also has a mounted squad used primarily to patrol Stanley Park as well as for crowd control 164 The police work in conjunction with civilian and volunteer run Community Police Centres 165 In 2006 the police department established its own counterterrorism unit In 2005 a new transit police force the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Police Service now the Metro Vancouver Transit Police was established with full police powers Before the legalization of marijuana Vancouver police generally did not arrest people for possessing small amounts of marijuana 166 In 2000 the Vancouver Police Department established a specialized drug squad Growbusters to carry out an aggressive campaign against the city s estimated 4 000 hydroponic marijuana growing operations or grow ops in residential areas 167 As with other law enforcement campaigns targeting marijuana this initiative has been sharply criticized 168 Hypodermic needles scattered amidst trash on Station Street near Pacific Central Station As of 2018 update Vancouver had the ninth highest crime rate dropping 5 spots since 2005 among Canada s 35 census metropolitan areas 169 However as with other Canadian cities the overall crime rate has been falling dramatically 170 The rate of firearm related violence dropped from 45 3 per 100 000 in 2006 the highest of any major metropolitan region in Canada at that time to 16 2 in 2017 171 172 A series of gang related incidents in early 2009 escalated into what police have dubbed a gang war Vancouver plays host to special events such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation conference the Clinton Yeltsin Summit or the Symphony of Fire fireworks show that require significant policing The 1994 Stanley Cup riot overwhelmed police and injured as many as 200 people 173 A second riot took place following the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals 174 To reduce the public health risk from discarded hypodermic needles which are commonly found on the streets of downtown and the adjacent Downtown Eastside the city runs a continuous collection effort recovering approximately 1000 needles per day from public spaces 175 176 According to Vancouver Coastal Health the regional health authority and a distributor of clean needles to intravenous drug users there has never been a documented case of disease transmission from an accidental needlestick 177 Military Jericho Beach in Vancouver is the location of the headquarters of 39 Canadian Brigade Group of the Canadian Army 178 Local primary reserve units include The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and The British Columbia Regiment Duke of Connaught s Own based at the Seaforth Armoury and the Beatty Street Drill Hall respectively and the 15th Field Regiment Royal Canadian Artillery 179 The Naval Reserve Unit HMCS Discovery is based on Deadman s Island in Stanley Park 180 RCAF Station Jericho Beach the first air base in Western Canada was taken over by the Canadian Army in 1947 when sea planes were replaced by long range aircraft Most of the base facilities were transferred to the City of Vancouver in 1969 and the area renamed Jericho Park 181 Education Headquarters of the Vancouver School Board The English language school district serves Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands Main mall of the University of British Columbia UBC UBC is one of five public universities located in Vancouver The Vancouver School Board enrolls more than 110 000 students in its elementary secondary and post secondary institutions making it the second largest school district in the province 182 183 The district administers about 76 elementary schools 17 elementary annexes 18 secondary schools 7 adult education centres 2 Vancouver Learning Network schools 184 which include 18 French immersion schools a Mandarin bilingual school and fine arts Byng Arts Mini School gifted and Montessori schools 182 The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie Britannique operates three Francophone schools in that city the primary schools ecole Rose des vents and ecole Anne Hebert as well as the ecole secondaire Jules Verne 185 More than 46 independent schools of a wide variety are also eligible for partial provincial funding and educate approximately 10 percent of pupils in the city 186 There are five public universities in the Greater Vancouver area the largest and most prestigious being the University of British Columbia UBC and Simon Fraser University SFU with a combined enrolment of more than 90 000 undergraduates graduates and professional students in 2008 187 188 UBC often ranks among the top 50 best universities in the world and is ranked among the 20 best public universities in Canada 189 190 SFU consistently ranks as the top comprehensive university in Canada and is among the 300 best universities in the world 191 192 UBC s main campus is located on the tip of Burrard Peninsula just west of the University Endowment Lands with the city proper adjacent to the east SFU s main campus is in Burnaby Both also maintain campuses in Downtown Vancouver and Surrey The other public universities in the metropolitan area around Vancouver are Capilano University in North Vancouver Emily Carr University of Art and Design and Kwantlen Polytechnic University whose four campuses are all outside the city proper Six private institutions also operate in the region Trinity Western University in Langley UOPX Canada in Burnaby and University Canada West NYIT Canada Fairleigh Dickinson University Columbia College and Sprott Shaw College all in Vancouver Vancouver Community College and Langara College are publicly funded college level institutions in Vancouver as is Douglas College with three campuses outside the city The British Columbia Institute of Technology in Burnaby provides polytechnic education These are augmented by private and vocational institutions and other colleges in the surrounding areas of Metro Vancouver that provide career trade technical and university transfer programs while the Vancouver Film School provides one year programs in film production and video game design 193 194 International students and English as a second language ESL students have been significant in the enrolment of these public and private institutions For the 2008 2009 school year 53 percent of Vancouver School Board s students spoke a language other than English at home 183 Arts and culture Opened in 2005 VIFF Centre houses production rooms and offices for the Vancouver International Film Festival Theatre dance film and television Theatre Prominent theatre companies in Vancouver include the Arts Club Theatre Company on Granville Island and Bard on the Beach Smaller companies include Touchstone Theatre and Studio 58 The Cultch The Firehall Arts Centre United Players Pacific and Metro Theatres all run continuous theatre seasons Theatre Under the Stars produces shows in the summer at Malkin Bowl in Stanley Park Annual festivals that are held in Vancouver include the PuSh International Performing Arts Festival in January and the Vancouver Fringe Festival in September The Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company operated for fifty years ending in March 2012 195 Dance Vancouver is home to Ballet BC a ballet company whose principle venue is the Queen Elizabeth Theatre Ballet BC was founded in 1986 and is currently British Columbia s only ballet company 196 The Scotiabank Dance Centre a converted bank building on the corner of Davie and Granville functions as a gathering place and performance venue for Vancouver based dancers and choreographers Dances for a Small Stage is a semi annual dance festival Film The Vancouver International Film Festival which runs for two weeks each September shows over 350 films and is one of the larger film festivals in North America The VIFF Centre venue the Vancity Theatre runs independent non commercial films throughout the rest of the year as do the Pacific Cinematheque and the Rio theatres Films set in Vancouver See also Category Films set in Vancouver Vancouver has become a major film location 197 known as Hollywood North as it has stood in for several U S cities However it has started to appear as itself in several feature films Among films set in the city and its surroundings are the 1994 US thriller Intersection starring Richard Gere and Sharon Stone the 2007 Canadian ghost thriller They Wait starring Terry Chen and Jaime King and the acclaimed Canadian mockumentary Hard Core Logo and was named the second best Canadian film of the last 15 years in a 2001 poll of 200 industry voters performed by Playback Genie Award winning filmmaker Mina Shum has filmed and set several of her internationally released features in Vancouver including the Sundance screened Long Life Happiness amp Prosperity 2002 Television shows produced in Vancouver Many past and current TV shows have been filmed and set in Vancouver The first Canadian prime time national series to be produced out of Vancouver was Cold Squad 198 199 and its storyline was also physically set in the city Other series set in or around the city of Vancouver include Continuum Da Vinci s Inquest Danger Bay Edgemont Godiva s Intelligence Motive Northwood Primeval New World Robson Arms The Romeo Section Shattered The Switch and These Arms of Mine Television shows produced 200 but not set in Vancouver that have been produced by American and Canadian studios alike include 21 Jump Street The 100 The 4400 Airwolf Almost Human Arrow Backstrom Caprica Cedar Cove Chesapeake Shores The Commish Dark Angel Dirk Gently s Holistic Detective Agency The Flash The Good Doctor Haters Back Off Hellcats Intelligence iZombie The Killing The L Word Life Unexpected The Man in the High Castle Once Upon a Time Psych Reaper Riverdale Rogue Smallville Stargate SG 1 Supergirl Supernatural The Tomorrow People The Magicians Tru Calling Van Helsing Witches of East End and The X Files Libraries and museums See also List of museums in British Columbia Science World is an interactive science centre The building was originally constructed for Expo 86 Libraries in Vancouver include the Vancouver Public Library with its main branch at Library Square designed by Moshe Safdie The central branch contains 1 5 million volumes Altogether there are twenty two branches containing 2 25 million volumes 201 The Vancouver Tool Library is Canada s original tool lending library The Vancouver Art Gallery has a permanent collection of nearly 10 000 items and is the home of a significant number of works by Emily Carr 202 However little or none of the permanent collection is ever on view Downtown is also home to the Contemporary Art Gallery Vancouver which showcases temporary exhibitions by up and coming Vancouver artists The Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery with a small collection of contemporary works is part of the University of British Columbia In the Kitsilano district are the Vancouver Maritime Museum the H R MacMillan Space Centre and the Vancouver Museum the largest civic museum in Canada The Museum of Anthropology at UBC is a leading museum of Pacific Northwest Coast First Nations culture A more interactive museum is Science World at the head of False Creek The city also features a diverse collection of Public Art Visual art Main article Vancouver School See also Public art in Vancouver Inukshuk at English Bay The inuksuk sculpture is one of several pieces of public art on display in Vancouver The Vancouver School of conceptual 203 photography often referred to as photoconceptualism 204 is a term applied to a grouping of artists from Vancouver who achieved international recognition starting in the 1980s 203 No formal school exists and the grouping remains both informal and often controversial 205 even among the artists themselves who often resist the term 205 Artists associated with the term include Jeff Wall Ian Wallace Ken Lum Roy Arden 204 Stan Douglas and Rodney Graham 206 Vancouver has a history of Aboriginal art Examples of this can be seen at the Museum of Anthropology at UBC 207 Music and nightlife See also Music of Vancouver Musical contributions from Vancouver include performers of classical folk and popular music The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra is the professional orchestra based in the city The Vancouver Opera is a major opera company in the city and City Opera of Vancouver is the city s professional chamber opera company The city is home to a number of Canadian composers including Rodney Sharman Jeffrey Ryan and Jocelyn Morlock The Granville Entertainment District downtown can attract large crowds to the street s many bars and nightclubs The city produced a number of notable punk rock bands including D O A Other early Vancouver punk bands included the Subhumans the Young Canadians the Pointed Sticks and U J3RK5 208 When alternative rock became popular in the 1990s several Vancouver groups rose to prominence including 54 40 Odds Moist the Matthew Good Band Sons of Freedom and Econoline Crush Recent successful Vancouver bands include Gob Marianas Trench Theory of a Deadman and Stabilo Today Vancouver is home to a number of popular independent bands such as The New Pornographers Japandroids Destroyer In Medias Res Tegan and Sara and independent labels including Nettwerk and Mint Vancouver also produced influential metal band Strapping Young Lad and pioneering electro industrial bands Skinny Puppy Numb and Front Line Assembly the latter s Bill Leeb is better known for founding ambient pop super group Delerium Other popular musical artists who made their mark from Vancouver include Carly Rae Jepsen Bryan Adams Sarah McLachlan Heart Prism Trooper Chilliwack Payolas Moev Images in Vogue Michael Buble Stef Lang and Spirit of the West 209 Larger musical performances are usually held at venues such as Rogers Arena Queen Elizabeth Theatre BC Place Stadium or the Pacific Coliseum while smaller acts are held at places such as the Commodore Ballroom the Orpheum Theatre and the Vogue Theatre The Vancouver Folk Music Festival and the Vancouver International Jazz Festival showcase music in their respective genres from around the world Vancouver s Hong Kong Chinese population has produced several Cantopop stars across the Hong Kong entertainment industry Similarly various Indo Canadian artists and actors have a profile in Bollywood or other aspects of India s entertainment industry Vancouver has a vibrant nightlife scene whether it be food and dining or bars and nightclubs The Granville Entertainment District has the city s highest concentration of bars and nightclubs with closing times of 3 am in addition to various after hours clubs open until late morning on weekends The street can attract large crowds on weekends and is closed to traffic on such nights Gastown is also a popular area for nightlife with many upscale restaurants and nightclubs as well as the Davie Village which is centre to the city s LGBT community MediaMain article Media in Vancouver Granville Square centre building houses the two major daily newspapers of the city The Vancouver Sun and The Province Vancouver is a centre for film and television production Nicknamed Hollywood North a distinction it shares with Toronto 210 211 212 the city has been used as a film making location for nearly a century beginning with the Edison Manufacturing Company 213 In 2008 more than 260 productions were filmed in Vancouver non primary source needed In 2011 Vancouver slipped to fourth place overall at 1 19 billion although the region still leads Canada in foreign production 214 215 A wide mix of local national and international newspapers are distributed in the city The two major English language daily newspapers are the Vancouver Sun and The Province Also there are two national newspapers distributed in the city including The Globe and Mail which began publication of a national edition in BC in 1983 and recently expanded to include a three page BC news section and the National Post which centres on national news Other local newspapers include 24H a local free daily the Vancouver franchise of the national free daily Metro the twice a week Vancouver Courier and the independent newspaper The Georgia Straight Three Chinese language daily newspapers Ming Pao Sing Tao and World Journal cater to the city s large Cantonese and Mandarin speaking population A number of other local and international papers serve other multicultural groups in the Lower Mainland 750 Burrard Street houses Bell Media s West Coast headquarters and the regional offices for The Globe and Mail Some of the local television stations include CBC Citytv CTV and Global BC OMNI British Columbia produces daily newscasts in Cantonese Mandarin Punjabi and Korean and weekly newscasts in Tagalog as well as programs aimed at other cultural groups Fairchild Group also has two television stations Fairchild TV and Talentvision serving Cantonese and Mandarin speaking audiences respectively Radio stations with news departments include CBC Radio One CKNW and News 1130 The Franco Columbian community is served by Radio Canada outlets CBUFT DT channel 26 Ici Radio Canada Tele CBUF FM 97 7 Premiere Chaine and CBUX FM 90 9 Espace musique The multilingual South Asian community is served by Spice Radio on 1200 AM established in 2014 216 Media dominance is a frequently discussed issue in Vancouver as newspapers the Vancouver Sun The Province the Vancouver Courier and other local newspapers such as the Surrey Now the Burnaby Now and the Richmond News are all owned by Postmedia Network 217 The concentration of media ownership has spurred alternatives making Vancouver a centre for independent online media including The Tyee The Vancouver Observer and NowPublic 218 as well as hyperlocal online media like Daily Hive and Vancouver Is Awesome 219 which provide coverage of community events and local arts and culture TransportationMain article Transportation in Vancouver See also List of roads in Vancouver A SeaBus crosses Burrard Inlet between Vancouver and the neighbouring city of North Vancouver Vancouver s streetcar system began on June 28 1890 and ran from the first Granville Street Bridge to Westminster Avenue now Main Street and Kingsway Less than a year later the Westminster and Vancouver Tramway Company began operating Canada s first interurban line between the two cities extended to Chilliwack in 1910 Another line 1902 the Vancouver and Lulu Island Railway was leased by the Canadian Pacific Railway to the British Columbia Electric Railway in 1905 and ran from the Granville Street Bridge to Steveston via Kerrisdale which encouraged residential neighbourhoods outside the central core to develop 220 From 1897 the British Columbia Electric Railway BCER became the company that operated the urban and interurban rail system until 1958 when its last vestiges were dismantled in favour of trackless trolley and gasoline diesel buses 221 in that same year the BCER became the core of the newly created publicly owned BC Hydro citation needed Vancouver currently has the second largest trolleybus fleet in North America after San Francisco 222 Off and on ramps leading to British Columbia Highway 1 in Vancouver Highway 1 is the only controlled access highway within the city limits Successive city councils in the 1970s and 1980s prohibited the construction of freeways as part of a long term plan 223 As a result the only major freeway within city limits is Highway 1 which passes through the north eastern corner of the city While the number of cars in Vancouver proper has been steadily rising with population growth the rate of car ownership and the average distance driven by daily commuters have fallen since the early 1990s 224 225 Vancouver is the only major Canadian city with these trends Despite the fact that the journey time per vehicle has increased by one third and growing traffic mass there are 7 percent fewer cars making trips into the downtown core 224 In 2012 Vancouver had the worst traffic congestion in Canada and the second highest in North America behind Los Angeles 226 As of 2013 update Vancouver now has the worst traffic congestion in North America 227 Residents have been more inclined to live in areas closer to their interests or use more energy efficient means of travel such as mass transit and cycling This is in part the result of a push by city planners for a solution to traffic problems and pro environment campaigns Transportation demand management policies have imposed restrictions on drivers making it more difficult and expensive to commute while introducing more benefits for non drivers 224 Vancouver s SkyTrain in the Grandview Cut with downtown Vancouver in the background The white dome like structure is the old roof of BC Place Stadium TransLink is responsible for roads and public transportation within Metro Vancouver in succession to BC Transit which had taken over the transit functions of BC Hydro It provides bus service including the RapidBus express service a foot passenger and bicycle ferry service known as SeaBus an automated rapid transit service called SkyTrain and West Coast Express commuter rail Vancouver s SkyTrain system is currently running on three lines the Millennium Line the Expo Line and the Canada Line 228 with a total of 53 stations as of 2017 Only 20 of these stations are within the City of Vancouver borders with the remainders in the adjacent suburbs A number of city s biggest tourist attractions such as English Bay Stanley Park the Vancouver Aquarium University of British Columbia with the Museum of Anthropology and Kitsilano are not connected by this rapid transit system Changes are being made to the regional transportation network as part of Translink s 10 Year Transportation Plan The Canada Line opened on August 17 2009 connects Vancouver International Airport and the neighbouring city of Richmond with the existing SkyTrain system The Evergreen Extension which opened on December 2 2016 links the cities of Coquitlam and Port Moody with the SkyTrain system 229 As of January 2019 plans to extend the SkyTrain Millennium Line west to UBC as a subway under Broadway have been approved and there are plans for capacity upgrades and an extension to the Expo Line 230 Several road projects will be completed within the next few years as part of the Provincial Government s Gateway Program 228 Other modes of transport add to the diversity of options available in Vancouver Inter city passenger rail service is operated from Pacific Central Station by Via Rail to points east Amtrak Cascades to Seattle and Portland and Rocky Mountaineer rail tour routes Small passenger ferries operating in False Creek provide commuter service to Granville Island Downtown Vancouver and Kitsilano Vancouver has a citywide network of bicycle lanes and routes which supports an active population of cyclists year round Cycling has become Vancouver s fastest growing mode of transportation 231 The bicycle sharing system Mobi was introduced to the city in June 2016 232 Vancouver is served by Vancouver International Airport YVR located on Sea Island in the city of Richmond immediately south of Vancouver Vancouver s airport is Canada s second busiest airport 233 and the second largest gateway on the west coast of North America for international passengers 234 HeliJet and float plane companies operate scheduled air service from Vancouver harbour and YVR south terminal The city is also served by two BC Ferry terminals One is to the northwest at Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver and the other is to the south at Tsawwassen in Delta 235 Sports and recreationMain article Sports in Vancouver Third Beach is one of many beaches located in Vancouver Given the city s proximity to the ocean and mountains the area is a popular destination for outdoor recreation The mild climate of the city and proximity to ocean mountains rivers and lakes make the area a popular destination for outdoor recreation Vancouver has over 1 298 ha 3 210 acres of parks of which Stanley Park at 404 ha 1 000 acres is the largest 236 The city has several large beaches many adjacent to one another extending from the shoreline of Stanley Park around False Creek to the south side of English Bay from Kitsilano to the University Endowment Lands which also has beaches that are not part of the city proper The 18 km 11 mi of beaches include Second and Third Beaches in Stanley Park English Bay First Beach Sunset Kitsilano Beach Jericho Locarno Spanish Banks Spanish Banks Extension Spanish Banks West and Wreck Beach There is also a freshwater beach at Trout Lake in John Hendry Park The coastline provides for many types of water sport and the city is a popular destination for boating enthusiasts 237 Within a 20 to 30 minute drive from downtown Vancouver are the North Shore Mountains with three ski areas Cypress Mountain Grouse Mountain and Mount Seymour Mountain bikers have created world renowned trails across the North Shore The Capilano River Lynn Creek and Seymour River also on the North Shore provide opportunities to whitewater enthusiasts during periods of rain and spring melt though the canyons of those rivers are more utilized for hiking and swimming than whitewater 238 Running races include the Vancouver Sun Run a 10 kilometre 6 2 mi race every April the Vancouver Marathon held every May and the Scotiabank Vancouver Half Marathon held every June The Grouse Grind is a 2 9 kilometre 1 8 mi climb up Grouse Mountain open throughout the summer and fall months including the annual Grouse Grind Mountain Run Hiking trails include the Baden Powell Trail an arduous 42 kilometre long 26 mi hike from West Vancouver s Horseshoe Bay to Deep Cove in the District of North Vancouver 239 BC Place is a multi purpose stadium that is home to the BC Lions of the CFL and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of MLS Vancouver is also home to notable cycling races During most summers since 1973 the Global Relay Gastown Grand Prix has been held on the cobblestone streets of Gastown This race and the UBC Grand Prix are part of BC Superweek an annual series of professional cycling races in Metro Vancouver The British Columbia Derby is a nine furlong horse race held at the Hastings Racecourse in the third week of September 240 In 2009 Metro Vancouver hosted the World Police and Fire Games Swangard Stadium in the neighbouring city of Burnaby hosted games for the 2007 FIFA U 20 World Cup 16 241 Vancouver along with Whistler and Richmond was the host city for the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Paralympics On June 12 2010 it played host to Ultimate Fighting Championship 115 UFC 115 which was the fourth UFC event to be held in Canada and the first outside Montreal In 2011 Vancouver hosted the Grey Cup the Canadian Football League CFL championship game which is awarded every year to a different city which has a CFL team The BC Titans of the International Basketball League played their inaugural season in 2009 with home games at the Langley Event Centre 242 Vancouver is a centre for the fast growing sport of ultimate During the summer of 2008 Vancouver hosted the World Ultimate Championships 243 The National Basketball Association NBA came to town in the form of the Vancouver Grizzlies in 1995 They played their games at Rogers Arena After six years in Vancouver the team relocated to Memphis Tennessee in 2001 The Vancouver Canucks are an NHL team who play their home games in Rogers Arena In 2015 Vancouver was one of six venues for the 2015 FIFA Women s World Cup and hosted the Final game between the United States and Japan Vancouver is one of two Canadian cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup 244 Vancouver is Canada s fittest major city with an obesity rate of only 17 4 compared to the national average of 24 8 It is only surpassed by Kelowna British Columbia with a rate of 17 and followed by Victoria British Columbia at 19 6 245 Overall the province of British Columbia has the lowest obesity rate in Canada followed by Quebec at 2nd and Ontario at 3rd Current professional teams Professional team League Sport Venue Established ChampionshipsBC Lions Canadian Football League CFL Football BC Place 1954 6Vancouver Canucks National Hockey League NHL Ice hockey Rogers Arena 1970 1945 PCHL 0 6 in previous leagues Vancouver Canadians Northwest League NWL Baseball Nat Bailey Stadium 2000 4Vancouver Giants Western Hockey League WHL Ice hockey Langley Events Centre 2001 1Vancouver Whitecaps FC Major League Soccer MLS Soccer BC Place 2009 1974 NASL 0 7 in previous leagues BC Bears Canadian Rugby Championship CRC Rugby Union Thunderbird Stadium 2009 2Vancouver Warriors National Lacrosse League NLL Box Lacrosse Rogers Arena 2014 0 1 as the Washington Stealth Vancouver Titans Overwatch League Overwatch Blizzard Arena 2018 1 Stage 1 Champions Vancouver Knights Global T20 Canada GT20 Cricket None 2018 1Vancouver FC Canadian Premier League CPL Soccer Willoughby Community Park 2023 0Sustainability Container recycling paper recycling and garbage bins in Vancouver The City of Vancouver is a member of Metro Vancouver which provides sustainable regional services 246 to the Greater Vancouver area The city electrical grid is serviced by BC Hydro which has 97 8 percent clean energy generation 247 The City of Vancouver is the greenest city in Canada according to an independent ongoing urban ecological footprint study 248 The Greenest City action plan GCAP is a City of Vancouver urban sustainability initiative Its primary mission was to ensure that Vancouver would become the greenest city in the world by 2020 The GCAP originated based on the 2009 work of the Greenest City Action Team a committee co chaired by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson 249 The GCAP was approved by Vancouver city council in July 2011 250 In May 2018 the Zero Waste 2040 Strategy was passed by Vancouver s city council 251 The city began work the same year on decreasing the amount of single use items distributed in the city and stated its intention to ban these items by 2021 if businesses do not meet reduction targets As part of the plan a ban on plastic straws polystyrene food packaging and free shopping bags was to go into effect in mid 2019 252 Twin towns sister citiesThe City of Vancouver was one of the first cities in Canada to enter into an international sister cities arrangement 253 Special arrangements for cultural social and economic benefits have been created with these sister 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