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Wikipedia

Video game music

January 13, 2023

This article is about a general overview of video game music. For the style of electronic music associated with older video games, see Chiptune.
Not to be confused with Music video game.

Video game music (or VGM) is the soundtrack that accompanies video games. Early video game music was once limited to sounds of early sound chips, such as programmable sound generators (PSG) or FM synthesis chips. These limitations have led to the style of music known as chiptune, which became the sound of the first video games.

With technological advances, video game music has grown to include a wider range of sounds. Players can hear music in video games over a game's title screen, menus, and gameplay.[1] Game soundtracks can also change depending on a player's actions or situation, such as indicating missed actions in rhythm games, informing the player they are in a dangerous situation, or rewarding them for specific achievements.

Video game music can be one of two kinds: original or licensed.[1]

The popularity of video game music has created education and job opportunities, generated awards, and led video game soundtracks to be commercially sold and performed in concerts.[2]

History

Early video game technology and computer chip music

See also: Chiptune and Music Macro Language

At the time video games had emerged as a popular form of entertainment in the late 1970s, music was stored on physical media in analog waveforms such as compact cassettes and phonograph records. Such components were expensive and prone to breakage under heavy use, making them less than ideal for use in an arcade cabinet, though in rare cases such as Journey, they were used. A more affordable method of having music in a video game was to use digital means, where a specific computer chip would change electrical impulses from computer code into analog sound waves on the fly for output on a speaker. Sound effects for the games were also generated in this fashion. An early example of such an approach to video game music was the opening chiptune in Tomohiro Nishikado's Gun Fight (1975).[3]

 
An original synthesized composition imitating early video game music.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

While this allowed for inclusion of music in early arcade video games, it was usually monophonic, looped or used sparingly between stages or at the start of a new game, such as the Namco titles Pac-Man (1980) composed by Toshio Kai or Pole Position (1982) composed by Nobuyuki Ohnogi.[4] The first game to use a continuous background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikado's Space Invaders, released by Taito in 1978.[5] It had four descending chromatic bass notes repeating in a loop, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, increasing pace as the enemies descended on the player.[6] The first video game to feature continuous, melodic background music was Rally-X, released by Namco in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during gameplay.[7] The decision to include any music into a video game meant that at some point it would have to be transcribed into computer code. Some music was original, some was public domain music such as folk songs. Sound capabilities were limited; the popular Atari 2600 home system, for example, was capable of generating only two tones at a time.

As advances were made in silicon technology and costs fell, a definitively new generation of arcade machines and home consoles allowed for great changes in accompanying music. In arcades, machines based on the Motorola 68000 CPU and accompanying various Yamaha YM programmable sound generator sound chips allowed for several more tones or "channels" of sound, sometimes eight or more. The earliest known example of this was Sega's 1980 arcade game Carnival, which used an AY-3-8910 chip to create an electronic rendition of the classical 1889 composition "Over The Waves" by Juventino Rosas.[5]

Konami's 1981 arcade game Frogger introduced a dynamic approach to video game music, using at least eleven different gameplay tracks, in addition to level-starting and game over themes, which change according to the player's actions. This was further improved upon by Namco's 1982 arcade game Dig Dug, where the music stopped when the player stopped moving.[8] Dig Dug was composed by Yuriko Keino, who also composed the music for other Namco games such as Xevious (1982) and Phozon (1983).[4] Sega's 1982 arcade game Super Locomotive featured a chiptune rendition of Yellow Magic Orchestra's "Rydeen" (1979);[9] several later computer games also covered the song, such as Trooper Truck (1983) by Rabbit Software as well as Daley Thompson's Decathlon (1984) and Stryker's Run (1986) composed by Martin Galway.[10]

Home console systems also had a comparable upgrade in sound ability beginning with the ColecoVision in 1982 capable of four channels. However, more notable was the Japanese release of the Famicom in 1983 which was later released in the US as the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985. It was capable of five channels, one being capable of simple PCM sampled sound. The home computer Commodore 64 released in 1982 was capable of early forms of filtering effects, different types of waveforms and eventually the undocumented ability to play 4-bit samples on a pseudo fourth sound channel. Its comparatively low cost made it a popular alternative to other home computers, as well as its ability to use a TV for an affordable display monitor.

Approach to game music development in this time period usually involved using simple tone generation and/or frequency modulation synthesis to simulate instruments for melodies, and use of a "noise channel" for simulating percussive noises. Early use of PCM samples in this era was limited to short sound bites (Monopoly), or as an alternate for percussion sounds (Super Mario Bros. 3). The music on home consoles often had to share the available channels with other sound effects. For example, if a laser beam was fired by a spaceship, and the laser used a 1400 Hz square wave, then the square wave channel that was in use by music would stop playing music and start playing the sound effect.

The mid-to-late 1980s software releases for these platforms had music developed by more people with greater musical experience than before. Quality of composition improved noticeably, and evidence of the popularity of music of this time period remains even today. Composers who made a name for themselves with their software include Koichi Sugiyama (Dragon Quest),[11] Nobuo Uematsu (Final Fantasy), Rob Hubbard (Monty On the Run, International Karate), Koji Kondo (Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda), Miki Higashino (Gradius, Yie-Ar Kung Fu, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), Hiroshi Kawaguchi (Space Harrier, Hang-On, Out Run), Hirokazu Tanaka (Metroid, Kid Icarus, EarthBound), Martin Galway (Daley Thompson's Decathlon, Stryker's Run, Times of Lore), David Wise (Donkey Kong Country), Yuzo Koshiro (Dragon Slayer, Ys, Shinobi, ActRaiser, Streets of Rage), Mieko Ishikawa (Dragon Slayer, Ys), and Ryu Umemoto (visual novels, shoot 'em ups). By the late 1980s, video game music was being sold as cassette tape soundtracks in Japan, inspiring American companies such as Sierra, Cinemaware and Interplay to give more serious attention to video game music by 1988.[12] The Golden Joystick Awards introduced a category for Best Soundtrack of the Year in 1986, won by Sanxion.

Some games for cartridge systems have been sold with extra audio hardware on board, including Pitfall II for the Atari 2600 and several late Famicom titles. These chips add to the existing sound capabilities.

Early digital synthesis and sampling

See also: Chiptune

From around 1980, some arcade games began taking steps toward digitized, or sampled, sounds. Namco's 1980 arcade game Rally-X was the first known game to use a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to produce sampled tones instead of a tone generator.[5] That same year, the first known video game to feature speech synthesis was also released: Sunsoft's shoot 'em up game Stratovox.[7] Around the same time,[13] the introduction of frequency modulation synthesis (FM synthesis), first commercially released by Yamaha for their digital synthesizers and FM sound chips, allowed the tones to be manipulated to have different sound characteristics, where before the tone generated by the chip was limited to the design of the chip itself. Konami's 1983 arcade game Gyruss used five synthesis sound chips along with a DAC, which were used to create an electronic version of J. S. Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor.[14]

Beyond arcade games, significant improvements to personal computer game music were made possible with the introduction of digital FM synth boards, which Yamaha released for Japanese computers such as the NEC PC-8801 and PC-9801 in the early 1980s, and by the mid-1980s, the PC-8801 and FM-7 had built-in FM sound. The sound FM synth boards produced are described as "warm and pleasant sound". Musicians such as Yuzo Koshiro and Takeshi Abo utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the chiptune community.[15] The widespread adoption of FM synthesis by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the 16-bit era, by which time 16-bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips.[13]

One of the earliest home computers to make use of digital signal processing in the form of sampling was the Commodore Amiga in 1985. The computer's sound chip featured four independent 8-bit digital-to-analog converters. Developers could use this platform to take samples of a music performance, sometimes just a single note long, and play it back through the computer's sound chip from memory. This differed from Rally-X in that its hardware DAC was used to play back simple waveform samples, and a sampled sound allowed for a complexity and authenticity of a real instrument that an FM simulation could not offer. For its role in being one of the first and affordable, the Amiga would remain a staple tool of early sequenced music composing, especially in Europe.

The Amiga offered these features before most other competing home computer platforms though the Macintosh which had been introduced a year earlier had similar capabilities. The Amiga's main rival, the Atari ST, sourced the Yamaha YM2149 Programmable Sound Generator (PSG). Compared to the in-house designed Amiga sound engine, the PSG could only handle 1 channel of sampled sound, and needed the computer's CPU to process the data for it. This made it impractical for game development use until 1989 with the release of the Atari STE which used DMA techniques to play back PCM samples at up to 50 kHz. The ST, however, remained relevant as it was equipped with a MIDI controller and external ports. It became the choice of by many professional musicians as a MIDI programming device.

IBM PC clones in 1985 would not see any significant development in multimedia abilities for a few more years, and sampling would not become popular in other video game systems for several years. Though sampling had the potential to produce much more realistic sounds, each sample required much more data in memory. This was at a time when all memory, solid-state (ROM cartridge), magnetic (floppy disk) or otherwise was still very costly per kilobyte. Sequenced soundchip-generated music, on the other hand, was generated with a few lines of comparatively simple code and took up far less precious memory.

Arcade systems pushed game music forward in 1984 with the introduction of FM (Frequency Modulation) synthesis, providing more organic sounds than previous PSGs. The first such game, Marble Madness used the Yamaha YM2151 FM synthesis chip.[16]

As home consoles moved into the fourth generation, or 16-bit era, the hybrid approach (sampled and tone) to music composing continued to be used. The Sega Genesis offered advanced graphics over the NES and improved sound synthesis features (also using a Yamaha chip, the YM2612),[17] but largely held the same approach to sound design. Ten channels in total for tone generation with one for PCM samples were available in stereo instead of the NES's five channels in mono, one for PCM. As before, it was often used for percussion samples. The Genesis did not support 16-bit sampled sounds. Despite the additional tone channels, writing music still posed a challenge to traditional composers and it forced much more imaginative use of the FM synthesizer to create an enjoyable listening experience. The composer Yuzo Koshiro utilized the Genesis hardware effectively to produce "progressive, catchy, techno-style compositions far more advanced than what players were used to" for games such as The Revenge of Shinobi (1989) and the Streets of Rage series, setting a "new high watermark for what music in games could sound like."[18] The soundtrack for Streets of Rage 2 (1992) in particular is considered "revolutionary" and "ahead of its time" for its blend of house music with "dirty" electro basslines and "trancey electronic textures" that "would feel as comfortable in a nightclub as a video game."[19] Another important FM synth composer was the late Ryu Umemoto, who composed music for many visual novels and shoot 'em ups during the 1990s.[20]

As the cost of magnetic memory declined in the form of diskettes, the evolution of video game music on the Amiga, and some years later game music development in general, shifted to sampling in some form. It took some years before Amiga game designers learned to wholly use digitized sound effects in music (an early exception case was the title music of text adventure game The Pawn, 1986). By this time, computer and game music had already begun to form its own identity, and thus many music makers intentionally tried to produce music that sounded like that heard on the Commodore 64 and NES, which resulted in the chiptune genre.

The release of a freely-distributed Amiga program named Soundtracker by Karsten Obarski in 1987 started the era of MOD-format which made it easy for anyone to produce music based on digitized samples. Module files were made with programs called "trackers" after Obarski's Soundtracker. This MOD/tracker tradition continued with PC computers in the 1990s. Examples of Amiga games using digitized instrument samples include David Whittaker's soundtrack for Shadow of the Beast, Chris Hülsbeck's soundtrack for Turrican 2 and Matt Furniss's tunes for Laser Squad. Richard Joseph also composed some theme songs featuring vocals and lyrics for games by Sensible Software most famous being Cannon Fodder (1993) with a song "War Has Never Been So Much Fun" and Sensible World of Soccer (1994) with a song "Goal Scoring Superstar Hero". These songs used long vocal samples.

A similar approach to sound and music developments had become common in the arcades by this time and had been used in many arcade system boards since the mid-1980s.[21] This was further popularized in the early 1990s by games like Street Fighter II (1991) on the CPS-1, which used voice samples extensively along with sampled sound effects and percussion. Neo Geo's MVS system also carried powerful sound development which often included surround sound.

 
The Super NES (1991) brought digitized sound to console games.

The evolution also carried into home console video games, such as the release of the Super Famicom in 1990, and its US/EU version Super NES in 1991. It sported a specialized custom Sony chip for both the sound generation and for special hardware DSP. It was capable of eight channels of sampled sounds at up to 16-bit resolution, had a wide selection of DSP effects, including a type of ADSR usually seen in high-end synthesizers of the time, and full stereo sound. This allowed experimentation with applied acoustics in video games, such as musical acoustics (early games like Super Castlevania IV, F-Zero, Final Fantasy IV, Gradius III, and later games like Chrono Trigger), directional (Star Fox) and spatial acoustics (Dolby Pro Logic was used in some games, like King Arthur's World and Jurassic Park), as well as environmental and architectural acoustics (A Link to the Past, Secret of Evermore). Many games also made heavy use of the high-quality sample playback capabilities (Super Star Wars, Tales of Phantasia). The only real limitation to this powerful setup was the still-costly solid state memory. Other consoles of the generation could boast similar abilities yet did not have the same circulation levels as the Super NES. The Neo-Geo home system was capable of the same powerful sample processing as its arcade counterpart but was several times the cost of a Super NES. The Sega CD (the Mega CD outside North America) hardware upgrade to the Mega Drive (Genesis in the US) offered multiple PCM channels, but they were often passed over instead to use its capabilities with the CD-ROM itself.

The popularity of the Super NES and its software remained limited to regions where NTSC television was the broadcast standard. Partly because of the difference in frame rates of PAL broadcast equipment, many titles released were never redesigned to play appropriately and ran much slower than had been intended, or were never released. This showed a divergence in popular video game music between PAL and NTSC countries that still shows to this day. This divergence would be lessened as the fifth generation of home consoles launched globally, and as Commodore began to take a back seat to general-purpose PCs and Macs for developing and gaming.

Though the Mega CD/Sega CD, and to a greater extent the PC Engine in Japan, would give gamers a preview of the direction video game music would take in streaming music, the use of both sampled and sequenced music continues in game consoles even today. The huge data storage benefit of optical media would be coupled with progressively more powerful audio generation hardware and higher quality samples in the Fifth Generation. In 1994, the CD-ROM equipped PlayStation supported 24 channels of 16-bit samples of up to 44.1 kHz sample rate, samples equal to CD audio in quality. It also sported a few hardware DSP effects like reverb. Many Square titles continued to use sequenced music, such as Final Fantasy VII, Legend of Mana, and Final Fantasy Tactics. The Sega Saturn also with a CD drive supported 32 channels of PCM at the same resolution as the original PlayStation. In 1996, the Nintendo 64, still using a solid-state cartridge, actually supported an integrated and scalable sound system that was potentially capable of 100 channels of PCM, and an improved sample rate of 48 kHz. Games for the N64, because of the cost of the solid-state memory, typically had samples of lesser quality than the other two, however, and music tended to be simpler in construct.

The more dominant approach for games based on CDs, however, was shifting toward streaming audio.

MIDI on the PC

 
The first developers of IBM PC computers neglected audio capabilities (first IBM model, 1981).

In the same timeframe of the late 1980s to mid-1990s, the IBM PC clones using the x86 architecture became more ubiquitous, yet had a very different path in sound design than other PCs and consoles. Early PC gaming was limited to the PC speaker, and some proprietary standards such as the IBM PCjr 3-voice chip. While sampled sound could be achieved on the PC speaker using pulse width modulation, doing so required a significant proportion of the available processor power, rendering its use in games rare.

With the increase of x86 PCs in the market, there was a vacuum in sound performance in home computing that expansion cards attempted to fill. The first two recognizable standards were the Roland MT-32, followed by the AdLib sound card. Roland's solution was driven by MIDI sequencing using advanced LA synthesizers. This made it the first choice for game developers to produce upon, but its higher cost as an end-user solution made it prohibitive. The AdLib used a low-cost FM synthesis chip from Yamaha, and many boards could operate compatibly using the MIDI standard.

The AdLib card was usurped in 1989 by Creative's Sound Blaster, which used the same Yamaha FM chip in the AdLib, for compatibility, but also added 8-bit 22.05 kHz (later 44.1 kHz) digital audio recording and playback of a single stereo channel. As an affordable end-user product, the Sound Blaster constituted the core sound technology of the early 1990s; a combination of a simple FM engine that supported MIDI, and a DAC engine of one or more streams. Only a minority of developers ever used Amiga-style tracker formats in commercial PC games, (Unreal) typically preferring to use the MT-32 or AdLib/SB-compatible devices. As general purpose PCs using x86 became more ubiquitous than the other PC platforms, developers drew their focus towards that platform.

The last major development before streaming music came in 1992: Roland Corporation released the first General MIDI card, the sample-based SCC-1, an add-in card version of the SC-55 desktop MIDI module. The comparative quality of the samples spurred similar offerings from Soundblaster, but costs for both products were still high. Both companies offered 'daughterboards' with sample-based synthesizers that could be later added to a less expensive soundcard (which only had a DAC and a MIDI controller) to give it the features of a fully integrated card.

Unlike the standards of Amiga or Atari, a PC using x86 even then could be using a broad mix of hardware. Developers increasingly used MIDI sequences: instead of writing soundtrack data for each type of soundcard, they generally wrote a fully featured data set for the Roland application that would be compatible with lesser featured equipment so long as it had a MIDI controller to run the sequence. However, different products used different sounds attached to their MIDI controllers. Some tied into the Yamaha FM chip to simulate instruments, some daughterboards of samples had very different sound qualities; meaning that no single sequence performance would be accurate to every other General MIDI device.

All of these considerations in the products reflected the high cost of memory storage which rapidly declined with the optical CD format.

Pre-recorded and streaming music

Main article: Streaming audio in video games

Taking entirely pre-recorded music had many advantages over sequencing for sound quality. Music could be produced freely with any kind and number of instruments, allowing developers to simply record one track to be played back during the game. Quality was only limited by the effort put into mastering the track itself. Memory space costs that was previously a concern was somewhat addressed with optical media becoming the dominant media for software games. CD quality audio allowed for music and voice that had the potential to be truly indistinguishable from any other source or genre of music.

In fourth generation home video games and PCs this was limited to playing a Mixed Mode CD audio track from a CD while the game was in play (such as Sonic CD). The earliest examples of Mixed Mode CD audio in video games include the TurboGrafx-CD RPG franchises Tengai Makyō, composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto from 1989,[22] and the Ys series, composed by Yuzo Koshiro and Mieko Ishikawa [jp] and arranged by Ryo Yonemitsu [jp] in 1989. The Ys soundtracks, particularly Ys I & II (1989), are still regarded as some of the most influential video game music ever composed.[23][24][25]

However, there were several disadvantages of regular CD-audio. Optical drive technology was still limited in spindle speed, so playing an audio track from the game CD meant that the system could not access data again until it stopped the track from playing. Looping, the most common form of game music, was also a problem as when the laser reached the end of a track, it had to move itself back to the beginning to start reading again causing an audible gap in playback.

To address these drawbacks, some PC game developers designed their own container formats in house, for each application in some cases, to stream compressed audio. This would cut back on memory used for music on the CD, allowed for much lower latency and seek time when finding and starting to play music, and also allowed for much smoother looping due to being able to buffer the data. A minor drawback was that use of compressed audio meant it had to be decompressed which put load on the CPU of a system. As computing power increased, this load became minimal, and in some cases, dedicated chips in a computer (such as a sound card) would actually handle all the decompressing.

Fifth generation home console systems also developed specialised streaming formats and containers for compressed audio playback. Games would take full advantage of this ability, sometimes with highly praised results (Castlevania: Symphony of the Night). Games ported from arcade machines, which continued to use FM synthesis, often saw superior pre-recorded music streams on their home console counterparts (Street Fighter Alpha 2). Even though the game systems were capable of "CD quality" sound, these compressed audio tracks were not true "CD quality." Many of them had lower sampling rates, but not so significant that most consumers would notice. Using a compressed stream allowed game designers to play back streamed music and still be able to access other data on the disc without interruption of the music, at the cost of CPU power used to render the audio stream. Manipulating the stream any further would require a far more significant level of CPU power available in the 5th generation.

Some games, such as the Wipeout series, continued to use full Mixed Mode CD audio for their soundtracks.

This overall freedom offered to music composers gave video game music the equal footing with other popular music it had lacked. A musician could now, with no need to learn about programming or the game architecture itself, independently produce the music to their satisfaction. This flexibility would be exercised as popular mainstream musicians would be using their talents for video games specifically. An early example is Way of the Warrior on the 3DO, with music by White Zombie. A more well-known example is Trent Reznor's score for Quake.

An alternate approach, as with the TMNT arcade, was to take pre-existing music not written exclusively for the game and use it in the game. The game Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter and subsequent Star Wars games took music composed by John Williams for the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s and used it for the game soundtracks.

Both using new music streams made specifically for the game, and using previously released/recorded music streams are common approaches for developing sound tracks to this day. It is common for X-games sports-based video games to come with some popular artists recent releases (SSX, Tony Hawk, Initial D), as well as any game with heavy cultural demographic theme that has tie-in to music (Need For Speed: Underground, Gran Turismo, and Grand Theft Auto). Sometimes a hybrid of the two are used, such as in Dance Dance Revolution.

Sequencing samples continue to be used in modern gaming where fully recorded audio is not viable. Until the mid-2000s, many larger games on home consoles used sequenced audio to save space. Additionally, most games on the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS used sequenced music due to storage limitations. Sometimes a cross between sequencing samples, and streaming music is used. Games such as Republic: The Revolution (music composed by James Hannigan[26]) and Command & Conquer: Generals (music composed by Bill Brown) have utilised sophisticated systems governing the flow of incidental music by stringing together short phrases based on the action on screen and the player's most recent choices (see dynamic music). Other games dynamically mixed the sound on the game based on cues of the game environment.

As processing power increased dramatically in the 6th generation of home consoles, it became possible to apply special effects in realtime to streamed audio. In SSX, a recent video game series, if a snowboarder takes to the air after jumping from a ramp, the music softens or muffles a bit, and the ambient noise of wind and air blowing becomes louder to emphasize being airborne. When the snowboarder lands, the music resumes regular playback until its next "cue". The LucasArts company pioneered this interactive music technique with their iMUSE system, used in their early adventure games and the Star Wars flight simulators Star Wars: X-Wing and Star Wars: TIE Fighter. Action games such as these will change dynamically to match the amount of danger. Stealth-based games will sometimes rely on such music, either by handling streams differently, or dynamically changing the composition of a sequenced soundtrack.

Personalized soundtracks

Being able to play one's own music during a game in the past usually meant turning down the game audio and using an alternative music player. Some early exceptions were possible on PC/Windows gaming in which it was possible to independently adjust game audio while playing music with a separate program running in the background. Some PC games, such as Quake, play music from the CD while retrieving game data exclusively from the hard disk, thereby allowing the game CD to be swapped for any music CD. The first PC game to introduce in-game support for custom soundtracks was Lionhead Studio's Black and White. The 2001 game included an in-game interface for Winamp that enabled the players to play audio tracks from their own playlists. In addition, this would sometimes trigger various reactions from the player's Creature, like dancing or laughing.

Some PlayStation games supported this by swapping the game CD with a music CD, although when the game needed data, players had to swap the CDs again. One of the earliest games, Ridge Racer, was loaded entirely into RAM, letting the player insert a music CD to provide a soundtrack throughout the entirety of the gameplay. In Vib Ribbon, this became a gameplay feature, with the game generating levels based entirely on the music on whatever CD the player inserted.

Microsoft's Xbox allowed music to be copied from a CD onto its internal hard drive, to be used as a "Custom Soundtrack", if enabled by the game developer. The feature carried over into the Xbox 360 where it became supported by the system software and could be enabled at any point. The Wii is also able to play custom soundtracks if it is enabled by the game (Excite Truck,[27] Endless Ocean[28]). The PlayStation Portable can, in games like Need for Speed Carbon: Own the City and FIFA 08, play music from a Memory Stick.

The PlayStation 3 has the ability to utilize custom soundtracks in games using music saved on the hard drive, however few game developers used this function. MLB 08: The Show, released in 2008, has a My MLB sound track feature that allows the user to play music tracks of their choice saved on the hard drive of their PS3, rather than the preprogrammed tracks incorporated into the game by the developer. An update to Wipeout HD, released on the PlayStation Network, was made to also incorporate this feature.[29]

In the video game Audiosurf, custom soundtracks are the main aspect of the game. Users have to pick a music file to be analyzed. The game will generate a race track based on tempo, pitch and complexity of the sound. The user will then race on this track, synchronized with the music.

Games in the Grand Theft Auto series have supported custom soundtracks, using them as a separate in-game radio station. The feature was primarily exclusive to PC versions, and was adopted to a limited degree on console platforms. On a PC, inserting custom music into the stations is done by placing music files into a designated folder. For the Xbox version, a CD must be installed into the console's hard drive. For the iPhone version of Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars, players create an iTunes playlist which is then played by the game.

Forza Horizon 3 used a similar technology of custom soundtracks with the help of Groove Music.

Developments in the 2000s

 
Battle for Wesnoth (2005) – ambient music
A track of ambient music from The Battle for Wesnoth (2005).
Battle for Wesnoth (2005) – fanfare music
An example of fanfare music in video games, also from The Battle for Wesnoth (2005).
Problems playing these files? See media help.

The Xbox 360 supports Dolby Digital software, sampling and playback rate of 16-bit @ 48 kHz (internal; with 24-bit hardware D/A converters), hardware codec streaming, and potential of 256 audio simultaneous channels.[30] While powerful and flexible, none of these features represent any major change in how game music is made from the last generation of console systems. PCs continue to rely on third-party devices for in-game sound reproduction, and SoundBlaster is largely the only major player in the entertainment audio expansion card business.

The PlayStation 3 handles multiple types of surround sound technology, including Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio, with up to 7.1 channels, and with sampling rates of up to 192 kHz.

Nintendo's Wii console shares many audio components with the Nintendo GameCube from the previous generation, including Dolby Pro Logic II. These features are extensions of technology already currently in use.[31]

The game developer of today has many choices on how to develop music. More likely, changes in video game music creation will have very little to do with technology and more to do with other factors of game development as a business whole. Video game music has diversified much to the point where scores for games can be presented with a full orchestra or simple 8/16-bit chiptunes. This degree of freedom has made the creative possibilities of video game music limitless to developers. As sales of video game music diverged from the game itself in the West (compared to Japan where game music CDs had been selling for years), business elements also wield a new level of influence. Music from outside the game developer's immediate employment, such as music composers and pop artists, have been contracted to produce game music just as they would for a theatrical movie. Many other factors have growing influence, such as editing for content, politics on some level of the development, and executive input.

Impact and importance

Many video game players believe that music can enhance game play and outlets such as Popular Science have stated that it is designed to "simultaneously stimulate your senses and blend into the background of your brain, because that's the point of the soundtrack. It has to engage you, the player, in a task without distracting from it. In fact, the best music would actually direct the listener to the task."[32]

Sound effects within game play are also believed to impact game performance. Ambient sounds such as those present in Resident Evil are seen to enhance the tension felt by players, something that GameSpot stated was also used in cinema.[33] Speeding up the sound effects and music in games such as Space Invaders is also stated to have a strong impact on the gaming experience when done properly.[33] Properly done, this can help create realism within virtuality and alert players to important scenes and information.[34][35]

Music and sound effects can become memorable, enabling people to instantly recognize music or sound effects as well as hum or mimic the tune or sound effect.[36] Polygon has stated that despite the popularity of video game music, people may not always know the name of the composer.[36]

Licensing

Using licensed music for video games became more popular as the medium used to distribute games grew large enough to accommodate songs alongside a game's other assets. Additionally, with the large growth of the video game market in the 2000s, song licensing became a lucrative route for music rights holders to gain part of that revenue. Games like those in the Grand Theft Auto series became showcases of licensed music.[37] Music licensing is generally complicated due to various copyright laws, typically with at least two separate copyrights to consider: the songwriters' and the performers' contributions. Most large video game developers and publishers who use licensed music typically have staff proficient in licensing to clear songs for use in video games with the various music labels and other creative persons.[37]

Games with licensed music can have problems well past release if perpetual rights for the music are not secured for the game. Early games before the onset of digital distribution would have perpetual right for the music since there was no practical way to update the game following release at retail to deal with curtailed rights. However, digital distribution platforms, like Steam, Xbox Live, and PlayStation Network keep games up-to-date automatically. Music licenses for games sold through digital distribution may include limited terms, requiring the publisher to re-negotiate rights with the music's owner, or otherwise the music must be removed from the game through these updates.[37] Notably, Alan Wake by Remedy Entertainment, first released in 2010, had to be pulled from digital sale in 2017 due to expiring music rights.[38] However, with Microsoft's help, Remedy was able to re-secure these rights a year later and returned the game for sale.[39] Alpha Protocol by Obsidian Entertainment was also pulled from sale in 2019 due to expiring music license rights, though there are no known plans if publisher Sega will seek to renew these.[40]

Licensed music in video games has also affected video game streaming, such as Let's Play videos. Due to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), most popular video sharing and streaming sites implement automatic forms of detecting copyrighted music from most music labels, and flag or block user videos that employ that music, such as YouTube's ContentID system. These actions apply equally to videos of people playing video games, flagging the video from the licensed music in the game. To avoid this, games using licensed music may offer a "stream-safe" music option, either disabling the music playback or replacing the licensed music with copyright-free or royalty-free music.[41][42]

Game music as a genre

See also: Chiptune

Musicians can garner audiences between genres due to the presence of video game culture across lifestyles, from country folk music to electronic music. Including various forms of nerd music; bitpop, nerdcore, geek rock, and filk music. Some musicians in these fields are known within their mainstream counterpart genres. Anamanaguchi is a rock and pop group known for their blending of chiptune, they created the soundtrack of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game to fit in with the indie music scenes of Scott Pilgrim graphic novels.[43][44] Another example is in contemporary Christian music, with known CEDM musician Owl City creating the theme song "When Can I See You Again?" for the movie Wreck-It Ralph ,[45] or computer scientist and Western musician Mario J. Lucero performs experimental electronic music under the stage name LE37.[46] Indie folk musician José González became internationally recognized with his Western inspired song "Far Away" during the music of Red Dead Redemption.[47] Alternative rock musician Jonathan Coulton is best known for Portal's "Still Alive" and the theme song to Code Monkeys.[48] Music group Trocadero was known for producing the soundtrack to Red vs. Blue,[49] and their former bandmate Jeff Williams produced the soundtrack to RWBY.[50] Video game music also has been adopted by parts of the jazz music genre, with examples including Charlie Rosen’s 8-Bit Big Band (notably winning a Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Capella at the 64th annual music awards of “Metaknights Revenge” from Kirby Super Star) and jazz musicians such as jazz trumpeter and singer Benny Benack III, saxophonist and singer Grace Kelly (musician) and saxophonist Patrick Bartley. These types of musicians are often grouped together with video game music composers like Kero Kero Bonito or indie Ooblets composer Slime Girls (Pedro Silva), or Hideki Naganuma, Toby Fox, and Crush 40, as they are often game or related composers themselves.[51] Musical composers can produce film scores and video game scores, for example U.S. composer Michael Giacchino who composed the soundtrack for the game Medal of Honor and later composed for the television series Lost and wrote scores for movies such as The Incredibles (2004) and Star Trek (2009).[52]

Many games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and other early game consoles feature a similar style of musical composition that is sometimes described as the "video game genre." Some aspects of this style continue to influence certain music today, though gamers do not associate many modern game soundtracks with the older style. The genre's compositional elements largely developed due to technological restraints, while also being influenced by electronic music bands, particularly Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO), who were popular during the late 1970s to 1980s.[53] YMO sampled sounds from several classic arcade games in their early albums, most notably Space Invaders in the 1978 hit song "Computer Game".[54] In turn, the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced during the 8-bit and 16-bit eras.[53]

Features of the video game music genre include:

  • Pieces designed to repeat indefinitely, rather than having an arranged ending or fading out (they however create an atmosphere, especially in important scenes of the game. They introduce a philosophical dimension in the game, as they may introduce questioning in the mind of players, in relationship with their next action).
  • Pieces lacking lyrics and playing over gameplay sounds.
  • Limited polyphony. Only three notes can be played simultaneously on the Nintendo Entertainment System. A great deal of effort was put into composition to create the illusion of more notes playing at once.

Although the tones featured in NES music can be thought of as emulating a traditional four-piece rock band (triangle wave used as a bass, two pulse waves analogous to two guitars, and a white noise channel used for drums), composers would often go out of their way to compose complex and rapid sequences of notes, in part due to the restrictions mentioned above.[55][56][57] This is similar to music composition during the Baroque period, when composers, particularly when creating solo pieces, focused on musical embellishments to compensate for instruments such as the harpsichord that do not allow for expressive dynamics. For the same reason, many early compositions also feature a distinct jazz influence. These would overlap with later influences from heavy metal and J-pop music, resulting in an equally distinct compositional style in the 16-bit era.

In an unrelated but parallel course in the European and North American developer scene, similar limitations were driving the musical style of home computer games. Module file format music, particularly MOD, used similar techniques but was more heavily influenced by the electronic music scene as it developed, and resulted in another very distinct subgenre. Demos and the developing demoscene played a big part in the early years, and still influence video game music today.

As technological limitations gradually lifted, composers were given more freedom and, with the advent of CD-ROM, pre-recorded soundtracks came to dominate, resulting in a noticeable shift in composition and voicing style.[58] Popular early CD-ROM titles were released with high-resolution graphics and recorded music. Since the audio was not reliant on a sound-card's synthesis, CD-ROM technology ensured that composers and sound designers could know what audio would sound like on most consumer configurations and could also record sound effects, live instruments, vocals, and in-game dialogue.[59]

Outside video games

See also: Chiptune

Appreciation for video game music is strong among fans and composers, particularly for music from the third and fourth generations of home video game consoles, and sometimes newer generations. This appreciation has been shown outside the context of a video game, in the form of CDs, sheet music, public performances, art installations, and popular music.

CDs and sheet music

Selling video game soundtracks separately as CDs has become increasingly popular in the industry.[5] Interpretive albums, remixes, and live performance albums were also common variations to original soundtracks (OSTs).[60]

Koichi Sugiyama was an early figure in this practice, and following the release of the first Dragon Quest game in 1986, a live performance CD of his compositions was released and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (then later by other groups including the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, and NHK Symphony).

By 1987, Sega were selling 50,000 to 100,000 game soundtrack CDs annually.[61] Yuzo Koshiro, another early figure, released a live performance of the Actraiser soundtrack. Both Koshiro's and fellow Falcom composer Mieko Ishikawa's contributions to Ys music would have such long-lasting impact that there were more albums released of Ys music than of almost all other game-type music.

Like anime soundtracks, these soundtracks and even sheet music books were usually marketed exclusively in Japan. Therefore, interested non-Japanese gamers had to import the soundtracks and/or sheet music books through on or offline firms specifically dedicated to video game soundtrack imports. This has been somewhat less of an issue more recently as domestic publishers of anime and video games have been producing western equivalent versions of the OSTs for sale in UK and US, though these are often for more popular titles. Video game music companies like Materia Collective have pursued and produced published book editions of video game music.

The sale of video game soundtracks has created a growing symbiotic relationship between the music industry and the games industry.[5] Commonly, games are being used to promote and sell licensed music, rather than just original score, and recording artists are being used to market and sell games.[5] Music marketing agency Electric Artists conducted a study that revealed a number of interesting statistics surrounding ‘‘hard-core gamers’’ and their music habits: 40% of hard-core gamers bought the CD after hearing a song they liked in a video game, 73% of gamers said soundtracks within games help sell more CDs, and 40% of respondents said a game introduced them to a new band or song, then 27% of them went out and bought what they heard.[5] Some game soundtracks have become so popular they have reached platinum status, such as NBA Live 2003.[5]

Public performance

Many original composers have publicly exhibited their music through symphonic concert performances. Once again, Koichi Sugiyama was the first to execute this practice in 1987 with his "Family Classic Concert" and has continued these concert performances almost annually. In 1991, he also formed a series called Orchestral Game Music Concerts, notable for featuring music of other talented game composers such as Yoko Kanno (Nobunaga's Ambition, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Uncharted Waters), Nobuo Uematsu (Final Fantasy), Keiichi Suzuki (Mother/Earthbound), and Kentaro Haneda (Wizardry).[62]

Following suit, compositions by Nobuo Uematsu on Final Fantasy IV were arranged into Final Fantasy IV: Celtic Moon, a live performance by string musicians with strong Celtic influence recorded in Ireland. The Love Theme from the same game has been used as an instructional piece of music in Japanese schools.[63]

With the success of Square's 1990s games Final Fantasy VI, Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII by Nobuo Uematsu, and Chrono Trigger, Xenogears and Chrono Cross by Yasunori Mitsuda, public performance began to gain international popularity. On August 20, 2003, music written for video games such as Final Fantasy and The Legend of Zelda was performed for the first time outside Japan, by the Czech National Symphony Orchestra in a Symphonic Game Music Concert in Leipzig, Germany at the Gewandhaus concert hall.[60] This event was held as the official opening ceremony of Europe's biggest trading fair for video games, the GC Games Convention and repeated in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.[60]

On November 17, 2003, Square Enix launched the Final Fantasy Radio on America Online. The radio station has initially featured complete tracks from Final Fantasy XI and Final Fantasy XI: Rise of Zilart and samplings from Final Fantasy VII through Final Fantasy X.[60]

The first officially sanctioned Final Fantasy concert in the United States was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra at Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, on May 10, 2004.[64] All seats at the concert were sold out in a single day. "Dear Friends: Music from Final Fantasy" followed and was performed at various cities across the United States. Nobuo Uematsu has also performed a variety of Final Fantasy compositions live with his rock band, The Black Mages.[65]

On July 6, 2005, the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra also held a Video Games Live concert at the Hollywood Bowl, an event founded by video game music composers Tommy Tallarico and Jack Wall.[60] This concert featured a variety of video game music, ranging from Pong to Halo 2. It also incorporated real-time video feeds that were in sync with the music, as well as laser and light special effects. Media outside the video game industry, such as NPR and The New York Times, have covered their subsequent world tours.[66][67]

On August 20, 2006, the Malmö Symphonic Orchestra with host Orvar Säfström performed the outdoor game music concert Joystick in Malmö, Sweden before an audience of 17,000, holding the current record of attendance for a game music concert.[68] Säfström has since continued to produce game music concerts around Europe under the names Joystick and Score.[69]

From April 20–27, 2007, Eminence Symphony Orchestra, an orchestra dedicated to video game and anime music, performed the first part of their annual tour, the "A Night in Fantasia" concert series in Australia. Whilst Eminence had performed video game music as part of their concerts since their inception, the 2007 concert marked the first time ever that the entire setlist was pieces from video games. Up to seven of the world's most famous game composers were also in attendance as special guests. Music performed included Red Alert 3 Theme: Soviet March by James Hannigan and Shadow of the Colossus by Kow Otani.

Since 2010, video games-themed "pops" concerts have become a major proportion of the revenue in many United States concert halls, as traditional classical music performances decline in popularity.[70]

On March 16, 2012 the Smithsonian American Art Museum's "The Art of Video Games" exhibit opened featuring a chipmusic soundtrack at the entrance by artists 8 Bit Weapon & ComputeHer.[71] 8 Bit Weapon also created a track called "The art of Video Games Anthem" for the exhibit as well.[72]

The first video game music-focused concert for the BBC Proms was held on August 1, 2022.[73]

In popular music

See also: Chiptune, Bitpop, and Nintendocore

In the popular music industry, video game music and sounds have appeared in songs by various popular artists.[74] Arcade game sounds had a particularly strong influence on the hip hop,[75] pop music (particularly synthpop)[76] and electro music[77] genres during the golden age of arcade video games in the early 1980s. Arcade game sounds had an influence on synthpop pioneers Yellow Magic Orchestra,[78] who sampled Space Invaders sounds in their influential 1978 debut album, particularly the hit song "Computer Game".[54] In turn, the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced during the 8-bit and 16-bit eras.[53]

Other pop songs based on Space Invaders soon followed, including "Disco Space Invaders" (1979) by Funny Stuff,[79] "Space Invaders" (1980) by Playback,[80] and the hit songs "Space Invader" (1980) by The Pretenders[79] and "Space Invaders" (1980) by Uncle Vic.[81] Buckner & Garcia produced a successful album dedicated to video game music in 1982, Pac-Man Fever.[82] Former YMO member Haruomi Hosono also released a 1984 album produced entirely from Namco arcade game samples entitled Video Game Music, an early example of a chiptune record[83] and the first video game music album.[84] Warp's record "Testone" (1990) by Sweet Exorcist sampled video game sounds from YMO's "Computer Game" and defined Sheffield's bleep techno scene in the early 1990s.[85]

More recently, "video game beats" have appeared in popular songs such as Kesha's "Tik Tok",[74] the best-selling single of 2010,[86] as well as "U Should Know Better" by Robyn featuring Snoop Dogg,[74] and "Hellbound" by Eminem. The influence of video game music can also be seen in contemporary electronica music by artists such as Dizzee Rascal and Kieran Hebden.[78] Grime music in particular samples sawtooth wave sounds from video games which were popular in East London.[87] English power metal band DragonForce is also known for their "retro video game influenced" sound.

Video game music education

Video game music has become part of the curriculum at the degree, undergraduate, and graduate levels in many traditional colleges and universities.[88] According to the Entertainment Software Association, there are over 400 schools offering courses and degrees in video game design in the United States, many of which include sound and music design[89].[90] Berklee College of Music, Yale University, New York University, and the New England Conservatory have all introduced game music into their music programs. These programs offer immersive education in music composition, orchestration, editing and production.[91] Other post-secondary schools have more games-focused programs, such as DigiPen Institute of Technology, Columbia College Chicago, and Academy of Art University,[92] who all offer programs in Music and Sound Design.[93] These programs include courses in sound effect creation, interactive sound design, and scripting music.[94]

Similar programs have gained popularity in Europe. The Utrecht School of the Arts (Faculty of Art, Media and Technology) has offered a Game Sound and Music Design program since 2003. The University of Hertfordshire has a program in Music Composition and Technology for Film and Games, Leeds Beckett University offers Sound and Music for Interactive Games, and dBs Music Bristol teaches Sound for Games and Apps.[95][96][97]

More informal institutions, like the training seminars at GameSoundCon also feature classes in how to compose video game music.[98]

Extracurricular organizations devoted to the performance of video game music have also been implemented in tandem with these new curriculum programs. The Gamer Symphony Orchestra at the University of Maryland performs self-arranged video game music and the Video Game Orchestra is a semiprofessional outgrowth of students from the Berklee College of Music and other Boston-area schools.[99]

According to the National Association for Music Education, video game music is now being taught at elementary and secondary school levels to aid in the understanding of music composition.[100] Students at Magruder High School in Montgomery County, Maryland have even started a student-run gamer orchestra, and many high school bands perform game music.[99]

Academic study

Main article: Ludomusicology

Academic research on video game music began in the late 1990s,[101] and developed through the mid 2000s. Early research on the topic often involved historical studies of game music, or comparative studies of video game music and film music (see, for instance, Zach Whalen's article "Play Along – An Approach to Videogame Music" which includes both).[102] The study of video game music is also known by some as "ludomusicology" — a portmanteau of "ludology" (the study of games and gameplay) and "musicology" (the study and analysis of music) — a term coined independently by Guillaume Laroche and Roger Moseley.[103][104]

A prominent figure in early video game music and audio research is Karen Collins, who is associate professor at the University of Waterloo and Canada Research Chair in Interactive Audio at the University of Waterloo Games Institute. Her monograph Game Sound: An Introduction to the History, Theory and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design (MIT Press 2008)[105] is considered a seminal work in the field, and was influential in the subsequent development of video game music studies.[citation needed]

The Ludomusicology Research Group is an inter-university research organisation focusing on the study of music in games, music games and music in video game culture, composed of four researchers: Michiel Kamp, Tim Summers, Melanie Fritsch, and Mark Sweeney.[106] Together they organise an annual international conference held in the UK or Europe (at the time of writing, the most recent was the Ludo2017 conference held at Bath Spa University).[107] The group was founded by Kamp, Summers and Sweeney in August 2011, who have also edited a collection of essays based around the study of game sound entitled Ludomusicology: Approaches to Video Game Music, published in July 2016.[108][109] They also edited a double special issue of The Soundtrack[110] and initiated a new book series for the Study in Game Sound and Music[111] in 2017. In September 2016, Tim Summers' book 'Understanding Video Game Music' was published by Cambridge University Press.[112][113] Fritsch officially joined the group in 2016. She had edited the 2nd issue of the online journal ACT – Zeitschrift für Musik und Performance,[114] published in July 2011, which included ludomusicological contributions written by Tim Summers, Steven B. Reale and Jason Brame. She had been a regular at the conferences since 2012 and published several book chapters on the topic. Whereas Kamp, Summers and Sweeney have a background in musicology, Fritsch's background is in performance studies.[citation needed]

The North American Conference on Video Game Music (NACVGM) is an international conference on video game music held annually in North America since 2014.[115] It is organised by Neil Lerner, Steven Beverburg Reale and William Gibbons.[116]

In late 2016 the Society for the Study of Sound and Music in Games (SSSMG) was launched by the Ludomusicology Research Group in conjunction with the organisers of the North American Conference on Video Game Music and the Audio Mostly conference.[116] The SSSMG has the aim of bringing together both practitioners and researchers from across the globe in order to develop the field's understanding of sound and video game music and audio. Its focus is the use of its website as a "hub" for communication and resource centralisation, including a video game music research bibliography (a project initially begun by the Ludomusicology Research Group).[117]

The Ludomusicology Society of Australia was launched by Barnabas Smith in April 2017, during the Ludo2017 conference in Bath, UK; it aims to "offer a centralised and local professional body nurturing game music studies for academics, people in industry and game music fans alike in the Australasian region."[118]

Composers

Creating and producing video game music requires strong teams and coordination among the different divisions of game development.[1] As the market has expanded, so have the types of jobs in game music. The process often starts with the game designer, who will have a specific musical theme or genre in mind for the game.[1] Their options include contracting original composers or licensing existing music, both of which require other music experts.

During the arcade and early console era (1983 to the mid 1990s), most game music was composed by full-time employees of the particular game company producing the game. This was largely due to the very specialized nature of video game music, where each system had its own technology and tool sets. It was not uncommon for a game company like Capcom or Konami to have a room full of composers, each at their own workstation with headphones writing music.[119]

Once the CD-era hit and studio recorded music became more ubiquitous in games, it became increasingly common for game music to be composed by independent contractors, hired by the game developer on a per-project basis.[120][121] Most bigger budget games such as Call of Duty, Mass Effect, Ghost Recon, or Lost Planet hire composers in this fashion. Approximately 50% of game composers are freelance, the remaining being employees of a game company.[122] Original score and soundtrack may require the hiring of a Music Director, who will help create the game music as well as help book the resources needed for performing and recording the music.[1] Some music directors may work with a game's Sound Designer to create a dynamic score.[1] Notable exceptions include composer Koji Kondo, who remains an employee at Nintendo, and Martin O'Donnell, who worked at Bungie until early 2014.[123]

The growth of casual, mobile and social games has greatly increased opportunities for game music composers, with job growth in the US market increasing more than 150% over five years.[124] Independently developed games are a frequent place where beginning game composers gain experience composing for video games.[121] Game composers, particularly for smaller games, are likely to provide other services such as sound design (76% of game composers also do some sound design), integration (47% of game composers also integrate their music into audio middleware), or even computer coding or scripting (15%).[125]

With the rising use of licensed popular music in video games, job opportunities in game music have also come to include the role of a music supervisor. Music supervisors work on behalf of a game developer or game publisher to source pre-existing music from artists and music publishers. These supervisors can be hired on a per-project basis or can work in-house, like the Music Group for Electronic Arts (EA) that has a team of music supervisors.[126] A music supervisor is needed to not only help select music that will suit the game, but to also ensure the music is fully licensed in order to avoid lawsuits or conflicts.[1] Music supervisors may also help negotiate payment, which for artists and songwriters is often a one-time buy-out fee, because games do not generate music royalties when they are sold.[1] A growing trend is to contract artists to write original songs for games, to add to their value and exclusivity, and once again supervisors can be a part of that process.[5]

Awards

Current

First year Name Category
1983 Golden Joystick Awards Game Audio
1998 D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Original Music Composition
1999 Independent Games Festival Excellence in Audio
2000 Game Developers Choice Awards Best Audio
2003 Game Audio Network Guild Awards[127]
2003 Taipei Game Show Indie Game Awards[128] Best Audio
2004 British Academy Games Awards Original Music.[129]
2004 International Mobile Gaming Awards Excellence in Audio
2007 International Film Music Critics Association Awards Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media[130]
2011 The New York Game Awards[131] Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game[132]
2012 Grammy Awards, Visual Media Awards Best Music for Visual Media, Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media, Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media, and Best Song Written for Visual Media.[133]
2014 Hollywood Music In Media Original Score, Song, and Song/Score for Mobile Video Game.[134]
2014 The Game Awards Best Score/Soundtrack.[135]
2014 SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Musical Score
2014 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Video Game Score of the Year
2016 Game Audio Awards[136] Best Game Music, Best Sound Design, and Firestarter Award.
2020 The Society of Composers & Lyricists Awards[137] Outstanding Original Song for Visual Media, Outstanding Original Score for Interactive Media.
2023 Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media[138]

Defunct

Year Name Notes
2003–2014 Spike Video Game Awards Awards for Best Soundtrack, Best Song in a Game, and Best Original Score
2004–2006 MTV Video Music Award for Best Video Game Soundtrack
2006 MTV Best Video Game Score
2010–2011 Ivor Novello Awards for Best Original Video Game Score[139]

Other

In 2011, video game music made its first appearance at the Grammy Awards when "Baba Yetu", a song from Civilization IV, won the 53rd annual music awards' Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists, making it the first video game music to be nominated for (or to win) a Grammy. The song won for its placement on Christopher Tin’s album Calling All Dawns, but had been used in the game six years prior.[140] In 2022, video game music made another appearance at the Grammy Awards, with the 8-Bit Band’s cover (arranged by Charlie Rosen and Jake Silverman) of “Meta Knight’s Revenge”, a song from Kirby Super Star, winning the 64th annual music awards' Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Capella.

Other video game awards include the International Film Music Critics Association (IFMCA) award for Best Original Score for Interactive Media and Machinima.com's Inside Gaming Awards for Best Original Score and Best Sound Design.[citation needed]

In addition to recognizing the composers of original score, the Guild of Music Supervisors offer a GMS Award to the music supervisors that select and coordinate licensed music for video games.[141]

Fan culture

Video game fans have created their own fan sites "dedicated to the appreciation and promotion of video game music", including OverClocked ReMix and Rainwave.[142]

Fans also make their own song remixes and compilations, like insaneintherainmusic, and have built online remixing communities through the ease of internet distribution.[5]

There are over 50 podcasts dedicated to the topic of video game music. Most notable among these are the Super Marcato Bros., Rhythm and Pixels, and Game That Tune.[143]

Japanese dōjin music scene is notable for producing albums of arranged videogame music which derived from popular retro franchises such as Mega Man, Chrono Trigger or Final Fantasy,[144] from dōjin games, such as Touhou Project, studio Key visual novels and When They Cry series, from popular franchises on Comiket, such as Type-Moon Fate series or Kantai Collection.[145] There have been over six thousand dōjin albums of Touhou Project music released.[146]

See also

References

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External links

  • VGMdb Video Game Music and Anime Soundtrack Database | VGMdb
  • GamesSound.com Academic articles on video game sound and music
  • Early Video Game Soundtracks 2001 article on video game music, orig. published in In Magazine
  • High Score: The New Era of Video Game Music at Tracksounds
  • "The Evolution of Video Game Music", All Things Considered, April 12, 2008
  • List of games with non-original music at uvlist.net
  • Website studying pretty and ugly game music and sound.
  • Resources for design of game sound and music.
  • PhD thesis about game audio and immersion.
  • Diggin' in the Carts: A Documentary Series About Japanese Video Game Music, Red Bull Music Academy.

January 13, 2023
video, game, music, this, article, about, general, overview, video, game, music, style, electronic, music, associated, with, older, video, games, chiptune, confused, with, music, video, game, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, the. This article is about a general overview of video game music For the style of electronic music associated with older video games see Chiptune Not to be confused with Music video game This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia s layout guidelines Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure October 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed July 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Video game music or VGM is the soundtrack that accompanies video games Early video game music was once limited to sounds of early sound chips such as programmable sound generators PSG or FM synthesis chips These limitations have led to the style of music known as chiptune which became the sound of the first video games With technological advances video game music has grown to include a wider range of sounds Players can hear music in video games over a game s title screen menus and gameplay 1 Game soundtracks can also change depending on a player s actions or situation such as indicating missed actions in rhythm games informing the player they are in a dangerous situation or rewarding them for specific achievements Video game music can be one of two kinds original or licensed 1 The popularity of video game music has created education and job opportunities generated awards and led video game soundtracks to be commercially sold and performed in concerts 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early video game technology and computer chip music 1 2 Early digital synthesis and sampling 1 3 MIDI on the PC 1 4 Pre recorded and streaming music 1 5 Personalized soundtracks 1 6 Developments in the 2000s 2 Impact and importance 3 Licensing 4 Game music as a genre 5 Outside video games 5 1 CDs and sheet music 5 2 Public performance 5 3 In popular music 6 Video game music education 7 Academic study 8 Composers 9 Awards 9 1 Current 9 2 Defunct 9 3 Other 10 Fan culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksHistory EditEarly video game technology and computer chip music Edit See also Chiptune and Music Macro LanguageAt the time video games had emerged as a popular form of entertainment in the late 1970s music was stored on physical media in analog waveforms such as compact cassettes and phonograph records Such components were expensive and prone to breakage under heavy use making them less than ideal for use in an arcade cabinet though in rare cases such as Journey they were used A more affordable method of having music in a video game was to use digital means where a specific computer chip would change electrical impulses from computer code into analog sound waves on the fly for output on a speaker Sound effects for the games were also generated in this fashion An early example of such an approach to video game music was the opening chiptune in Tomohiro Nishikado s Gun Fight 1975 3 An original synthesized composition imitating early video game music source source Problems playing this file See media help While this allowed for inclusion of music in early arcade video games it was usually monophonic looped or used sparingly between stages or at the start of a new game such as the Namco titles Pac Man 1980 composed by Toshio Kai or Pole Position 1982 composed by Nobuyuki Ohnogi 4 The first game to use a continuous background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikado s Space Invaders released by Taito in 1978 5 It had four descending chromatic bass notes repeating in a loop though it was dynamic and interacted with the player increasing pace as the enemies descended on the player 6 The first video game to feature continuous melodic background music was Rally X released by Namco in 1980 featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during gameplay 7 The decision to include any music into a video game meant that at some point it would have to be transcribed into computer code Some music was original some was public domain music such as folk songs Sound capabilities were limited the popular Atari 2600 home system for example was capable of generating only two tones at a time As advances were made in silicon technology and costs fell a definitively new generation of arcade machines and home consoles allowed for great changes in accompanying music In arcades machines based on the Motorola 68000 CPU and accompanying various Yamaha YM programmable sound generator sound chips allowed for several more tones or channels of sound sometimes eight or more The earliest known example of this was Sega s 1980 arcade game Carnival which used an AY 3 8910 chip to create an electronic rendition of the classical 1889 composition Over The Waves by Juventino Rosas 5 Konami s 1981 arcade game Frogger introduced a dynamic approach to video game music using at least eleven different gameplay tracks in addition to level starting and game over themes which change according to the player s actions This was further improved upon by Namco s 1982 arcade game Dig Dug where the music stopped when the player stopped moving 8 Dig Dug was composed by Yuriko Keino who also composed the music for other Namco games such as Xevious 1982 and Phozon 1983 4 Sega s 1982 arcade game Super Locomotive featured a chiptune rendition of Yellow Magic Orchestra s Rydeen 1979 9 several later computer games also covered the song such as Trooper Truck 1983 by Rabbit Software as well as Daley Thompson s Decathlon 1984 and Stryker s Run 1986 composed by Martin Galway 10 Home console systems also had a comparable upgrade in sound ability beginning with the ColecoVision in 1982 capable of four channels However more notable was the Japanese release of the Famicom in 1983 which was later released in the US as the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985 It was capable of five channels one being capable of simple PCM sampled sound The home computer Commodore 64 released in 1982 was capable of early forms of filtering effects different types of waveforms and eventually the undocumented ability to play 4 bit samples on a pseudo fourth sound channel Its comparatively low cost made it a popular alternative to other home computers as well as its ability to use a TV for an affordable display monitor Approach to game music development in this time period usually involved using simple tone generation and or frequency modulation synthesis to simulate instruments for melodies and use of a noise channel for simulating percussive noises Early use of PCM samples in this era was limited to short sound bites Monopoly or as an alternate for percussion sounds Super Mario Bros 3 The music on home consoles often had to share the available channels with other sound effects For example if a laser beam was fired by a spaceship and the laser used a 1400 Hz square wave then the square wave channel that was in use by music would stop playing music and start playing the sound effect The mid to late 1980s software releases for these platforms had music developed by more people with greater musical experience than before Quality of composition improved noticeably and evidence of the popularity of music of this time period remains even today Composers who made a name for themselves with their software include Koichi Sugiyama Dragon Quest 11 Nobuo Uematsu Final Fantasy Rob Hubbard Monty On the Run International Karate Koji Kondo Super Mario Bros The Legend of Zelda Miki Higashino Gradius Yie Ar Kung Fu Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hiroshi Kawaguchi Space Harrier Hang On Out Run Hirokazu Tanaka Metroid Kid Icarus EarthBound Martin Galway Daley Thompson s Decathlon Stryker s Run Times of Lore David Wise Donkey Kong Country Yuzo Koshiro Dragon Slayer Ys Shinobi ActRaiser Streets of Rage Mieko Ishikawa Dragon Slayer Ys and Ryu Umemoto visual novels shoot em ups By the late 1980s video game music was being sold as cassette tape soundtracks in Japan inspiring American companies such as Sierra Cinemaware and Interplay to give more serious attention to video game music by 1988 12 The Golden Joystick Awards introduced a category for Best Soundtrack of the Year in 1986 won by Sanxion Some games for cartridge systems have been sold with extra audio hardware on board including Pitfall II for the Atari 2600 and several late Famicom titles These chips add to the existing sound capabilities Early digital synthesis and sampling Edit See also Chiptune From around 1980 some arcade games began taking steps toward digitized or sampled sounds Namco s 1980 arcade game Rally X was the first known game to use a digital to analog converter DAC to produce sampled tones instead of a tone generator 5 That same year the first known video game to feature speech synthesis was also released Sunsoft s shoot em up game Stratovox 7 Around the same time 13 the introduction of frequency modulation synthesis FM synthesis first commercially released by Yamaha for their digital synthesizers and FM sound chips allowed the tones to be manipulated to have different sound characteristics where before the tone generated by the chip was limited to the design of the chip itself Konami s 1983 arcade game Gyruss used five synthesis sound chips along with a DAC which were used to create an electronic version of J S Bach s Toccata and Fugue in D minor 14 Beyond arcade games significant improvements to personal computer game music were made possible with the introduction of digital FM synth boards which Yamaha released for Japanese computers such as the NEC PC 8801 and PC 9801 in the early 1980s and by the mid 1980s the PC 8801 and FM 7 had built in FM sound The sound FM synth boards produced are described as warm and pleasant sound Musicians such as Yuzo Koshiro and Takeshi Abo utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the chiptune community 15 The widespread adoption of FM synthesis by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the 16 bit era by which time 16 bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips 13 One of the earliest home computers to make use of digital signal processing in the form of sampling was the Commodore Amiga in 1985 The computer s sound chip featured four independent 8 bit digital to analog converters Developers could use this platform to take samples of a music performance sometimes just a single note long and play it back through the computer s sound chip from memory This differed from Rally X in that its hardware DAC was used to play back simple waveform samples and a sampled sound allowed for a complexity and authenticity of a real instrument that an FM simulation could not offer For its role in being one of the first and affordable the Amiga would remain a staple tool of early sequenced music composing especially in Europe The Amiga offered these features before most other competing home computer platforms though the Macintosh which had been introduced a year earlier had similar capabilities The Amiga s main rival the Atari ST sourced the Yamaha YM2149 Programmable Sound Generator PSG Compared to the in house designed Amiga sound engine the PSG could only handle 1 channel of sampled sound and needed the computer s CPU to process the data for it This made it impractical for game development use until 1989 with the release of the Atari STE which used DMA techniques to play back PCM samples at up to 50 kHz The ST however remained relevant as it was equipped with a MIDI controller and external ports It became the choice of by many professional musicians as a MIDI programming device IBM PC clones in 1985 would not see any significant development in multimedia abilities for a few more years and sampling would not become popular in other video game systems for several years Though sampling had the potential to produce much more realistic sounds each sample required much more data in memory This was at a time when all memory solid state ROM cartridge magnetic floppy disk or otherwise was still very costly per kilobyte Sequenced soundchip generated music on the other hand was generated with a few lines of comparatively simple code and took up far less precious memory Arcade systems pushed game music forward in 1984 with the introduction of FM Frequency Modulation synthesis providing more organic sounds than previous PSGs The first such game Marble Madness used the Yamaha YM2151 FM synthesis chip 16 As home consoles moved into the fourth generation or 16 bit era the hybrid approach sampled and tone to music composing continued to be used The Sega Genesis offered advanced graphics over the NES and improved sound synthesis features also using a Yamaha chip the YM2612 17 but largely held the same approach to sound design Ten channels in total for tone generation with one for PCM samples were available in stereo instead of the NES s five channels in mono one for PCM As before it was often used for percussion samples The Genesis did not support 16 bit sampled sounds Despite the additional tone channels writing music still posed a challenge to traditional composers and it forced much more imaginative use of the FM synthesizer to create an enjoyable listening experience The composer Yuzo Koshiro utilized the Genesis hardware effectively to produce progressive catchy techno style compositions far more advanced than what players were used to for games such as The Revenge of Shinobi 1989 and the Streets of Rage series setting a new high watermark for what music in games could sound like 18 The soundtrack for Streets of Rage 2 1992 in particular is considered revolutionary and ahead of its time for its blend of house music with dirty electro basslines and trancey electronic textures that would feel as comfortable in a nightclub as a video game 19 Another important FM synth composer was the late Ryu Umemoto who composed music for many visual novels and shoot em ups during the 1990s 20 As the cost of magnetic memory declined in the form of diskettes the evolution of video game music on the Amiga and some years later game music development in general shifted to sampling in some form It took some years before Amiga game designers learned to wholly use digitized sound effects in music an early exception case was the title music of text adventure game The Pawn 1986 By this time computer and game music had already begun to form its own identity and thus many music makers intentionally tried to produce music that sounded like that heard on the Commodore 64 and NES which resulted in the chiptune genre The release of a freely distributed Amiga program named Soundtracker by Karsten Obarski in 1987 started the era of MOD format which made it easy for anyone to produce music based on digitized samples Module files were made with programs called trackers after Obarski s Soundtracker This MOD tracker tradition continued with PC computers in the 1990s Examples of Amiga games using digitized instrument samples include David Whittaker s soundtrack for Shadow of the Beast Chris Hulsbeck s soundtrack for Turrican 2 and Matt Furniss s tunes for Laser Squad Richard Joseph also composed some theme songs featuring vocals and lyrics for games by Sensible Software most famous being Cannon Fodder 1993 with a song War Has Never Been So Much Fun and Sensible World of Soccer 1994 with a song Goal Scoring Superstar Hero These songs used long vocal samples A similar approach to sound and music developments had become common in the arcades by this time and had been used in many arcade system boards since the mid 1980s 21 This was further popularized in the early 1990s by games like Street Fighter II 1991 on the CPS 1 which used voice samples extensively along with sampled sound effects and percussion Neo Geo s MVS system also carried powerful sound development which often included surround sound The Super NES 1991 brought digitized sound to console games The evolution also carried into home console video games such as the release of the Super Famicom in 1990 and its US EU version Super NES in 1991 It sported a specialized custom Sony chip for both the sound generation and for special hardware DSP It was capable of eight channels of sampled sounds at up to 16 bit resolution had a wide selection of DSP effects including a type of ADSR usually seen in high end synthesizers of the time and full stereo sound This allowed experimentation with applied acoustics in video games such as musical acoustics early games like Super Castlevania IV F Zero Final Fantasy IV Gradius III and later games like Chrono Trigger directional Star Fox and spatial acoustics Dolby Pro Logic was used in some games like King Arthur s World and Jurassic Park as well as environmental and architectural acoustics A Link to the Past Secret of Evermore Many games also made heavy use of the high quality sample playback capabilities Super Star Wars Tales of Phantasia The only real limitation to this powerful setup was the still costly solid state memory Other consoles of the generation could boast similar abilities yet did not have the same circulation levels as the Super NES The Neo Geo home system was capable of the same powerful sample processing as its arcade counterpart but was several times the cost of a Super NES The Sega CD the Mega CD outside North America hardware upgrade to the Mega Drive Genesis in the US offered multiple PCM channels but they were often passed over instead to use its capabilities with the CD ROM itself The popularity of the Super NES and its software remained limited to regions where NTSC television was the broadcast standard Partly because of the difference in frame rates of PAL broadcast equipment many titles released were never redesigned to play appropriately and ran much slower than had been intended or were never released This showed a divergence in popular video game music between PAL and NTSC countries that still shows to this day This divergence would be lessened as the fifth generation of home consoles launched globally and as Commodore began to take a back seat to general purpose PCs and Macs for developing and gaming Though the Mega CD Sega CD and to a greater extent the PC Engine in Japan would give gamers a preview of the direction video game music would take in streaming music the use of both sampled and sequenced music continues in game consoles even today The huge data storage benefit of optical media would be coupled with progressively more powerful audio generation hardware and higher quality samples in the Fifth Generation In 1994 the CD ROM equipped PlayStation supported 24 channels of 16 bit samples of up to 44 1 kHz sample rate samples equal to CD audio in quality It also sported a few hardware DSP effects like reverb Many Square titles continued to use sequenced music such as Final Fantasy VII Legend of Mana and Final Fantasy Tactics The Sega Saturn also with a CD drive supported 32 channels of PCM at the same resolution as the original PlayStation In 1996 the Nintendo 64 still using a solid state cartridge actually supported an integrated and scalable sound system that was potentially capable of 100 channels of PCM and an improved sample rate of 48 kHz Games for the N64 because of the cost of the solid state memory typically had samples of lesser quality than the other two however and music tended to be simpler in construct The more dominant approach for games based on CDs however was shifting toward streaming audio MIDI on the PC Edit The first developers of IBM PC computers neglected audio capabilities first IBM model 1981 In the same timeframe of the late 1980s to mid 1990s the IBM PC clones using the x86 architecture became more ubiquitous yet had a very different path in sound design than other PCs and consoles Early PC gaming was limited to the PC speaker and some proprietary standards such as the IBM PCjr 3 voice chip While sampled sound could be achieved on the PC speaker using pulse width modulation doing so required a significant proportion of the available processor power rendering its use in games rare With the increase of x86 PCs in the market there was a vacuum in sound performance in home computing that expansion cards attempted to fill The first two recognizable standards were the Roland MT 32 followed by the AdLib sound card Roland s solution was driven by MIDI sequencing using advanced LA synthesizers This made it the first choice for game developers to produce upon but its higher cost as an end user solution made it prohibitive The AdLib used a low cost FM synthesis chip from Yamaha and many boards could operate compatibly using the MIDI standard The AdLib card was usurped in 1989 by Creative s Sound Blaster which used the same Yamaha FM chip in the AdLib for compatibility but also added 8 bit 22 05 kHz later 44 1 kHz digital audio recording and playback of a single stereo channel As an affordable end user product the Sound Blaster constituted the core sound technology of the early 1990s a combination of a simple FM engine that supported MIDI and a DAC engine of one or more streams Only a minority of developers ever used Amiga style tracker formats in commercial PC games Unreal typically preferring to use the MT 32 or AdLib SB compatible devices As general purpose PCs using x86 became more ubiquitous than the other PC platforms developers drew their focus towards that platform The last major development before streaming music came in 1992 Roland Corporation released the first General MIDI card the sample based SCC 1 an add in card version of the SC 55 desktop MIDI module The comparative quality of the samples spurred similar offerings from Soundblaster but costs for both products were still high Both companies offered daughterboards with sample based synthesizers that could be later added to a less expensive soundcard which only had a DAC and a MIDI controller to give it the features of a fully integrated card Unlike the standards of Amiga or Atari a PC using x86 even then could be using a broad mix of hardware Developers increasingly used MIDI sequences instead of writing soundtrack data for each type of soundcard they generally wrote a fully featured data set for the Roland application that would be compatible with lesser featured equipment so long as it had a MIDI controller to run the sequence However different products used different sounds attached to their MIDI controllers Some tied into the Yamaha FM chip to simulate instruments some daughterboards of samples had very different sound qualities meaning that no single sequence performance would be accurate to every other General MIDI device All of these considerations in the products reflected the high cost of memory storage which rapidly declined with the optical CD format Pre recorded and streaming music Edit Main article Streaming audio in video games Taking entirely pre recorded music had many advantages over sequencing for sound quality Music could be produced freely with any kind and number of instruments allowing developers to simply record one track to be played back during the game Quality was only limited by the effort put into mastering the track itself Memory space costs that was previously a concern was somewhat addressed with optical media becoming the dominant media for software games CD quality audio allowed for music and voice that had the potential to be truly indistinguishable from any other source or genre of music In fourth generation home video games and PCs this was limited to playing a Mixed Mode CD audio track from a CD while the game was in play such as Sonic CD The earliest examples of Mixed Mode CD audio in video games include the TurboGrafx CD RPG franchises Tengai Makyō composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto from 1989 22 and the Ys series composed by Yuzo Koshiro and Mieko Ishikawa jp and arranged by Ryo Yonemitsu jp in 1989 The Ys soundtracks particularly Ys I amp II 1989 are still regarded as some of the most influential video game music ever composed 23 24 25 However there were several disadvantages of regular CD audio Optical drive technology was still limited in spindle speed so playing an audio track from the game CD meant that the system could not access data again until it stopped the track from playing Looping the most common form of game music was also a problem as when the laser reached the end of a track it had to move itself back to the beginning to start reading again causing an audible gap in playback To address these drawbacks some PC game developers designed their own container formats in house for each application in some cases to stream compressed audio This would cut back on memory used for music on the CD allowed for much lower latency and seek time when finding and starting to play music and also allowed for much smoother looping due to being able to buffer the data A minor drawback was that use of compressed audio meant it had to be decompressed which put load on the CPU of a system As computing power increased this load became minimal and in some cases dedicated chips in a computer such as a sound card would actually handle all the decompressing Fifth generation home console systems also developed specialised streaming formats and containers for compressed audio playback Games would take full advantage of this ability sometimes with highly praised results Castlevania Symphony of the Night Games ported from arcade machines which continued to use FM synthesis often saw superior pre recorded music streams on their home console counterparts Street Fighter Alpha 2 Even though the game systems were capable of CD quality sound these compressed audio tracks were not true CD quality Many of them had lower sampling rates but not so significant that most consumers would notice Using a compressed stream allowed game designers to play back streamed music and still be able to access other data on the disc without interruption of the music at the cost of CPU power used to render the audio stream Manipulating the stream any further would require a far more significant level of CPU power available in the 5th generation Some games such as the Wipeout series continued to use full Mixed Mode CD audio for their soundtracks This overall freedom offered to music composers gave video game music the equal footing with other popular music it had lacked A musician could now with no need to learn about programming or the game architecture itself independently produce the music to their satisfaction This flexibility would be exercised as popular mainstream musicians would be using their talents for video games specifically An early example is Way of the Warrior on the 3DO with music by White Zombie A more well known example is Trent Reznor s score for Quake An alternate approach as with the TMNT arcade was to take pre existing music not written exclusively for the game and use it in the game The game Star Wars X Wing vs TIE Fighter and subsequent Star Wars games took music composed by John Williams for the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s and used it for the game soundtracks Both using new music streams made specifically for the game and using previously released recorded music streams are common approaches for developing sound tracks to this day It is common for X games sports based video games to come with some popular artists recent releases SSX Tony Hawk Initial D as well as any game with heavy cultural demographic theme that has tie in to music Need For Speed Underground Gran Turismo and Grand Theft Auto Sometimes a hybrid of the two are used such as in Dance Dance Revolution Sequencing samples continue to be used in modern gaming where fully recorded audio is not viable Until the mid 2000s many larger games on home consoles used sequenced audio to save space Additionally most games on the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS used sequenced music due to storage limitations Sometimes a cross between sequencing samples and streaming music is used Games such as Republic The Revolution music composed by James Hannigan 26 and Command amp Conquer Generals music composed by Bill Brown have utilised sophisticated systems governing the flow of incidental music by stringing together short phrases based on the action on screen and the player s most recent choices see dynamic music Other games dynamically mixed the sound on the game based on cues of the game environment As processing power increased dramatically in the 6th generation of home consoles it became possible to apply special effects in realtime to streamed audio In SSX a recent video game series if a snowboarder takes to the air after jumping from a ramp the music softens or muffles a bit and the ambient noise of wind and air blowing becomes louder to emphasize being airborne When the snowboarder lands the music resumes regular playback until its next cue The LucasArts company pioneered this interactive music technique with their iMUSE system used in their early adventure games and the Star Wars flight simulators Star Wars X Wing and Star Wars TIE Fighter Action games such as these will change dynamically to match the amount of danger Stealth based games will sometimes rely on such music either by handling streams differently or dynamically changing the composition of a sequenced soundtrack Personalized soundtracks Edit Being able to play one s own music during a game in the past usually meant turning down the game audio and using an alternative music player Some early exceptions were possible on PC Windows gaming in which it was possible to independently adjust game audio while playing music with a separate program running in the background Some PC games such as Quake play music from the CD while retrieving game data exclusively from the hard disk thereby allowing the game CD to be swapped for any music CD The first PC game to introduce in game support for custom soundtracks was Lionhead Studio s Black and White The 2001 game included an in game interface for Winamp that enabled the players to play audio tracks from their own playlists In addition this would sometimes trigger various reactions from the player s Creature like dancing or laughing Some PlayStation games supported this by swapping the game CD with a music CD although when the game needed data players had to swap the CDs again One of the earliest games Ridge Racer was loaded entirely into RAM letting the player insert a music CD to provide a soundtrack throughout the entirety of the gameplay In Vib Ribbon this became a gameplay feature with the game generating levels based entirely on the music on whatever CD the player inserted Microsoft s Xbox allowed music to be copied from a CD onto its internal hard drive to be used as a Custom Soundtrack if enabled by the game developer The feature carried over into the Xbox 360 where it became supported by the system software and could be enabled at any point The Wii is also able to play custom soundtracks if it is enabled by the game Excite Truck 27 Endless Ocean 28 The PlayStation Portable can in games like Need for Speed Carbon Own the City and FIFA 08 play music from a Memory Stick The PlayStation 3 has the ability to utilize custom soundtracks in games using music saved on the hard drive however few game developers used this function MLB 08 The Show released in 2008 has a My MLB sound track feature that allows the user to play music tracks of their choice saved on the hard drive of their PS3 rather than the preprogrammed tracks incorporated into the game by the developer An update to Wipeout HD released on the PlayStation Network was made to also incorporate this feature 29 In the video game Audiosurf custom soundtracks are the main aspect of the game Users have to pick a music file to be analyzed The game will generate a race track based on tempo pitch and complexity of the sound The user will then race on this track synchronized with the music Games in the Grand Theft Auto series have supported custom soundtracks using them as a separate in game radio station The feature was primarily exclusive to PC versions and was adopted to a limited degree on console platforms On a PC inserting custom music into the stations is done by placing music files into a designated folder For the Xbox version a CD must be installed into the console s hard drive For the iPhone version of Grand Theft Auto Chinatown Wars players create an iTunes playlist which is then played by the game Forza Horizon 3 used a similar technology of custom soundtracks with the help of Groove Music Developments in the 2000s Edit This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Battle for Wesnoth 2005 ambient music source source A track of ambient music from The Battle for Wesnoth 2005 Battle for Wesnoth 2005 fanfare music source source An example of fanfare music in video games also from The Battle for Wesnoth 2005 Problems playing these files See media help The Xbox 360 supports Dolby Digital software sampling and playback rate of 16 bit 48 kHz internal with 24 bit hardware D A converters hardware codec streaming and potential of 256 audio simultaneous channels 30 While powerful and flexible none of these features represent any major change in how game music is made from the last generation of console systems PCs continue to rely on third party devices for in game sound reproduction and SoundBlaster is largely the only major player in the entertainment audio expansion card business The PlayStation 3 handles multiple types of surround sound technology including Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD Master Audio with up to 7 1 channels and with sampling rates of up to 192 kHz Nintendo s Wii console shares many audio components with the Nintendo GameCube from the previous generation including Dolby Pro Logic II These features are extensions of technology already currently in use 31 The game developer of today has many choices on how to develop music More likely changes in video game music creation will have very little to do with technology and more to do with other factors of game development as a business whole Video game music has diversified much to the point where scores for games can be presented with a full orchestra or simple 8 16 bit chiptunes This degree of freedom has made the creative possibilities of video game music limitless to developers As sales of video game music diverged from the game itself in the West compared to Japan where game music CDs had been selling for years business elements also wield a new level of influence Music from outside the game developer s immediate employment such as music composers and pop artists have been contracted to produce game music just as they would for a theatrical movie Many other factors have growing influence such as editing for content politics on some level of the development and executive input Impact and importance EditMany video game players believe that music can enhance game play and outlets such as Popular Science have stated that it is designed to simultaneously stimulate your senses and blend into the background of your brain because that s the point of the soundtrack It has to engage you the player in a task without distracting from it In fact the best music would actually direct the listener to the task 32 Sound effects within game play are also believed to impact game performance Ambient sounds such as those present in Resident Evil are seen to enhance the tension felt by players something that GameSpot stated was also used in cinema 33 Speeding up the sound effects and music in games such as Space Invaders is also stated to have a strong impact on the gaming experience when done properly 33 Properly done this can help create realism within virtuality and alert players to important scenes and information 34 35 Music and sound effects can become memorable enabling people to instantly recognize music or sound effects as well as hum or mimic the tune or sound effect 36 Polygon has stated that despite the popularity of video game music people may not always know the name of the composer 36 Licensing EditUsing licensed music for video games became more popular as the medium used to distribute games grew large enough to accommodate songs alongside a game s other assets Additionally with the large growth of the video game market in the 2000s song licensing became a lucrative route for music rights holders to gain part of that revenue Games like those in the Grand Theft Auto series became showcases of licensed music 37 Music licensing is generally complicated due to various copyright laws typically with at least two separate copyrights to consider the songwriters and the performers contributions Most large video game developers and publishers who use licensed music typically have staff proficient in licensing to clear songs for use in video games with the various music labels and other creative persons 37 Games with licensed music can have problems well past release if perpetual rights for the music are not secured for the game Early games before the onset of digital distribution would have perpetual right for the music since there was no practical way to update the game following release at retail to deal with curtailed rights However digital distribution platforms like Steam Xbox Live and PlayStation Network keep games up to date automatically Music licenses for games sold through digital distribution may include limited terms requiring the publisher to re negotiate rights with the music s owner or otherwise the music must be removed from the game through these updates 37 Notably Alan Wake by Remedy Entertainment first released in 2010 had to be pulled from digital sale in 2017 due to expiring music rights 38 However with Microsoft s help Remedy was able to re secure these rights a year later and returned the game for sale 39 Alpha Protocol by Obsidian Entertainment was also pulled from sale in 2019 due to expiring music license rights though there are no known plans if publisher Sega will seek to renew these 40 Licensed music in video games has also affected video game streaming such as Let s Play videos Due to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCA most popular video sharing and streaming sites implement automatic forms of detecting copyrighted music from most music labels and flag or block user videos that employ that music such as YouTube s ContentID system These actions apply equally to videos of people playing video games flagging the video from the licensed music in the game To avoid this games using licensed music may offer a stream safe music option either disabling the music playback or replacing the licensed music with copyright free or royalty free music 41 42 Game music as a genre EditSee also Chiptune Musicians can garner audiences between genres due to the presence of video game culture across lifestyles from country folk music to electronic music Including various forms of nerd music bitpop nerdcore geek rock and filk music Some musicians in these fields are known within their mainstream counterpart genres Anamanaguchi is a rock and pop group known for their blending of chiptune they created the soundtrack of Scott Pilgrim vs the World The Game to fit in with the indie music scenes of Scott Pilgrim graphic novels 43 44 Another example is in contemporary Christian music with known CEDM musician Owl City creating the theme song When Can I See You Again for the movie Wreck It Ralph 45 or computer scientist and Western musician Mario J Lucero performs experimental electronic music under the stage name LE37 46 Indie folk musician Jose Gonzalez became internationally recognized with his Western inspired song Far Away during the music of Red Dead Redemption 47 Alternative rock musician Jonathan Coulton is best known for Portal s Still Alive and the theme song to Code Monkeys 48 Music group Trocadero was known for producing the soundtrack to Red vs Blue 49 and their former bandmate Jeff Williams produced the soundtrack to RWBY 50 Video game music also has been adopted by parts of the jazz music genre with examples including Charlie Rosen s 8 Bit Big Band notably winning a Grammy Award for Best Arrangement Instrumental or A Capella at the 64th annual music awards of Metaknights Revenge from Kirby Super Star and jazz musicians such as jazz trumpeter and singer Benny Benack III saxophonist and singer Grace Kelly musician and saxophonist Patrick Bartley These types of musicians are often grouped together with video game music composers like Kero Kero Bonito or indie Ooblets composer Slime Girls Pedro Silva or Hideki Naganuma Toby Fox and Crush 40 as they are often game or related composers themselves 51 Musical composers can produce film scores and video game scores for example U S composer Michael Giacchino who composed the soundtrack for the game Medal of Honor and later composed for the television series Lost and wrote scores for movies such as The Incredibles 2004 and Star Trek 2009 52 Many games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and other early game consoles feature a similar style of musical composition that is sometimes described as the video game genre Some aspects of this style continue to influence certain music today though gamers do not associate many modern game soundtracks with the older style The genre s compositional elements largely developed due to technological restraints while also being influenced by electronic music bands particularly Yellow Magic Orchestra YMO who were popular during the late 1970s to 1980s 53 YMO sampled sounds from several classic arcade games in their early albums most notably Space Invaders in the 1978 hit song Computer Game 54 In turn the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced during the 8 bit and 16 bit eras 53 Features of the video game music genre include Pieces designed to repeat indefinitely rather than having an arranged ending or fading out they however create an atmosphere especially in important scenes of the game They introduce a philosophical dimension in the game as they may introduce questioning in the mind of players in relationship with their next action Pieces lacking lyrics and playing over gameplay sounds Limited polyphony Only three notes can be played simultaneously on the Nintendo Entertainment System A great deal of effort was put into composition to create the illusion of more notes playing at once Although the tones featured in NES music can be thought of as emulating a traditional four piece rock band triangle wave used as a bass two pulse waves analogous to two guitars and a white noise channel used for drums composers would often go out of their way to compose complex and rapid sequences of notes in part due to the restrictions mentioned above 55 56 57 This is similar to music composition during the Baroque period when composers particularly when creating solo pieces focused on musical embellishments to compensate for instruments such as the harpsichord that do not allow for expressive dynamics For the same reason many early compositions also feature a distinct jazz influence These would overlap with later influences from heavy metal and J pop music resulting in an equally distinct compositional style in the 16 bit era In an unrelated but parallel course in the European and North American developer scene similar limitations were driving the musical style of home computer games Module file format music particularly MOD used similar techniques but was more heavily influenced by the electronic music scene as it developed and resulted in another very distinct subgenre Demos and the developing demoscene played a big part in the early years and still influence video game music today As technological limitations gradually lifted composers were given more freedom and with the advent of CD ROM pre recorded soundtracks came to dominate resulting in a noticeable shift in composition and voicing style 58 Popular early CD ROM titles were released with high resolution graphics and recorded music Since the audio was not reliant on a sound card s synthesis CD ROM technology ensured that composers and sound designers could know what audio would sound like on most consumer configurations and could also record sound effects live instruments vocals and in game dialogue 59 Outside video games EditSee also Chiptune Appreciation for video game music is strong among fans and composers particularly for music from the third and fourth generations of home video game consoles and sometimes newer generations This appreciation has been shown outside the context of a video game in the form of CDs sheet music public performances art installations and popular music CDs and sheet music Edit Selling video game soundtracks separately as CDs has become increasingly popular in the industry 5 Interpretive albums remixes and live performance albums were also common variations to original soundtracks OSTs 60 Koichi Sugiyama was an early figure in this practice and following the release of the first Dragon Quest game in 1986 a live performance CD of his compositions was released and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra then later by other groups including the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra and NHK Symphony By 1987 Sega were selling 50 000 to 100 000 game soundtrack CDs annually 61 Yuzo Koshiro another early figure released a live performance of the Actraiser soundtrack Both Koshiro s and fellow Falcom composer Mieko Ishikawa s contributions to Ys music would have such long lasting impact that there were more albums released of Ys music than of almost all other game type music Like anime soundtracks these soundtracks and even sheet music books were usually marketed exclusively in Japan Therefore interested non Japanese gamers had to import the soundtracks and or sheet music books through on or offline firms specifically dedicated to video game soundtrack imports This has been somewhat less of an issue more recently as domestic publishers of anime and video games have been producing western equivalent versions of the OSTs for sale in UK and US though these are often for more popular titles Video game music companies like Materia Collective have pursued and produced published book editions of video game music The sale of video game soundtracks has created a growing symbiotic relationship between the music industry and the games industry 5 Commonly games are being used to promote and sell licensed music rather than just original score and recording artists are being used to market and sell games 5 Music marketing agency Electric Artists conducted a study that revealed a number of interesting statistics surrounding hard core gamers and their music habits 40 of hard core gamers bought the CD after hearing a song they liked in a video game 73 of gamers said soundtracks within games help sell more CDs and 40 of respondents said a game introduced them to a new band or song then 27 of them went out and bought what they heard 5 Some game soundtracks have become so popular they have reached platinum status such as NBA Live 2003 5 Public performance Edit Many original composers have publicly exhibited their music through symphonic concert performances Once again Koichi Sugiyama was the first to execute this practice in 1987 with his Family Classic Concert and has continued these concert performances almost annually In 1991 he also formed a series called Orchestral Game Music Concerts notable for featuring music of other talented game composers such as Yoko Kanno Nobunaga s Ambition Romance of the Three Kingdoms Uncharted Waters Nobuo Uematsu Final Fantasy Keiichi Suzuki Mother Earthbound and Kentaro Haneda Wizardry 62 Following suit compositions by Nobuo Uematsu on Final Fantasy IV were arranged into Final Fantasy IV Celtic Moon a live performance by string musicians with strong Celtic influence recorded in Ireland The Love Theme from the same game has been used as an instructional piece of music in Japanese schools 63 With the success of Square s 1990s games Final Fantasy VI Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII by Nobuo Uematsu and Chrono Trigger Xenogears and Chrono Cross by Yasunori Mitsuda public performance began to gain international popularity On August 20 2003 music written for video games such as Final Fantasy and The Legend of Zelda was performed for the first time outside Japan by the Czech National Symphony Orchestra in a Symphonic Game Music Concert in Leipzig Germany at the Gewandhaus concert hall 60 This event was held as the official opening ceremony of Europe s biggest trading fair for video games the GC Games Convention and repeated in 2004 2005 2006 and 2007 60 On November 17 2003 Square Enix launched the Final Fantasy Radio on America Online The radio station has initially featured complete tracks from Final Fantasy XI and Final Fantasy XI Rise of Zilart and samplings from Final Fantasy VII through Final Fantasy X 60 The first officially sanctioned Final Fantasy concert in the United States was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra at Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles California on May 10 2004 64 All seats at the concert were sold out in a single day Dear Friends Music from Final Fantasy followed and was performed at various cities across the United States Nobuo Uematsu has also performed a variety of Final Fantasy compositions live with his rock band The Black Mages 65 On July 6 2005 the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra also held a Video Games Live concert at the Hollywood Bowl an event founded by video game music composers Tommy Tallarico and Jack Wall 60 This concert featured a variety of video game music ranging from Pong to Halo 2 It also incorporated real time video feeds that were in sync with the music as well as laser and light special effects Media outside the video game industry such as NPR and The New York Times have covered their subsequent world tours 66 67 On August 20 2006 the Malmo Symphonic Orchestra with host Orvar Safstrom performed the outdoor game music concert Joystick in Malmo Sweden before an audience of 17 000 holding the current record of attendance for a game music concert 68 Safstrom has since continued to produce game music concerts around Europe under the names Joystick and Score 69 From April 20 27 2007 Eminence Symphony Orchestra an orchestra dedicated to video game and anime music performed the first part of their annual tour the A Night in Fantasia concert series in Australia Whilst Eminence had performed video game music as part of their concerts since their inception the 2007 concert marked the first time ever that the entire setlist was pieces from video games Up to seven of the world s most famous game composers were also in attendance as special guests Music performed included Red Alert 3 Theme Soviet March by James Hannigan and Shadow of the Colossus by Kow Otani Since 2010 video games themed pops concerts have become a major proportion of the revenue in many United States concert halls as traditional classical music performances decline in popularity 70 On March 16 2012 the Smithsonian American Art Museum s The Art of Video Games exhibit opened featuring a chipmusic soundtrack at the entrance by artists 8 Bit Weapon amp ComputeHer 71 8 Bit Weapon also created a track called The art of Video Games Anthem for the exhibit as well 72 The first video game music focused concert for the BBC Proms was held on August 1 2022 73 In popular music Edit See also Chiptune Bitpop and Nintendocore In the popular music industry video game music and sounds have appeared in songs by various popular artists 74 Arcade game sounds had a particularly strong influence on the hip hop 75 pop music particularly synthpop 76 and electro music 77 genres during the golden age of arcade video games in the early 1980s Arcade game sounds had an influence on synthpop pioneers Yellow Magic Orchestra 78 who sampled Space Invaders sounds in their influential 1978 debut album particularly the hit song Computer Game 54 In turn the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced during the 8 bit and 16 bit eras 53 Other pop songs based on Space Invaders soon followed including Disco Space Invaders 1979 by Funny Stuff 79 Space Invaders 1980 by Playback 80 and the hit songs Space Invader 1980 by The Pretenders 79 and Space Invaders 1980 by Uncle Vic 81 Buckner amp Garcia produced a successful album dedicated to video game music in 1982 Pac Man Fever 82 Former YMO member Haruomi Hosono also released a 1984 album produced entirely from Namco arcade game samples entitled Video Game Music an early example of a chiptune record 83 and the first video game music album 84 Warp s record Testone 1990 by Sweet Exorcist sampled video game sounds from YMO s Computer Game and defined Sheffield s bleep techno scene in the early 1990s 85 More recently video game beats have appeared in popular songs such as Kesha s Tik Tok 74 the best selling single of 2010 86 as well as U Should Know Better by Robyn featuring Snoop Dogg 74 and Hellbound by Eminem The influence of video game music can also be seen in contemporary electronica music by artists such as Dizzee Rascal and Kieran Hebden 78 Grime music in particular samples sawtooth wave sounds from video games which were popular in East London 87 English power metal band DragonForce is also known for their retro video game influenced sound Video game music education EditThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Video game music has become part of the curriculum at the degree undergraduate and graduate levels in many traditional colleges and universities 88 According to the Entertainment Software Association there are over 400 schools offering courses and degrees in video game design in the United States many of which include sound and music design 89 90 Berklee College of Music Yale University New York University and the New England Conservatory have all introduced game music into their music programs These programs offer immersive education in music composition orchestration editing and production 91 Other post secondary schools have more games focused programs such as DigiPen Institute of Technology Columbia College Chicago and Academy of Art University 92 who all offer programs in Music and Sound Design 93 These programs include courses in sound effect creation interactive sound design and scripting music 94 Similar programs have gained popularity in Europe The Utrecht School of the Arts Faculty of Art Media and Technology has offered a Game Sound and Music Design program since 2003 The University of Hertfordshire has a program in Music Composition and Technology for Film and Games Leeds Beckett University offers Sound and Music for Interactive Games and dBs Music Bristol teaches Sound for Games and Apps 95 96 97 More informal institutions like the training seminars at GameSoundCon also feature classes in how to compose video game music 98 Extracurricular organizations devoted to the performance of video game music have also been implemented in tandem with these new curriculum programs The Gamer Symphony Orchestra at the University of Maryland performs self arranged video game music and the Video Game Orchestra is a semiprofessional outgrowth of students from the Berklee College of Music and other Boston area schools 99 According to the National Association for Music Education video game music is now being taught at elementary and secondary school levels to aid in the understanding of music composition 100 Students at Magruder High School in Montgomery County Maryland have even started a student run gamer orchestra and many high school bands perform game music 99 Academic study EditMain article Ludomusicology Academic research on video game music began in the late 1990s 101 and developed through the mid 2000s Early research on the topic often involved historical studies of game music or comparative studies of video game music and film music see for instance Zach Whalen s article Play Along An Approach to Videogame Music which includes both 102 The study of video game music is also known by some as ludomusicology a portmanteau of ludology the study of games and gameplay and musicology the study and analysis of music a term coined independently by Guillaume Laroche and Roger Moseley 103 104 A prominent figure in early video game music and audio research is Karen Collins who is associate professor at the University of Waterloo and Canada Research Chair in Interactive Audio at the University of Waterloo Games Institute Her monograph Game Sound An Introduction to the History Theory and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design MIT Press 2008 105 is considered a seminal work in the field and was influential in the subsequent development of video game music studies citation needed The Ludomusicology Research Group is an inter university research organisation focusing on the study of music in games music games and music in video game culture composed of four researchers Michiel Kamp Tim Summers Melanie Fritsch and Mark Sweeney 106 Together they organise an annual international conference held in the UK or Europe at the time of writing the most recent was the Ludo2017 conference held at Bath Spa University 107 The group was founded by Kamp Summers and Sweeney in August 2011 who have also edited a collection of essays based around the study of game sound entitled Ludomusicology Approaches to Video Game Music published in July 2016 108 109 They also edited a double special issue of The Soundtrack 110 and initiated a new book series for the Study in Game Sound and Music 111 in 2017 In September 2016 Tim Summers book Understanding Video Game Music was published by Cambridge University Press 112 113 Fritsch officially joined the group in 2016 She had edited the 2nd issue of the online journal ACT Zeitschrift fur Musik und Performance 114 published in July 2011 which included ludomusicological contributions written by Tim Summers Steven B Reale and Jason Brame She had been a regular at the conferences since 2012 and published several book chapters on the topic Whereas Kamp Summers and Sweeney have a background in musicology Fritsch s background is in performance studies citation needed The North American Conference on Video Game Music NACVGM is an international conference on video game music held annually in North America since 2014 115 It is organised by Neil Lerner Steven Beverburg Reale and William Gibbons 116 In late 2016 the Society for the Study of Sound and Music in Games SSSMG was launched by the Ludomusicology Research Group in conjunction with the organisers of the North American Conference on Video Game Music and the Audio Mostly conference 116 The SSSMG has the aim of bringing together both practitioners and researchers from across the globe in order to develop the field s understanding of sound and video game music and audio Its focus is the use of its website as a hub for communication and resource centralisation including a video game music research bibliography a project initially begun by the Ludomusicology Research Group 117 The Ludomusicology Society of Australia was launched by Barnabas Smith in April 2017 during the Ludo2017 conference in Bath UK it aims to offer a centralised and local professional body nurturing game music studies for academics people in industry and game music fans alike in the Australasian region 118 Composers EditThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Creating and producing video game music requires strong teams and coordination among the different divisions of game development 1 As the market has expanded so have the types of jobs in game music The process often starts with the game designer who will have a specific musical theme or genre in mind for the game 1 Their options include contracting original composers or licensing existing music both of which require other music experts During the arcade and early console era 1983 to the mid 1990s most game music was composed by full time employees of the particular game company producing the game This was largely due to the very specialized nature of video game music where each system had its own technology and tool sets It was not uncommon for a game company like Capcom or Konami to have a room full of composers each at their own workstation with headphones writing music 119 Once the CD era hit and studio recorded music became more ubiquitous in games it became increasingly common for game music to be composed by independent contractors hired by the game developer on a per project basis 120 121 Most bigger budget games such as Call of Duty Mass Effect Ghost Recon or Lost Planet hire composers in this fashion Approximately 50 of game composers are freelance the remaining being employees of a game company 122 Original score and soundtrack may require the hiring of a Music Director who will help create the game music as well as help book the resources needed for performing and recording the music 1 Some music directors may work with a game s Sound Designer to create a dynamic score 1 Notable exceptions include composer Koji Kondo who remains an employee at Nintendo and Martin O Donnell who worked at Bungie until early 2014 123 The growth of casual mobile and social games has greatly increased opportunities for game music composers with job growth in the US market increasing more than 150 over five years 124 Independently developed games are a frequent place where beginning game composers gain experience composing for video games 121 Game composers particularly for smaller games are likely to provide other services such as sound design 76 of game composers also do some sound design integration 47 of game composers also integrate their music into audio middleware or even computer coding or scripting 15 125 With the rising use of licensed popular music in video games job opportunities in game music have also come to include the role of a music supervisor Music supervisors work on behalf of a game developer or game publisher to source pre existing music from artists and music publishers These supervisors can be hired on a per project basis or can work in house like the Music Group for Electronic Arts EA that has a team of music supervisors 126 A music supervisor is needed to not only help select music that will suit the game but to also ensure the music is fully licensed in order to avoid lawsuits or conflicts 1 Music supervisors may also help negotiate payment which for artists and songwriters is often a one time buy out fee because games do not generate music royalties when they are sold 1 A growing trend is to contract artists to write original songs for games to add to their value and exclusivity and once again supervisors can be a part of that process 5 Awards EditCurrent Edit First year Name Category1983 Golden Joystick Awards Game Audio1998 D I C E Awards Outstanding Original Music Composition1999 Independent Games Festival Excellence in Audio2000 Game Developers Choice Awards Best Audio2003 Game Audio Network Guild Awards 127 2003 Taipei Game Show Indie Game Awards 128 Best Audio2004 British Academy Games Awards Original Music 129 2004 International Mobile Gaming Awards Excellence in Audio2007 International Film Music Critics Association Awards Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media 130 2011 The New York Game Awards 131 Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game 132 2012 Grammy Awards Visual Media Awards Best Music for Visual Media Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media and Best Song Written for Visual Media 133 2014 Hollywood Music In Media Original Score Song and Song Score for Mobile Video Game 134 2014 The Game Awards Best Score Soundtrack 135 2014 SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Musical Score2014 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Video Game Score of the Year2016 Game Audio Awards 136 Best Game Music Best Sound Design and Firestarter Award 2020 The Society of Composers amp Lyricists Awards 137 Outstanding Original Song for Visual Media Outstanding Original Score for Interactive Media 2023 Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media 138 Defunct Edit Year Name Notes2003 2014 Spike Video Game Awards Awards for Best Soundtrack Best Song in a Game and Best Original Score2004 2006 MTV Video Music Award for Best Video Game Soundtrack2006 MTV Best Video Game Score2010 2011 Ivor Novello Awards for Best Original Video Game Score 139 Other Edit In 2011 video game music made its first appearance at the Grammy Awards when Baba Yetu a song from Civilization IV won the 53rd annual music awards Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists making it the first video game music to be nominated for or to win a Grammy The song won for its placement on Christopher Tin s album Calling All Dawns but had been used in the game six years prior 140 In 2022 video game music made another appearance at the Grammy Awards with the 8 Bit Band s cover arranged by Charlie Rosen and Jake Silverman of Meta Knight s Revenge a song from Kirby Super Star winning the 64th annual music awards Grammy Award for Best Arrangement Instrumental or A Capella Other video game awards include the International Film Music Critics Association IFMCA award for Best Original Score for Interactive Media and Machinima com s Inside Gaming Awards for Best Original Score and Best Sound Design citation needed In addition to recognizing the composers of original score the Guild of Music Supervisors offer a GMS Award to the music supervisors that select and coordinate licensed music for video games 141 Fan culture EditVideo game fans have created their own fan sites dedicated to the appreciation and promotion of video game music including OverClocked ReMix and Rainwave 142 Fans also make their own song remixes and compilations like insaneintherainmusic and have built online remixing communities through the ease of internet distribution 5 There are over 50 podcasts dedicated to the topic of video game music Most notable among these are the Super Marcato Bros Rhythm and Pixels and Game That Tune 143 Japanese dōjin music scene is notable for producing albums of arranged videogame music which derived from popular retro franchises such as Mega Man Chrono Trigger or Final Fantasy 144 from dōjin games such as Touhou Project studio Key visual novels and When They Cry series from popular franchises on Comiket such as Type Moon Fate series or Kantai Collection 145 There have been over six thousand dōjin albums of Touhou Project music released 146 See also Edit Video Games portal Music portalCircuit bending Game rip audio IEZA Framework List of video game musicians List of video game soundtracks released on vinyl List of video game soundtracks on music streaming platforms MAGFest Music video game OverClocked ReMix Rainwave VGMusic com Video Games LiveReferences Edit a b c d e f g h Rogers Scott 2014 04 16 Level Up The Guide to Great Video Game Design John Wiley amp 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Video Game Music and Sound Design Conference 2015 08 08 Retrieved 2016 02 16 Jim Paterson A Video Game Odyssey a brief history of video game music a b Unknown PDF Game Developer Vol 20 no 04 San Francisco April 2013 Archived PDF from the original on September 28 2013 Conference on Composing Video Game Music and Sound Design Conference on Composing Video Game Music and Sound Design 18 August 2016 Retrieved 2016 12 07 Horowitz Steve Looney Scott R 2014 03 05 The Essential Guide to Game Audio The Theory and Practice of Sound for Games CRC Press p 28 ISBN 9781134595372 Taylor Soper 16 September 2013 Study Video games causing spike in music composer employment GeekWire Conference on Composing Video Game Music and Sound Design Conference on Composing Video Game Music and Sound Design Retrieved 2016 12 07 Steve Schnur Interview President of Music EA Video Games Songwriter Universe Songwriting News Articles amp Song Contest 4 December 2013 Retrieved 2016 02 16 Awards G A N G Retrieved 2020 11 17 Show 台北國際電玩展 Taipei Game Indie Game Award Winners Taipei Game Show 台北國際電玩展 Taipei Game Show Retrieved 2020 11 18 2015 Games Music BAFTA Awards awards bafta org Retrieved 2016 02 15 2007 IFMCA Awards IFMCA International Film Music Critics Association 2009 01 06 Retrieved 2020 11 17 Here Are All Of The New York Game Awards Winners 2019 01 23 Retrieved 2020 11 18 New York Videogame Critics Circle Announces Nominees for 9 th Annual New York Game Awards and Honors Industry Great Reggie Fils Aime with Legend Award www gamasutra com Retrieved 2020 11 18 Grammys to Start Recognizing Video Game Music IFC Retrieved 2016 02 15 Awards Hollywood Music in Media 2 November 2015 2015 Music In Visual Media Nominees Hollywood Music in Media Awards Retrieved 2016 02 15 Nominees The Game Awards 2015 thegameawards com Archived from the original on 2015 11 14 Retrieved 2016 02 15 Game Audio Awards November 17 2020 Game Audio Awards SCL Awards The Society of Composers and Lyricists Retrieved 2020 11 17 Aswad Jem June 9 2022 Grammys Add New Awards Songwriter of the Year Song for Social Change More Variety Retrieved June 9 2022 Alderman Naomi 17 March 2010 The Player Videogame soundtracks are often better than movie scores The Guardian Retrieved 14 February 2016 Civilization 4 wins grammy for Baba Yetu six years after release PC Gamer 14 February 2011 Retrieved 2016 02 15 GMS Awards Winners 2016 GMS Awards Retrieved 2016 02 15 About Us Wiki OverClocked ReMix OC ReMix VGMPodcasts com VGM Podcast Fans on FB Welcome to the Doujin Scene 1 May 2011 Retrieved 16 August 2018 Kantai Collection KanColle VGMdb vgmdb net Retrieved 16 August 2018 ZUN VGMdb Retrieved 2022 02 28 External links EditVGMdb Video Game Music and Anime Soundtrack Database VGMdb GamesSound com Academic articles on video game sound and music Early Video Game Soundtracks 2001 article on video game music orig published in In Magazine High Score The New Era of Video Game Music at Tracksounds The Evolution of Video Game Music All Things Considered April 12 2008 List of games with non original music at uvlist net Pretty Ugly Gamesound Study Website studying pretty and ugly game music and sound CaptivatingSound com Resources for design of game sound and music Audio and Immersion PhD thesis about game audio and immersion Diggin in the Carts A Documentary Series About Japanese Video Game Music Red Bull Music Academy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Video game music amp oldid 1132345494, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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