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Interventionism (politics)

March 16, 2024

For other uses, see Interventionism.
See also: War hawk

Interventionism, in politics, typically refers to the practice of governments that interfere in the political affairs of other countries, staging military or trade interventions. A different term, economic interventionism, refers to intervention in economic policy at home.[1]

Military intervention, which is a common element of interventionism, has been defined by Martha Finnemore in the context of international relations as "the deployment of military personnel across recognized boundaries for the purpose of determining the political authority structure in the target state". Interventions may be solely focused on altering political authority structures, or may be conducted for humanitarian purposes, or for debt collection.[2]

Interventionism has played a major role in the foreign policies of Western powers, particularly during and after the Victorian era. The New Imperialism era saw numerous interventions by Western nations in the Global South, including the Banana Wars. Modern interventionism grew out of Cold War policies, where the United States and the Soviet Union intervened in nations around the world to counter any influence held there by the other nation.[3] Historians have noted that interventionism has always been a contentious political issue in the public opinion of countries which engaged in interventions.[4]

According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders were removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.[5] A 2016 study by Carnegie Mellon University political scientist Dov Haim Levin (who now teaches at the University of Hong Kong) found that the United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, with the majority of those being through covert, rather than overt, actions.[6][7] Multilateral interventions that include territorial governance by foreign institutions also include cases like East Timor and Kosovo, and have been proposed (but were rejected) for the Palestinian territories.[8] A 2021 review of the existing literature found that foreign interventions since World War II tend overwhelmingly to fail to achieve their purported objectives.[9]

Foreign-imposed regime change edit

Main article: Regime change

Studies by Alexander Downes, Lindsey O'Rourke, and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign-imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war, violent removal of the newly imposed leader,[5] and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries,[10] and does not increase the likelihood of democratization unless regime change comes with pro-democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy.[11] Downes argues:[5]

"The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally-imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people."

Research by Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and Dan Reiter has contrasting findings, as they find that interstate "peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change."[12] However, research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign-imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war.[13]

In Africa edit

Among African nations, Nigeria has shown the will to intervene in the affairs of other sub Saharan African countries since independence. It is said that one of the reasons Yakubu Gowon was removed from office had  been the squandering of Nigeria’s resources in such far-away lands as Grenada and Guyana, with no returns, economic or political for Nigeria. The philosophy of subsequent military governments in Nigeria was that in an increasingly interdependent world, a country cannot be an island.[14]

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Kupchan, Charles A. Isolationism: A History of America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World (Oxford University Press, 2020).
  • Lee, Melissa M. 2020. Crippling Leviathan: How Foreign Subversion Weakens the State. Princeton University Press.

References edit

  1. ^ "Interventionism". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  2. ^ Finnemore, Martha (2004). The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Cornell University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-81-7049-205-4.
  3. ^ Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807856390.
  4. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2017). The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of American Empire. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1627792165.
  5. ^ a b c Downes, Alexander B. (2021). Catastrophic Success: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-6115-7.
  6. ^ Levin, Dov H. (June 2016). "When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results". International Studies Quarterly. 60 (2): 189–202. doi:10.1093/isq/sqv016.
  7. ^ Agrawal, Nina (21 December 2016). "The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  8. ^ Pugh, Jeffrey D. (2012-11-01). "Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories". International Studies Perspectives. 13 (4): 321–343. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00483.x. ISSN 1528-3577.
  9. ^ Malis, Matt; Querubin, Pablo; Satyanath, Shanker (2021). "Persistent failure? International interventions since World War II". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 641–673. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00038-1. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236697008.
  10. ^ Downes, Alexander B.; O'Rourke, Lindsey A. (2016). "You Can't Always Get What You Want: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Seldom Improves Interstate Relations". International Security. 41 (2): 43–89. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00256. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 52994000.
  11. ^ Downes, Alexander B.; Monten, Jonathan (2013). "Forced to Be Free? Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization". International Security. 37 (4): 90–131. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00117. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 24480621. S2CID 3640183.
  12. ^ Lo, Nigel; Hashimoto, Barry; Reiter, Dan (2008). "Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration, 1914–2001". International Organization. 62 (4): 717–736. doi:10.1017/S0020818308080259. ISSN 1531-5088. S2CID 154513807.
  13. ^ Peic, Goran; Reiter, Dan (2011). "Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920–2004". British Journal of Political Science. 41 (3): 453–475. doi:10.1017/S0007123410000426. ISSN 1469-2112. S2CID 154222973.
  14. ^ "Interventionism". LitCaf. 2021-12-10. Retrieved 2022-10-12.

External links edit

  • Interventionism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
  • Empirical Knowledge on Foreign Military Intervention (Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory)

March 16, 2024
interventionism, politics, other, uses, interventionism, also, hawk, interventionism, politics, typically, refers, practice, governments, that, interfere, political, affairs, other, countries, staging, military, trade, interventions, different, term, economic,. For other uses see Interventionism See also War hawk Interventionism in politics typically refers to the practice of governments that interfere in the political affairs of other countries staging military or trade interventions A different term economic interventionism refers to intervention in economic policy at home 1 Military intervention which is a common element of interventionism has been defined by Martha Finnemore in the context of international relations as the deployment of military personnel across recognized boundaries for the purpose of determining the political authority structure in the target state Interventions may be solely focused on altering political authority structures or may be conducted for humanitarian purposes or for debt collection 2 Interventionism has played a major role in the foreign policies of Western powers particularly during and after the Victorian era The New Imperialism era saw numerous interventions by Western nations in the Global South including the Banana Wars Modern interventionism grew out of Cold War policies where the United States and the Soviet Union intervened in nations around the world to counter any influence held there by the other nation 3 Historians have noted that interventionism has always been a contentious political issue in the public opinion of countries which engaged in interventions 4 According to a dataset by Alexander Downes 120 leaders were removed through foreign imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011 5 A 2016 study by Carnegie Mellon University political scientist Dov Haim Levin who now teaches at the University of Hong Kong found that the United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000 with the majority of those being through covert rather than overt actions 6 7 Multilateral interventions that include territorial governance by foreign institutions also include cases like East Timor and Kosovo and have been proposed but were rejected for the Palestinian territories 8 A 2021 review of the existing literature found that foreign interventions since World War II tend overwhelmingly to fail to achieve their purported objectives 9 Contents 1 Foreign imposed regime change 2 In Africa 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External linksForeign imposed regime change editMain article Regime change Studies by Alexander Downes Lindsey O Rourke and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war violent removal of the newly imposed leader 5 and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries 10 and does not increase the likelihood of democratization unless regime change comes with pro democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy 11 Downes argues 5 The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non compliant regimes overlooks two key facts First the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener Second externally imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one and the two typically want different things These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic proteges or between proteges and their people Research by Nigel Lo Barry Hashimoto and Dan Reiter has contrasting findings as they find that interstate peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign imposed regime change 12 However research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war 13 In Africa editAmong African nations Nigeria has shown the will to intervene in the affairs of other sub Saharan African countries since independence It is said that one of the reasons Yakubu Gowon was removed from office had been the squandering of Nigeria s resources in such far away lands as Grenada and Guyana with no returns economic or political for Nigeria The philosophy of subsequent military governments in Nigeria was that in an increasingly interdependent world a country cannot be an island 14 See also editAllied intervention in the Russian Civil War Counterinsurgency Democracy promotion Economic sanctions Embargo Exporting the revolution Foreign electoral intervention Foreign interventions by China Foreign interventions by Cuba Foreign interventions by the United States Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Gun boat diplomacy Humanitarian intervention International military intervention against ISIL International isolation International relations theory Isolationism Liberal internationalism Military occupation Multilateralism Neoconservatism Non interventionism Pacification Peacekeeping Peace enforcement Peacemaker Peace makers Peacemaking Police action Russian military intervention in Ukraine 2014 present Sakoku Unilateralism White man s burdenFurther reading editKupchan Charles A Isolationism A History of America s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World Oxford University Press 2020 Lee Melissa M 2020 Crippling Leviathan How Foreign Subversion Weakens the State Princeton University Press References edit Interventionism Merriam Webster Retrieved 1 March 2022 Finnemore Martha 2004 The Purpose of Intervention Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force Cornell University Press pp 9 10 ISBN 978 81 7049 205 4 Rabe Stephen G 2005 U S Intervention in British Guiana A Cold War Story University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0807856390 Kinzer Stephen 2017 The True Flag Theodore Roosevelt Mark Twain and the Birth of American Empire Henry Holt and Company ISBN 978 1627792165 a b c Downes Alexander B 2021 Catastrophic Success Why Foreign Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong Cornell University Press ISBN 978 1 5017 6115 7 Levin Dov H June 2016 When the Great Power Gets a Vote The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results International Studies Quarterly 60 2 189 202 doi 10 1093 isq sqv016 Agrawal Nina 21 December 2016 The U S is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2 November 2022 Pugh Jeffrey D 2012 11 01 Whose Brother s Keeper International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories International Studies Perspectives 13 4 321 343 doi 10 1111 j 1528 3585 2012 00483 x ISSN 1528 3577 Malis Matt Querubin Pablo Satyanath Shanker 2021 Persistent failure International interventions since World War II The Handbook of Historical Economics 641 673 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 815874 6 00038 1 ISBN 9780128158746 S2CID 236697008 Downes Alexander B O Rourke Lindsey A 2016 You Can t Always Get What You Want Why Foreign Imposed Regime Change Seldom Improves Interstate Relations International Security 41 2 43 89 doi 10 1162 ISEC a 00256 ISSN 0162 2889 S2CID 52994000 Downes Alexander B Monten Jonathan 2013 Forced to Be Free Why Foreign Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization International Security 37 4 90 131 doi 10 1162 ISEC a 00117 ISSN 0162 2889 JSTOR 24480621 S2CID 3640183 Lo Nigel Hashimoto Barry Reiter Dan 2008 Ensuring Peace Foreign Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration 1914 2001 International Organization 62 4 717 736 doi 10 1017 S0020818308080259 ISSN 1531 5088 S2CID 154513807 Peic Goran Reiter Dan 2011 Foreign Imposed Regime Change State Power and Civil War Onset 1920 2004 British Journal of Political Science 41 3 453 475 doi 10 1017 S0007123410000426 ISSN 1469 2112 S2CID 154222973 Interventionism LitCaf 2021 12 10 Retrieved 2022 10 12 External links editInterventionism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Empirical Knowledge on Foreign Military Intervention Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Interventionism politics amp oldid 1213882111, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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