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Left-wing politics

January 20, 2023

"Leftism" redirects here. For the album by the group Leftfield, see Leftism (album).
"Left wing" redirects here. For the sports position, see Winger (sports).

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.[1][2][3][4] Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished.[1] Left-wing politics are also associated with popular or state control of major political and economic institutions.[5] According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, left-wing supporters "claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated."[6]

5 May 1789 opening of the Estates General of 1789 in Versailles
Labour union demonstrators at the 1912 Lawrence textile strike

Within the left–right political spectrum, Left and Right were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society[7] while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Ancien Régime. Usage of the term Left became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Independents.[8] The word wing was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and left-wing was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views.

Ideologies considered to be left-wing vary greatly depending on the placement of the Overton window along the political spectrum in a given time and place. At the end of the 18th century, upon the founding of the first liberal democracies, the term Left was used to describe liberalism in the United States and republicanism in France, supporting a lesser degree of hierarchical decision-making than the right-wing politics of the traditional conservatives and monarchists. In modern politics, the term Left typically applies to ideologies and movements to the left of classical liberalism, supporting some degree of democracy in the economic sphere. Today, ideologies such as social liberalism and social democracy are considered to be centre-left, while the Left is typically reserved for movements more critical of capitalism,[9] including anarchism, communism, Marxism and syndicalism, each of which rose to prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries.[10]

In addition, the term left-wing has also been applied to a broad range of culturally liberal social movements,[11] including the civil rights movement, the use of body piercings and tattoos, hair coloring, voluntary childlessness, antinatalism, individualism, feminist movement, men's rights movement, LGBT rights movement, interracial marriage, reproductive rights, abortion-rights movements, multiculturalism, immigration, anti-war movement and environmental movement[12][13] as well as a wide range of political parties.[14][15][16]

Positions

See also: Right-wing politics

The following positions are typically associated with left-wing politics.

Economics

See also: Anarchist economics, Marxism and Keynesianism, and Socialist economics

Left-leaning economic beliefs range from Keynesian economics and the welfare state through industrial democracy and the social market to the nationalization of the economy and central planning,[17] to the anarcho-syndicalist advocacy of a council-based and self-managed anarchist communism. During the Industrial Revolution, leftists supported trade unions. At the beginning of the 20th century, many leftists advocated strong government intervention in the economy.[18] Leftists continue to criticize the perceived exploitative nature of globalization, the "race to the bottom" and unjust lay-offs and exploitation of workers. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the belief that the government (ruling in accordance with the interests of the people) ought to be directly involved in the day-to-day workings of an economy declined in popularity amongst the centre-left, especially social democrats who adopted the Third Way.

Other leftists believe in Marxian economics, named after the economic theories of Karl Marx. Some distinguish Marx's economic theories from his political philosophy, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the economy is independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his belief in the inevitability of a proletarian revolution.[19][20] Marxian economics do not exclusively rely on Marx and draw from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources. The dictatorship of the proletariat and workers' state are terms used by some Marxists, particularly Leninists and Marxist–Leninists, to describe what they see as a temporary state between the capitalist state of affairs and a communist society. Marx defined the proletariat as salaried workers, in contrast to the lumpenproletariat, who he defined as the outcasts of society such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes.[21] The political relevance of farmers has divided the left. In Das Kapital, Marx scarcely mentioned the subject.[22] Mikhail Bakunin thought the lumpenproletariat was a revolutionary class, while Mao Zedong believed that it would be rural peasants, not urban workers, who would bring about the proletarian revolution.

Left-libertarians, anarchists and libertarian socialists believe in a decentralized economy run by trade unions, workers' councils, cooperatives, municipalities and communes, opposing both state and private control of the economy, preferring social ownership and local control in which a nation of decentralized regions is united in a confederation. The global justice movement, also known as the anti-globalisation movement and the alter-globalisation movement, protests against corporate economic globalisation due to its negative consequences for the poor, workers, the environment, and small businesses.[23][24][25]

Environment

See also: Eco-socialism, Green anarchism, and Green politics

One of the foremost left-wing advocates was Thomas Paine, one of the first individuals since left and right became political terms to describe the collective human ownership of the world which he speaks of in Agrarian Justice.[26] As such, most of left-wing thought and literature regarding environmentalism stems from this duty of ownership and the aforementioned form of cooperative ownership means that humanity must take care of the Earth. This principle is reflected in much of the historical left-wing thought and literature that came afterwards, although there were disagreements about what this entailed. Both Karl Marx and the early socialist philosopher and scholar William Morris arguably had a concern for environmental matters.[27][28][29][30] According to Marx, "[e]ven an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together, are not the owners of the earth. They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations".[27][31] Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary Alexander Bogdanov and the Proletkult organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism and "integrate production with natural laws and limits" in the first decade of Soviet rule, before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudoscience of Trofim Lysenko during his rule up until his death in 1953.[32][33][34] Similarly, Mao Zedong rejected environmentalism and believed that based on the laws of historical materialism, all of nature must be put into the service of revolution.[35]

From the 1970s onwards, environmentalism became an increasing concern of the left, with social movements and several unions campaigning on environmental issues and causes. In Australia, the left-wing Builders Labourers Federation, led by the communist Jack Mundy, united with environmentalists to place green bans on environmentally destructive development projects.[36] Several segments of the socialist and Marxist left consciously merged environmentalism and anti-capitalism into an eco-socialist ideology.[37] Barry Commoner articulated a left-wing response to The Limits to Growth model that predicted catastrophic resource depletion and spurred environmentalism, postulating that capitalist technologies were the key cause responsible for environmental degradation, as opposed to human population pressures.[38] Environmental degradation can be seen as a class or equity issue, as environmental destruction disproportionately affects poorer communities and countries.[39]

 
Global warming was the cover story of this 2007 issue of the Ms. magazine.

Several left-wing or socialist groupings have an overt environmental concern and several green parties contain a strong socialist presence. The Green Party of England and Wales features an eco-socialist group, the Green Left, which was founded in June 2005. Its members held several influential positions within the party, including both the former Principal Speakers Siân Berry and Derek Wall, himself an eco-socialist and Marxist academic.[40] In Europe, several green left political parties such as the European United Left–Nordic Green Left combine traditional social-democratic values such as a desire for greater economic equality and workers rights with demands for environmental protection. Democratic socialist Bolivian president Evo Morales has traced environmental degradation to capitalist consumerism,[41] stating that "[t]he Earth does not have enough for the North to live better and better, but it does have enough for all of us to live well". James Hansen, Noam Chomsky, Raj Patel, Naomi Klein, The Yes Men and Dennis Kucinich hold similar views.[42][43][page needed][44][45][46][47]

In the 21st century, questions about the environment have become increasingly politicized as the Left almost unanimously accepted the findings and consensus of environmental scientists and climatologists about anthropogenic global warming,[48][49] while the Right has disputed or outright rejected the scientific consensus that modern-day global warming is caused by human activity.[50][51][52] However, the Left is also divided over how to effectively and equitably reduce carbon emissions as the center-left often advocates a reliance on market measures such as emissions trading and a carbon tax while those further to the left support direct government regulation and intervention in the form of a Green New Deal, either alongside or instead of market mechanisms.[53][54][55]

Nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-nationalism

See also: Anarchism and nationalism, Anti-imperialism, Internationalism (politics), Left-wing nationalism, and Proletarian internationalism

The question of nationality, imperialism and nationalism has been a central feature of political debates on the Left. During the French Revolution, nationalism was a key policy of the Republican Left.[56] The Republican Left advocated for civic nationalism[7] and argued that the nation is a "daily plebiscite" formed by the subjective "will to live together". Related to revanchism, the belligerent will to take revenge against Germany and retake control of Alsace-Lorraine, nationalism was sometimes opposed to imperialism. In the 1880s, there was a debate between leftists such as the Radical Georges Clemenceau, the Socialist Jean Jaurès and the nationalist Maurice Barrès, who argued that colonialism diverted France from liberating the "blue line of the Vosges", in reference to Alsace-Lorraine; and the "colonial lobby" such as Jules Ferry of the Moderate Republicans, Léon Gambetta of the Republicans and Eugène Etienne, the president of the Parliamentary Colonial Group. After the antisemitic Dreyfus Affair in which officer Alfred Dreyfus was falsely convicted of sedition and exiled to a penal colony in 1894 before being exonerated in 1906, nationalism in the form of Boulangism increasingly became associated with the far-right.[57]

The Marxist social class theory of proletarian internationalism asserts that members of the working class should act in solidarity with working people in other countries in pursuit of a common class interest, rather than only focusing on their own countries. Proletarian internationalism is summed up in the slogan: "Workers of the world, unite!", the last line of The Communist Manifesto. Union members had learned that more members meant more bargaining power. Taken to an international level, leftists argued that workers should act in solidarity with the international proletariat in order to further increase the power of the working class. Proletarian internationalism saw itself as a deterrent against war and international conflicts, because people with a common interest are less likely to take up arms against one another, instead focusing on fighting the bourgeoisie as the ruling class. According to Marxist theory, the antonym of proletarian internationalism is bourgeois nationalism. Some Marxists, together with others on the left, view nationalism,[58] racism[59] (including antisemitism)[60] and religion as divide and conquer tactics used by the ruling classes to prevent the working class from uniting against them in solidarity with one another. Left-wing movements have often taken up anti-imperialist positions. Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism's role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination. Through its unifying goal, nationalism strives for centralisation (both in specific territories and in a ruling elite of individuals) while it prepares a population for capitalist exploitation. Within anarchism, this subject has been extensively discussed by Rudolf Rocker in his book titled Nationalism and Culture and by the works of Fredy Perlman such as Against His-Story, Against Leviathan and The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism.[61]

The failure of revolutions in Germany and Hungary in the 1918–1920 years ended Bolshevik hopes for an imminent world revolution and led to the promotion of the doctrine of socialism in one country by Joseph Stalin. In the first edition of his book titled Osnovy Leninizma (Foundations of Leninism, 1924), Stalin argued that revolution in one country is insufficient. By the end of that year in the second edition of the book, he argued that the "proletariat can and must build the socialist society in one country". In April 1925, Nikolai Bukharin elaborated on the issue in his brochure titled Can We Build Socialism in One Country in the Absence of the Victory of the West-European Proletariat?, whose position was adopted as state policy after Stalin's January 1926 article titled On the Issues of Leninism (К вопросам ленинизма) was published. This idea was opposed by Leon Trotsky and his supporters, who declared the need for an international "permanent revolution" and condemned Stalin for betraying the goals and ideals of the socialist revolution. Various Fourth Internationalist groups around the world who describe themselves as Trotskyist see themselves as standing in this tradition while Maoist China formally supported the theory of socialism in one country.

European social democrats strongly support Europeanism and supranational integration within the European Union, although there is a minority of nationalists and Eurosceptics on the left. Several scholars have linked this form of left-wing nationalism to the pressure generated by economic integration with other countries, often encouraged by neoliberal free trade agreements. This view is sometimes used to justify hostility towards supranational organizations. Left-wing nationalism can also refer to any form of nationalism which emphasizes a leftist working-class populist agenda that seeks to overcome exploitation or oppression by other nations. Many Third World anti-colonialist movements have adopted leftist and socialist ideas. Third-Worldism is a tendency within leftist thought that regards the division between First World and Second World developed countries and Third World developing countries as being of high political importance. This tendency supports decolonization and national liberation movements against imperialism by capitalists. Third-Worldism is closely connected with African socialism, Latin American socialism, Maoism,[62][third-party source needed] pan-Africanism and pan-Arabism. Several left-wing groups in the developing world such as the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico, the Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa and the Naxalites in India have argued that the First World and the Second World Left takes a racist and paternalistic attitude towards liberation movements in the Third World.[citation needed]

Religion

See also: Anarchism and religion, Buddhist socialism, Christian anarchism, Christian communism, Christian left, Christian socialism, Jewish left, and Islamic socialism

The original French Left was firmly anti-clerical, strongly opposing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and supporting atheism and the separation of church and state, ushering in a policy known as laïcité.[7] Karl Marx asserted that "[r]eligion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people".[63] In Soviet Russia, the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin originally embraced an ideological principle which professed that all religion would eventually atrophy and resolved to eradicate organized Christianity and other religious institutions. In 1918, 10 Russian Orthodox hierarchs were summarily executed by a firing squad, and children were deprived of any religious education outside of the home.[64]

Today in the Western world, those on the Left generally support secularization and the separation of church and state. However, religious beliefs have also been associated with many left-wing movements such as the progressive movement, the Social Gospel movement, the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement, the anti-capital punishment movement and Liberation Theology. Early utopian socialist thinkers such as Robert Owen, Charles Fourier and the Comte de Saint-Simon based their theories of socialism upon Christian principles. From St. Augustine of Hippo's City of God through St. Thomas More's Utopia, major Christian writers defended ideas that socialists found agreeable and advocated for. Other common leftist concerns such as pacifism, social justice, racial equality, human rights and the rejection of capitalism and excessive wealth can be found in the Holy Bible.[65]

In the late 19th century, the Social Gospel movement arose, particularly among Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists and Baptists in North America and Britain which integrated progressive and socialist thought with Christianity through faith-based social activism, promoted by movements such as Christian anarchism, Christian socialism and Christian communism. In the 20th century, the theology of liberation and Creation Spirituality was championed by several scholars and priests, such as Gustavo Gutierrez and Matthew Fox. Other left-wing religious movements include Buddhist socialism, Jewish socialism and Islamic socialism. There have been alliances between the left and anti-war Muslims, such as the Respect Party and the Stop the War Coalition in Britain. In France, the left has been divided over moves to ban the hijab from schools, with some leftists supporting a ban based on the separation of church and state in accordance with the principle of laïcité and other leftists opposing the prohibition based on personal and religious freedom.

Social progressivism and counterculture

See also: Counterculture, New Left, Socialism and LGBT rights, and Socialist feminism

Social progressivism is another common feature of modern leftism, particularly in the United States, where social progressives played an important role in the abolition of slavery,[66] the enshrinement of women's suffrage in the United States Constitution,[67] and the protection of civil rights, LGBTQ rights, women's rights and multiculturalism. Progressives have both advocated for alcohol prohibition legislation and worked towards its repeal in the mid to late 1920s and early 1930s. Current positions associated with social progressivism in the Western world include strong opposition to the death penalty, torture, mass surveillance, and the war on drugs, and support for abortion rights, cognitive liberty, LGBTQ rights including legal recognition of same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption of children, the right to change one's legal gender, distribution of contraceptives, and public funding of embryonic stem-cell research. The desire for an expansion of social and civil liberties often overlaps that of the libertarian movement. Public education was a subject of great interest to groundbreaking social progressives such as Lester Frank Ward and John Dewey, who believed that a democratic society and system of government was practically impossible without a universal and comprehensive nationwide system of education.

Various counterculture and anti-war movements in the 1960s and 1970s were associated with the New Left. Unlike the earlier leftist focus on labour union activism and a proletarian revolution, the New Left instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism. The New Left in the United States is associated with the hippie movement, mass protest movements on school campuses and a broadening of focus from protesting class-based oppression to include issues such as gender, race and sexual orientation. The British New Left was an intellectually driven movement which attempted to correct the perceived errors of the Old Left. The New Left opposed prevailing authoritarian structures in society which it designated as "The Establishment" and became known as the "Anti-Establishment". The New Left did not seek to recruit industrial workers en masse, but instead concentrated on a social activist approach to organization, convinced that they could be the source for a better kind of social revolution. This view has been criticized by several Marxists, especially Trotskyists, who characterized this approach as "substitutionism" which they described as a misguided and non-Marxist belief that other groups in society could "substitute" for and "replace" the revolutionary agency of the working class.[68][69]

Many early feminists and advocates of women's rights were considered a part of the Left by their contemporaries. Feminist pioneer Mary Wollstonecraft was influenced by Thomas Paine. Many notable leftists have been strong supporters of gender equality such as Marxist philosophers and activists Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin and Alexandra Kollontai, anarchist philosophers and activists such as Virginia Bolten, Emma Goldman and Lucía Sánchez Saornil and democratic socialist philosophers and activists such as Helen Keller and Annie Besant.[70] However, Marxists such as Rosa Luxemburg,[71] Clara Zetkin,[72][73] and Alexandra Kollontai,[74][75] who are supporters of radical social equality for women and have rejected and opposed liberal feminism because they considered it to be a capitalist bourgeois ideology. Marxists were responsible for organizing the first International Working Women's Day events.[76]

The women's liberation movement is closely connected to the New Left and other new social movements which openly challenged the orthodoxies of the Old Left. Socialist feminism as exemplified by the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women and Marxist feminism, spearheaded by Selma James, saw themselves as a part of the Left that challenges male-dominated and sexist structures within the Left. The connection between left-wing ideologies and the struggle for LGBTQ rights also has an important history. Prominent socialists who were involved in early struggles for LGBTQ rights include Edward Carpenter, Oscar Wilde, Harry Hay, Bayard Rustin and Daniel Guérin, among others. The New Left is also strongly supportive of LGBTQ rights and liberation, having been instrumental in the founding of the LGBTQ rights movement in the aftermath of the Stonewall Riots of 1969. Contemporary leftist activists and socialist countries such as Cuba are actively supportive of LGBTQ+ people and are involved in the struggle for LGBTQ+ rights and equality.

History

See also: American Left, French Left, Left–right political spectrum, and History of political thought

In politics, the term Left derives from the French Revolution as the political groups opposed to the royal veto privilege (Montagnard and Jacobin deputies from the Third Estate) generally sat to the left of the presiding member's chair in parliament while the ones in favour of the royal veto privilege sat on its right.[77] That habit began in the French Estates General of 1789. Throughout the 19th century, the main line dividing Left and Right was between supporters of the French republic and those of the monarchy's privileges.[7][page needed] The June Days uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to re-assert itself after the 1848 Revolution, but only a small portion of the population supported this.

In the mid-19th century, nationalism, socialism, democracy and anti-clericalism became key features of the French Left. After Napoleon III's 1851 coup and the subsequent establishment of the Second Empire, Marxism began to rival radical republicanism and utopian socialism as a force within left-wing politics. The influential Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published amidst the wave of revolutions of 1848 across Europe, asserted that all of human history is defined by class struggle. They predicted that a proletarian revolution would eventually overthrow bourgeois capitalism and create a stateless, moneyless and classless communist society. It was in this period that the word wing was appended to both Left and Right.[78]

The International Workingmen's Association (1864–1876), sometimes called the First International, brought together delegates from many different countries, with many different views about how to reach a classless and stateless society. Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the International Workers' Association (IWA–AIT).[79] The Second International (1888–1916) became divided over the issue of World War I. Those who opposed the war, among them Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, saw themselves as further to the left.

In the United States, leftists such as social liberals, progressives and trade unionists were influenced by the works of Thomas Paine, who introduced the concept of asset-based egalitarianism which theorises that social equality is possible by a redistribution of resources. After the Reconstruction era in the aftermath of the American Civil War, the phrase "the Left" was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement.[80][81] More recently, left-wing and right-wing have often been used as synonyms for the Democratic and Republican parties, or as synonyms for liberalism and conservatism, respectively.[82][83][84][full citation needed][85]

Since the Right was populist, both in the Western and the Eastern Bloc anything viewed as avant-garde art was called leftist across Europe, thus the identification of Picasso's Guernica as "leftist" in Europe[86][page needed] and the condemnation of the Russian composer Shostakovich's opera (The Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District) in Pravda as follows: "Here we have 'leftist' confusion instead of natural, human music".[87][page needed]

Types

The spectrum of left-wing politics ranges from centre-left to far-left or ultra-left. The term centre-left describes a position within the political mainstream that accepts capitalism and a market economy. The terms far-left and ultra-left are used for positions that are more radical, more strongly rejecting capitalism and mainstream representative democracy, instead advocating for a socialist society based on economic democracy and direct democracy, representing economic, political and social democracy. The centre-left includes social democrats, social liberals, progressives and greens. Centre-left supporters accept market allocation of resources in a mixed economy with an empowered public sector and a thriving private sector. Centre-left policies tend to favour limited state intervention in matters pertaining to the public interest.

In several countries, the terms far-left and radical left have been associated with many varieties of anarchism, autonomism and communism. They have been used to describe groups that advocate anti-capitalism and eco-terrorism. In France, a distinction is made between the centre-left and the left represented by the Socialist Party and the French Communist Party and the far-left as represented by anarcho-communists, Maoists and Trotskyists.[88] The United States Department of Homeland Security defines "left-wing extremism" as groups that "seek to bring about change through violent revolution, rather than through established political processes".[89] Similar to far-right politics, extremist far-left politics have motivated political violence, radicalization, genocide, terrorism, sabotage and damage to property, the formation of militant organizations, political repression, conspiracism, xenophobia, and nationalism.[90][91][92][93][94][95]

In China, the term Chinese New Left denotes those who oppose the economic reforms enacted by Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s and 1990s, favour instead the restoration of Maoist policies and the immediate transition to a socialist economy.[96] In the Western world, the term New Left is used for social and cultural politics.

In the United Kingdom during the 1980s, the term hard left was applied to supporters of Tony Benn such as the Campaign Group and those involved in the London Labour Briefing newspaper as well as Trotskyist groups such as Militant and the Alliance for Workers' Liberty.[97] In the same period, the term soft left was applied to supporters of the British Labour Party who were perceived to be more moderate and closer to the centre, accepting Keynesianism. Under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, the Labour Party adopted the Third Way and rebranded itself as New Labour in order to promote the notion that it was less left-wing than it had been in the past to accommodate the neoliberal trend arising since the 1970s with the displacement of Keynesianism and post-war social democracy. One of the first actions of Ed Miliband, the Labour Party leader who succeeded Blair and Brown, was the rejection of the New Labour label and a promise to abandon the Third Way and turn back to the left. However, Labour's voting record in the House of Commons from 2010 to 2015 indicated that the Labour Party under Miliband had maintained the same distance from the left as it did under Blair.[98][99] In contrast, the election of Jeremy Corbyn as the Labour Party leader was viewed by scholars and political commentators as Labour turning back toward its more classical socialist roots, rejecting neoliberalism and the Third Way whilst supporting a democratic socialist society and an end to austerity measures.

See also

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Further reading

January 20, 2023
left, wing, politics, leftism, redirects, here, album, group, leftfield, leftism, album, left, wing, redirects, here, sports, position, winger, sports, describes, range, political, ideologies, that, support, seek, achieve, social, equality, egalitarianism, oft. Leftism redirects here For the album by the group Leftfield see Leftism album Left wing redirects here For the sports position see Winger sports Left wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism often in opposition to social hierarchy 1 2 3 4 Left wing politics typically involve a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished 1 Left wing politics are also associated with popular or state control of major political and economic institutions 5 According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark left wing supporters claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status power and wealth are eliminated 6 5 May 1789 opening of the Estates General of 1789 in Versailles Labour union demonstrators at the 1912 Lawrence textile strike Within the left right political spectrum Left and Right were coined during the French Revolution referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Regime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society 7 while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Ancien Regime Usage of the term Left became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the Independents 8 The word wing was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century usually with disparaging intent and left wing was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views Ideologies considered to be left wing vary greatly depending on the placement of the Overton window along the political spectrum in a given time and place At the end of the 18th century upon the founding of the first liberal democracies the term Left was used to describe liberalism in the United States and republicanism in France supporting a lesser degree of hierarchical decision making than the right wing politics of the traditional conservatives and monarchists In modern politics the term Left typically applies to ideologies and movements to the left of classical liberalism supporting some degree of democracy in the economic sphere Today ideologies such as social liberalism and social democracy are considered to be centre left while the Left is typically reserved for movements more critical of capitalism 9 including anarchism communism Marxism and syndicalism each of which rose to prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries 10 In addition the term left wing has also been applied to a broad range of culturally liberal social movements 11 including the civil rights movement the use of body piercings and tattoos hair coloring voluntary childlessness antinatalism individualism feminist movement men s rights movement LGBT rights movement interracial marriage reproductive rights abortion rights movements multiculturalism immigration anti war movement and environmental movement 12 13 as well as a wide range of political parties 14 15 16 Contents 1 Positions 1 1 Economics 1 2 Environment 1 3 Nationalism anti imperialism and anti nationalism 1 4 Religion 1 5 Social progressivism and counterculture 2 History 3 Types 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingPositionsSee also Right wing politics The following positions are typically associated with left wing politics Economics See also Anarchist economics Marxism and Keynesianism and Socialist economics Left leaning economic beliefs range from Keynesian economics and the welfare state through industrial democracy and the social market to the nationalization of the economy and central planning 17 to the anarcho syndicalist advocacy of a council based and self managed anarchist communism During the Industrial Revolution leftists supported trade unions At the beginning of the 20th century many leftists advocated strong government intervention in the economy 18 Leftists continue to criticize the perceived exploitative nature of globalization the race to the bottom and unjust lay offs and exploitation of workers In the last quarter of the 20th century the belief that the government ruling in accordance with the interests of the people ought to be directly involved in the day to day workings of an economy declined in popularity amongst the centre left especially social democrats who adopted the Third Way Other leftists believe in Marxian economics named after the economic theories of Karl Marx Some distinguish Marx s economic theories from his political philosophy arguing that Marx s approach to understanding the economy is independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his belief in the inevitability of a proletarian revolution 19 20 Marxian economics do not exclusively rely on Marx and draw from a range of Marxist and non Marxist sources The dictatorship of the proletariat and workers state are terms used by some Marxists particularly Leninists and Marxist Leninists to describe what they see as a temporary state between the capitalist state of affairs and a communist society Marx defined the proletariat as salaried workers in contrast to the lumpenproletariat who he defined as the outcasts of society such as beggars tricksters entertainers buskers criminals and prostitutes 21 The political relevance of farmers has divided the left In Das Kapital Marx scarcely mentioned the subject 22 Mikhail Bakunin thought the lumpenproletariat was a revolutionary class while Mao Zedong believed that it would be rural peasants not urban workers who would bring about the proletarian revolution Left libertarians anarchists and libertarian socialists believe in a decentralized economy run by trade unions workers councils cooperatives municipalities and communes opposing both state and private control of the economy preferring social ownership and local control in which a nation of decentralized regions is united in a confederation The global justice movement also known as the anti globalisation movement and the alter globalisation movement protests against corporate economic globalisation due to its negative consequences for the poor workers the environment and small businesses 23 24 25 Environment See also Eco socialism Green anarchism and Green politics One of the foremost left wing advocates was Thomas Paine one of the first individuals since left and right became political terms to describe the collective human ownership of the world which he speaks of in Agrarian Justice 26 As such most of left wing thought and literature regarding environmentalism stems from this duty of ownership and the aforementioned form of cooperative ownership means that humanity must take care of the Earth This principle is reflected in much of the historical left wing thought and literature that came afterwards although there were disagreements about what this entailed Both Karl Marx and the early socialist philosopher and scholar William Morris arguably had a concern for environmental matters 27 28 29 30 According to Marx e ven an entire society a nation or all simultaneously existing societies taken together are not the owners of the earth They are simply its possessors its beneficiaries and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations 27 31 Following the Russian Revolution environmental scientists such as revolutionary Alexander Bogdanov and the Proletkult organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism and integrate production with natural laws and limits in the first decade of Soviet rule before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudoscience of Trofim Lysenko during his rule up until his death in 1953 32 33 34 Similarly Mao Zedong rejected environmentalism and believed that based on the laws of historical materialism all of nature must be put into the service of revolution 35 From the 1970s onwards environmentalism became an increasing concern of the left with social movements and several unions campaigning on environmental issues and causes In Australia the left wing Builders Labourers Federation led by the communist Jack Mundy united with environmentalists to place green bans on environmentally destructive development projects 36 Several segments of the socialist and Marxist left consciously merged environmentalism and anti capitalism into an eco socialist ideology 37 Barry Commoner articulated a left wing response to The Limits to Growth model that predicted catastrophic resource depletion and spurred environmentalism postulating that capitalist technologies were the key cause responsible for environmental degradation as opposed to human population pressures 38 Environmental degradation can be seen as a class or equity issue as environmental destruction disproportionately affects poorer communities and countries 39 Global warming was the cover story of this 2007 issue of the Ms magazine Several left wing or socialist groupings have an overt environmental concern and several green parties contain a strong socialist presence The Green Party of England and Wales features an eco socialist group the Green Left which was founded in June 2005 Its members held several influential positions within the party including both the former Principal Speakers Sian Berry and Derek Wall himself an eco socialist and Marxist academic 40 In Europe several green left political parties such as the European United Left Nordic Green Left combine traditional social democratic values such as a desire for greater economic equality and workers rights with demands for environmental protection Democratic socialist Bolivian president Evo Morales has traced environmental degradation to capitalist consumerism 41 stating that t he Earth does not have enough for the North to live better and better but it does have enough for all of us to live well James Hansen Noam Chomsky Raj Patel Naomi Klein The Yes Men and Dennis Kucinich hold similar views 42 43 page needed 44 45 46 47 In the 21st century questions about the environment have become increasingly politicized as the Left almost unanimously accepted the findings and consensus of environmental scientists and climatologists about anthropogenic global warming 48 49 while the Right has disputed or outright rejected the scientific consensus that modern day global warming is caused by human activity 50 51 52 However the Left is also divided over how to effectively and equitably reduce carbon emissions as the center left often advocates a reliance on market measures such as emissions trading and a carbon tax while those further to the left support direct government regulation and intervention in the form of a Green New Deal either alongside or instead of market mechanisms 53 54 55 Nationalism anti imperialism and anti nationalism See also Anarchism and nationalism Anti imperialism Internationalism politics Left wing nationalism and Proletarian internationalism The question of nationality imperialism and nationalism has been a central feature of political debates on the Left During the French Revolution nationalism was a key policy of the Republican Left 56 The Republican Left advocated for civic nationalism 7 and argued that the nation is a daily plebiscite formed by the subjective will to live together Related to revanchism the belligerent will to take revenge against Germany and retake control of Alsace Lorraine nationalism was sometimes opposed to imperialism In the 1880s there was a debate between leftists such as the Radical Georges Clemenceau the Socialist Jean Jaures and the nationalist Maurice Barres who argued that colonialism diverted France from liberating the blue line of the Vosges in reference to Alsace Lorraine and the colonial lobby such as Jules Ferry of the Moderate Republicans Leon Gambetta of the Republicans and Eugene Etienne the president of the Parliamentary Colonial Group After the antisemitic Dreyfus Affair in which officer Alfred Dreyfus was falsely convicted of sedition and exiled to a penal colony in 1894 before being exonerated in 1906 nationalism in the form of Boulangism increasingly became associated with the far right 57 The Marxist social class theory of proletarian internationalism asserts that members of the working class should act in solidarity with working people in other countries in pursuit of a common class interest rather than only focusing on their own countries Proletarian internationalism is summed up in the slogan Workers of the world unite the last line of The Communist Manifesto Union members had learned that more members meant more bargaining power Taken to an international level leftists argued that workers should act in solidarity with the international proletariat in order to further increase the power of the working class Proletarian internationalism saw itself as a deterrent against war and international conflicts because people with a common interest are less likely to take up arms against one another instead focusing on fighting the bourgeoisie as the ruling class According to Marxist theory the antonym of proletarian internationalism is bourgeois nationalism Some Marxists together with others on the left view nationalism 58 racism 59 including antisemitism 60 and religion as divide and conquer tactics used by the ruling classes to prevent the working class from uniting against them in solidarity with one another Left wing movements have often taken up anti imperialist positions Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism s role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination Through its unifying goal nationalism strives for centralisation both in specific territories and in a ruling elite of individuals while it prepares a population for capitalist exploitation Within anarchism this subject has been extensively discussed by Rudolf Rocker in his book titled Nationalism and Culture and by the works of Fredy Perlman such as Against His Story Against Leviathan and The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism 61 The failure of revolutions in Germany and Hungary in the 1918 1920 years ended Bolshevik hopes for an imminent world revolution and led to the promotion of the doctrine of socialism in one country by Joseph Stalin In the first edition of his book titled Osnovy Leninizma Foundations of Leninism 1924 Stalin argued that revolution in one country is insufficient By the end of that year in the second edition of the book he argued that the proletariat can and must build the socialist society in one country In April 1925 Nikolai Bukharin elaborated on the issue in his brochure titled Can We Build Socialism in One Country in the Absence of the Victory of the West European Proletariat whose position was adopted as state policy after Stalin s January 1926 article titled On the Issues of Leninism K voprosam leninizma was published This idea was opposed by Leon Trotsky and his supporters who declared the need for an international permanent revolution and condemned Stalin for betraying the goals and ideals of the socialist revolution Various Fourth Internationalist groups around the world who describe themselves as Trotskyist see themselves as standing in this tradition while Maoist China formally supported the theory of socialism in one country European social democrats strongly support Europeanism and supranational integration within the European Union although there is a minority of nationalists and Eurosceptics on the left Several scholars have linked this form of left wing nationalism to the pressure generated by economic integration with other countries often encouraged by neoliberal free trade agreements This view is sometimes used to justify hostility towards supranational organizations Left wing nationalism can also refer to any form of nationalism which emphasizes a leftist working class populist agenda that seeks to overcome exploitation or oppression by other nations Many Third World anti colonialist movements have adopted leftist and socialist ideas Third Worldism is a tendency within leftist thought that regards the division between First World and Second World developed countries and Third World developing countries as being of high political importance This tendency supports decolonization and national liberation movements against imperialism by capitalists Third Worldism is closely connected with African socialism Latin American socialism Maoism 62 third party source needed pan Africanism and pan Arabism Several left wing groups in the developing world such as the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico the Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa and the Naxalites in India have argued that the First World and the Second World Left takes a racist and paternalistic attitude towards liberation movements in the Third World citation needed Religion See also Anarchism and religion Buddhist socialism Christian anarchism Christian communism Christian left Christian socialism Jewish left and Islamic socialism The original French Left was firmly anti clerical strongly opposing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and supporting atheism and the separation of church and state ushering in a policy known as laicite 7 Karl Marx asserted that r eligion is the sigh of the oppressed creature the heart of a heartless world and the soul of soulless conditions It is the opium of the people 63 In Soviet Russia the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin originally embraced an ideological principle which professed that all religion would eventually atrophy and resolved to eradicate organized Christianity and other religious institutions In 1918 10 Russian Orthodox hierarchs were summarily executed by a firing squad and children were deprived of any religious education outside of the home 64 Today in the Western world those on the Left generally support secularization and the separation of church and state However religious beliefs have also been associated with many left wing movements such as the progressive movement the Social Gospel movement the civil rights movement the anti war movement the anti capital punishment movement and Liberation Theology Early utopian socialist thinkers such as Robert Owen Charles Fourier and the Comte de Saint Simon based their theories of socialism upon Christian principles From St Augustine of Hippo s City of God through St Thomas More s Utopia major Christian writers defended ideas that socialists found agreeable and advocated for Other common leftist concerns such as pacifism social justice racial equality human rights and the rejection of capitalism and excessive wealth can be found in the Holy Bible 65 In the late 19th century the Social Gospel movement arose particularly among Anglicans Lutherans Methodists and Baptists in North America and Britain which integrated progressive and socialist thought with Christianity through faith based social activism promoted by movements such as Christian anarchism Christian socialism and Christian communism In the 20th century the theology of liberation and Creation Spirituality was championed by several scholars and priests such as Gustavo Gutierrez and Matthew Fox Other left wing religious movements include Buddhist socialism Jewish socialism and Islamic socialism There have been alliances between the left and anti war Muslims such as the Respect Party and the Stop the War Coalition in Britain In France the left has been divided over moves to ban the hijab from schools with some leftists supporting a ban based on the separation of church and state in accordance with the principle of laicite and other leftists opposing the prohibition based on personal and religious freedom Social progressivism and counterculture The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Counterculture New Left Socialism and LGBT rights and Socialist feminism Social progressivism is another common feature of modern leftism particularly in the United States where social progressives played an important role in the abolition of slavery 66 the enshrinement of women s suffrage in the United States Constitution 67 and the protection of civil rights LGBTQ rights women s rights and multiculturalism Progressives have both advocated for alcohol prohibition legislation and worked towards its repeal in the mid to late 1920s and early 1930s Current positions associated with social progressivism in the Western world include strong opposition to the death penalty torture mass surveillance and the war on drugs and support for abortion rights cognitive liberty LGBTQ rights including legal recognition of same sex marriage same sex adoption of children the right to change one s legal gender distribution of contraceptives and public funding of embryonic stem cell research The desire for an expansion of social and civil liberties often overlaps that of the libertarian movement Public education was a subject of great interest to groundbreaking social progressives such as Lester Frank Ward and John Dewey who believed that a democratic society and system of government was practically impossible without a universal and comprehensive nationwide system of education Various counterculture and anti war movements in the 1960s and 1970s were associated with the New Left Unlike the earlier leftist focus on labour union activism and a proletarian revolution the New Left instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism The New Left in the United States is associated with the hippie movement mass protest movements on school campuses and a broadening of focus from protesting class based oppression to include issues such as gender race and sexual orientation The British New Left was an intellectually driven movement which attempted to correct the perceived errors of the Old Left The New Left opposed prevailing authoritarian structures in society which it designated as The Establishment and became known as the Anti Establishment The New Left did not seek to recruit industrial workers en masse but instead concentrated on a social activist approach to organization convinced that they could be the source for a better kind of social revolution This view has been criticized by several Marxists especially Trotskyists who characterized this approach as substitutionism which they described as a misguided and non Marxist belief that other groups in society could substitute for and replace the revolutionary agency of the working class 68 69 Many early feminists and advocates of women s rights were considered a part of the Left by their contemporaries Feminist pioneer Mary Wollstonecraft was influenced by Thomas Paine Many notable leftists have been strong supporters of gender equality such as Marxist philosophers and activists Rosa Luxemburg Clara Zetkin and Alexandra Kollontai anarchist philosophers and activists such as Virginia Bolten Emma Goldman and Lucia Sanchez Saornil and democratic socialist philosophers and activists such as Helen Keller and Annie Besant 70 However Marxists such as Rosa Luxemburg 71 Clara Zetkin 72 73 and Alexandra Kollontai 74 75 who are supporters of radical social equality for women and have rejected and opposed liberal feminism because they considered it to be a capitalist bourgeois ideology Marxists were responsible for organizing the first International Working Women s Day events 76 The women s liberation movement is closely connected to the New Left and other new social movements which openly challenged the orthodoxies of the Old Left Socialist feminism as exemplified by the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women and Marxist feminism spearheaded by Selma James saw themselves as a part of the Left that challenges male dominated and sexist structures within the Left The connection between left wing ideologies and the struggle for LGBTQ rights also has an important history Prominent socialists who were involved in early struggles for LGBTQ rights include Edward Carpenter Oscar Wilde Harry Hay Bayard Rustin and Daniel Guerin among others The New Left is also strongly supportive of LGBTQ rights and liberation having been instrumental in the founding of the LGBTQ rights movement in the aftermath of the Stonewall Riots of 1969 Contemporary leftist activists and socialist countries such as Cuba are actively supportive of LGBTQ people and are involved in the struggle for LGBTQ rights and equality HistorySee also American Left French Left Left right political spectrum and History of political thought In politics the term Left derives from the French Revolution as the political groups opposed to the royal veto privilege Montagnard and Jacobin deputies from the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the presiding member s chair in parliament while the ones in favour of the royal veto privilege sat on its right 77 That habit began in the French Estates General of 1789 Throughout the 19th century the main line dividing Left and Right was between supporters of the French republic and those of the monarchy s privileges 7 page needed The June Days uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to re assert itself after the 1848 Revolution but only a small portion of the population supported this In the mid 19th century nationalism socialism democracy and anti clericalism became key features of the French Left After Napoleon III s 1851 coup and the subsequent establishment of the Second Empire Marxism began to rival radical republicanism and utopian socialism as a force within left wing politics The influential Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published amidst the wave of revolutions of 1848 across Europe asserted that all of human history is defined by class struggle They predicted that a proletarian revolution would eventually overthrow bourgeois capitalism and create a stateless moneyless and classless communist society It was in this period that the word wing was appended to both Left and Right 78 The International Workingmen s Association 1864 1876 sometimes called the First International brought together delegates from many different countries with many different views about how to reach a classless and stateless society Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin anarchists formed the International Workers Association IWA AIT 79 The Second International 1888 1916 became divided over the issue of World War I Those who opposed the war among them Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg saw themselves as further to the left In the United States leftists such as social liberals progressives and trade unionists were influenced by the works of Thomas Paine who introduced the concept of asset based egalitarianism which theorises that social equality is possible by a redistribution of resources After the Reconstruction era in the aftermath of the American Civil War the phrase the Left was used to describe those who supported trade unions the civil rights movement and the anti war movement 80 81 More recently left wing and right wing have often been used as synonyms for the Democratic and Republican parties or as synonyms for liberalism and conservatism respectively 82 83 84 full citation needed 85 Since the Right was populist both in the Western and the Eastern Bloc anything viewed as avant garde art was called leftist across Europe thus the identification of Picasso s Guernica as leftist in Europe 86 page needed and the condemnation of the Russian composer Shostakovich s opera The Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District in Pravda as follows Here we have leftist confusion instead of natural human music 87 page needed TypesThe spectrum of left wing politics ranges from centre left to far left or ultra left The term centre left describes a position within the political mainstream that accepts capitalism and a market economy The terms far left and ultra left are used for positions that are more radical more strongly rejecting capitalism and mainstream representative democracy instead advocating for a socialist society based on economic democracy and direct democracy representing economic political and social democracy The centre left includes social democrats social liberals progressives and greens Centre left supporters accept market allocation of resources in a mixed economy with an empowered public sector and a thriving private sector Centre left policies tend to favour limited state intervention in matters pertaining to the public interest In several countries the terms far left and radical left have been associated with many varieties of anarchism autonomism and communism They have been used to describe groups that advocate anti capitalism and eco terrorism In France a distinction is made between the centre left and the left represented by the Socialist Party and the French Communist Party and the far left as represented by anarcho communists Maoists and Trotskyists 88 The United States Department of Homeland Security defines left wing extremism as groups that seek to bring about change through violent revolution rather than through established political processes 89 Similar to far right politics extremist far left politics have motivated political violence radicalization genocide terrorism sabotage and damage to property the formation of militant organizations political repression conspiracism xenophobia and nationalism 90 91 92 93 94 95 In China the term Chinese New Left denotes those who oppose the economic reforms enacted by Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s and 1990s favour instead the restoration of Maoist policies and the immediate transition to a socialist economy 96 In the Western world the term New Left is used for social and cultural politics In the United Kingdom during the 1980s the term hard left was applied to supporters of Tony Benn such as the Campaign Group and those involved in the London Labour Briefing newspaper as well as Trotskyist groups such as Militant and the Alliance for Workers Liberty 97 In the same period the term soft left was applied to supporters of the British Labour Party who were perceived to be more moderate and closer to the centre accepting Keynesianism Under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown the Labour Party adopted the Third Way and rebranded itself as New Labour in order to promote the notion that it was less left wing than it had been in the past to accommodate the neoliberal trend arising since the 1970s with the displacement of Keynesianism and post war social democracy One of the first actions of Ed Miliband the Labour Party leader who succeeded Blair and Brown was the rejection of the New Labour label and a promise to abandon the Third Way and turn back to the left However Labour s voting record in the House of Commons from 2010 to 2015 indicated that the Labour Party under Miliband had maintained the same distance from the left as it did under Blair 98 99 In contrast the election of Jeremy Corbyn as the Labour Party leader was viewed by scholars and political commentators as Labour turning back toward its more classical socialist roots rejecting neoliberalism and the Third Way whilst supporting a democratic socialist society and an end to austerity measures See alsoConflict theories History of trade unions in the United Kingdom Labor history of the United States Left wing populism List of left wing internationals List of left wing political parties Post left anarchy Red baiting Red Scare Redwashing Social criticism WokeReferences a b Smith T Alexander Tatalovich Raymond 2003 Cultures at War Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies Toronto Canada Broadview Press p 30 ISBN 9781551113340 Bobbio Norberto Cameron Allan 1997 Left and Right The Significance of a Political Distinction University of Chicago Press p 37 Ball Terence 2005 The Cambridge History of Twentieth Century Political Thought Reprint ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 614 ISBN 9780521563543 Retrieved 15 November 2016 Thompson Willie 1997 The Left In History Revolution and Reform in Twentieth Century Politic London Pluto Press ISBN 978 0745308913 Left Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 April 2009 Retrieved 22 May 2022 Clark Barry 1998 Political Economy A Comparative Approach Westport Connecticut Praeger Press ISBN 9780275958695 a b c d Knapp Andrew Wright Vincent 2006 The government and politics of France 5th ed London u a Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 35732 6 the government and politics of france Gauchet Marcel 1996 Right and Left In Nora Pierre ed Realms of memory conflicts and divisions p 248 Maass Alan Zinn Howard 2010 The Case for Socialism Revised ed Haymarket Books p 164 ISBN 978 1608460731 The International Socialist Review is one of the best left wing journals around Schmidt Michael Van der Walt Lucien 2009 Black Flame The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism Counter Power Vol 1 AK Press p 128 ISBN 978 1 904859 16 1 anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International and part of the labour and left tradition Revel Jean Francois 2009 Last Exit to Utopia Encounter Books p 24 ISBN 978 1594032646 In the United States the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party Neumayer Eric 2004 The environment left wing political orientation and ecological economics PDF Ecological Economics 51 3 4 167 175 doi 10 1016 j ecolecon 2004 06 006 Barry John 2002 International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0415202855 All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting I n subsequent European elections green voters have tended to be more left leaning the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left wing persuasion Democratic socialism PDF Archived from the original on 2 September 2006 Retrieved 3 June 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Harvey Fiona 5 September 2014 Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics The Guardian Arnold N Scott 2009 Imposing values an essay on liberalism and regulation Florence Oxford University Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 495 50112 1 Modern liberalism occupies the left of center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States the Labor Party in the United Kingdom and the mainstream Left including some nominally socialist parties in other advanced democratic societies Glyn Andrew 2001 Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times The Left and Economic Policy since 1980 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 924138 5 Beinhocker Eric D 2006 The Origin of Wealth Evolution Complexity and the Radical Remaking of Economics Boston Mass Harvard Business School Press p 316 ISBN 978 1 57851 777 0 The Neo Marxian Schools The New School Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 Retrieved 23 August 2007 Munro John Some Basic Principles of Marxian Economics University of Toronto Retrieved 23 August 2007 Lumpenproletariat Encyclopaedia Britannica Communists Marxism Fails on the Farm Time 13 October 1961 Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 Retrieved 3 June 2017 Mertes Tom 2004 A Movement of Movements New York Verso Books Krishna Hensel Sai 2006 Global Cooperation Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty first Century Ashgate Publishing p 202 Juris Jeffrey S 2008 Networking Futures The Movements against Corporate Globalization Durham Duke University Press p 2 ISBN 978 0 8223 4269 4 Paine Thomas Agrarian Justice Thomas Paine National Historical Association Retrieved 13 July 2019 a b Foster J B 2000 Marx s Ecology New York Monthly Review Press Burkett P 1999 Marx and Nature New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0312219406 William Morris The First Green Socialist Leonora fortunecity co uk 14 December 2007 Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 Retrieved 13 May 2010 Moore J W 2003 Capitalism as World ecology Braudel and Marx on Environmental History PDF Organization amp Environment 16 4 431 458 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 472 6464 doi 10 1177 1086026603259091 S2CID 145169737 Archived from the original PDF on 13 July 2011 Marx and ecology Socialist Worker United Kingdom 8 December 2007 Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 Retrieved 13 May 2010 Gare A 1996 Soviet Environmentalism The Path Not Taken In Benton E ed The Greening of Marxism New York Guilford Press pp 111 128 ISBN 978 1572301184 Kovel J 2002 The Enemy of Nature Gare Arran 2002 The Environmental Record of the Soviet Union PDF Capitalism Nature Socialism 13 3 52 72 doi 10 1080 10455750208565489 hdl 1959 3 1924 S2CID 144372855 Shapiro Judith 2001 Mao s War against Nature Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Cambridge University Press Burgman Meredith 1998 Green Bans Red Union Environmental Activism and the New South Wales Builders Labourers Federation Sydney UNSW Press Wall D 2005 Babylon and Beyond The Economics of Anti Capitalist Anti Globalist and Radical Green Movements Commoner B 1972 The Closing Circle Ritten Sanra 19 October 2007 Poor Bear Burden of Industrialisation PDF Blacksmith Institute Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 16 April 2016 Green Left homepage Gptu net Archived from the original on 11 March 2009 Retrieved 13 May 2010 President Evo Morales The Daily Show Comedy Central 25 September 2007 Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 James Hansen 31 December 2009 How to Solve the Climate Problem The Nation Chomsky Noam 1999 Profit Over People Neoliberalism and Global Order 1st ed New York Seven Stories Press ISBN 9781888363821 Retrieved 3 June 2017 Trisha 6 August 2010 The Nation We Have Yet to See The Biggest Costs of the BP Spill Raj Patel Retrieved 15 November 2016 Naomi Klein Climate Debt Part 1 YouTube 26 February 2010 Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 Retrieved 15 November 2016 The Yes Men Fix the World Scrutiny Hooligans Internet Archive 27 July 2011 Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 3 June 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Kucinich responds to BP Oil Spill YouTube 26 May 2010 Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 Retrieved 15 November 2016 The Left Pushes Secular Religions Global Warming Embryonic Stem Cell Research Michael Barone U S News amp World Report Retrieved 13 May 2010 World Scientists Warning To Humanity Dieoff org 18 November 1992 Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 Retrieved 13 May 2010 Revkinnov Andrew C 13 November 2007 Global Warming Books The New York Times The New York Times Retrieved 15 November 2016 Challenges to both Left and Right on Global Warming by Andrew C Revkin Nov 13 2007 The right says global warming is somewhere between a hoax and a minor irritant and argues that liberals thirst for top down regulations will drive American wealth to developing countries and turn off the fossil fuelled engine powering the economy Weather Channel Founder Blasts Gore Over Global Warming Campaign Fox News 29 January 2009 Retrieved 13 May 2010 Mooney Chris 2006 The Republican War on Science Rev ed New York BasicBooks pp 4 5 ISBN 978 0 465 04676 8 T he modern Right has adopted a style of politics that puts its adherents in increasingly stark conflict with both scientific information and dispassionate expert analysis in general Rudd s carbon trading locking in disaster Green Left Weekly 23 May 2009 Retrieved 15 November 2016 Carbon tax not the solution we need on climate Solidarity Online 10 March 2010 Retrieved 15 November 2016 James Hansen and climate solutions Green Left Weekly 13 March 2010 Retrieved 16 October 2017 Doyle William 2002 The Oxford History of the French Revolution 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 925298 5 An exuberant uncompromising nationalism lay behind France s revolutionary expansion in the 1790s The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world Winock Michel 1993 Histoire de l extreme droite en France History of the extreme right in France in French Szporluk Roman 1991 Communism and Nationalism 2nd ed Oxford University Press Solomos John Back Les 1995 Marxism Racism and Ethnicity PDF American Behavioral Scientist 38 3 407 420 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 602 5843 doi 10 1177 0002764295038003004 S2CID 39984567 Lenin Vladimir 1919 Anti Jewish Pogroms Speeches On Gramophone Records Perlman Fredy 1985 The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism Detroit Black amp Red ISBN 978 0317295580 What is Maioism Third Worldism Anti Imperialism org 2 November 2011 Retrieved 16 October 2017 Marx Karl 1976 Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel s Philosophy of Right Collected Works vol 3 New York Michael Burleigh Sacred Causes HarperCollins 2006 p 41 43 Biema David van Chu Jeff 10 September 2006 Does God Want You To Be Rich Time Archived from the original on 12 January 2007 Retrieved 20 April 2011 James Brewer Stewrt Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of the Civil War University of Massachusetts Press 2008 ISBN 978 1 55849 635 4 the progressive assumptions of uplift page 40 For Teachers Library of Congress Lcweb2 loc gov Retrieved 13 May 2010 Tony Cliff Trotsky on substitutionism Autumn 1960 Marxists org Retrieved 13 May 2010 Against Substitutionism Scribd com 6 November 2006 Retrieved 13 May 2010 Campling Jo 2003 Bryson Valerie ed Feminist Political Theory An Introduction 2nd ed Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire u a Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 94568 1 Rosa Luxemburg Women s Suffrage and Class Struggle 1912 Marxists org Retrieved 15 November 2016 Clara Zetkin On a Bourgeois Feminist Petition Marxists org 28 December 2008 Retrieved 15 November 2016 Clara Zetkin Lenin on the Women s Question 1 Marxists org 29 February 2004 Retrieved 15 November 2016 Kollontai Alexandra The Social Basis of the Woman Question by Alexandra Kollontai 1909 Marxists org Retrieved 15 November 2016 Kollontai Alexandra Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights by Alexandra Kollontai 1919 Marxists org Retrieved 15 November 2016 Kollontai Alexandra 26 August 1920 1920 Inter Women s Day Marxists org Retrieved 13 May 2010 Michel Winock La Droite hier et aujourd hui tempus 2012 p 12 Home Oxford English Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary Retrieved 3 June 2017 Marshall Peter 1993 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism London Fontana Press p 9 ISBN 978 0 00 686245 1 Van Gosse 2005 The Movements of the New Left 1950 1975 A Brief History with Documents Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 4039 6804 3 Reuss JoAnne C 2000 American Folk Music and Left Wing Politics The Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 3684 6 Steel to gop fight for Coleman Time 3 March 2009 Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 4 April 2010 Is it Spain s place to investigate Gitmo The Week 7 May 2009 Retrieved 3 June 2017 Reported in Mother Jones 29 April 2009 Gellene Denise 10 September 2007 Study finds left wing brain right wing brain Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2 May 2010 Werckmeister Otto Karl 1999 Icons of the Left Benjamin and Eisenstein Picasso and Kafka After the Fall of Communism Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226893563 Gutman David 1996 Prokofiev New ed London Omnibus Press ISBN 978 0711920835 Cosseron Serge ed Le dictionnaire de l extreme gauche Paris Larousse 2007 p 20 Leftwing Extremists Increase in Cyber Attacks PDF Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 Retrieved 3 June 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Rossi Federica April 2021 Treiber Kyle ed The failed amnesty of the years of lead in Italy Continuity and transformations between de politicization and punitiveness European Journal of Criminology Los Angeles and London SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Society of Criminology doi 10 1177 14773708211008441 ISSN 1741 2609 S2CID 234835036 The 1970s in Italy were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s The decade saw the multiplication of far left extra parliamentary organizations the presence of a militant far right movement and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures The increasing militarization and the use of political violence from sabotage and damage to property to kidnappings and targeted assassinations were justified by left wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo fascist coup el Ojeili Chamsy Taylor Dylan September 2018 Cheng Enfu Schweickart David Andreani Tony eds The Revaluation of All Values Extremism The Ultra Left and Revolutionary Anthropology International Critical Thought Taylor amp Francis on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 8 3 410 425 doi 10 1080 21598282 2018 1506262 eISSN 2159 8312 ISSN 2159 8282 S2CID 158719628 McClosky Herbert Chong Dennis July 1985 Similarities and Differences Between Left Wing and Right Wing Radicals British Journal of Political Science 15 3 329 363 doi 10 1017 S0007123400004221 ISSN 0007 1234 S2CID 154330828 Once one adjusts for superficial differences Shils contended communists and other radicals of the far left resemble right wing radicals in zealotry susceptibility to Manichean interpretations of human events implacable hatred of opponents intolerance toward dissenters and deviants and an inclination to view public affairs as the outcome of conspiracies and secret plots Kopyciok Svenja Silver Hilary 10 June 2021 Left Wing Xenophobia in Europe Frontiers in Sociology 6 666717 doi 10 3389 fsoc 2021 666717 ISSN 2297 7775 PMC 8222516 PMID 34179182 We find that a surprisingly large share of those who identify as far left do express extremely xenophobic attitudes and we profile them in contrast to far right xenophobes Chen Cheng Lee Ji Yong 1 December 2007 Making sense of North Korea National Stalinism in comparative historical perspective Communist and Post Communist Studies 40 4 459 475 doi 10 1016 j postcomstud 2007 10 003 ISSN 0967 067X the role of strong anti liberal ideology that combined both far left and far right nationalist elements was highly significant in sustaining the regime and therefore should not be underestimated the DPRK regime was able to hold on to power by using imagined and real external threats such as the nuclear and missile crises to justify continuing domestic repression and reinforce its nationalist claims Pruitt Sarah How Are Socialism and Communism Different HISTORY Retrieved 6 October 2022 China launches New Deal for farmers Financial Times 22 February 2006 Benn s golden anniversary BBC News 4 December 2000 Retrieved 4 April 2010 MPs approve annual welfare cap in Commons vote BBC News 26 March 2014 Kampfner John 5 November 2012 Labour s return to the right The Guardian Retrieved 15 November 2016 Further readingBest Steven 2014 Rethinking Revolution Veganism Animal Liberation Ecology and the Left The Politics of Total Liberation Revolution for the 21st Century Palgrave Macmillan pp 79 106 doi 10 1057 9781137440723 4 ISBN 978 1137471116 Encyclopedia of the American Left ed by Mari Jo Buhle Paul Buhle Dan Georgakas Second Edition Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 0 19 512088 4 Lin Chun The British New Left Edinburgh Edinburgh Univ Press 1993 Geoff Eley Forging Democracy The History of the Left in Europe 1850 2000 Oxford University Press 2002 ISBN 0 19 504479 7 Leftism in India 1917 1947 Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri Palgrave Macmillan UK 2007 ISBN 978 0 230 51716 5 Portals Politics Socialism SocietyLeft wing politics at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Left wing politics amp oldid 1133432324, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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