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Wikipedia

Parody

A parody, also known as a spoof, a satire, a send-up, a take-off, a lampoon, a play on (something), or a caricature, is a creative work designed to imitate, comment on, and/or mock its subject by means of satiric or ironic imitation. Often its subject is an original work or some aspect of it (theme/content, author, style, etc), but a parody can also be about a real-life person (e.g. a politician), event, or movement (e.g. the French Revolution or 1960s counterculture). Literary scholar Professor Simon Dentith defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice".[1] The literary theorist Linda Hutcheon said "parody ... is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, theater, television and film, animation, and gaming. Some parody is practiced in theater.

The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche ("a composition in another artist's manner, without satirical intent") and burlesque (which "fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends").[2] Meanwhile, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque, "A good parody is a fine amusement, capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace."[3] Historically, when a formula grows tired, as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s, it retains value only as a parody, as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre.[4]

Origins

According to Aristotle (Poetics, ii. 5), Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody; by slightly altering the wording in well-known poems he transformed the sublime into the ridiculous. In ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics "but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects".[5] Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para "beside, counter, against" and ᾠδή oide "song". Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean "counter-song", an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation "turned as to produce a ridiculous effect".[6] Because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, "there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule."[7]

In Greek Old Comedy even the gods could be made fun of. The Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, in an attempt to bring back a poet to save Athens. The Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs.

Parody was used in early Greek philosophical texts to make philosophical points. Such texts are known as spoudaiogeloion, a famous example of which is the Silloi by Pyrrhonist philosopher Timon of Phlius which parodied philosophers living and dead. The style was a rhetorical mainstay of the Cynics and was the most common tone of the works made by Menippus and Meleager of Gadara.[8]

In the 2nd century CE, Lucian of Samosata created a parody of travel texts such as Indica and The Odyssey. He described the authors of such accounts as liars who had never traveled, nor ever talked to any credible person who had. In his ironically named book True History Lucian delivers a story which exaggerates the hyperbole and improbable claims of those stories. Sometimes described as the first science fiction, the characters travel to the moon, engage in interplanetary war with the help of aliens they meet there, and then return to the earth to experience civilization inside a 200-mile-long creature generally interpreted as being a whale. This is a parody of Ctesias' claims that India has a one-legged race of humans with a single foot so huge it can be used as an umbrella, Homer's stories of one-eyed giants, and so on.

Related terms

Parody may be confused with the following related genres: satire, travesty, pastiche, skit, burlesque.

Satire

Satires and parodies are both derivative works that exaggerate their source material(s) in humorous ways.[9][10][11] However, a satire is meant to make fun of the real world, whereas a parody is a derivative of a specific work (“specific parody”) or a general genre (“general parody” or “spoof”). Furthermore, satires are provocative and critical as they point to a specific vice associated with an individual or a group of people to mock them into correction or as a form of punishment.[11][12] In contrast, parodies are more focused on producing playful humor and do not always attack or criticize its targeted work and/or genre.[11][13] Of course, it is possible for a parody to maintain satiric elements without crossing into satire itself, as long as its “light verse with modest aspirations” ultimately dominates the work.[11]

Travesty

A travesty imitates and transforms a work, but focuses more on the satirization of it. Because satire is meant to attack someone or something,[11] the harmless playfulness of parody is lost.[13]

Pastiche

A pastiche imitates a work as a parody does, but unlike a parody, pastiche is neither transformative of the original work, nor is it humorous.[13][14] Literary critic Fredric Jameson has referred to the pastiche as a “blank parody,” or “parody that has lost its sense of humor.”[14]

Skit

Skits imitate works “in a satirical regime.” But unlike travesties, skits do not transform the source material.[13]

Burlesque

The burlesque primarily targets heroic poems and theater to degrade popular heroes and gods, as well as mock the common tropes within the genre.[11] Simon Dentith has described this type of parody as “parodic anti-heroic drama.”[13]

Music

In classical music, as a technical term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another (for example, a motet into a keyboard work as Girolamo Cavazzoni, Antonio de Cabezón, and Alonso Mudarra all did to Josquin des Prez motets).[15] More commonly, a parody mass (missa parodia) or an oratorio used extensive quotation from other vocal works such as motets or cantatas; Victoria, Palestrina, Lassus, and other composers of the 16th century used this technique. The term is also sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period, such as when Bach reworks music from cantatas in his Christmas Oratorio.

The musicological definition of the term parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context.[16] Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the peculiar style of a composer or artist, or even a general style of music. For example, "The Ritz Roll and Rock", a song and dance number performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the rock and roll genre. Conversely, while the best-known work of "Weird Al" Yankovic is based on particular popular songs, it also often utilises wildly incongruous elements of pop culture for comedic effect.

English term

 
Allegory of the Tulip omania [de], persiflage on the tulip mania, by Jan Brueghel the Younger (1640s)

The first usage of the word parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598: "A Parodie, a parodie! to make it absurder than it was." The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, meaning to make fun of or re-create what you are doing.

Modernist and post-modernist parody

Since the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation.[17][18] This most prominently happened in the second half of the century with postmodernism, but earlier modernism and Russian formalism had anticipated this perspective.[17][19] For the Russian formalists, parody was a way of liberation from the background text that enables to produce new and autonomous artistic forms.[20][21]

Historian Christopher Rea writes that "In the 1910s and 1920s, writers in China’s entertainment market parodied anything and everything.... They parodied speeches, advertisements, confessions, petitions, orders, handbills, notices, policies, regulations, resolutions, discourses, explications, sutras, memorials to the throne, and conference minutes. We have an exchange of letters between the Queue and the Beard and Eyebrows. We have a eulogy for a chamber pot. We have 'Research on Why Men Have Beards and Women Don’t,' 'A Telegram from the Thunder God to His Mother Resigning His Post,' and 'A Public Notice from the King of Whoring Prohibiting Playboys from Skipping Debts.'"[22][23]

Jorge Luis Borges's (1939) short story "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote", is often regarded as predicting postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody.[24][25] In the broader sense of Greek parodia, parody can occur when whole elements of one work are lifted out of their context and reused, not necessarily to be ridiculed.[26] Traditional definitions of parody usually only discuss parody in the stricter sense of something intended to ridicule the text it parodies. There is also a broader, extended sense of parody that may not include ridicule, and may be based on many other uses and intentions.[26][27] The broader sense of parody, parody done with intent other than ridicule, has become prevalent in the modern parody of the 20th century.[27] In the extended sense, the modern parody does not target the parodied text, but instead uses it as a weapon to target something else.[28][29] The reason for the prevalence of the extended, recontextualizing type of parody in the 20th century is that artists have sought to connect with the past while registering differences brought by modernity.[30][page needed] Major modernist examples of this recontextualizing parody include James Joyce's Ulysses, which incorporates elements of Homer's Odyssey in a 20th-century Irish context, and T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land,[28] which incorporates and recontextualizes elements of a vast range of prior texts, including Dante's The Inferno.[citation needed] The work of Andy Warhol is another prominent example of the modern "recontextualizing" parody.[28] According to French literary theorist Gérard Genette, the most rigorous and elegant form of parody is also the most economical, that is a minimal parody, the one that literally reprises a known text and gives it a new meaning.[31][32]

Blank parody, in which an artist takes the skeletal form of an art work and places it in a new context without ridiculing it, is common.[14] Pastiche is a closely related genre, and parody can also occur when characters or settings belonging to one work are used in a humorous or ironic way in another, such as the transformation of minor characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern from Shakespeare's drama Hamlet into the principal characters in a comedic perspective on the same events in the play (and film) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.[citation needed] Similarly, Mishu Hilmy's Trapped in the Netflix uses parody to deconstruct contemporary Netflix shows like Mad Men providing commentary through popular characters. Don Draper mansplaining about mansplaining, Luke Danes monologizing about a lack of independence while embracing codependency.[33] In Flann O'Brien's novel At Swim-Two-Birds, for example, mad King Sweeney, Finn MacCool, a pookah, and an assortment of cowboys all assemble in an inn in Dublin: the mixture of mythic characters, characters from genre fiction, and a quotidian setting combine for a humor that is not directed at any of the characters or their authors. This combination of established and identifiable characters in a new setting is not the same as the post-modernist trope of using historical characters in fiction out of context to provide a metaphoric element.[citation needed]

Reputation

Sometimes the reputation of a parody outlasts the reputation of what is being parodied. For example, Don Quixote, which mocks the traditional knight errant tales, is much better known than the novel that inspired it, Amadis de Gaula (although Amadis is mentioned in the book). Another case is the novel Shamela by Henry Fielding (1742), which was a parody of the gloomy epistolary novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740) by Samuel Richardson. Many of Lewis Carroll's parodies of Victorian didactic verse for children, such as "You Are Old, Father William", are much better known than the (largely forgotten) originals. Stella Gibbons's comic novel Cold Comfort Farm has eclipsed the pastoral novels of Mary Webb which largely inspired it.

In more recent times, the television sitcom 'Allo 'Allo! is perhaps better known than the drama Secret Army which it parodies.

Some artists carve out careers by making parodies. One of the best-known examples is that of "Weird Al" Yankovic. His career of parodying other musical acts and their songs has outlasted many of the artists or bands he has parodied. Yankovic is not required under law to get permission to parody; as a personal rule, however, he does seek permission to parody a person's song before recording it. Several artists, such as rapper Chamillionaire and Seattle-based grunge band Nirvana stated that Yankovic's parodies of their respective songs were excellent, and many artists have considered being parodied by him to be a badge of honor.[34][35]

In the US legal system the point that in most cases a parody of a work constitutes fair use was upheld in the case of Rick Dees, who decided to use 29 seconds of the music from the song When Sonny Gets Blue to parody Johnny Mathis' singing style even after being refused permission. An appeals court upheld the trial court's decision that this type of parody represents fair use. Fisher v. Dees 794 F.2d 432 (9th Cir. 1986)

Film parodies

Some genre theorists, following Bakhtin, see parody as a natural development in the life cycle of any genre; this idea has proven especially fruitful for genre film theorists. Such theorists note that Western movies, for example, after the classic stage defined the conventions of the genre, underwent a parody stage, in which those same conventions were ridiculed and critiqued. Because audiences had seen these classic Westerns, they had expectations for any new Westerns, and when these expectations were inverted, the audience laughed.

Perhaps the earliest parody film was the 1922 Mud and Sand, a Stan Laurel film that made fun of Rudolph Valentino's film Blood and Sand. Laurel specialized in parodies in the mid-1920s, writing and acting in a number of them. Some were send-ups of popular films, such as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde—parodied in the comic Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1926). Others were spoofs of Broadway plays, such as No, No, Nanette (1925), parodied as Yes, Yes, Nanette (1925). In 1940 Charlie Chaplin created a satirical comedy about Adolf Hitler with the film The Great Dictator, following the first-ever Hollywood parody of the Nazis, the Three Stooges' short subject You Nazty Spy!.

About 20 years later Mel Brooks started his career with a Hitler parody as well. After his 1967 film The Producers won both an Academy Award and a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay,[36] Brooks became one of the most famous film parodists and created spoofs in multiple film genres. Blazing Saddles (1974) is a parody of western films, History of the World, Part I (1981) is a historical parody, Robin Hood Men in Tights (1993) is Brooks' take on the classic Robin Hood tale, and his spoofs in the horror, sci-fi and adventure genres include Young Frankenstein (1974), and Spaceballs (1987, a Star Wars spoof).

The British comedy group Monty Python is also famous for its parodies, for example, the King Arthur spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974), and the Jesus satire Life of Brian (1979). In the 1980s the team of David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker parodied well-established genres such as disaster, war and police movies with the Airplane!, Hot Shots! and Naked Gun series respectively. There is a 1989 film parody from Spain of the TV series The A-Team called El equipo Aahhgg directed by José Truchado.

More recently, parodies have taken on whole film genres at once. One of the first was Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood and the Scary Movie franchise. Other recent genre parodies include. Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday The 13th, Not Another Teen Movie, Date Movie, Epic Movie, Meet the Spartans, Superhero Movie, Disaster Movie, Vampires Suck, and The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It, all of which have been critically panned.[citation needed]

Copyright

Many parody films have as their target out-of-copyright or non-copyrighted subjects (such as Frankenstein or Robin Hood) whilst others settle for imitation which does not infringe copyright, but is clearly aimed at a popular (and usually lucrative) subject. The spy film craze of the 1960s, fuelled by the popularity of James Bond is such an example. In this genre a rare, and possibly unique, example of a parody film taking aim at a non-comedic subject over which it actually holds copyright is the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale. In this case, producer Charles K. Feldman initially intended to make a serious film, but decided that it would not be able to compete with the established series of Bond films. Hence, he decided to parody the series.[37]

Poetic parodies

Kenneth Baker considered poetic parody to take five main forms.[38]

  1. The first was to use parody to attack the author parodied, as in J K Stephen's mimicry of Wordsworth, “Two voices are there: one is of the deep....And one is of an old half-witted sheep.”[39]
  2. The second was to pastiche the author's style, as with Henry Reed's parody of T. S. Eliot, Chard Whitlow: “As we get older we do not get any younger....”[40]
  3. The third type reversed (and so undercut) the sentiments of the poem parodied, as with Monty Python's All Things Dull and Ugly.
  4. A fourth approach was to use the target poem as a matrix for inserting unrelated (generally humorous) material – “To have it out or not? That is the question....Thus dentists do make cowards of us all.”[41]
  5. Finally, parody may be used to attack contemporary/topical targets by utilizing the format of a well-known piece of verse: “O Rushdie, Rushdie, it's a vile world” (Cat Stevens).[42]

A further, more constructive form of poetic parody is one that links the contemporary poet with past forms and past masters through affectionate parodying – thus sharing poetic codes while avoiding some of the anxiety of influence.[43]

More aggressive in tone are playground poetry parodies, often attacking authority, values and culture itself in a carnivalesque rebellion:[44] “Twinkle, Twinkle little star,/ Who the hell do you think you are?”[45]

Self-parody

A subset of parody is self-parody in which artists parody their own work (as in Ricky Gervais's Extras).

Copyright issues and other issues

Although a parody can be considered a derivative work of a pre-existing, copyrighted work, some countries have ruled that parodies can fall under copyright limitations such as fair dealing, or otherwise have fair dealing laws that include parody in their scope.

United States

Parodies are protected under the fair use doctrine of United States copyright law, but the defense is more successful if the usage of an existing copyrighted work is transformative in nature, such as being a critique or commentary upon it.

In Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., the Supreme Court ruled that a rap parody of "Oh, Pretty Woman" by 2 Live Crew was fair use, as the parody was a distinctive, transformative work designed to ridicule the original song, and that "even if 2 Live Crew's copying of the original's first line of lyrics and characteristic opening bass riff may be said to go to the original's 'heart,' that heart is what most readily conjures up the song for parody, and it is the heart at which parody takes aim."

In 2001, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin, upheld the right of Alice Randall to publish a parody of Gone with the Wind called The Wind Done Gone, which told the same story from the point of view of Scarlett O'Hara's slaves, who were glad to be rid of her.

In 2007, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied a fair use defense in the Dr. Seuss Enterprises v. Penguin Books case. Citing the Campbell v. Acuff-Rose decision, they found that a satire of the O.J. Simpson murder trial and parody of The Cat in the Hat had infringed upon the children's book because it did not provide a commentary function upon that work.[46][47]

Canada

Under Canadian law, although there is protection for Fair Dealing, there is no explicit protection for parody and satire. In Canwest v. Horizon, the publisher of the Vancouver Sun launched a lawsuit against a group which had published a pro-Palestinian parody of the paper. Alan Donaldson, the judge in the case, ruled that parody is not a defence to a copyright claim.[48]

United Kingdom

In 2006 the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property recommended that the UK should "create an exception to copyright for the purpose of caricature, parody or pastiche by 2008".[49] Following the first stage of a two-part public consultation, the Intellectual Property Office reported that the information received "was not sufficient to persuade us that the advantages of a new parody exception were sufficient to override the disadvantages to the creators and owners of the underlying work. There is therefore no proposal to change the current approach to parody, caricature and pastiche in the UK."[50]

However, following the Hargreaves Review in May 2011 (which made similar proposals to the Gowers Review) the Government broadly accepted these proposals. The current law (effective from 1 October 2014), namely Section 30A[51] of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, now provides an exception to infringement where there is fair dealing of the original work for the purpose of parody (or alternatively for the purpose of caricature or pastiche). The legislation does not define what is meant by "parody", but the UK IPO – the Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom) – suggests[52] that a "parody" is something that imitates a work for humorous or satirical effect. See also Fair dealing in United Kingdom law.

Jail

Some countries do not like parodies and the parodies can be considered insulting. The person who makes the parody can be fined or even jailed. For instance in the UAE [53] and North Korea,[54] this is not allowed.

Internet culture

Parody is a prominent genre in online culture, thanks in part to the ease with which digital texts may be altered, appropriated, and shared. Japanese kuso and Chinese e'gao are emblematic of the importance of parody in online cultures in Asia. Video mash-ups and other parodic memes, such as humorously altered Chinese characters, have been particularly popular as a tool for political protest in the People's Republic of China, the government of which maintains an extensive censorship apparatus.[55] Chinese internet slang makes extensive use of puns and parodies on how Chinese characters are pronounced or written, as illustrated in the Grass-Mud Horse Lexicon.

Computer-generated parodies

Parody generators are computer programs which generate text that is syntactically correct, but usually meaningless, often in the style of a technical paper or a particular writer. They are also called travesty generators and random text generators.

Their purpose is often satirical, intending to show that there is little difference between the generated text and real examples.

Many work by using techniques such as Markov chains to reprocess real text examples; alternatively, they may be hand-coded. Generated texts can vary from essay length to paragraphs and tweets. (The term "quote generator" can also be used for software that randomly selects real quotations.)

Social and political uses

 
Satirical political cartoon that appeared in Puck magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti-World War I song "I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.
 
Reggie Brown, a voice actor and Barack Obama impersonator

Parody is often used to make a social or political statement. Examples include Swift's "A Modest Proposal", which satirized English neglect of Ireland by parodying emotionally disengaged political tracts; and, recently, The Daily Show, The Larry Sanders Show and The Colbert Report, which parody a news broadcast and a talk show to satirize political and social trends and events.

On the other hand, the writer and frequent parodist Vladimir Nabokov made a distinction: "Satire is a lesson, parody is a game."[56]

Some events, such as a national tragedy, can be difficult to handle. Chet Clem, Editorial Manager of the news parody publication The Onion, told Wikinews in an interview the questions that are raised when addressing difficult topics:

I know the September 11 issue was an obviously very large challenge to approach. Do we even put out an issue? What is funny at this time in American history? Where are the jokes? Do people want jokes right now? Is the nation ready to laugh again? Who knows. There will always be some level of division in the back room. It’s also what keeps us on our toes.[57]

Parody is by no means necessarily satirical, and may sometimes be done with respect and appreciation of the subject involved, without being a heedless sarcastic attack.

Parody has also been used to facilitate dialogue between cultures or subcultures. Sociolinguist Mary Louise Pratt identifies parody as one of the "arts of the contact zone", through which marginalized or oppressed groups "selectively appropriate", or imitate and take over, aspects of more empowered cultures.[58]

Shakespeare often uses a series of parodies to convey his meaning. In the social context of his era, an example can be seen in King Lear where the fool is introduced with his coxcomb to be a parody of the king.

Examples

Historic examples

Internet examples

Modern television examples

Anime and manga

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dentith (2000) p.9
  2. ^ J.M.W. Thompson (May 2010). . Standpoint magazine. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2011-02-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ "Parody". Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project. June 2007. hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.811. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  4. ^ Balducci, Anthony (28 November 2011). The Funny Parts: A History of Film Comedy Routines and Gags. McFarland. ISBN 9780786488933. Retrieved 3 October 2018 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ (Denith, 10)
  6. ^ Quoted in Hutcheon, 32.
  7. ^ (Hutcheon, 32)
  8. ^ Fain 2010, p. 201.
  9. ^ Davis, Evan R.; Nace, Nicholas D. (2019). "Introduction". Teaching Modern British and American Satire. New York: Modern Language Association of America. pp. 1–34.
  10. ^ Stevens, Anne H. (2019). "Parody". Teaching Modern British and American Satire. Edited by Evan R. Davis and Nicholas D. Nace. New York: Modern Language Association of America. pp. 44–49.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Greenberg, Jonathan (2019). The Cambridge Introduction to Satire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107682054.
  12. ^ Griffin, Dustin (1994). Satire: A Critical Reintroduction. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813118441.
  13. ^ a b c d e Dentith, Simon (2000). Parody: The New Critical Idiom. Routledge. ISBN 0415182212.
  14. ^ a b c Jameson, Fredric (1983). "Postmodernism and Consumer Society". The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. Edited by Hal Foster. Bay Press. pp. 111–125.
  15. ^ Tilmouth, Michael and Richard Sherr. "Parody (i)"' Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 February 2012 (subscription required)
  16. ^ Burkholder, J. Peter. "Borrowing", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 February. 2012 (subscription required)
  17. ^ a b Sheinberg (2000) pp.141, 150
  18. ^ Stavans (1997) p.37
  19. ^ Bradbury, Malcolm No, not Bloomsbury p.53, quoting Boris Eikhenbaum:

    Nearly all periods of artistic innovation have had a strong parodic impulse, advancing generic change. As the Russian formalist Boris Eichenbaum once put it: "In the evolution of each genre, there are times when its use for entirely serious or elevated objectives degenerates and produces a comic or parodic form....And thus is produced the regeneration of the genre: it finds new possibilities and new forms."

  20. ^ Hutcheon (1985) pp.28, 35
  21. ^ Boris Eikhenbaum Theory of the "Formal Method" (1925) and O. Henry and the Theory of the Short Story (1925)
  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  23. ^ Christopher Rea, The Age of Irreverence: A New History of Laughter in China (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015), pp. 52, 53.
  24. ^ Stavans (1997) p.31
  25. ^ Elizabeth Bellalouna, Michael L. LaBlanc, Ira Mark Milne (2000) Literature of Developing Nations for Students: L-Z p.50
  26. ^ a b Elices (2004) p.90 quotation:

    From these words, it can be inferred that Genette's conceptualisation does not diverge from Hutcheon's, in the sense that he does not mention the component of ridicule that is suggested by the prefix paros. Genette alludes to the re-interpretative capacity of parodists in order to confer an artistic autonomy to their works.

  27. ^ a b Hutcheon (1985) p.50
  28. ^ a b c Hutcheon (1985) p.52
  29. ^ Yunck 1963
  30. ^ Hutcheon (1985)
  31. ^ Gérard Genette (1982) Palimpsests: literature in the second degree p.16
  32. ^ Sangsue (2006) p.72 quotation:

    Genette individua la forma "piú rigorosa" di parodia nella "parodia minimale", consistente nella ripresa letterale di un testo conosciuto e nella sua applicazione a un nuovo contesto, come nella citazione deviata dal suo senso

  33. ^ Willett, Bec (17 December 2017). "Trapped in the Netflix at iO". Performink. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  34. ^ Ayers, Mike (24 July 2014). "'Weird Al' Yankovic Explains His Secret Formula for Going Viral and Hitting No. 1". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  35. ^ Hamersly, Michael. ""Weird Al" Yankovic brings his masterful musical parody to South Florida". Miami Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  36. ^ "The Producers (1967)". imdb.com. 10 November 1968. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  37. ^ Barnes, A. & Hearn, M. (1997) Kiss kiss bang bang: the unofficial James Bond film companion, Batsford, p. 63 ISBN 9780713481822
  38. ^ K. Baker ed., Unauthorized Versions (London 1990) Introduction p. xx–xxii
  39. ^ K. Baker ed., Unauthorized Versions (London 1990) p. 429
  40. ^ K. Baker ed., Unauthorized Versions (London 1990) p. 107
  41. ^ K. Baker ed., Unauthorized Versions (London 1990) p. 319
  42. ^ K. Baker ed., Unauthorized Versions (London 1990) p. 355
  43. ^ S. Cushman ed., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (Princeton 2012) p. 1003
  44. ^ J. Thomas, Poetry's Playground (2007) p. 45-52
  45. ^ Quoted in S. Burt ed., The Cambridge History of American Poetry (Cambridge 2014)
  46. ^ Richard Stim (4 April 2013). "Summaries of Fair Use Cases". Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center.
  47. ^ "Google Scholar". google.com.
  48. ^ "The Tyee – Canwest Suit May Test Limits of Free Speech". The Tyee. 11 December 2008.
  49. ^ The Stationery Office. (2006) Gowers Review of Intellectual Property. [Online]. Available at official-documents.gov.uk (Accessed: 22 February 2011).
  50. ^ UK Intellectual Property Office. (2009) Taking Forward the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property: Second Stage Consultation on Copyright Exceptions. [Online]. Available at ipo.gov.uk 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed: 22 February 2011).
  51. ^ "The Copyright and Rights in Performances (Quotation and Parody) Regulations 2014". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  52. ^ "Exceptions to copyright : Guidance for creators and copyright owners" (PDF). Gov.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  53. ^ "American begins one-year prison sentence in UAE for satirical video". the Guardian. 2013-12-23. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  54. ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna162786
  55. ^ Christopher Rea, "Spoofing (e’gao) Culture on the Chinese Internet.” In Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times. Jessica Milner Davis and Jocelyn Chey, eds. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2013, pp. 149–172
  56. ^ Appel, Alfred Jr.; Nabokov, Vladimir (1967). "An Interview with Vladimir Nabokov". Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature. VIII (2): 127–152. doi:10.2307/1207097. JSTOR 1207097. Retrieved 28 Dec 2013.
  57. ^ An interview with The Onion, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 25, 2007.
  58. ^ Pratt (1991)

References

  • Dentith, Simon (2000). Parody (The New Critical Idiom). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18221-2.
  • Elices Agudo, Juan Francisco (2004)
  • Hutcheon, Linda (1985). "3. The Pragmatic Range of Parody". A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen. ISBN 0-252-06938-2.
  • Mary Louise Pratt (1991). . Profession. New York: MLA. 91: 33–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-26. archived at University of Idaho, English 506, Rhetoric and Composition: History, Theory, and Research. From Ways of Reading, 5th edition, ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petroksky (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999
  • Sangsue, Daniel (2006) La parodia
  • Sheinberg, Esti (2000) Irony, Satire, Parody and the Grotesque in the Music of Shostakovich
  • Stavans, Ilan and Jesse H. Lytle, Jennifer A. Mattson (1997) Antiheroes: Mexico and its detective novel
  • Ore, Johnathan (2014) Youtuber Shane Dawsons fans revolt after Sony pulls his Taylor Wwift parody video

Further reading

  • Bakhtin, Mikhail; Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71527-7.
  • Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (1988). The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503463-5.
  • Petrosky, Anthony; ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petroksky (1999). Ways of Reading (5th ed.). New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s. ISBN 978-0-312-45413-5. An anthology including Arts of the Contact Zone {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  • Rose, Margaret (1993). Parody: Ancient, Modern and Post-Modern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41860-7.
  • Caponi, Gena Dagel (1999). Signifyin(g), Sanctifyin', & Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-183-X.
  • Harries, Dan (2000). Film Parody. London: BFI. ISBN 0-85170-802-1.
  • Pueo, Juan Carlos (2002). Los reflejos en juego (Una teoría de la parodia). Valencia (Spain): Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN 84-8442-559-2.
  • Gray, Jonathan (2006). Watching with The Simpsons: Television, Parody, and Intertextuality. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36202-4.
  • John Gross, ed. (2010). The Oxford Book of Parodies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954882-8.
  • Fain, Gordon L. (2010). Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520265790.

External links

  Media related to Parody at Wikimedia Commons

  The dictionary definition of parody at Wiktionary

parody, parody, also, known, spoof, satire, send, take, lampoon, play, something, caricature, creative, work, designed, imitate, comment, mock, subject, means, satiric, ironic, imitation, often, subject, original, work, some, aspect, theme, content, author, st. A parody also known as a spoof a satire a send up a take off a lampoon a play on something or a caricature is a creative work designed to imitate comment on and or mock its subject by means of satiric or ironic imitation Often its subject is an original work or some aspect of it theme content author style etc but a parody can also be about a real life person e g a politician event or movement e g the French Revolution or 1960s counterculture Literary scholar Professor Simon Dentith defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice 1 The literary theorist Linda Hutcheon said parody is imitation not always at the expense of the parodied text Parody may be found in art or culture including literature music theater television and film animation and gaming Some parody is practiced in theater The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche a composition in another artist s manner without satirical intent and burlesque which fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends 2 Meanwhile the Encyclopedie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque A good parody is a fine amusement capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace 3 Historically when a formula grows tired as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s it retains value only as a parody as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre 4 Contents 1 Origins 2 Related terms 2 1 Satire 2 2 Travesty 2 3 Pastiche 2 4 Skit 2 5 Burlesque 3 Music 4 English term 5 Modernist and post modernist parody 6 Reputation 7 Film parodies 7 1 Copyright 8 Poetic parodies 9 Self parody 10 Copyright issues and other issues 10 1 United States 10 2 Canada 10 3 United Kingdom 10 4 Jail 11 Internet culture 11 1 Computer generated parodies 12 Social and political uses 13 Examples 13 1 Historic examples 13 2 Internet examples 13 3 Modern television examples 13 4 Anime and manga 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksOrigins EditAccording to Aristotle Poetics ii 5 Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody by slightly altering the wording in well known poems he transformed the sublime into the ridiculous In ancient Greek literature a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light satirical or mock heroic subjects 5 Indeed the components of the Greek word are para para beside counter against and ᾠdh oide song Thus the original Greek word parῳdia parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter song an imitation that is set against the original The Oxford English Dictionary for example defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect 6 Because par also has the non antagonistic meaning of beside there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule 7 In Greek Old Comedy even the gods could be made fun of The Frogs portrays the hero turned god Heracles as a glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld in an attempt to bring back a poet to save Athens The Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays often with performers dressed like satyrs Parody was used in early Greek philosophical texts to make philosophical points Such texts are known as spoudaiogeloion a famous example of which is the Silloi by Pyrrhonist philosopher Timon of Phlius which parodied philosophers living and dead The style was a rhetorical mainstay of the Cynics and was the most common tone of the works made by Menippus and Meleager of Gadara 8 In the 2nd century CE Lucian of Samosata created a parody of travel texts such as Indica and The Odyssey He described the authors of such accounts as liars who had never traveled nor ever talked to any credible person who had In his ironically named book True History Lucian delivers a story which exaggerates the hyperbole and improbable claims of those stories Sometimes described as the first science fiction the characters travel to the moon engage in interplanetary war with the help of aliens they meet there and then return to the earth to experience civilization inside a 200 mile long creature generally interpreted as being a whale This is a parody of Ctesias claims that India has a one legged race of humans with a single foot so huge it can be used as an umbrella Homer s stories of one eyed giants and so on Related terms EditParody may be confused with the following related genres satire travesty pastiche skit burlesque Satire Edit Satires and parodies are both derivative works that exaggerate their source material s in humorous ways 9 10 11 However a satire is meant to make fun of the real world whereas a parody is a derivative of a specific work specific parody or a general genre general parody or spoof Furthermore satires are provocative and critical as they point to a specific vice associated with an individual or a group of people to mock them into correction or as a form of punishment 11 12 In contrast parodies are more focused on producing playful humor and do not always attack or criticize its targeted work and or genre 11 13 Of course it is possible for a parody to maintain satiric elements without crossing into satire itself as long as its light verse with modest aspirations ultimately dominates the work 11 Travesty Edit A travesty imitates and transforms a work but focuses more on the satirization of it Because satire is meant to attack someone or something 11 the harmless playfulness of parody is lost 13 Pastiche Edit A pastiche imitates a work as a parody does but unlike a parody pastiche is neither transformative of the original work nor is it humorous 13 14 Literary critic Fredric Jameson has referred to the pastiche as a blank parody or parody that has lost its sense of humor 14 Skit Edit Skits imitate works in a satirical regime But unlike travesties skits do not transform the source material 13 Burlesque Edit The burlesque primarily targets heroic poems and theater to degrade popular heroes and gods as well as mock the common tropes within the genre 11 Simon Dentith has described this type of parody as parodic anti heroic drama 13 Music EditMain article Parody music In classical music as a technical term parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another for example a motet into a keyboard work as Girolamo Cavazzoni Antonio de Cabezon and Alonso Mudarra all did to Josquin des Prez motets 15 More commonly a parody mass missa parodia or an oratorio used extensive quotation from other vocal works such as motets or cantatas Victoria Palestrina Lassus and other composers of the 16th century used this technique The term is also sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period such as when Bach reworks music from cantatas in his Christmas Oratorio The musicological definition of the term parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word In its more contemporary usage musical parody usually has humorous even satirical intent in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different often incongruous context 16 Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the peculiar style of a composer or artist or even a general style of music For example The Ritz Roll and Rock a song and dance number performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings parodies the rock and roll genre Conversely while the best known work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs it also often utilises wildly incongruous elements of pop culture for comedic effect English term Edit Allegory of the Tulip omania de persiflage on the tulip mania by Jan Brueghel the Younger 1640s The first usage of the word parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson in Every Man in His Humour in 1598 A Parodie a parodie to make it absurder than it was The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693 who also appended an explanation suggesting that the word was in common use meaning to make fun of or re create what you are doing Modernist and post modernist parody EditSince the 20th century parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation 17 18 This most prominently happened in the second half of the century with postmodernism but earlier modernism and Russian formalism had anticipated this perspective 17 19 For the Russian formalists parody was a way of liberation from the background text that enables to produce new and autonomous artistic forms 20 21 Historian Christopher Rea writes that In the 1910s and 1920s writers in China s entertainment market parodied anything and everything They parodied speeches advertisements confessions petitions orders handbills notices policies regulations resolutions discourses explications sutras memorials to the throne and conference minutes We have an exchange of letters between the Queue and the Beard and Eyebrows We have a eulogy for a chamber pot We have Research on Why Men Have Beards and Women Don t A Telegram from the Thunder God to His Mother Resigning His Post and A Public Notice from the King of Whoring Prohibiting Playboys from Skipping Debts 22 23 Jorge Luis Borges s 1939 short story Pierre Menard Author of the Quixote is often regarded as predicting postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody 24 25 In the broader sense of Greek parodia parody can occur when whole elements of one work are lifted out of their context and reused not necessarily to be ridiculed 26 Traditional definitions of parody usually only discuss parody in the stricter sense of something intended to ridicule the text it parodies There is also a broader extended sense of parody that may not include ridicule and may be based on many other uses and intentions 26 27 The broader sense of parody parody done with intent other than ridicule has become prevalent in the modern parody of the 20th century 27 In the extended sense the modern parody does not target the parodied text but instead uses it as a weapon to target something else 28 29 The reason for the prevalence of the extended recontextualizing type of parody in the 20th century is that artists have sought to connect with the past while registering differences brought by modernity 30 page needed Major modernist examples of this recontextualizing parody include James Joyce s Ulysses which incorporates elements of Homer s Odyssey in a 20th century Irish context and T S Eliot s The Waste Land 28 which incorporates and recontextualizes elements of a vast range of prior texts including Dante s The Inferno citation needed The work of Andy Warhol is another prominent example of the modern recontextualizing parody 28 According to French literary theorist Gerard Genette the most rigorous and elegant form of parody is also the most economical that is a minimal parody the one that literally reprises a known text and gives it a new meaning 31 32 Blank parody in which an artist takes the skeletal form of an art work and places it in a new context without ridiculing it is common 14 Pastiche is a closely related genre and parody can also occur when characters or settings belonging to one work are used in a humorous or ironic way in another such as the transformation of minor characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern from Shakespeare s drama Hamlet into the principal characters in a comedic perspective on the same events in the play and film Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead citation needed Similarly Mishu Hilmy s Trapped in the Netflix uses parody to deconstruct contemporary Netflix shows like Mad Men providing commentary through popular characters Don Draper mansplaining about mansplaining Luke Danes monologizing about a lack of independence while embracing codependency 33 In Flann O Brien s novel At Swim Two Birds for example mad King Sweeney Finn MacCool a pookah and an assortment of cowboys all assemble in an inn in Dublin the mixture of mythic characters characters from genre fiction and a quotidian setting combine for a humor that is not directed at any of the characters or their authors This combination of established and identifiable characters in a new setting is not the same as the post modernist trope of using historical characters in fiction out of context to provide a metaphoric element citation needed Reputation EditSometimes the reputation of a parody outlasts the reputation of what is being parodied For example Don Quixote which mocks the traditional knight errant tales is much better known than the novel that inspired it Amadis de Gaula although Amadis is mentioned in the book Another case is the novel Shamela by Henry Fielding 1742 which was a parody of the gloomy epistolary novel Pamela or Virtue Rewarded 1740 by Samuel Richardson Many of Lewis Carroll s parodies of Victorian didactic verse for children such as You Are Old Father William are much better known than the largely forgotten originals Stella Gibbons s comic novel Cold Comfort Farm has eclipsed the pastoral novels of Mary Webb which largely inspired it In more recent times the television sitcom Allo Allo is perhaps better known than the drama Secret Army which it parodies Some artists carve out careers by making parodies One of the best known examples is that of Weird Al Yankovic His career of parodying other musical acts and their songs has outlasted many of the artists or bands he has parodied Yankovic is not required under law to get permission to parody as a personal rule however he does seek permission to parody a person s song before recording it Several artists such as rapper Chamillionaire and Seattle based grunge band Nirvana stated that Yankovic s parodies of their respective songs were excellent and many artists have considered being parodied by him to be a badge of honor 34 35 In the US legal system the point that in most cases a parody of a work constitutes fair use was upheld in the case of Rick Dees who decided to use 29 seconds of the music from the song When Sonny Gets Blue to parody Johnny Mathis singing style even after being refused permission An appeals court upheld the trial court s decision that this type of parody represents fair use Fisher v Dees 794 F 2d 432 9th Cir 1986 Film parodies EditMain article Parody film This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Some genre theorists following Bakhtin see parody as a natural development in the life cycle of any genre this idea has proven especially fruitful for genre film theorists Such theorists note that Western movies for example after the classic stage defined the conventions of the genre underwent a parody stage in which those same conventions were ridiculed and critiqued Because audiences had seen these classic Westerns they had expectations for any new Westerns and when these expectations were inverted the audience laughed Perhaps the earliest parody film was the 1922 Mud and Sand a Stan Laurel film that made fun of Rudolph Valentino s film Blood and Sand Laurel specialized in parodies in the mid 1920s writing and acting in a number of them Some were send ups of popular films such as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde parodied in the comic Dr Pyckle and Mr Pryde 1926 Others were spoofs of Broadway plays such as No No Nanette 1925 parodied as Yes Yes Nanette 1925 In 1940 Charlie Chaplin created a satirical comedy about Adolf Hitler with the film The Great Dictator following the first ever Hollywood parody of the Nazis the Three Stooges short subject You Nazty Spy About 20 years later Mel Brooks started his career with a Hitler parody as well After his 1967 film The Producers won both an Academy Award and a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay 36 Brooks became one of the most famous film parodists and created spoofs in multiple film genres Blazing Saddles 1974 is a parody of western films History of the World Part I 1981 is a historical parody Robin Hood Men in Tights 1993 is Brooks take on the classic Robin Hood tale and his spoofs in the horror sci fi and adventure genres include Young Frankenstein 1974 and Spaceballs 1987 a Star Wars spoof The British comedy group Monty Python is also famous for its parodies for example the King Arthur spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail 1974 and the Jesus satire Life of Brian 1979 In the 1980s the team of David Zucker Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker parodied well established genres such as disaster war and police movies with the Airplane Hot Shots and Naked Gun series respectively There is a 1989 film parody from Spain of the TV series The A Team called El equipo Aahhgg directed by Jose Truchado More recently parodies have taken on whole film genres at once One of the first was Don t Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood and the Scary Movie franchise Other recent genre parodies include Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday The 13th Not Another Teen Movie Date Movie Epic Movie Meet the Spartans Superhero Movie Disaster Movie Vampires Suck and The 41 Year Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It all of which have been critically panned citation needed Copyright Edit Many parody films have as their target out of copyright or non copyrighted subjects such as Frankenstein or Robin Hood whilst others settle for imitation which does not infringe copyright but is clearly aimed at a popular and usually lucrative subject The spy film craze of the 1960s fuelled by the popularity of James Bond is such an example In this genre a rare and possibly unique example of a parody film taking aim at a non comedic subject over which it actually holds copyright is the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale In this case producer Charles K Feldman initially intended to make a serious film but decided that it would not be able to compete with the established series of Bond films Hence he decided to parody the series 37 Poetic parodies EditKenneth Baker considered poetic parody to take five main forms 38 The first was to use parody to attack the author parodied as in J K Stephen s mimicry of Wordsworth Two voices are there one is of the deep And one is of an old half witted sheep 39 The second was to pastiche the author s style as with Henry Reed s parody of T S Eliot Chard Whitlow As we get older we do not get any younger 40 The third type reversed and so undercut the sentiments of the poem parodied as with Monty Python s All Things Dull and Ugly A fourth approach was to use the target poem as a matrix for inserting unrelated generally humorous material To have it out or not That is the question Thus dentists do make cowards of us all 41 Finally parody may be used to attack contemporary topical targets by utilizing the format of a well known piece of verse O Rushdie Rushdie it s a vile world Cat Stevens 42 A further more constructive form of poetic parody is one that links the contemporary poet with past forms and past masters through affectionate parodying thus sharing poetic codes while avoiding some of the anxiety of influence 43 More aggressive in tone are playground poetry parodies often attacking authority values and culture itself in a carnivalesque rebellion 44 Twinkle Twinkle little star Who the hell do you think you are 45 Self parody EditMain article Self parody A subset of parody is self parody in which artists parody their own work as in Ricky Gervais s Extras Copyright issues and other issues EditSee also Plagiarism Although a parody can be considered a derivative work of a pre existing copyrighted work some countries have ruled that parodies can fall under copyright limitations such as fair dealing or otherwise have fair dealing laws that include parody in their scope United States Edit Parodies are protected under the fair use doctrine of United States copyright law but the defense is more successful if the usage of an existing copyrighted work is transformative in nature such as being a critique or commentary upon it In Campbell v Acuff Rose Music Inc the Supreme Court ruled that a rap parody of Oh Pretty Woman by 2 Live Crew was fair use as the parody was a distinctive transformative work designed to ridicule the original song and that even if 2 Live Crew s copying of the original s first line of lyrics and characteristic opening bass riff may be said to go to the original s heart that heart is what most readily conjures up the song for parody and it is the heart at which parody takes aim In 2001 the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Suntrust v Houghton Mifflin upheld the right of Alice Randall to publish a parody of Gone with the Wind called The Wind Done Gone which told the same story from the point of view of Scarlett O Hara s slaves who were glad to be rid of her In 2007 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied a fair use defense in the Dr Seuss Enterprises v Penguin Books case Citing the Campbell v Acuff Rose decision they found that a satire of the O J Simpson murder trial and parody of The Cat in the Hat had infringed upon the children s book because it did not provide a commentary function upon that work 46 47 Canada Edit Parts of this article those related to Changes from the Copyright Modernization Act 2012 need to be updated Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2012 Under Canadian law although there is protection for Fair Dealing there is no explicit protection for parody and satire In Canwest v Horizon the publisher of the Vancouver Sun launched a lawsuit against a group which had published a pro Palestinian parody of the paper Alan Donaldson the judge in the case ruled that parody is not a defence to a copyright claim 48 United Kingdom Edit In 2006 the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property recommended that the UK should create an exception to copyright for the purpose of caricature parody or pastiche by 2008 49 Following the first stage of a two part public consultation the Intellectual Property Office reported that the information received was not sufficient to persuade us that the advantages of a new parody exception were sufficient to override the disadvantages to the creators and owners of the underlying work There is therefore no proposal to change the current approach to parody caricature and pastiche in the UK 50 However following the Hargreaves Review in May 2011 which made similar proposals to the Gowers Review the Government broadly accepted these proposals The current law effective from 1 October 2014 namely Section 30A 51 of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 now provides an exception to infringement where there is fair dealing of the original work for the purpose of parody or alternatively for the purpose of caricature or pastiche The legislation does not define what is meant by parody but the UK IPO the Intellectual Property Office United Kingdom suggests 52 that a parody is something that imitates a work for humorous or satirical effect See also Fair dealing in United Kingdom law Jail Edit Some countries do not like parodies and the parodies can be considered insulting The person who makes the parody can be fined or even jailed For instance in the UAE 53 and North Korea 54 this is not allowed Internet culture EditParody is a prominent genre in online culture thanks in part to the ease with which digital texts may be altered appropriated and shared Japanese kuso and Chinese e gao are emblematic of the importance of parody in online cultures in Asia Video mash ups and other parodic memes such as humorously altered Chinese characters have been particularly popular as a tool for political protest in the People s Republic of China the government of which maintains an extensive censorship apparatus 55 Chinese internet slang makes extensive use of puns and parodies on how Chinese characters are pronounced or written as illustrated in the Grass Mud Horse Lexicon Computer generated parodies Edit This section is an excerpt from Parody generator edit Parody generators are computer programs which generate text that is syntactically correct but usually meaningless often in the style of a technical paper or a particular writer They are also called travesty generators and random text generators Their purpose is often satirical intending to show that there is little difference between the generated text and real examples Many work by using techniques such as Markov chains to reprocess real text examples alternatively they may be hand coded Generated texts can vary from essay length to paragraphs and tweets The term quote generator can also be used for software that randomly selects real quotations Social and political uses Edit Satirical political cartoon that appeared in Puck magazine October 9 1915 Caption I did not raise my girl to be a voter parodies the anti World War I song I Didn t Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti suffrage woman Reggie Brown a voice actor and Barack Obama impersonator Parody is often used to make a social or political statement Examples include Swift s A Modest Proposal which satirized English neglect of Ireland by parodying emotionally disengaged political tracts and recently The Daily Show The Larry Sanders Show and The Colbert Report which parody a news broadcast and a talk show to satirize political and social trends and events On the other hand the writer and frequent parodist Vladimir Nabokov made a distinction Satire is a lesson parody is a game 56 Some events such as a national tragedy can be difficult to handle Chet Clem Editorial Manager of the news parody publication The Onion told Wikinews in an interview the questions that are raised when addressing difficult topics I know the September 11 issue was an obviously very large challenge to approach Do we even put out an issue What is funny at this time in American history Where are the jokes Do people want jokes right now Is the nation ready to laugh again Who knows There will always be some level of division in the back room It s also what keeps us on our toes 57 Parody is by no means necessarily satirical and may sometimes be done with respect and appreciation of the subject involved without being a heedless sarcastic attack Parody has also been used to facilitate dialogue between cultures or subcultures Sociolinguist Mary Louise Pratt identifies parody as one of the arts of the contact zone through which marginalized or oppressed groups selectively appropriate or imitate and take over aspects of more empowered cultures 58 Shakespeare often uses a series of parodies to convey his meaning In the social context of his era an example can be seen in King Lear where the fool is introduced with his coxcomb to be a parody of the king Examples EditHistoric examples Edit Sir Thopas in Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Morgante by Luigi Pulci The Nymph s Reply to the Shepherd by Sir Walter Raleigh La secchia rapita by Alessandro Tassoni Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes Beware the Cat by William Baldwin The Knight of the Burning Pestle by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher Dragon of Wantley an anonymous 17th century ballad Hudibras by Samuel Butler MacFlecknoe by John Dryden A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope Namby Pamby by Henry Carey Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen Gulliver s Travels by Jonathan Swift The Dunciad by Alexander Pope Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus by John Gay Alexander Pope John Arbuthnot et al Mozart s A Musical Joke Ein musikalischer Spass K 522 1787 parody of incompetent contemporaries of Mozart as assumed by some theorists Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle Ways and Means or The aged aged man by Lewis Carroll Much of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass is parodic of Victorian schooling Batrachomyomachia battle between frogs and mice an Iliad parody by an unknown ancient Greek author Internet examples Edit Punt nua a parody currency and internet meme 2011 After Ever After a capella series by YouTube personality Jon Cozart parody of various Disney songs Suponjibobu animation by YouTube personality Narmak parodies Stephen Hillenburg s SpongeBob SquarePants series and anime tropesModern television examples Edit Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump Square One TV parodies of Dragnet Southpaw Regional Wrestling WWE s parody of 80s territory style professional wrestling On Cinema and spin off Decker parody film review shows and political action thrillers respectively Handyman Corner and Handyman Tip segments on The Red Green Show by Steve Smith and Rick Green parodying home improvement and do it yourself showsAnime and manga Edit Attack on Titan Junior High KonoSuba One Punch Man Panty amp Stocking with GarterbeltSee also EditAbridgement Anti Barney Humor Bob Marone parody of Bob Morane Detournement Drawn Together Internet meme Intertextuality Joke Literary technique Metaparody Parody advertisement Parody in popular music Parody film Parody music Parody religion Parody science Persiflage P D Q Bach Satire Subvertising Tom Lehrer Weird Al YankovicNotes Edit Dentith 2000 p 9 J M W Thompson May 2010 Close to the Bone Standpoint magazine Archived from the original on 2016 04 16 Retrieved 2011 02 26 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Parody Encyclopedia of Diderot amp d Alembert Collaborative Translation Project June 2007 hdl 2027 spo did2222 0000 811 Retrieved 3 October 2018 Balducci Anthony 28 November 2011 The Funny Parts A History of Film Comedy Routines and Gags McFarland ISBN 9780786488933 Retrieved 3 October 2018 via Google Books Denith 10 Quoted in Hutcheon 32 Hutcheon 32 Fain 2010 p 201 Davis Evan R Nace Nicholas D 2019 Introduction Teaching Modern British and American Satire New York Modern Language Association of America pp 1 34 Stevens Anne H 2019 Parody Teaching Modern British and American Satire Edited by Evan R Davis and Nicholas D Nace New York Modern Language Association of America pp 44 49 a b c d e f Greenberg Jonathan 2019 The Cambridge Introduction to Satire Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107682054 Griffin Dustin 1994 Satire A Critical Reintroduction University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0813118441 a b c d e Dentith Simon 2000 Parody The New Critical Idiom Routledge ISBN 0415182212 a b c Jameson Fredric 1983 Postmodernism and Consumer Society The Anti Aesthetic Essays on Postmodern Culture Edited by Hal Foster Bay Press pp 111 125 Tilmouth Michael and Richard Sherr Parody i Grove Music Online Oxford Music Online accessed 19 February 2012 subscription required Burkholder J Peter Borrowing Grove Music Online Oxford Music Online accessed 19 February 2012 subscription required a b Sheinberg 2000 pp 141 150 Stavans 1997 p 37 Bradbury Malcolm No not Bloomsbury p 53 quoting Boris Eikhenbaum Nearly all periods of artistic innovation have had a strong parodic impulse advancing generic change As the Russian formalist Boris Eichenbaum once put it In the evolution of each genre there are times when its use for entirely serious or elevated objectives degenerates and produces a comic or parodic form And thus is produced the regeneration of the genre it finds new possibilities and new forms Hutcheon 1985 pp 28 35 Boris Eikhenbaum Theory of the Formal Method 1925 and O Henry and the Theory of the Short Story 1925 From the Year of the Ape to the Year of the Monkey the China Story Archived from the original on 2020 04 11 Retrieved 2019 02 17 Christopher Rea The Age of Irreverence A New History of Laughter in China Oakland CA University of California Press 2015 pp 52 53 Stavans 1997 p 31 Elizabeth Bellalouna Michael L LaBlanc Ira Mark Milne 2000 Literature of Developing Nations for Students L Z p 50 a b Elices 2004 p 90 quotation From these words it can be inferred that Genette s conceptualisation does not diverge from Hutcheon s in the sense that he does not mention the component of ridicule that is suggested by the prefix paros Genette alludes to the re interpretative capacity of parodists in order to confer an artistic autonomy to their works a b Hutcheon 1985 p 50 a b c Hutcheon 1985 p 52 Yunck 1963 Hutcheon 1985 Gerard Genette 1982 Palimpsests literature in the second degree p 16 Sangsue 2006 p 72 quotation Genette individua la forma piu rigorosa di parodia nella parodia minimale consistente nella ripresa letterale di un testo conosciuto e nella sua applicazione a un nuovo contesto come nella citazione deviata dal suo senso Willett Bec 17 December 2017 Trapped in the Netflix at iO Performink Retrieved 23 March 2018 Ayers Mike 24 July 2014 Weird Al Yankovic Explains His Secret Formula for Going Viral and Hitting No 1 The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 12 September 2015 Hamersly Michael Weird Al Yankovic brings his masterful musical parody to South Florida Miami Herald Retrieved 12 September 2015 The Producers 1967 imdb com 10 November 1968 Retrieved 17 October 2020 Barnes A amp Hearn M 1997 Kiss kiss bang bang the unofficial James Bond film companion Batsford p 63 ISBN 9780713481822 K Baker ed Unauthorized Versions London 1990 Introduction p xx xxii K Baker ed Unauthorized Versions London 1990 p 429 K Baker ed Unauthorized Versions London 1990 p 107 K Baker ed Unauthorized Versions London 1990 p 319 K Baker ed Unauthorized Versions London 1990 p 355 S Cushman ed The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Princeton 2012 p 1003 J Thomas Poetry s Playground 2007 p 45 52 Quoted in S Burt ed The Cambridge History of American Poetry Cambridge 2014 Richard Stim 4 April 2013 Summaries of Fair Use Cases Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center Google Scholar google com The Tyee Canwest Suit May Test Limits of Free Speech The Tyee 11 December 2008 The Stationery Office 2006 Gowers Review of Intellectual Property Online Available at official documents gov uk Accessed 22 February 2011 UK Intellectual Property Office 2009 Taking Forward the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property Second Stage Consultation on Copyright Exceptions Online Available at ipo gov uk Archived 2011 05 17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 22 February 2011 The Copyright and Rights in Performances Quotation and Parody Regulations 2014 Legislation gov uk Retrieved 3 October 2018 Exceptions to copyright Guidance for creators and copyright owners PDF Gov uk Retrieved 3 October 2018 American begins one year prison sentence in UAE for satirical video the Guardian 2013 12 23 Retrieved 2023 01 11 https www nbcnews com news amp ncna162786 Christopher Rea Spoofing e gao Culture on the Chinese Internet In Humour in Chinese Life and Culture Resistance and Control in Modern Times Jessica Milner Davis and Jocelyn Chey eds Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press 2013 pp 149 172 Appel Alfred Jr Nabokov Vladimir 1967 An Interview with Vladimir Nabokov Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature VIII 2 127 152 doi 10 2307 1207097 JSTOR 1207097 Retrieved 28 Dec 2013 An interview with The Onion David Shankbone Wikinews November 25 2007 Pratt 1991 References EditDentith Simon 2000 Parody The New Critical Idiom Routledge ISBN 0 415 18221 2 Elices Agudo Juan Francisco 2004 Historical and theoretical approaches to English satire Hutcheon Linda 1985 3 The Pragmatic Range of Parody A Theory of Parody The Teachings of Twentieth Century Art Forms New York Methuen ISBN 0 252 06938 2 Mary Louise Pratt 1991 Arts of the Contact Zone Profession New York MLA 91 33 40 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 26 archived at University of Idaho English 506 Rhetoric and Composition History Theory and Research From Ways of Reading 5th edition ed David Bartholomae and Anthony Petroksky New York Bedford St Martin s 1999 Sangsue Daniel 2006 La parodia Sheinberg Esti 2000 Irony Satire Parody and the Grotesque in the Music of Shostakovich Stavans Ilan and Jesse H Lytle Jennifer A Mattson 1997 Antiheroes Mexico and its detective novel Ore Johnathan 2014 Youtuber Shane Dawsons fans revolt after Sony pulls his Taylor Wwift parody videoFurther reading Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Parody Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Lampoon Bakhtin Mikhail Ed Michael Holquist Trans Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist 1981 The Dialogic Imagination Four Essays Austin and London University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 71527 7 Gates Henry Louis Jr 1988 The Signifying Monkey A Theory of Afro American Literary Criticism Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 503463 5 Petrosky Anthony ed David Bartholomae and Anthony Petroksky 1999 Ways of Reading 5th ed New York Bedford St Martin s ISBN 978 0 312 45413 5 An anthology including Arts of the Contact Zone a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author2 has generic name help Rose Margaret 1993 Parody Ancient Modern and Post Modern Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 41860 7 Caponi Gena Dagel 1999 Signifyin g Sanctifyin amp Slam Dunking A Reader in African American Expressive Culture University of Massachusetts Press ISBN 1 55849 183 X Harries Dan 2000 Film Parody London BFI ISBN 0 85170 802 1 Pueo Juan Carlos 2002 Los reflejos en juego Una teoria de la parodia Valencia Spain Tirant lo Blanch ISBN 84 8442 559 2 Gray Jonathan 2006 Watching with The Simpsons Television Parody and Intertextuality New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 36202 4 John Gross ed 2010 The Oxford Book of Parodies Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954882 8 Fain Gordon L 2010 Ancient Greek Epigrams Major Poets in Verse Translation Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 9780520265790 External links Edit Media related to Parody at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of parody at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Parody amp oldid 1135169824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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