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Federal Bureau of Investigation

January 09, 2023

"FBI" redirects here. For other uses, see FBI (disambiguation).

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence.[3] A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.[4][5]

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation's seal
FBI special agent badge
AbbreviationFBI
MottoFidelity, Bravery, Integrity
Agency overview
FormedJuly 26, 1908 (as the Bureau of Investigation)
Employees≈35,000[1]
Annual budgetUS$9,748,829,000 (FY 2021)[2]
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agencyUnited States
Operations jurisdictionUnited States
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersJ. Edgar Hoover Building
Washington, D.C., U.S.
38°53′42.7″N 77°1′30.0″W / 38.895194°N 77.025000°W / 38.895194; -77.025000Coordinates: 38°53′42.7″N 77°1′30.0″W / 38.895194°N 77.025000°W / 38.895194; -77.025000
Agency executives
Parent agencyDepartment of Justice
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Website
www.fbi.gov

Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and NCA; the New Zealand GCSB and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.[6][7]

Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe. These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.[8] The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,[9] just as the CIA has a limited domestic function; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies.

The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935.[10] The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.

Mission, priorities and budget

 
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (.pdf file)

Mission

The mission of the FBI is:

Protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States[2][11]

Priorities

Currently, the FBI's top priorities are:[11]

  • Protect the United States from terrorist attacks
  • Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations, espionage, and cyber operations
  • Combat significant cyber criminal activity
  • Combat public corruption at all levels
  • Protect civil rights
  • Combat transnational criminal enterprises
  • Combat major white-collar crime
  • Combat significant violent crime

Budget

In the fiscal year 2019, the Bureau's total budget was approximately $9.6 billion.[12]

In the Authorization and Budget Request to Congress for fiscal year 2021,[13] the FBI asked for $9,800,724,000. Of that money, $9,748,829,000 would be used for Salaries and Expenses (S&E) and $51,895,000 for Construction.[2] The S&E program saw an increase of $199,673,000.

History

Background

In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that the United States was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them.[14][page needed]

The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General.[15]

Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service, for personnel, investigators in particular. On May 27, 1908, Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department.[16] Again at Roosevelt's urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, which would then have its own staff of special agents.[14][page needed]

Creation of BOI

The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was created on July 26, 1908.[17] Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds,[14][page needed] hired thirty-four people, including some veterans of the Secret Service,[18][19] to work for a new investigative agency. Its first "chief" (the title is now "director") was Stanley Finch. Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908.[14][page needed]

The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act" or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation.

Creation of FBI

The following year, 1933, the BOI was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI); it became an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935.[18] In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

J. Edgar Hoover as FBI director

 
J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director from 1924 to 1972

J. Edgar Hoover served as FBI director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. But as detailed below, his proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau director, especially in its later years. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI directors to ten years.

Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders. During the "War on Crime" of the 1930s, FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who committed kidnappings, bank robberies, and murders throughout the nation, including John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, Kate "Ma" Barker, Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and George "Machine Gun" Kelly.

Other activities of its early decades focused on the scope and influence of the white supremacist group Ku Klux Klan, a group with which the FBI was evidenced to be working in the Viola Liuzzo lynching case. Earlier, through the work of Edwin Atherton, the BOI claimed to have successfully apprehended an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-1920s, east of San Diego, California.

Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers.[20] In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping.[20] After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but did allow bugging.[20] In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court.[20] After Katz v. United States (1967) overturned Olmstead, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations, as long as they obtained warrants beforehand.[20]

National security

Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort called "The Venona Project"—with which the FBI was heavily involved—broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence.[21] Hoover was administering this project, but he failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of it until 1952. Another notable case was the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957.[22] The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US motivated Hoover to pursue his longstanding concern with the threat he perceived from the American Left.

Japanese American internment

In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the FBI Index list.[23] Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor.[24][better source needed] Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody.[25] On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed.[26] The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests.[24] The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials) and grooming informants to monitor dissidents and "troublemakers". After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.[24]

Sex deviates program

According to Douglas M. Charles, the FBI's "sex deviates" program began on April 10, 1950, when J. Edgar Hoover forwarded to the White House, to the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and to branches of the armed services a list of 393 alleged federal employees who had allegedly been arrested in Washington, D.C., since 1947, on charges of "sexual irregularities". On June 20, 1951, Hoover expanded the program by issuing a memo establishing a "uniform policy for the handling of the increasing number of reports and allegations concerning present and past employees of the United States Government who assertedly [sic] are sex deviates." The program was expanded to include non-government jobs. According to Athan Theoharis, "In 1951 he [Hoover] had unilaterally instituted a Sex Deviates program to purge alleged homosexuals from any position in the federal government, from the lowliest clerk to the more powerful position of White house aide." On May 27, 1953, Executive Order 10450 went into effect. The program was expanded further by this executive order by making all federal employment of homosexuals illegal. On July 8, 1953, the FBI forwarded to the U.S. Civil Service Commission information from the sex deviates program. In 1977–1978, 300,000 pages, collected between 1930 and the mid-1970s, in the sex deviates program were destroyed by FBI officials.[27][28][29]

Civil rights movement

During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or "fellow travelers". In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T. R. M. Howard, a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee, Emmett Till, and other blacks in the South.[30] The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO, from "COunter-INTELligence PROgram".[31] It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who is addressed in more detail below.[32]

 
The "suicide letter",[33] mailed anonymously to King by the FBI

The FBI frequently investigated King. In the mid-1960s, King began to criticize the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most "notorious liar" in the United States.[34] In his 1991 memoir, Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide.[35] Historian Taylor Branch documents an anonymous November 1964 "suicide package" sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him "You are done. There is only one way out for you." with audio recordings of King's sexual indiscretions.[36]

In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burgled by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson.[37] The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens—including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Wisconsin.[37] The country was "jolted" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of the Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs.[37] The phones of some members of the Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.[37]

Kennedy's assassination

When President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed, the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President Lyndon B. Johnson directed the FBI to take over the investigation.[38] To ensure clarity about the responsibility for investigation of homicides of federal officials, the Congress passed a law that included investigations of such deaths of federal officials, especially by homicide, within FBI jurisdiction. This new law was passed in 1965.[39][40][41]

Organized crime

 
An FBI surveillance photograph of Joseph D. Pistone (aka Donnie Brasco), Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero and Edgar Robb (aka Tony Rossi), 1980s

In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers.[42] After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who may fall under the Act's provisions.

In 2003, a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime informant program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement."[43] The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison.[43] Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster Joseph Barboza. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.[44]

Special FBI teams

 
FBI SWAT agents in a training exercise

In 1982, the FBI formed an elite unit[45] to help with problems that might arise at the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles, particularly terrorism and major-crime. This was a result of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, when terrorists murdered the Israeli athletes. Named the Hostage Rescue Team, or HRT, it acts as a dedicated FBI SWAT team dealing primarily with counter-terrorism scenarios. Unlike the special agents serving on local FBI SWAT teams, HRT does not conduct investigations. Instead, HRT focuses solely on additional tactical proficiency and capabilities. Also formed in 1984 was the Computer Analysis and Response Team, or CART.[46]

From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War,[46] the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.

Notable efforts in the 1990s

 
An FBI agent tags the cockpit voice recorder from EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the USS Grapple (ARS 53) at the crash site on November 13, 1999.

On May 1, 1992, FBI SWAT and HRT personnel in Los Angeles County, California aided local officials in securing peace within the area during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. HRT operators, for instance, spent 10 days conducting vehicle-mounted patrols throughout Los Angeles, before returning to Virginia.[47]

Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role following the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted.[48] However, Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations,[49] in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation; this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of the bombing.

After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened U.S. operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.

September 11 attacks

 
September 11 attacks at the Pentagon

During the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower, and he stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cybersecurity threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.[50]

In February 2001, Robert Hanssen was caught selling information to the Russian government. It was later learned that Hanssen, who had reached a high position within the FBI, had been selling intelligence since as early as 1979. He pleaded guilty to espionage and received a life sentence in 2002, but the incident led many to question the security practices employed by the FBI. There was also a claim that Hanssen might have contributed information that led to the September 11, 2001, attacks.[51]

The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004, stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI.[52] While the FBI did accede to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.[53]

On July 8, 2007, The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart's book Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11.[54] The Post reported, from Zegart's book, that government documents showed that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA, and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices continued to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff, classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors.[55]

Faulty bullet analysis

For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico had believed that lead alloys used in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It was analyzing the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop conducting bullet lead analyses.[56]

After a 60 Minutes/The Washington Post investigation in November 2007, two years later, the Bureau agreed to identify, review, and release all pertinent cases, and notify prosecutors about cases in which faulty testimony was given.[57]

Technology

In 2012, the FBI formed the National Domestic Communications Assistance Center to develop technology for assisting law enforcement with technical knowledge regarding communication services, technologies, and electronic surveillance.[58]

Organization

Organizational structure

 
FBI field divisions map
 
Organization chart for the FBI as of July 15, 2014
 
Redacted policy guide for the Counterterrorism Division (part of the FBI National Security Branch)

The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches, there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge. Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director.

The main branches of the FBI are:[59]

Each branch focuses on different tasks, and some focus on more than one. Here are some of the tasks that different branches are in charge of:

FBI Headquarters Washington D.C.

National Security Branch (NSB)[2][60]

Intelligence Branch (IB)[2]

FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch (CCRSB)[2][61]

Science and Technology Branch (STB)[2][61][62]

Other Headquarter Offices

Information and Technology Branch (ITB)[2][63][61]

Human Resources Branch (HRB)[2][61]

  • Training Division (TD)
  • Human Resources Division (HRD)
  • Security Division (SecD)

Administrative and financial management support[2]

  • Facilities and Logistics Services Division (FLSD)
  • Finance Division (FD)
  • Records Management Division (RMD)
  • Resource Planning Office (RPO)
  • Inspection Division (InSD)

Office of the Director

The Office of the Director serves as the central administrative organ of the FBI. The office provides staff support functions (such as finance and facilities management) to the five function branches and the various field divisions. The office is managed by the FBI associate director, who also oversees the operations of both the Information and Technology and Human Resources Branches.

Senior staff[59]

  • Deputy director
  • Associate deputy director
  • Chief of staff

Office of the Director[59]

  • Finance and Facilities Division
  • Information Management Division
  • Insider Threat Office
  • Inspection Division
  • Office of the Chief Information Officer
  • Office of Congressional Affairs (OCA)
  • Office of Diversity and Inclusion
  • Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs (OEEOA)
  • Office of the General Counsel (OGC)
  • Office of Integrity and Compliance (OIC)
  • Office of Internal Auditing
  • Office of the Ombudsman
  • Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
  • Office of Public Affairs (OPA)
  • Resource Planning Office
 
An FBI agent at a crime scene

Rank structure

The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI (in ascending order):[64][failed verification]

  • Field agents
    • New agent trainee
    • Special agent
    • Senior special agent
    • Supervisory special agent
    • Assistant special agent-in-charge (ASAC)
    • Special agent-in-charge (SAC)
       
      James Comey speaks at the White House following his nomination by President Barack Obama to be the next director of the FBI, June 21, 2013.
  • FBI management
    • Deputy assistant director
    • Assistant director
    • Associate executive assistant director
    • Executive assistant director
    • Associate deputy director
    • Deputy chief of staff
    • Chief of staff and special counsel to the director
    • Deputy director
    • Director

Legal authority

 
FBI badge and service pistol, a Glock Model 22, .40 S&W caliber

The FBI's mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States."[65] Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes.

The FBI's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterward. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records[66] of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s).

In the early 1980s, Senate hearings were held to examine FBI undercover operations in the wake of the Abscam controversy, which had allegations of entrapment of elected officials. As a result, in the following years a number of guidelines were issued to constrain FBI activities.

Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U.S. Attorney or Department of Justice official, who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted.

The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security,[67] and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative manpower as the FBI and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then–Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force.

Indian reservations

 
FBI Director James Comey visiting the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota in June 2016

The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating[68] and prosecuting serious crime on Indian reservations.[69]

There are 565 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States, and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations. This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Justice Services (BIA-OJS).

Located within the FBI's Criminal Investigative Division, the Indian Country Crimes Unit (ICCU) is responsible for developing and implementing strategies, programs, and policies to address identified crime problems in Indian Country (IC) for which the FBI has responsibility.

— Overview, Indian Country Crime[70]

The FBI does not specifically list crimes in Native American land as one of its priorities.[71] Often serious crimes have been either poorly investigated or prosecution has been declined. Tribal courts can impose sentences of up to three years, under certain restrictions.[72][73]

Infrastructure

 
The J. Edgar Hoover Building, FBI headquarters
 
FBI Mobile Command Center, Washington Field Office

The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C., with 56 field offices[74] in major cities across the United States. The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States, as well as over 50 legal attachés at United States embassies and consulates. Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico, Virginia, as well as a "data campus" in Clarksburg, West Virginia, where 96 million sets of fingerprints "from across the United States are stored, along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan."[75] The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division, which processes Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, to Winchester, Virginia.[76]

According to The Washington Post, the FBI "is building a vast repository controlled by people who work in a top-secret vault on the fourth floor of the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington. This one stores the profiles of tens of thousands of Americans and legal residents who are not accused of any crime. What they have done is appear to be acting suspiciously to a town sheriff, a traffic cop or even a neighbor."[75]

The FBI Laboratory, established with the formation of the BOI,[77] did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974. The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA, biological, and physical work. Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The services the lab conducts include Chemistry, Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), Computer Analysis and Response, DNA Analysis, Evidence Response, Explosives, Firearms and Tool marks, Forensic Audio, Forensic Video, Image Analysis, Forensic Science Research, Forensic Science Training, Hazardous Materials Response, Investigative and Prospective Graphics, Latent Prints, Materials Analysis, Questioned Documents, Racketeering Records, Special Photographic Analysis, Structural Design, and Trace Evidence.[78] The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state, local, and international agencies free of charge. The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy.

The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia, is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI special agents. Going through the 21-week course is required for every special agent.[79] First opened for use in 1972, the facility is located on 385 acres (156 hectares) of woodland. The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit, Firearms Training Unit, Forensic Science Research and Training Center, Technology Services Unit (TSU), Investigative Training Unit, Law Enforcement Communication Unit, Leadership and Management Science Units (LSMU), Physical Training Unit, New Agents' Training Unit (NATU), Practical Applications Unit (PAU), the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the "College of Analytical Studies".

 
The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia

In 2000, the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology (IT) infrastructure. This project, originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $380 million, ended up over budget and behind schedule.[80] Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful, but attempts to develop new investigation software, outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), were not. Virtual Case File, or VCF, as the software was known, was plagued by poorly defined goals, and repeated changes in management.[81] In January 2005, more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion, the FBI officially abandoned the project. At least $100 million (and much more by some estimates) was spent on the project, which never became operational. The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade-old Automated Case Support system, which IT experts consider woefully inadequate. In March 2005, the FBI announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project, code-named Sentinel, which they expected to complete by 2009.[82]

 
The FBI Field Office in Chelsea, Massachusetts

Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000". DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight.

The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division[83] is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.

The FBI heads the National Virtual Translation Center, which provides "timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the Intelligence Community."[84]

In June 2021, the FBI held a groundbreaking for its planned FBI Innovation Center, set to be built in Huntsville, Alabama. The Innovation Center is to be part of a large, college-like campus costing a total of $1.3 billion in Redstone Arsenal and will act as a center for cyber threat intelligence, data analytics, and emerging threat training.[85]

Personnel

 
An FBI Evidence Response Team[clarification needed]
 
Agents in training on the FBI Academy firing range

As of 31 December 2009, the FBI had a total of 33,852 employees. That includes 13,412 special agents and 20,420 support professionals, such as intelligence analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and other professionals.[86]

The Officer Down Memorial Page provides the biographies of 86 FBI agents who have died in the line of duty from 1925 to February 2021.[87]

Hiring process

To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37, unless one is a preference-eligible veteran, in which case one may apply after age 37.[88] The applicant must also hold U.S. citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance.[89] To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management.[90] Special agent candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use.[91] Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI.[92] Up until 1975, the FBI had a minimum height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm).[93]

BOI and FBI directors

Main article: Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

FBI directors are appointed (nominated) by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by the United States Senate to serve a term of office of ten years, subject to resignation or removal by the President at his/her discretion before their term ends. Additional terms are allowed following the same procedure.

J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation, as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, requiring Senate confirmation of appointments of future directors.[94] As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover. The last FBI director was Andrew McCabe. The current FBI director is Christopher A. Wray appointed by President Donald Trump.

The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along with the deputy director, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is staffed with qualified agents. Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then, the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who in turn reports to the President.

Firearms

 
A Glock 22 pistol in .40 S&W caliber

Upon qualification, an FBI special agent is issued a full-size Glock 22 or compact Glock 23 semi-automatic pistol, both of which are chambered in the .40 S&W cartridge. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock, in .40 S&W, for general agent use, and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Glock 23 "FG&R" (finger groove and rail; either 3rd generation or "Gen4") is the issue sidearm.[95] New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy. The Glock 26 (subcompact 9 mm Parabellum), Glock 23 and Glock 27 (.40 S&W compact and subcompact, respectively) are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are also authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock 21 in .45 ACP.[96]

Special agents of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Armory Professional Model 1911 pistol in .45 ACP.[97][98][99]

In June 2016, the FBI awarded Glock a contract for new handguns. Unlike the currently issued .40 S&W chambered Glock pistols, the new Glocks will be chambered for 9 mm Parabellum. The contract is for the full-size Glock 17M and the compact Glock 19M. The "M" means the Glocks have been modified to meet government standards specified by a 2015 government request for proposal.[100][101][102][103]

Publications

 
Publication following the January 6 United States Capitol attack

The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is published monthly by the FBI Law Enforcement Communication Unit,[104] with articles of interest to state and local law enforcement personnel. First published in 1932 as Fugitives Wanted by Police,[105] the FBI Law Bulletin covers topics including law enforcement technology and issues, such as crime mapping and use of force, as well as recent criminal justice research, and ViCAP alerts, on wanted suspects and key cases.

The FBI also publishes some reports for both law enforcement personnel as well as regular citizens covering topics including law enforcement, terrorism, cybercrime, white-collar crime, violent crime, and statistics.[106] However, the vast majority of federal government publications covering these topics are published by the Office of Justice Programs agencies of the United States Department of Justice, and disseminated through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service.

Crime statistics

During the 1920s the FBI began issuing crime reports by gathering numbers from local police departments.[107] Due to limitations of this system that were discovered during the 1960s and 1970s—victims often simply did not report crimes to the police in the first place—the Department of Justice developed an alternative method of tallying crime, the victimization survey.[107]

Uniform Crime Reports

Main article: Uniform Crime Reports

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes.[106] Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.

Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report for 2006 was released on June 4, 2006. The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1.3%, but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2.9% compared to 2005.[108]

National Incident-Based Reporting System

Main article: National Incident-Based Reporting System

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state, and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary-based UCR system. As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI.

eGuardian

eGuardian is the name of an FBI system, launched in January 2009, to share tips about possible terror threats with local police agencies. The program aims to get law enforcement at all levels sharing data quickly about suspicious activity and people.[109]

eGuardian enables near real-time sharing and tracking of terror information and suspicious activities with local, state, tribal, and federal agencies. The eGuardian system is a spin-off of a similar but classified tool called Guardian that has been used inside the FBI, and shared with vetted partners since 2005.[110]

Controversies

Main article: List of FBI controversies

Throughout its history, the FBI has been the subject of many controversies, both at home and abroad.

Specific practices include:

Media portrayal

Main article: FBI portrayal in media
 
The popular TV series The X-Files depicts the fictional FBI Special Agents Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) who investigate paranormal phenomena.

The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases.[128] A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the series The X-Files, which started in 1993 and concluded its eleventh season in early 2018, and concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional special agents, and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) agency in the TV drama 24, which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division. The 1991 movie Point Break depicts an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia. The 2005–2020 television series Criminal Minds, that follows the team members of the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) in the pursuit of serial killers. The 2017 TV series Riverdale where one of the main characters is an FBI agent. The 2015 TV series Quantico, titled after the location of the Bureau's training facility, deals with probationary and special agents, not all of whom, within the show's format, may be fully reliable or even trustworthy. The 2018 series FBI, set in NYC that follows the personal and professional lives of the agents assigned to 26 Federal Plaza (NYC FBI field office). FBI's first spin-off titled FBI: Most Wanted (2019), follows the FBI's Fugitive Task Force in chasing down the US's most wanted criminals, and the second spin-off, FBI: International (2021), follows the FBI's International Fly Team that goes where ever they're needed in the world to protect the US's interests.

Notable FBI personnel

See also

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  124. ^ . November 4, 2013. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  125. ^ "Still Spying on Dissent.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  126. ^ Speri, Alice (October 22, 2019). "The FBI's Long History of Treating Political Dissent as Terrorism". The Intercept. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  127. ^ "US non-profit sues FBI to learn about phone hacking capability". Thexyz Blog. December 26, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  128. ^ Powers, Richard Gid (1983). G-Men: Hoover's FBI in American Popular Culture. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-1096-1.

Further reading

  • Charles, Douglas M. (2007). J. Edgar Hoover and the Anti-interventionists: FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State, 1939–1945. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-1061-1.
  • Graves, Melissa. "FBI Historiography: From Leader to Organisation" in Christopher R. Moran, Christopher J. Murphy, eds. Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US: Historiography since 1945 (Edinburgh UP, 2013) pp. 129–145. online
  • Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History (Yale University Press, 2007).
  • Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. "The Historiography of the FBI", in Loch Johnson, ed., A Handbook of Intelligence (Routledge, 2006). pp. 39–51.
  • Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. "Forcing Out Unwanted FBI Directors: A Brief, Messy History", Vox, (May 23, 2017).
  • Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. "A brief history of the FBI's meddling in US politics" Vox, (November 5, 2016).
  • Kessler, Ronald (1993). The FBI: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency. Pocket Books Publications. ISBN 978-0-671-78657-1.
  • Lindorff, Dave, "Brothers against the Bureau: Ted Hall, the Soviet Union's youngest atomic spy, his rocket scientist brother Ed, and the untold story of how J. Edgar Hoover's biggest Manhattan Project bust was shut down", The Nation, vol. 314, no. 1 (January 10–17, 2022), pp. 26–31.
  • Powers, Richard Gid (1983). G-Men, Hoover's FBI in American Popular Culture. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1096-8.
  • Sullivan, William (1979). The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-01236-1.
  • Theoharis, Athan G.; John Stuart Cox (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
  • Theoharis, Athan G.; Tony G. Poveda; Susan Rosenfeld; Richard Gid Powers (2000). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-4228-9.
  • Theoharis, Athan G. (2004). The FBI and American Democracy: A Brief Critical History. Kansas: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7006-1345-8.
  • Thomas, William H., Jr. (2008). Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22890-3.
  • Tonry, Michael, ed. (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6.
  • Trahair, Richard C. S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Ballentine: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31955-6.
  • Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). "A History of FBI Handguns". American Rifleman. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  • Weiner, Tim (2012). Enemies. A History of the FBI. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6748-0.
  • Williams, David (1981). "The Bureau of Investigation and its Critics, 1919–1921: the Origins of Federal Political Surveillance". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 68 (3): 560–579. doi:10.2307/1901939. JSTOR 1901939. S2CID 155600905.
  • , (2013)
  • Church Committee Report, Vol. 6, "Federal Bureau of Investigation". 1975 congressional inquiry into American intelligence operations.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Bureau of Investigation.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Federal Bureau of Investigation.
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation from the Federation of American Scientists
  • The Vault, FBI electronic reading room (launched April 2011)
  • Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
  • FBI Collection at Internet Archive, files on over 1,100 subjects
  • William H. Thomas, Jr.: Bureau of Investigation, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
  • FBI coverage at C-SPAN

January 09, 2023
federal, bureau, investigation, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, domestic, intelligence, security, service, united, states, principal, federal, enforcement, agency, operating, under, jurisdiction, united, states, department, justice, also, member,. FBI redirects here For other uses see FBI disambiguation The Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice the FBI is also a member of the U S Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence 3 A leading U S counterterrorism counterintelligence and criminal investigative organization the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes 4 5 Federal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation s sealFBI special agent badgeFlag of the Federal Bureau of InvestigationAbbreviationFBIMottoFidelity Bravery IntegrityAgency overviewFormedJuly 26 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation Employees 35 000 1 Annual budgetUS 9 748 829 000 FY 2021 2 Jurisdictional structureFederal agencyUnited StatesOperations jurisdictionUnited StatesGeneral natureFederal law enforcementOperational structureHeadquartersJ Edgar Hoover BuildingWashington D C U S 38 53 42 7 N 77 1 30 0 W 38 895194 N 77 025000 W 38 895194 77 025000 Coordinates 38 53 42 7 N 77 1 30 0 W 38 895194 N 77 025000 W 38 895194 77 025000Agency executivesChristopher A Wray DirectorPaul Abbate Deputy DirectorJeffrey Sallet Associate Deputy DirectorCorey Ellis Chief of StaffParent agencyDepartment of JusticeOffice of the Director of National IntelligenceWebsitewww wbr fbi wbr govAlthough many of the FBI s functions are unique its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and NCA the New Zealand GCSB and the Russian FSB Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency CIA which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad the FBI is primarily a domestic agency maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation At an FBI field office a senior level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence 6 7 Despite its domestic focus the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint operating 60 Legal Attache LEGAT offices and 15 sub offices in U S embassies and consulates across the globe These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries 8 The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas 9 just as the CIA has a limited domestic function these activities generally require coordination across government agencies The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation the BOI or BI for short Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI in 1935 10 The FBI headquarters is the J Edgar Hoover Building in Washington D C Contents 1 Mission priorities and budget 1 1 Mission 1 2 Priorities 1 3 Budget 2 History 2 1 Background 2 2 Creation of BOI 2 3 Creation of FBI 2 4 J Edgar Hoover as FBI director 2 4 1 National security 2 4 2 Japanese American internment 2 4 3 Sex deviates program 2 4 4 Civil rights movement 2 4 5 Kennedy s assassination 2 5 Organized crime 2 6 Special FBI teams 2 7 Notable efforts in the 1990s 2 8 September 11 attacks 2 9 Faulty bullet analysis 2 10 Technology 3 Organization 3 1 Organizational structure 3 1 1 FBI Headquarters Washington D C 3 1 2 Other Headquarter Offices 3 2 Office of the Director 3 3 Rank structure 4 Legal authority 4 1 Indian reservations 5 Infrastructure 6 Personnel 6 1 Hiring process 6 2 BOI and FBI directors 7 Firearms 8 Publications 8 1 Crime statistics 8 1 1 Uniform Crime Reports 8 1 2 National Incident Based Reporting System 9 eGuardian 10 Controversies 11 Media portrayal 12 Notable FBI personnel 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksMission priorities and budget FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide pdf file MissionThe mission of the FBI is Protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States 2 11 Priorities Currently the FBI s top priorities are 11 Protect the United States from terrorist attacks Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations espionage and cyber operations Combat significant cyber criminal activity Combat public corruption at all levels Protect civil rights Combat transnational criminal enterprises Combat major white collar crime Combat significant violent crimeBudget In the fiscal year 2019 the Bureau s total budget was approximately 9 6 billion 12 In the Authorization and Budget Request to Congress for fiscal year 2021 13 the FBI asked for 9 800 724 000 Of that money 9 748 829 000 would be used for Salaries and Expenses S amp E and 51 895 000 for Construction 2 The S amp E program saw an increase of 199 673 000 HistoryBackground In 1896 the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals The 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that the United States was under threat from anarchists The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them 14 page needed The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887 though it lacked the staff to do so It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th century President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General 15 Bonaparte reached out to other agencies including the U S Secret Service for personnel investigators in particular On May 27 1908 Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department 16 Again at Roosevelt s urging Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation which would then have its own staff of special agents 14 page needed Creation of BOI The Bureau of Investigation BOI was created on July 26 1908 17 Attorney General Bonaparte using Department of Justice expense funds 14 page needed hired thirty four people including some veterans of the Secret Service 18 19 to work for a new investigative agency Its first chief the title is now director was Stanley Finch Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908 14 page needed The bureau s first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act or Mann Act passed on June 25 1910 In 1932 the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation Creation of FBI The following year 1933 the BOI was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation DOI it became an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935 18 In the same year its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI J Edgar Hoover as FBI director J Edgar Hoover FBI director from 1924 to 1972 J Edgar Hoover served as FBI director from 1924 to 1972 a combined 48 years with the BOI DOI and FBI He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory or the FBI Laboratory which officially opened in 1932 as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure But as detailed below his proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau director especially in its later years After Hoover s death Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI directors to ten years Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders During the War on Crime of the 1930s FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who committed kidnappings bank robberies and murders throughout the nation including John Dillinger Baby Face Nelson Kate Ma Barker Alvin Creepy Karpis and George Machine Gun Kelly Other activities of its early decades focused on the scope and influence of the white supremacist group Ku Klux Klan a group with which the FBI was evidenced to be working in the Viola Liuzzo lynching case Earlier through the work of Edwin Atherton the BOI claimed to have successfully apprehended an entire army of Mexican neo revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid 1920s east of San Diego California Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers 20 In the 1927 case Olmstead v United States in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure as long as the FBI did not break into a person s home to complete the tapping 20 After Prohibition s repeal Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934 which outlawed non consensual phone tapping but did allow bugging 20 In the 1939 case Nardone v United States the court ruled that due to the 1934 law evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court 20 After Katz v United States 1967 overturned Olmstead Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtained warrants beforehand 20 National security Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested and six were executed Ex parte Quirin under their sentences Also during this time a joint US UK code breaking effort called The Venona Project with which the FBI was heavily involved broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence 21 Hoover was administering this project but he failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency CIA of it until 1952 Another notable case was the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957 22 The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US motivated Hoover to pursue his longstanding concern with the threat he perceived from the American Left Japanese American internment In 1939 the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the FBI Index list 23 Robert Shivers head of the Honolulu office obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7 1941 while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor 24 better source needed Mass arrests and searches of homes in most cases conducted without warrants began a few hours after the attack and over the next several weeks more than 5 500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody 25 On February 19 1942 President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066 but Roosevelt prevailed 26 The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations FBI agents handled their arrests 24 The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp and entering the camps usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials and grooming informants to monitor dissidents and troublemakers After the war the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities 24 Sex deviates program According to Douglas M Charles the FBI s sex deviates program began on April 10 1950 when J Edgar Hoover forwarded to the White House to the U S Civil Service Commission and to branches of the armed services a list of 393 alleged federal employees who had allegedly been arrested in Washington D C since 1947 on charges of sexual irregularities On June 20 1951 Hoover expanded the program by issuing a memo establishing a uniform policy for the handling of the increasing number of reports and allegations concerning present and past employees of the United States Government who assertedly sic are sex deviates The program was expanded to include non government jobs According to Athan Theoharis In 1951 he Hoover had unilaterally instituted a Sex Deviates program to purge alleged homosexuals from any position in the federal government from the lowliest clerk to the more powerful position of White house aide On May 27 1953 Executive Order 10450 went into effect The program was expanded further by this executive order by making all federal employment of homosexuals illegal On July 8 1953 the FBI forwarded to the U S Civil Service Commission information from the sex deviates program In 1977 1978 300 000 pages collected between 1930 and the mid 1970s in the sex deviates program were destroyed by FBI officials 27 28 29 Civil rights movement During the 1950s and 1960s FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or fellow travelers In 1956 for example Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr T R M Howard a civil rights leader surgeon and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W Lee Emmett Till and other blacks in the South 30 The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO from COunter INTELligence PROgram 31 It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States including both militant and non violent organizations Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr who is addressed in more detail below 32 The suicide letter 33 mailed anonymously to King by the FBI The FBI frequently investigated King In the mid 1960s King began to criticize the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most notorious liar in the United States 34 In his 1991 memoir Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide 35 Historian Taylor Branch documents an anonymous November 1964 suicide package sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him You are done There is only one way out for you with audio recordings of King s sexual indiscretions 36 In March 1971 the residential office of an FBI agent in Media Pennsylvania was burgled by a group calling itself the Citizens Commission to Investigate the FBI Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers including The Harvard Crimson 37 The files detailed the FBI s extensive COINTELPRO program which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry S Reuss of Wisconsin 37 The country was jolted by the revelations which included assassinations of political activists and the actions were denounced by members of the Congress including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs 37 The phones of some members of the Congress including Boggs had allegedly been tapped 37 Kennedy s assassination When President John F Kennedy was shot and killed the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President Lyndon B Johnson directed the FBI to take over the investigation 38 To ensure clarity about the responsibility for investigation of homicides of federal officials the Congress passed a law that included investigations of such deaths of federal officials especially by homicide within FBI jurisdiction This new law was passed in 1965 39 40 41 Organized crime An FBI surveillance photograph of Joseph D Pistone aka Donnie Brasco Benjamin Lefty Ruggiero and Edgar Robb aka Tony Rossi 1980s In response to organized crime on August 25 1953 the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers 42 After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act or RICO Act took effect the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition organized groups which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations using the provisions provided in the RICO Act Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who may fall under the Act s provisions In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI s organized crime informant program one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement 43 The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward Teddy Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi an FBI informant Three of the men were sentenced to death which was later reduced to life in prison and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison 43 Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years In July 2007 U S District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster Joseph Barboza The U S Government was ordered to pay 100 million in damages to the four defendants 44 Special FBI teams FBI SWAT agents in a training exercise In 1982 the FBI formed an elite unit 45 to help with problems that might arise at the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles particularly terrorism and major crime This was a result of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich Germany when terrorists murdered the Israeli athletes Named the Hostage Rescue Team or HRT it acts as a dedicated FBI SWAT team dealing primarily with counter terrorism scenarios Unlike the special agents serving on local FBI SWAT teams HRT does not conduct investigations Instead HRT focuses solely on additional tactical proficiency and capabilities Also formed in 1984 was the Computer Analysis and Response Team or CART 46 From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter intelligence duties to violent crime and made violent crime the sixth national priority With cuts to other well established departments and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War 46 the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines which is a federal offense The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924 Notable efforts in the 1990s An FBI agent tags the cockpit voice recorder from EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the USS Grapple ARS 53 at the crash site on November 13 1999 On May 1 1992 FBI SWAT and HRT personnel in Los Angeles County California aided local officials in securing peace within the area during the 1992 Los Angeles riots HRT operators for instance spent 10 days conducting vehicle mounted patrols throughout Los Angeles before returning to Virginia 47 Between 1993 and 1996 the FBI increased its counter terrorism role following the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996 Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted 48 However Justice Department investigations into the FBI s roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta Georgia the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell who was a private security guard at the venue along with some media organizations 49 in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of the bombing After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act CALEA 1994 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA 1996 and the Economic Espionage Act EEA 1996 the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998 just as it did with its CART team in 1991 Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center CITAC and the National Infrastructure Protection Center NIPC were created to deal with the increase in Internet related problems such as computer viruses worms and other malicious programs that threatened U S operations With these developments the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems September 11 attacks September 11 attacks at the Pentagon During the September 11 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center FBI agent Leonard W Hatton Jr was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and he stayed when it collapsed Within months after the attacks FBI Director Robert Mueller who had been sworn in a week before the attacks called for a re engineering of FBI structure and operations He made countering every federal crime a top priority including the prevention of terrorism countering foreign intelligence operations addressing cybersecurity threats other high tech crimes protecting civil rights combating public corruption organized crime white collar crime and major acts of violent crime 50 In February 2001 Robert Hanssen was caught selling information to the Russian government It was later learned that Hanssen who had reached a high position within the FBI had been selling intelligence since as early as 1979 He pleaded guilty to espionage and received a life sentence in 2002 but the incident led many to question the security practices employed by the FBI There was also a claim that Hanssen might have contributed information that led to the September 11 2001 attacks 51 The 9 11 Commission s final report on July 22 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency CIA were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11 attacks In its most damning assessment the report concluded that the country had not been well served by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI 52 While the FBI did accede to most of the recommendations including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence some former members of the 9 11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005 claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes 53 On July 8 2007 The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart s book Spying Blind The CIA the FBI and the Origins of 9 11 54 The Post reported from Zegart s book that government documents showed that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 The primary reasons for the failures included agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas inappropriate incentives for promotion and a lack of cooperation between the FBI CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community The book blamed the FBI s decentralized structure which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an effective counter terrorism or counter intelligence agency due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change For example FBI personnel practices continued to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI s auto mechanics and janitors 55 Faulty bullet analysis For over 40 years the FBI crime lab in Quantico had believed that lead alloys used in bullets had unique chemical signatures It was analyzing the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory but also to a single box of bullets The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18 month independent review of comparative bullet lead analysis In 2003 its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed and the conclusion that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence One year later the FBI decided to stop conducting bullet lead analyses 56 After a 60 Minutes The Washington Post investigation in November 2007 two years later the Bureau agreed to identify review and release all pertinent cases and notify prosecutors about cases in which faulty testimony was given 57 Technology In 2012 the FBI formed the National Domestic Communications Assistance Center to develop technology for assisting law enforcement with technical knowledge regarding communication services technologies and electronic surveillance 58 OrganizationOrganizational structure FBI field divisions map Organization chart for the FBI as of July 15 2014 Redacted policy guide for the Counterterrorism Division part of the FBI National Security Branch The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director which contains most administrative offices An executive assistant director manages each branch Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions each headed by an assistant director The various divisions are further divided into sub branches led by deputy assistant directors Within these sub branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director The main branches of the FBI are 59 FBI Intelligence Branch Executive Assistant Director Stephen Laycock FBI National Security Branch Executive Assistant Director John Brown FBI Criminal Cyber Response and Services Branch Executive Assistant Director Terry Wade FBI Science and Technology Branch Executive Assistant Director Darrin E Jones FBI Information and Technology Branch Executive Assistant Director Michael Gavin Acting FBI Human Resources Branch Executive Assistant Director Jeffrey S SalletEach branch focuses on different tasks and some focus on more than one Here are some of the tasks that different branches are in charge of FBI Headquarters Washington D C National Security Branch NSB 2 60 Counterintelligence Division CD Counterterrorism Division CTD Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate WMDD High Value Detainee Interrogation Group HIG Terrorist Screening Center TSC Intelligence Branch IB 2 Directorate of Intelligence DI Office of Partner Engagement OPE Office of Private SectorFBI Criminal Cyber Response and Services Branch CCRSB 2 61 Criminal Investigation Division CID Cyber Division CyD Critical Incident Response Group CIRG International Operation Division IOD Victim Services DivisionScience and Technology Branch STB 2 61 62 Operational Technology Division OTD Laboratory Division LD Criminal Justice Information Services CJIA DivisionOther Headquarter Offices Information and Technology Branch ITB 2 63 61 IT Enterprise Services Division ITESD IT Applications and Data Division ITADD IT Infrastructure Division ITID IT Management Division IT Engineering Division IT Services DivisionHuman Resources Branch HRB 2 61 Training Division TD Human Resources Division HRD Security Division SecD Administrative and financial management support 2 Facilities and Logistics Services Division FLSD Finance Division FD Records Management Division RMD Resource Planning Office RPO Inspection Division InSD Office of the Director The Office of the Director serves as the central administrative organ of the FBI The office provides staff support functions such as finance and facilities management to the five function branches and the various field divisions The office is managed by the FBI associate director who also oversees the operations of both the Information and Technology and Human Resources Branches Senior staff 59 Deputy director Associate deputy director Chief of staffOffice of the Director 59 Finance and Facilities Division Information Management Division Insider Threat Office Inspection Division Office of the Chief Information Officer Office of Congressional Affairs OCA Office of Diversity and Inclusion Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs OEEOA Office of the General Counsel OGC Office of Integrity and Compliance OIC Office of Internal Auditing Office of the Ombudsman Office of Professional Responsibility OPR Office of Public Affairs OPA Resource Planning Office An FBI agent at a crime scene Rank structure The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI in ascending order 64 failed verification Field agents New agent trainee Special agent Senior special agent Supervisory special agent Assistant special agent in charge ASAC Special agent in charge SAC James Comey speaks at the White House following his nomination by President Barack Obama to be the next director of the FBI June 21 2013 FBI management Deputy assistant director Assistant director Associate executive assistant director Executive assistant director Associate deputy director Deputy chief of staff Chief of staff and special counsel to the director Deputy director DirectorLegal authority FBI badge and service pistol a Glock Model 22 40 S amp W caliber The FBI s mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code U S Code Section 533 which authorizes the Attorney General to appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States 65 Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes The FBI s chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations RICO Act The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice DOJ The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so called sneak and peek provision granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterward Under the PATRIOT Act s provisions the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records 66 of those who are suspected of terrorism something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s In the early 1980s Senate hearings were held to examine FBI undercover operations in the wake of the Abscam controversy which had allegations of entrapment of elected officials As a result in the following years a number of guidelines were issued to constrain FBI activities Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U S Attorney or Department of Justice official who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies including the U S Coast Guard USCG and U S Customs and Border Protection CBP in seaport and airport security 67 and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents Immigration and Customs Enforcement s Homeland Security Investigations HSI has nearly the same amount of investigative manpower as the FBI and investigates the largest range of crimes In the wake of the September 11 attacks then Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U S Department of Homeland Security HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force Indian reservations FBI Director James Comey visiting the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota in June 2016 The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating 68 and prosecuting serious crime on Indian reservations 69 There are 565 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Justice Services BIA OJS Located within the FBI s Criminal Investigative Division the Indian Country Crimes Unit ICCU is responsible for developing and implementing strategies programs and policies to address identified crime problems in Indian Country IC for which the FBI has responsibility Overview Indian Country Crime 70 The FBI does not specifically list crimes in Native American land as one of its priorities 71 Often serious crimes have been either poorly investigated or prosecution has been declined Tribal courts can impose sentences of up to three years under certain restrictions 72 73 Infrastructure The J Edgar Hoover Building FBI headquarters FBI Mobile Command Center Washington Field Office The FBI is headquartered at the J Edgar Hoover Building in Washington D C with 56 field offices 74 in major cities across the United States The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States as well as over 50 legal attaches at United States embassies and consulates Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico Virginia as well as a data campus in Clarksburg West Virginia where 96 million sets of fingerprints from across the United States are stored along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen Iraq and Afghanistan 75 The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division which processes Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests to Winchester Virginia 76 According to The Washington Post the FBI is building a vast repository controlled by people who work in a top secret vault on the fourth floor of the J Edgar Hoover Building in Washington This one stores the profiles of tens of thousands of Americans and legal residents who are not accused of any crime What they have done is appear to be acting suspiciously to a town sheriff a traffic cop or even a neighbor 75 The FBI Laboratory established with the formation of the BOI 77 did not appear in the J Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974 The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA biological and physical work Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J Edgar Hoover Building The services the lab conducts include Chemistry Combined DNA Index System CODIS Computer Analysis and Response DNA Analysis Evidence Response Explosives Firearms and Tool marks Forensic Audio Forensic Video Image Analysis Forensic Science Research Forensic Science Training Hazardous Materials Response Investigative and Prospective Graphics Latent Prints Materials Analysis Questioned Documents Racketeering Records Special Photographic Analysis Structural Design and Trace Evidence 78 The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state local and international agencies free of charge The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy The FBI Academy located in Quantico Virginia is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI special agents Going through the 21 week course is required for every special agent 79 First opened for use in 1972 the facility is located on 385 acres 156 hectares of woodland The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies which are invited to the law enforcement training center The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit Firearms Training Unit Forensic Science Research and Training Center Technology Services Unit TSU Investigative Training Unit Law Enforcement Communication Unit Leadership and Management Science Units LSMU Physical Training Unit New Agents Training Unit NATU Practical Applications Unit PAU the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the College of Analytical Studies The FBI Academy located in Quantico Virginia In 2000 the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology IT infrastructure This project originally scheduled to take three years and cost around 380 million ended up over budget and behind schedule 80 Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful but attempts to develop new investigation software outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation SAIC were not Virtual Case File or VCF as the software was known was plagued by poorly defined goals and repeated changes in management 81 In January 2005 more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion the FBI officially abandoned the project At least 100 million and much more by some estimates was spent on the project which never became operational The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade old Automated Case Support system which IT experts consider woefully inadequate In March 2005 the FBI announced it was beginning a new more ambitious software project code named Sentinel which they expected to complete by 2009 82 The FBI Field Office in Chelsea Massachusetts Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications After prolonged negative coverage in the press the FBI changed the name of its system from Carnivore to DCS1000 DCS is reported to stand for Digital Collection System the system has the same functions as before The Associated Press reported in mid January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001 in favor of commercially available software such as NarusInsight The Criminal Justice Information Services CJIS Division 83 is located in Clarksburg West Virginia Organized beginning in 1991 the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division The complex is the length of three football fields It provides a main repository for information in various data systems Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center NCIC Uniform Crime Reporting UCR Fingerprint Identification Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System IAFIS NCIC 2000 and the National Incident Based Reporting System NIBRS Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local state federal and international law enforcement agencies The FBI heads the National Virtual Translation Center which provides timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the Intelligence Community 84 In June 2021 the FBI held a groundbreaking for its planned FBI Innovation Center set to be built in Huntsville Alabama The Innovation Center is to be part of a large college like campus costing a total of 1 3 billion in Redstone Arsenal and will act as a center for cyber threat intelligence data analytics and emerging threat training 85 Personnel An FBI Evidence Response Team clarification needed Agents in training on the FBI Academy firing range As of 31 December 2009 update the FBI had a total of 33 852 employees That includes 13 412 special agents and 20 420 support professionals such as intelligence analysts language specialists scientists information technology specialists and other professionals 86 The Officer Down Memorial Page provides the biographies of 86 FBI agents who have died in the line of duty from 1925 to February 2021 87 Hiring process To apply to become an FBI agent one must be between the ages of 23 and 37 unless one is a preference eligible veteran in which case one may apply after age 37 88 The applicant must also hold U S citizenship be of high moral character have a clean record and hold at least a four year bachelor s degree At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required All FBI employees require a Top Secret TS security clearance and in many instances employees need a TS SCI Top Secret Sensitive Compartmented Information clearance 89 To obtain a security clearance all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations SSBI which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management 90 Special agent candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test PFT which includes a 300 meter run one minute sit ups maximum push ups and a 1 5 mile 2 4 km run Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use 91 Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI 92 Up until 1975 the FBI had a minimum height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches 170 cm 93 BOI and FBI directors Main article Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI directors are appointed nominated by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by the United States Senate to serve a term of office of ten years subject to resignation or removal by the President at his her discretion before their term ends Additional terms are allowed following the same procedure J Edgar Hoover appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 was by far the longest serving director serving until his death in 1972 In 1968 Congress passed legislation as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 requiring Senate confirmation of appointments of future directors 94 As the incumbent this legislation did not apply to Hoover The last FBI director was Andrew McCabe The current FBI director is Christopher A Wray appointed by President Donald Trump The FBI director is responsible for the day to day operations at the FBI Along with the deputy director the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is staffed with qualified agents Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI Since then the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence DNI who in turn reports to the President Firearms A Glock 22 pistol in 40 S amp W caliber Upon qualification an FBI special agent is issued a full size Glock 22 or compact Glock 23 semi automatic pistol both of which are chambered in the 40 S amp W cartridge In May 1997 the FBI officially adopted the Glock in 40 S amp W for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98 1 in October 1997 At present the Glock 23 FG amp R finger groove and rail either 3rd generation or Gen4 is the issue sidearm 95 New agents are issued firearms on which they must qualify on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy The Glock 26 subcompact 9 mm Parabellum Glock 23 and Glock 27 40 S amp W compact and subcompact respectively are authorized as secondary weapons Special agents are also authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock 21 in 45 ACP 96 Special agents of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team HRT and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Armory Professional Model 1911 pistol in 45 ACP 97 98 99 In June 2016 the FBI awarded Glock a contract for new handguns Unlike the currently issued 40 S amp W chambered Glock pistols the new Glocks will be chambered for 9 mm Parabellum The contract is for the full size Glock 17M and the compact Glock 19M The M means the Glocks have been modified to meet government standards specified by a 2015 government request for proposal 100 101 102 103 Publications Publication following the January 6 United States Capitol attack The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is published monthly by the FBI Law Enforcement Communication Unit 104 with articles of interest to state and local law enforcement personnel First published in 1932 as Fugitives Wanted by Police 105 the FBI Law Bulletin covers topics including law enforcement technology and issues such as crime mapping and use of force as well as recent criminal justice research and ViCAP alerts on wanted suspects and key cases The FBI also publishes some reports for both law enforcement personnel as well as regular citizens covering topics including law enforcement terrorism cybercrime white collar crime violent crime and statistics 106 However the vast majority of federal government publications covering these topics are published by the Office of Justice Programs agencies of the United States Department of Justice and disseminated through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service Crime statistics During the 1920s the FBI began issuing crime reports by gathering numbers from local police departments 107 Due to limitations of this system that were discovered during the 1960s and 1970s victims often simply did not report crimes to the police in the first place the Department of Justice developed an alternative method of tallying crime the victimization survey 107 Uniform Crime Reports Main article Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Reports UCR compile data from over 17 000 law enforcement agencies across the country They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest clearance or closing a case and law enforcement officer information The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes hate crimes and property crimes 106 Created in the 1920s the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape Since about 93 of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report for 2006 was released on June 4 2006 The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1 3 but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2 9 compared to 2005 108 National Incident Based Reporting System Main article National Incident Based Reporting System The National Incident Based Reporting System NIBRS crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes Local state and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system In addition to the Group A offenses eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary based UCR system As of 2004 update 5 271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data That amount represents 20 of the United States population and 16 of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI eGuardianeGuardian is the name of an FBI system launched in January 2009 to share tips about possible terror threats with local police agencies The program aims to get law enforcement at all levels sharing data quickly about suspicious activity and people 109 eGuardian enables near real time sharing and tracking of terror information and suspicious activities with local state tribal and federal agencies The eGuardian system is a spin off of a similar but classified tool called Guardian that has been used inside the FBI and shared with vetted partners since 2005 110 ControversiesMain article List of FBI controversies Throughout its history the FBI has been the subject of many controversies both at home and abroad Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates Congressman Luiz Gutierrez revealed that Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party had been watched for a decade long period in the 1930s 111 The Whitey Bulger case The FBI was and continues to be criticized for its handling of Boston criminal Whitey Bulger As a result of Bulger acting as an informant the agency turned a blind eye to his activities as an exchange 112 Latin America For decades during the Cold War the FBI placed agents to monitor the governments of Caribbean and Latin American nations 113 Domestic surveillance In 1985 it was found that the FBI had made use of surveillance devices on numerous American citizens between 1940 and 1960 114 Robert Hanssen In what is described by the US Department of Justice DOJ as possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U S history 115 Hanssen managed to evade the FBI as he simultaneously sold thousands of classified American documents to Soviet intelligence operatives Viola Liuzzo Gary Thomas Rowe an FBI informant who at the time was also an active member of the Ku Klux Klan assisted in the murder of Viola Liuzzo a civil rights activist in 1965 and afterwards defamatory rumors were spread by the Bureau about the victim 116 117 Ruby Ridge 1992 was a shootout between the FBI and Randy Weaver over his failure to appear for weapons charges 118 Waco siege 1993 was a failed raid by the ATF that resaulted in the death of 4 ATF agents and 6 Branch Davidians The FBI and US military got involved with the 51 day siege that followed The building ended up burning down killing 76 including 26 children This is what motivated Timothy McVeigh along with Ruby Ridge to carry out the Oklahoma City bombing 1995 119 Associated Press AP impersonation case A Bureau agent masquerading as an AP journalist placed surveillance software in the personal computer of a minor This resulted in a series of conflicts between the news agency and the FBI 120 121 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting A statement from the FBI confirmed that it had failed to act on a tip warning of the possibility of the shooting over a month prior to its occurrence which may have prevented the tragedy outright 122 Specific practices include Internal investigations of shootings A professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha suggested that FBI internal reports found a questionably high number of weapon discharges by its agents to be justified 123 Covert operations on political groups Political groups deemed disruptive have been investigated and discredited by the FBI in the aim of protecting national security preventing violence and maintaining the existing social and political order 124 FBI surveillance since 2010 In the years since 2010 it has been uncovered by various civil liberties groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union ACLU that the FBI earmarked disproportionate resources for the surveillance of left leaning movements and political organizations 125 The FBI has also committed several breaches of the First Amendment in this time 126 127 Files on U S citizens The Bureau kept files on certain individuals for varying reasons and lengths of time notably Elvis Presley Frank Sinatra John Denver Media portrayalMain article FBI portrayal in media The popular TV series The X Files depicts the fictional FBI Special Agents Dana Scully Gillian Anderson and Fox Mulder David Duchovny who investigate paranormal phenomena The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s The bureau has participated to varying degrees which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development to providing consultation on operations and closed cases 128 A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the series The X Files which started in 1993 and concluded its eleventh season in early 2018 and concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional special agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit CTU agency in the TV drama 24 which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division The 1991 movie Point Break depicts an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D Pistone infiltrating the Mafia The 2005 2020 television series Criminal Minds that follows the team members of the FBI s Behavioral Analysis Unit BAU in the pursuit of serial killers The 2017 TV series Riverdale where one of the main characters is an FBI agent The 2015 TV series Quantico titled after the location of the Bureau s training facility deals with probationary and special agents not all of whom within the show s format may be fully reliable or even trustworthy The 2018 series FBI set in NYC that follows the personal and professional lives of the agents assigned to 26 Federal Plaza NYC FBI field office FBI s first spin off titled FBI Most Wanted 2019 follows the FBI s Fugitive Task Force in chasing down the US s most wanted criminals and the second spin off FBI International 2021 follows the FBI s International Fly Team that goes where ever they re needed in the world to protect the US s interests Notable FBI personnelEdwin Atherton Ed Bethune James Comey Alaska P Davidson Sibel Edmonds W Mark Felt James R Fitzgerald Robert Hanssen J Edgar Hoover Lon Horiuchi John McClurg Richard Miller Robert Mueller Eric O Neill John P O Neill Joseph D Pistone Melvin Purvis Coleen Rowley Ali Soufan Sue Thomas Clyde Tolson Frederic WhitehurstSee also United States portal Law portal Politics portalDiplomatic Security Service DSS Law enforcement in the United States List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies State bureau of investigation United States Marshals Service USMS FBI Honorary Medals FBI Victims Identification Project History of espionage Inspector Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of InvestigationReferences About How many people work for the FBI fbi gov a b c d e f g h i j FY 2021 Authorization And Budget Request to Congress United States Justice Department February 2020 Retrieved January 9 2021 Our Strength Lies in Who We Are intelligence gov Archived from the original on August 10 2014 Retrieved August 4 2014 How does the FBI differ from the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA and the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives ATF Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on September 4 2017 Retrieved November 2 2017 Federal Bureau of Investigation Quick Facts Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on October 17 2011 Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Commerce Justice Science and Related Agencies Archived June 23 2016 at the Wayback Machine Federal Bureau of Investigation March 26 2014 FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities Archived July 16 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post June 19 2012 Overview of the Legal Attache Program Archived March 13 2016 at the Wayback Machine Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved March 25 2015 Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role Archived April 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press via NBC News February 15 2005 A Byte Out of History How the FBI Got Its Name FBI a b Mission amp Priorities Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved January 9 2021 Mission amp Priorities Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on July 11 2019 Retrieved July 29 2019 FY 2021 Authorization and Budget Request to Congress justice gov a b c d Weiner Tim 2012 Revolution Enemies a history of the FBI 1 ed New York Random House ISBN 978 0 679 64389 0 Findlay James G November 19 1943 Memorandum for the Director Re Early History of the Bureau of Investigation United States Department of Justice Historical Documents from the Bureau s Founding Los Angeles CA Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on July 3 2012 Retrieved August 14 2012 Bonaparte Charles Joseph Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States 1908 p 7 Historical Documents from the Bureau s Founding Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on May 10 2012 Retrieved August 14 2012 In my last annual report I called attention to the fact that this department was obliged to call upon the Treasury Department for detective service and had in fact no permanent executive force directly under its orders Through the prohibition of its further use of the Secret Service force contained in the Sundry Civil Appropriation Act approved May 27 1908 it became necessary for the department to organize a small force of special agents of its own Although such action was involuntary on the part of this department the consequences of the innovation have been on the whole moderately satisfactory The Special Agents placed as they are under the direct orders of the Chief Examiner who receives from them daily reports and summarizes these each day to the Attorney General are directly controlled by this department and the Attorney General knows or ought to know at all times what they are doing and at what cost FBI founded HISTORY a b Timeline of FBI History Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on March 16 2015 Retrieved March 20 2015 Langeluttig Albert 1927 The Department of Justice of the United States Johns Hopkins Press pp 9 14 a b c d e Greenberg David October 22 2001 Civil Rights Let Em Wiretap History News Network Archived from the original on March 1 2011 Retrieved February 15 2011 Benson Robert L The Venona Story National Security Agency Archived from the original on June 14 2006 Retrieved June 18 2006 Romerstein Herbert Breindel Eric 2001 The Venona Secrets Exposing Soviet Espionage and America s Traitors Regnery Publishing Inc p 209 ISBN 0 89526 225 8 Kashima Tetsuden Custodial detention A B C list Densho Encyclopedia Archived from the original on October 20 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 a b c Niiya Brian Federal Bureau of Investigation Densho Encyclopledia Archived from the original on October 20 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 About the Incarceration Densho Encyclopedia Archived from the original on August 13 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 J Edgar Hoover Archived from the original on November 6 2014 FBI and Homosexuality 1950 1959 FBI and Homosexuality Chronology OutHistory It s About Time outhistory org Archived from the original on December 4 2017 FBI and Homosexuality 1970 1979 FBI and Homosexuality Chronology OutHistory It s About Time outhistory org Archived from the original on June 5 2018 FBI and Homosexuality 2010 2019 FBI and Homosexuality Chronology OutHistory It s About Time outhistory org Archived from the original on December 4 2017 David T Beito and Linda Royster Beito Black Maverick T R M Howard s Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power Urbana University of Illinois Press 2009 148 154 59 Cassidy Mike M May 26 1999 A Short History of FBI COINTELPRO Monitor net Archived from the original on January 18 2000 Retrieved June 6 2006 Jalon Allan M April 8 2006 A Break In to End All Break Ins Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on June 20 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 Gage Beverly November 11 2014 What an Uncensored Letter to M L K Reveals The New York Times Archived from the original on January 7 2015 Retrieved January 9 2015 Taylor Branch Pillar of Fire America in the King Years 1963 1965 Simon and Schuster 1999 p 524 529 Adams Cecil M May 2 2003 Was Martin Luther King Jr a plagiarist The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved June 6 2006 Branch Taylor April 16 2007 Taylor Branch Pillar of Fire America in the King Years 1963 1965 Simon and Schuster 1999 p 527 529 ISBN 978 1 4165 5870 5 a b c d Frum David 2000 How We Got Here The 70s New York New York Basic Books p 40 ISBN 0 465 04195 7 Postwar America 1945 1960s Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 6 2015 5 things you might not know about JFK s assassination CNN com Archived from the original on November 16 2015 Retrieved November 11 2015 Public Law 89 141 Chapter 84 PRESIDENTIAL ASSASSINATION KIDNAPPING AND ASSAULT PDF Archived PDF from the original on September 22 2017 Retrieved September 20 2017 18 U S Code Chapter 84 PRESIDENTIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL STAFF ASSASSINATION KIDNAPPING AND ASSAULT Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Using Intel to Stop the Mob Part 2 Archived June 16 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 12 2010 a b Shelley Murphy July 27 2007 Evidence Of Injustice The Boston Globe Archived from the original on July 26 2008 Retrieved November 22 2007 Judge awards 100 mln for unjust convictions Reuters July 26 2007 Retrieved March 29 2021 Rise in International Crime Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 6 2015 a b End of the Cold War Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 6 2015 Anything Anytime Anywhere The Unofficial History of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team Page 10 25 PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 10 2021 Rise of a Wired World Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 6 2015 Richard Jewell v NBC and other Richard Jewell cases Media Libel Archived from the original on May 27 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 Change of Mandate Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 6 2015 Seper Jerry Osama access to state secrets helped 9 11 Daily Times Computer Crime Research Center Archived from the original on June 8 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 Shovelan John June 23 2004 9 11 Commission finds deep institutional failings ABC Au Archived from the original on February 21 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 Ex FBI Chief On Clinton s Scandals CBS News October 6 2004 Archived from the original on June 14 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 Zegart Amy September 1 2007 Spying Blind Princeton University Press Archived from the original on October 13 2007 Retrieved July 8 2007 Zegart Amy July 8 2007 Our Clueless Intelligence System The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 13 2007 Retrieved July 8 2007 FBI Laboratory Announces Discontinuation of Bullet Lead Examinations fbi gov FBI National Press Office Archived from the original on December 8 2014 Retrieved December 6 2014 Evidence Of Injustice CBS News November 18 2007 Archived from the original on November 20 2007 Retrieved November 22 2007 FBI quietly forms secretive Net surveillance unit CNet May 22 2012 Retrieved May 25 2012 a b c Leadership amp Structure Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved January 8 2021 National Security Branch Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved January 8 2021 a b c d FBI Organization Chart PDF United States Justice Department Archived PDF from the original on January 13 2013 Retrieved January 8 2021 Science and Technology Branch Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved January 8 2021 Information Technology Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved January 8 2021 fbi gov fbi gov Archived from the original on February 16 2011 Retrieved March 3 2012 US Code Title 28 533 Investigative and other officials appointment Cornell Law School Retrieved February 15 2011 Egelko Bob Maria Alicia Gaura March 10 2003 Libraries post Patriot Act warnings Santa Cruz branches tell patrons that FBI may spy on them San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on April 29 2011 Retrieved February 15 2011 The Federal Bureau of Investigation s Efforts to Protect the Nation s Seaports PDF U S Department of Justice Office of Inspector General March 2006 Archived PDF from the original on October 1 2009 Retrieved February 15 2011 Indian Country Crime Archived August 8 2010 at the Wayback Machine FBI website accessed August 10 2010 Native Americans in South Dakota An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System Usccr gov Archived from the original on March 6 2012 Retrieved March 3 2012 Overview Indian Country Crime Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved October 26 2012 FBI Facts and Figures Archived September 22 2010 at the Wayback Machine See prominently displayed list of priorities accessed August 10 2010 Michael Riley Expansion of tribal courts authority passes Senate Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Denver Post Posted 25 June 2010 01 00 00 am MDT Updated 25 June 2010 02 13 47 am MDT Accessed June 25 2010 Michael Riley President Obama signs tribal justice changes Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Denver Post Posted 30 July 2010 01 00 00 am MDT Updated 30 July 2010 06 00 20 am MDT accessed July 30 2010 Federal Bureau of Investigation Field Divisions Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on August 15 2009 a b Priest Dana and Arkin William December 2010 Monitoring America Archived December 22 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post Reid Sarah A July 26 2006 One of the biggest things the FBI has ever done The Winchester Star Archived from the original on February 23 2007 FBI Laboratory History Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 3 2015 FBI Laboratory Services Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on October 16 2007 Special Agent Career Path Program Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on July 2 2007 Sherman Mark Lawmakers criticize FBI director s expensive project Newszine Archived from the original on August 30 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 Gerin Roseanne January 14 2005 SAIC rejects Trilogy criticism Washington Technology Archived from the original on December 2 2008 Retrieved June 6 2006 Arnone Michael June 25 2005 Senators seek to fast track FBI s Sentinel FCW Com Archived from the original on October 25 2006 Retrieved June 6 2006 The CJIS Mission Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on September 16 2008 Lost in Translation Not at the National Virtual Translation Center Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on March 13 2016 Gattis Paul June 29 2021 FBI Director Christopher Wray visits Huntsville for celebration at 1 3 billion campus al com Retrieved June 30 2021 Federal Bureau of Investigation About Us Quick Facts Archived from the original on October 17 2011 The Officer Down Memorial Page United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington DC Archived from the original on August 22 2010 Due to the decision in Robert P Isabella v Department of State and Office of Personnel Management 2008 M S P B 146 In 2009 the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision CHCOC Archived August 8 2012 at the Wayback Machine Chcoc gov Retrieved on July 23 2013 Federal Bureau of Investigation Jobs Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on July 2 2007 Review of the Security and Emergency Planning Staff s Management of Background Investigations U S Department of Justice Office of Inspector General September 2005 Archived from the original on August 16 2006 FAQ FBI Jobs Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on October 18 2012 Taylor Marisa FBI turns away many applicants who fail lie detector tests Archived July 9 2013 at the Wayback Machine The McClatchy Company May 20 2013 Retrieved on July 25 2013 FBI to Allow Agents to Be Short PDF San Francisco Chronicle Associated Press June 25 1975 Archived PDF from the original on October 20 2016 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub L 90 351 June 19 1968 82 Stat 197 sec 1101 Vanderpool Bill August 22 2011 A History of FBI Handguns American Rifleman National Rifle Association of America Archived from the original on February 1 2017 Vanderpool Bill August 22 2011 A History of FBI Handguns American Rifleman National Rifle Association of America Archived from the original on February 1 2017 The only personally owned handguns now on the approved list are the Glock 21 full size 45 ACP the Glock 26 sub compact 9 mm and the 27 sub compact 40 S amp W Vanderpool Bill August 22 2011 A History of FBI Handguns American Rifleman National Rifle Association of America Archived from the original on February 1 2017 Also in the 80s HRT adopted the Browning Hi Power The first Hi Powers were customized by Wayne Novak and later ones by the FBI gunsmiths at Quantico They were popular with the super SWAT guys and several hesitated to give them up when they were replaced by 45 ACP single action pistols the first ones built by Les Baer which used high capacity Para Ordnance frames Later Springfield Armory s Bureau Model replaced the Baer guns Field SWAT teams were also issued 45s and most still use them Operator Tactical Gray Configuration Adds New Color and Adjustable Combat Sights Springfield Armory January 19 2017 Archived from the original on September 24 2017 Originally developed as a consumer friendly option for the FBI contract Professional Model 1911 the TRP family provides high end custom shop features in a production class pistol RO Elite Series Springfield Armory Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Every new RO Elite series pistol is clad in the same Black T treatment specified on Springfield Armory 1911s built for the FBI s regional SWAT and Hostage Rescue Teams Smith Aaron June 30 2016 Glock wins 85 million FBI contract CNN Archived from the original on September 10 2016 F B I Awards Glock New Duty Pistol Contract Blue Sheepdog June 30 2016 Archived from the original on March 6 2017 Terrill Daniel June 30 2016 FBI goes back to 9 mm with Glock Guns com Archived from the original on March 6 2017 FBI Chooses 9 mm Glocks for New Service Pistols Outdoor Hub Archived from the original on March 6 2017 Law Enforcement Communication Unit Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on April 17 2009 History of the FBI The New Deal 1933 Late 1930s Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on January 6 2015 a b Federal Bureau of Investigation Reports amp Publications Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on March 26 2016 a b Frum David 2000 How We Got Here The 70s New York NY Basic Books p 12 ISBN 0 465 04195 7 Preliminary Crime Statistics for 2006 Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on April 11 2010 FBI Launches Tip Sharing For Inauguration CBS News January 13 2009 Archived from the original on January 25 2009 Retrieved January 13 2009 eGuardian FBI Shares Threat Info With Local Police Agencies National Terror Alert Response Center January 13 2009 Archived from the original on January 14 2010 Retrieved January 13 2009 Navarro Mireya February 23 2017 New Light on Old F B I Fight Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups The New York Times Archived from the original on February 23 2017 Retrieved July 20 2021 Barnicle Mike December 18 2013 James Whitey Bulger Got Away With Murder Thanks to the FBI Time Archived from the original on December 18 2013 Retrieved July 20 2021 Che Guevara and the FBI U S Political Police Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary by Michael Ratner Reviews Discussion Bookclubs Lists May 13 2014 Archived from the original on May 13 2014 Retrieved July 20 2021 Agur Colin November 2013 Negotiated Order The Fourth Amendment Telephone Surveillance and Social Interactions 1878 1968 Information amp Culture 48 4 419 447 doi 10 7560 ic48402 hdl 11299 182084 ISSN 2164 8034 A Review of FBI Security Programs fas org Retrieved July 20 2021 May Gary May 11 2005 The Informant Yale University Press doi 10 12987 yale 9780300106350 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 300 10635 0 Jonathan Yardley By Jonathan Yardley www webcitation org Archived from the original on May 4 2011 Retrieved July 20 2021 Randy Weaver key figure behind bloody Ruby Ridge standoff near Canada U S border dies CBC Waco Siege Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation Los Angeles Times December 24 2017 Archived from the original on December 24 2017 Retrieved July 20 2021 AP demands FBI never again impersonate journalist Associated Press December 24 2017 Archived from the original on December 24 2017 Retrieved July 20 2021 FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland Florida FBI February 17 2018 Archived from the original on February 17 2018 Retrieved July 20 2021 The F B I Deemed Agents Faultless in 150 Shootings The New York Times June 18 2013 Retrieved February 25 2022 U S Senate Select Committee on Intelligence November 4 2013 Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved July 20 2021 Still Spying on Dissent pdf Google Docs Retrieved July 20 2021 Speri Alice October 22 2019 The FBI s Long History of Treating Political Dissent as Terrorism The Intercept Retrieved July 20 2021 US non profit sues FBI to learn about phone hacking capability Thexyz Blog December 26 2020 Retrieved July 20 2021 Powers Richard Gid 1983 G Men Hoover s FBI in American Popular Culture Carbondale IL Southern Illinois University Press ISBN 0 8093 1096 1 Further readingCharles Douglas M 2007 J Edgar Hoover and the Anti interventionists FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State 1939 1945 Columbus Ohio Ohio State University Press ISBN 978 0 8142 1061 1 Graves Melissa FBI Historiography From Leader to Organisation in Christopher R Moran Christopher J Murphy eds Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US Historiography since 1945 Edinburgh UP 2013 pp 129 145 online Jeffreys Jones Rhodri The FBI A History Yale University Press 2007 Jeffreys Jones Rhodri The Historiography of the FBI in Loch Johnson ed A Handbook of Intelligence Routledge 2006 pp 39 51 Jeffreys Jones Rhodri Forcing Out Unwanted FBI Directors A Brief Messy History Vox May 23 2017 Jeffreys Jones Rhodri A brief history of the FBI s meddling in US politics Vox November 5 2016 Kessler Ronald 1993 The FBI Inside the World s Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency Pocket Books Publications ISBN 978 0 671 78657 1 Lindorff Dave Brothers against the Bureau Ted Hall the Soviet Union s youngest atomic spy his rocket scientist brother Ed and the untold story of how J Edgar Hoover s biggest Manhattan Project bust was shut down The Nation vol 314 no 1 January 10 17 2022 pp 26 31 Powers Richard Gid 1983 G Men Hoover s FBI in American Popular Culture Southern Illinois University Press ISBN 978 0 8093 1096 8 Sullivan William 1979 The Bureau My Thirty Years in Hoover s FBI Norton ISBN 978 0 393 01236 1 Theoharis Athan G John Stuart Cox 1988 The Boss J Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition Temple University Press ISBN 978 0 87722 532 4 Theoharis Athan G Tony G Poveda Susan Rosenfeld Richard Gid Powers 2000 The FBI A Comprehensive Reference Guide Checkmark Books ISBN 978 0 8160 4228 9 Theoharis Athan G 2004 The FBI and American Democracy A Brief Critical History Kansas University Press ISBN 978 0 7006 1345 8 Thomas William H Jr 2008 Unsafe for Democracy World War I and the U S Justice Department s Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent Madison University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 22890 3 Tonry Michael ed 2000 The Handbook of Crime amp Punishment Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 514060 6 Trahair Richard C S 2004 Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage Spies and Secret Operations Ballentine Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 31955 6 Vanderpool Bill August 22 2011 A History of FBI Handguns American Rifleman Retrieved April 3 2014 Weiner Tim 2012 Enemies A History of the FBI Random House ISBN 978 1 4000 6748 0 Williams David 1981 The Bureau of Investigation and its Critics 1919 1921 the Origins of Federal Political Surveillance Journal of American History Organization of American Historians 68 3 560 579 doi 10 2307 1901939 JSTOR 1901939 S2CID 155600905 FBI The Year in Review Part 1 Part 2 2013 Church Committee Report Vol 6 Federal Bureau of Investigation 1975 congressional inquiry into American intelligence operations External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Bureau of Investigation Wikiquote has quotations related to Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation from the Federation of American Scientists The Vault FBI electronic reading room launched April 2011 Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation at Project Gutenberg Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation at LibriVox public domain audiobooks FBI Collection at Internet Archive files on over 1 100 subjects William H Thomas Jr Bureau of Investigation in 1914 1918 online International Encyclopedia of the First World War FBI coverage at C SPAN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Federal Bureau of Investigation amp oldid 1132133689, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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