The Smiths

This article is about the band. For the album, see The Smiths (album). For other uses, see Smiths.

The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982 and composed of singer Morrissey, guitarist Johnny Marr, bassist Andy Rourke, and drummer Mike Joyce. Morrissey and Marr formed the band's songwriting partnership. The Smiths are regarded as one of the most important acts to emerge from 1980s British independent music.

The Smiths
The Smiths in 1985 (l-r): Andy Rourke, Morrissey, Johnny Marr and Mike Joyce.
Background information
Origin	Manchester, England
Genres	Indie pop^[1] indie rock^[2] jangle pop^[3] post-punk^[4] alternative rock^[5]
Years active	1982–1987
Labels	Rough Trade Sire
Past members	Morrissey Johnny Marr Andy Rourke Mike Joyce Craig Gannon (see #Members for others)
Website	officialsmiths.co.uk

The Smiths signed to the independent label Rough Trade Records in 1983 and released their first album, The Smiths, in 1984. Their focus on a guitar, bass and drum sound, fusing 1960s rock and post-punk, was a rejection of the synth-pop sound predominant at the time. Several Smiths singles reached the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart, and all their studio albums reached the top five of the UK Albums Chart, including the number-one album Meat Is Murder (1985). They achieved mainstream success in Europe with The Queen Is Dead (1986) and Strangeways, Here We Come (1987), which both entered the top 20 of the European Albums Chart.^[6] In early 1986, the band became a five-piece with the addition of guitarist Craig Gannon, though he departed by the end of that year, returning the band to its original four-piece line-up.

Internal tensions led to the Smiths' breakup in 1987, followed by public lawsuits over royalties. The members each said that the band would never reunite and refused all offers to do so. Rourke died in 2023 from complications of pancreatic cancer.

History

1982: Formation and early performances

In May 1982, Johnny Marr and his friend Steve Pomfret went to the home of Steven Morrissey in Stretford to invite him to form a band.^[7] Marr and Morrissey had met at a Patti Smith gig at Manchester's Apollo Theatre on 31 August 1978, when Marr was 14 and Morrissey was 19.^[7] They bonded through their love of poetry and literature.^[8] A fan of the New York Dolls, Marr had been impressed that Morrissey had authored a book on the band and was inspired to turn up on his doorstep following the example of Jerry Leiber, who had formed his working partnership with Mike Stoller after turning up at Stoller's door.^[9] According to Morrissey: "We got on absolutely famously. We were very similar in drive."^[10] The two found that they were fans of many of the same bands.^[11] When Marr looked through Morrissey's singles collection, he found the Monochrome Set, a band they both admired.^[12] Marr later said that without them the Smiths would not have existed.^[13] The next day, Morrissey phoned Marr to confirm that he would be interested in forming a band with him.^[14]

A few days later, Morrissey and Marr held their first rehearsal in Marr's rented attic room in Bowdon. Morrissey provided the lyrics for "Don't Blow Your Own Horn", the first song that they worked on; however, they decided against retaining the song, with Marr commenting that "neither of us liked it very much".^[14] The next song that they worked on was "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle", which again was based on lyrics produced by Morrissey. Marr based the tempo on the Patti Smith song "Kimberly", and they recorded it on Marr's TEAC three-track cassette recorder. The third track that the duo worked on was "Suffer Little Children".^[15] Alongside these original compositions, Morrissey suggested that the band produce a cover of "I Want a Boy for My Birthday", a song by the 1960s American girl band the Cookies; although he had never heard of the song before, Marr agreed, enjoying the subversive element of having a male vocalist sing it, and the song was recorded on his TEAC machine.^[16]

"It's still really clear. It was a sunny day, about one o'clock. There was no advance phone call or anything. I just knocked and he opened the door. As soon as the door opened, Pommy [Pomfret] took two very firm steps back. Which is one of the things that got me to talk so fast, it was just plain exuberance."

— Marr, on arriving at Morrissey's door^[14]

By late 1982, Morrissey had chosen the band name the Smiths.^[17] He said later that "it was the most ordinary name and I thought it was time that the ordinary folk of the world showed their faces".^[18] Around the time of the band's formation, Morrissey decided that he would be publicly known only by his surname,^[19] with Marr referring to him as "Mozzer" or "Moz".^[20] In 1983, he forbade those around him from using the name "Steven", which he despised.^[20]

After remaining with the band for several rehearsals, Pomfret departed acrimoniously.^[21] He was replaced by the bass player Dale Hibbert, who worked at Manchester's Decibel Studios, where Marr had met him while recording Freak Party's demo.^[18] Through Hibbert, the Smiths recorded their first demo at Decibel one night in August 1982.^[22] Aided by drummer Simon Wolstencroft, whom Marr had worked with in Freak Party, the band recorded both "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" and "Suffer Little Children".^[23] Wolstencroft was not interested in joining the band, so following auditions Mike Joyce joined; he later revealed that he was under the influence of magic mushrooms during his audition.^[24] Meanwhile, Morrissey took the demo recording to Factory Records, but Factory's Tony Wilson was not interested.^[25]

In October 1982, the Smiths gave their first public performance as a support act for Blue Rondo à la Turk during a student music and fashion show, "An Evening of Pure Pleasure", at Manchester's Ritz.^[26] During the performance, they played both their own compositions and "I Want a Boy for My Birthday".^[27] Morrissey had organised the gig's aesthetic; the band came onstage to Klaus Nomi's version of Henry Purcell's "The Cold Song" playing through the venue's sound system before his friend James Maker stepped onstage to introduce the band.^[28] Maker remained onstage during the performance, relating that "I was given a pair of maracas – an optional extra – and carte blanche. There were no instructions – I think it was generally accepted I would improvise... I was there to drink red wine, make extraneous hand gestures and keep well within the tight, chalked circle that Morrissey had drawn around me."^[29] Hibbert was allegedly unhappy with what he perceived as the band's "gay" aesthetic; in turn, Morrissey and Marr were unhappy with his bass playing, so he was replaced by Marr's old schoolfriend Andy Rourke.^[30] Hibbert denies that he objected to the band being perceived as gay, and said he was not sure why he was asked to leave.^[31]

In December 1982, the Smiths recorded their second demo, at the Drone Studios in Chorlton-cum-Hardy; the tracks recorded were "What Difference Does It Make?", "Handsome Devil" and "Miserable Lie".^[32] This was used as their audition tape for the record company EMI, who turned the band down.^[33] The band continued to practice, this time at the upstairs of the Portland Street Crazy Face Clothing company, a space secured by their new manager Joe Moss.^[34] By Christmas, they had created four new songs: "These Things Take Time", "What Do You See in Him?", "Jeane" and "A Matter of Opinion", the last of which they soon scrapped.^[35] Their next gig was Manchester's Manhattan in late January 1983, and although Maker would again appear as a go-go dancer, this was the last time that he did so.^[36] In early February, they performed their third gig, at the Haçienda.^[37]

1983: Rough Trade and "Hand in Glove"

Marr and Rourke visited London to hand a cassette of their recordings to Geoff Travis of the independent record label Rough Trade Records.^[38] Travis agreed to cut their song "Hand in Glove" as a single.^[39] For the cover, Morrissey insisted on a homoerotic photograph by Jim French which he had found in Margaret Walters' The Nude Male.^[39] The single was released in May 1983,^[40] and sold well for the next 18 months, but did not chart in the UK Top 40.^[41] Among the audience at the Smiths' second London concert, at the University of London Union, was John Walters, the producer of John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show: he invited the band to record a session for the programme. Peel said: "You couldn't immediately tell what records they'd been listening to. That's fairly unusual, very rare indeed... It was that aspect of the Smiths that I found most impressive."^[41] Following this radio exposure, the Smiths gained their first interviews, in the music magazines NME and Sounds.^[41]

Travis travelled to Manchester to meet the band at their Crazy Face rehearsal space and sign a record contract with Rough Trade.^[42] Morrissey and Marr signed it on behalf of the band, and there was no discussion of how earnings would be divided.^[43] Travis brought in Troy Tate of the Teardrop Explodes, and under his supervision the band recorded their first album, at the Elephant Studios in Wapping, East London.^[44] Rough Trade were unhappy with the album and Tate's production, insisting the band rerecord it with a new producer, John Porter.^[45] The singles "This Charming Man" and "What Difference Does It Make?" reached numbers 25 and 12 on the UK Singles Chart.^[46] Aided by praise from the music press and a series of studio sessions for Peel and David Jensen at BBC Radio 1, the Smiths began to build a dedicated fanbase.^{[citation needed]}

The Smiths generated controversy when Garry Bushell of The Sun tabloid alleged their B-side "Handsome Devil" was an endorsement of paedophilia.^[47] The band denied this, with Morrissey stating the song "has nothing to do with children, and certainly nothing to do with child-molesting".^[48]

"The Smiths brought realism to their romance, and tempered their angst with the lightest of touches. The times were personified in their frontman: rejecting all taints of rock n' roll machismo, he played up the social awkwardness of the misfit and the outsider, his gently haunting vocals whooping suddenly upward into a falsetto, clothed in outsize women's shirts, sporting National Health specs or a huge Johnny Ray-style hearing aid. This charming young man was, in the vernacular of the time, the very antithesis of a 'rockist' – always knowingly closer to the gentle ironicist Alan Bennett, or self-lacerating diarist Kenneth Williams, than a licentious Mick Jagger or a drugged-out Jim Morrison."

— Paul A. Woods, 2007^[49]

1984: The Smiths

In February 1984, the Smiths released their debut album, The Smiths, which reached number two on the UK Albums Chart.^[50] "Reel Around the Fountain" and "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" met with controversy, with some tabloid newspapers alleging the songs were suggestive of paedophilia, a claim strongly denied by the group.^[51] In March 1984, the Smiths performed on Channel 4 music program The Tube.^[52]

The album was followed the same year by the non-album singles "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" and "William, It Was Really Nothing", which featured "How Soon Is Now?" on its B-side. Securing the band's first top ten placing, "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" was also significant for marking the beginning of engineer and producer Stephen Street's long-term working relationship with the band.^[53]

More controversy followed when "Suffer Little Children", the B-side to "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now", touched on the theme of the Moors murders. This caused an uproar after the grandfather of one of the murdered children heard the song on a pub jukebox and felt the band was trying to commercialise the murders. After meeting with Morrissey, he accepted that the song was a sincere exploration of the impact of the murders. Morrissey subsequently established a friendship with Ann West, the mother of victim Lesley Ann Downey, who is mentioned by name in the song.^[54]

The year ended with the release of the compilation album Hatful of Hollow. This collected singles, B-sides and tracks recorded throughout the previous year for the Peel and Jensen radio shows.

1985: Meat Is Murder

Early in 1985, the Smiths released their second studio album, Meat Is Murder. It was more strident and political than its predecessor, including the pro-vegetarian title track (Morrissey forbade the rest of the group from being photographed eating meat), the light-hearted republicanism of "Nowhere Fast", and the anti-corporal punishment "The Headmaster Ritual" and "Barbarism Begins at Home". The band had also grown more diverse musically, with Marr adding rockabilly riffs to "Rusholme Ruffians" and Rourke playing a funk bass solo on "Barbarism Begins at Home". The album was preceded by the re-release of the B-side "How Soon Is Now?" as a single, and although that song was not on the original LP, it has been added to subsequent releases. Meat Is Murder was the band's only album (barring compilations) to reach number one in the UK charts.^[50] In 2003, it was ranked number 295 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.^[55]

Morrissey brought a political stance to many of his interviews, courting further controversy. Among his targets were the Thatcher government, the British monarchy and the famine relief project Band Aid. Morrissey famously quipped of the last, "One can have great concern for the people of Ethiopia, but it's another thing to inflict daily torture on the people of England"^[56] ("torture" being a reference to the music that resulted from the project). The subsequent single-only release "Shakespeare's Sister" reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart, although the only single taken from the album, "That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore", was less successful, barely making the top 50.^[57] In 1985, the Smiths completed lengthy tours of the UK and the US.^[58]

1986: The Queen Is Dead

The Smiths' third studio album, The Queen Is Dead, was released in June 1986, following its singles "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side" and "Bigmouth Strikes Again". Marr added ersatz strings with keyboards on several tracks such as "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" and "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side".^[59] The Queen Is Dead reached number two in the UK charts.^[50]

A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months (it had been completed in November 1985), and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule. He later told NME, "'Worse for wear' wasn't the half of it: I was extremely ill. By the time the tour actually finished it was all getting a little bit ... dangerous. I was just drinking more than I could handle."^[60] Rourke was fired from the band in early 1986 due to his use of heroin. He allegedly received notice of his dismissal via a Post-it Note stuck to the windscreen of his car. It read, "Andy – you have left the Smiths. Goodbye and good luck, Morrissey."^[61] Morrissey denied this.

Rourke was replaced on bass by Craig Gannon (formerly a member of Scottish new wave band Aztec Camera), but was then reinstated two weeks later. Gannon stayed in the band, switching to rhythm guitar. This five-piece recorded the singles "Panic" and "Ask" (the latter with Kirsty MacColl on backing vocals) which reached numbers 11 and 14 respectively on the UK Singles Chart,^[57] and toured the UK.

An arrest on drug possession charges almost led to Rourke being replaced by Guy Pratt for the band's North American tour later that year. Rourke's work visa came through just before departure. While the shows were successful, heavy drinking and drug use by crew and band members other than Morrissey took a toll on the group,^{[citation needed]} along with ineffective management and lingering disputes with Rough Trade (whom the band was seriously considering leaving for EMI)^[62] and their American label Sire Records (who Morrissey felt did not do enough to promote the Smiths).^[58][63] After a date in St. Petersburg, Florida, he and Marr cancelled the remaining four shows, including a grand finale at New York City's Radio City Music Hall. After the following UK tour ended in October 1986, Gannon left the band. During his time with the band, Gannon played on six studio tracks ("Panic" and "Ask", their B-sides, "Half a Person" and "London", the last two of which were released as B-sides the following year).^[64] On 12 December 1986 the band performed their last concert, an anti-apartheid benefit at Brixton Academy, London.^[65]

As they had been severed from the contract with Rough Trade records they sought a new deal with a major label. Marr told NME in early 1987, "Every single label came to see us. It was small-talk, bribes, the whole number. I really enjoyed it." The band signed with EMI, which drew criticism from their fanbase and elements of the music press.^[60]

1987: Strangeways, Here We Come and breakup

In early 1987, "Shoplifters of the World Unite" reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.^[57] It was followed by a second compilation album, The World Won't Listen. The title was Morrissey's comment on his frustration with the band's lack of mainstream recognition; it reached number two in the charts.^[50] This was followed by the single "Sheila Take a Bow", the band's second (and last during the band's lifetime) UK top-10 hit.^[57] Another compilation album, Louder Than Bombs, was released in the US in March 1987, with a UK release following two months later. The Smiths' fourth studio album, Strangeways, Here We Come, opened with a piano introduction as Marr wanted to get away from the Smiths' sound.^[66] Marr also played keyboards for the other tracks.^[66] The first song, "A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours", features no guitar.^[67]

Despite their continued success, tensions emerged within the band. Marr was exhausted and took a break in June 1987, which he felt was negatively perceived by his bandmates. In July, he left the group because he erroneously believed an NME article titled "Smiths to Split" was planted by Morrissey.^[68] The article, written by Danny Kelly, alleged that Morrissey disliked Marr working with other musicians and that Marr and Morrissey's personal relationship had reached a breaking point. Marr contacted NME to explain that he had not left the band due to personal tensions but because he wanted wider musical scope.^[69] Former Easterhouse guitarist Ivor Perry was brought in to replace Marr.^[70] The band recorded some material with him which was never completed, including an early version of "Bengali in Platforms", later released on Morrissey's debut solo album, Viva Hate (1988).^[71] Perry was uncomfortable with the situation, saying "it was like they wanted another Johnny Marr"; according to Perry, the sessions ended with Morrissey running out of the studio.^[72]

By the time Strangeways, Here We Come was released in September, the Smiths had split. The breakdown has been primarily attributed to Morrissey's irritation with Marr's work with other artists and Marr's frustration with Morrissey's musical inflexibility. Marr particularly hated Morrissey's obsession with covering 1960s pop artists such as Twinkle and Cilla Black, saying in 1992: "That was the last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs."^[73] In a 1989 interview, Morrissey cited the lack of a managerial figure and business problems as reasons for the split.^[74]

Strangeways, Here We Come reached number two in the UK in October 1987,^[50] and was the Smiths' most successful album in the US, reaching number 55 on the Billboard 200.^[75] Morrissey and Marr name it as their favourite Smiths album.^[76] Two further singles from Strangeways were released with live, session and demo tracks as B-sides. The following year, the live album Rank, recorded in 1986 when Craig Gannon was still in the band, peaked at number 2 in the UK and entered in the European 100 Albums chart at number 9.^[77]

1989: Royalties dispute

Morrissey and Marr each took 40% of the Smiths' recording and performance royalties, allowing 10 per cent each to Joyce and Rourke. As Joyce's barrister later argued in court, Joyce and Rourke were treated as session musicians, "as readily replaceable as the parts in a lawnmower".^[78] In March 1989, Joyce and Rourke started legal proceedings against Morrissey and Marr. They argued that they were equal partners in the Smiths and were each entitled to a 25 per cent share of the band's profits on all activities other than songwriting and publishing. Rourke, who was in debt, settled quickly for a lump sum of £83,000 (equivalent to £219,682 in 2021) and 10 per cent of royalties, renouncing all further claims.^[79]

Joyce continued with the action, which reached the High Court of Justice (Chancery Division) in December 1996. Morrissey and Marr had accepted the previous year that Joyce and Rourke were partners, but whether Joyce was entitled to a quarter of profits "arising out of the activities (other than songwriting or publishing)" of the Smiths remained contentious.^[80] Joyce's barrister, Nigel Davis, said that Joyce did not realise he was receiving only 10% of the profits until after the band split.^[81]

Morrissey and Marr – who were represented separately at the trial^[80] – insisted that the royalty split had been explained to Rourke and Joyce, though they were no longer sure when. Additionally, this agreement was only discussed verbally and it was never legally written on paper, something Marr came to regret. He said in 2004 that although he had no regrets in breaking up the Smiths, he wished the band had signed legal documents "from the word go" to avoid the later financial disagreements.^[82] As Marr's counsel, Robert Englehart, said, "Some 13 years on it is extremely difficult to pinpoint the moment when the 40:40:10:10 profit split came into being ... But Morrissey and Marr acted throughout on the basis that they would be getting 40 percent each of the net profits from the Smiths' earnings."^[83]

After a seven-day hearing, Judge Weeks found in favour of Joyce, ordering that he receive around £1 million in back-royalties and 25 per cent henceforth. The judge also gave character assessments; Joyce and Rourke (who gave evidence in Joyce's support) impressed him as straightforward and honest, whereas Morrissey "appeared devious, truculent and unreliable where his own interests were at stake" and Marr was "willing to embroider his evidence to a point where he became less credible".^[80] The judge also ranked the band members by IQ, with Marr "probably the more intelligent of the four", while Rourke and Joyce were "unintellectual".^[84] Morrissey said in an interview eight months later:

The court case was a potted history of the life of the Smiths. Mike, talking constantly and saying nothing. Andy, unable to remember his own name. Johnny, trying to please everyone and consequently pleasing no one. And Morrissey under the scorching spotlight in the dock being drilled. "How dare you be successful?" "How dare you move on?" To me, the Smiths were a beautiful thing and Johnny left it, and Mike has destroyed it.^[85]

Asked some time before the trial whether he thought Rourke and Joyce had been short-changed, Morrissey responded: "They were lucky. If they'd had another singer they'd never have got further than Salford shopping centre."^[86][87][88] Morrissey's counsel, Ian Mill, conceded that Morrissey's attitude "betrayed a degree of arrogance".^[89] Morrissey appealed against the verdict; the appeal was heard by the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) in November 1998 and dismissed.^[80] Inspired by Joyce's success, Rourke sought legal advice on his own options.^[90] He was declared bankrupt in 1999.^[91]

In November 2005, Mike Joyce told Marc Riley on BBC Radio 6 Music that financial hardship had reduced him to selling rare Smiths' recordings on eBay. By way of illustration, Riley played part of an unfinished instrumental known as the "Click Track" (or "Cowbell Track").^[92] Morrissey responded with a statement three days later revealing that Joyce had received £215,000 each from Marr and Morrissey in 1997, along with Marr's final back-payment of £260,000 in 2001. Morrissey failed to make his final payment because, he said, he was overseas in 2001 and did not receive the paperwork. Joyce obtained a default judgement against Morrissey, revised his outstanding claim to £688,000 and secured orders garnishing much of his income. This was a source of inconvenience and grievance to Morrissey, who estimated that Joyce had cost him at least £1,515,000 in recovered royalties and legal fees up to 30 November 2005.^[93]

Solo careers

 

Morrissey performing at SXSW in Austin, Texas in 2006

Following the group's split, Morrissey began work on a solo recording, collaborating with producer Stephen Street and fellow Mancunian Vini Reilly, guitarist for the Durutti Column. The resulting album, Viva Hate (a reference to the end of the Smiths), was released in March 1988, reaching number one in the UK charts. In the following years, he invited several singers for backing vocals on several songs such as Suggs of Madness on "Piccadilly Palare" and Chrissie Hynde of the Pretenders on "My Love Life". He recorded a duet with Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees, "Interlude" which was released under the banner of both artists. He also collaborated with arranger Ennio Morricone on "Dear God Please Help Me". At the beginning of the 90s, he enjoyed a new popularity in North America, following his first tour as Morrissey. Morrissey continues to perform and record as a solo artist and had released 13 studio albums as of 2020.

Marr returned in 1989 with New Order's Bernard Sumner and Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant in the supergroup Electronic. Electronic released three albums over the next decade. Marr was also a member of the The, recording two albums with them between 1989 and 1993. He has worked as a session musician and writing collaborator with artists including the Pretenders, Bryan Ferry, Pet Shop Boys, Billy Bragg, Black Grape, Talking Heads, Crowded House and Beck.

 

Johnny Marr performing as part of the group the Cribs at the 9:30 Club in Washington, DC, in 2010

In 2000 he started another band, Johnny Marr + the Healers, which released only one album, Boomslang (2003), to moderate success, then split up shortly afterwards. He later worked as a guest musician on the Oasis album Heathen Chemistry (2002). In 2006 he began work with Modest Mouse's Isaac Brock on songs that eventually featured on the band's 2007 release, We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank. Modest Mouse subsequently announced that Marr was a fully fledged member and the reformed line-up toured extensively in 2006–07. In January 2008, it was reported that Marr had taken part in a week-long songwriting session at Moolah Rouge recording studio in Stockport with Wakefield indie group the Cribs.^[51] Marr's association with the band lasted three years and included an appearance on its fourth album, Ignore the Ignorant (2009). His departure was announced in April 2011.^[94] He recorded three solo albums, The Messenger (2013), Playland (2014) and Call the Comet (2018). In addition to his activities as a musician and songwriter, Marr produced Marion's second album, The Program (1998) and Haven's debut album, Between the Senses (2002).^[95][96]

Andy Rourke and Mike Joyce continued to work together. They toured with Sinéad O'Connor in the first half of 1988 (Rourke also appeared on her 1990 album I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got). Still in 1988, they were recruited (with Craig Gannon) to the Adult Net, but left the band soon afterwards. In 1988 and 1989, they recorded singles with Morrissey. In 1998 they toured and recorded with Aziz Ibrahim (the Stone Roses). In 2001 they formed Specter with Jason Specter and others. The band played in the United Kingdom and the United States, but did not prosper.^[97] In the same year they recorded demos with Paul Arthurs (Oasis), Aziz Ibrahim and Rowetta Idah (Happy Mondays) under the name Moondog One, but the project went no further. Towards the end of 2001, they played together in the veteran Manchester band Jeep.^[98] In 2005 they played with Vinny Peculiar, recording the single "Two Fat Lovers" (Joyce also appeared on the 2006 album The Fall and Rise of Vinny Peculiar).^[99] In 2007 they released the documentary DVD Inside the Smiths, a surprisingly affectionate memoir of their time with the band, notable for the absence of Marr, Morrissey and their music.

Joyce recorded with Suede (1990); toured and recorded with Buzzcocks (1990–91); toured with Julian Cope (1992); toured with John Lydon and Public Image Ltd (1992); recorded with P.P. Arnold (1995); toured and recorded with Pete Wylie (1996–98); toured with Vinny Peculiar and Paul Arthurs (2007); and toured with Autokat (2008–09).^[100] He presented the Alternative Therapy radio show on Revolution 96.2 FM until the station changed format in 2008, later reviving it on Manchester Radio Online and Tin Can Media.^[101] He hosts The Coalition Chart Show on East Village Radio, which streams from New York.^[102]

Rourke played and recorded with the Pretenders (featuring on Last of the Independents, 1994); Badly Drawn Boy (with whom he played for two years); Proud Mary (featuring on Love and Light, 2004); and Ian Brown (featuring on The World Is Yours, 2007). In 2007, he formed Freebass with fellow bassists Peter Hook (New Order and Joy Division) and Mani (the Stone Roses and Primal Scream).^[103] Rourke co-founded the Manchester v Cancer concert series, later known as Versus Cancer, to raise money for cancer research.^{[citation needed]} He concentrated on his radio career, beginning with a Saturday-evening show on XFM Manchester. He was a regular on East Village Radio, where his colleagues include Joyce.^[104] Rourke relocated to New York in early 2009.^[105] There, he formed Jetlag, a "DJ and audio production outfit", with Olé Koretsky.^[106] In April 2014, the Cranberries vocalist Dolores O'Riordan joined the group and they changed their name to D.A.R.K.^[107]

Reunion speculation

Marr and Morrissey have repeatedly said that they will not reunite the band. In 2006, Morrissey declared, "I would rather eat my own testicles than reform the Smiths, and that's saying something for a vegetarian."^[108] When asked why in another interview the same year, he responded, "I feel as if I've worked very hard since the demise of the Smiths and the others haven't, so why hand them attention that they haven't earned? We are not friends, we don't see each other. Why on earth would we be on a stage together?"^[109] In a February 2009 interview on BBC Radio 2, he said, "People always ask me about reunions and I can't imagine why [...] the past seems like a distant place, and I'm pleased with that."^[110] In 2002, Joyce said he was not interested in reforming as he felt the Smiths had run its course.^[111]

In November 2004, VH1 screened a Backstage Pass Special episode of Bands Reunited showing host Aamer Haleem trying and failing to corner Morrissey before a show at the Apollo Theater.^[112] In March 2006, Morrissey said the Smiths had declined a $5 million offer to perform at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, saying, "Money doesn't come into it ... It was a fantastic journey. And then it ended. I didn't feel we should have ended. I wanted to continue. [Marr] wanted to end it. And that was that."^[113]

In August 2007, it was widely reported that Morrissey had that summer declined an offer of $75 million – nearly £40 million at the time – from a "consortium of promoters" to reunite with Marr for a fifty-date world tour under the Smiths' name in 2008 and 2009. NME gave Morrissey as its source for the story.^[114] Rolling Stone cited his publicist.^[115] The offer was also reported at true-to-you.net, an unofficial fan site tacitly supported by Morrissey.^[116] It was later described as a hoax, although it is unclear who was hoaxing whom.^[117] In October, Marr said on BBC Radio 5 Live: "Stranger things have happened so, you know, who knows? ... It's no biggie. Maybe we will in 10 or 15 years' time when we all need to for whatever reasons, but right now Morrissey is doing his thing and I'm doing mine."^[118]

In 2008, Marr resumed contact with Morrissey and Rourke while remastering the band's catalogue.^[84] That September, Morrissey and Marr met in Manchester and discussed the possibility of reforming the band.^[84] The two kept in contact over the next four days and decided to exclude Joyce from any prospective reunion and to wait until after Marr completed his commitments to the Cribs.^[84] Communication between the two abruptly ended while Marr was touring in Mexico with the Cribs and the topic of a reunion was never brought up again.^[84] Marr said that he did not hear from Morrissey again until a brief email correspondence in December 2010.^[84] In June 2009, Marr told an interviewer on London's XFM, "I think we were offered 50 million dollars for three ... possibly five shows." He said that the chances of a reunion were "nothing to do with money" and that the reasons were "really abstract".^[119]

In January 2006, Marr and the Healers played at Rourke's Manchester v Cancer benefit concert, where Marr performed "How Soon Is Now?" with Rourke.^[120] Marr and Rourke also performed "How Soon Is Now?" at the Lollapallooza Brazil festival in 2014.^[121] Rourke died of pancreatic cancer on 19 May 2023, aged 59.^[103]

Musical style

Morrissey and Johnny Marr dictated the musical direction of the Smiths. Marr said in 1990 that it "was a 50/50 thing between Morrissey and me. We were completely in sync about which way we should go for each record".^[122] The Smiths' "non-rhythm-and-blues, whiter-than-white fusion of 1960s rock and post-punk was a repudiation of contemporary dance pop",^[5] and the band purposely rejected synthesisers and dance music.^[68] However, from their second album Meat Is Murder, Marr embellished their songs with keyboards.^[67]

Marr's jangly guitar-playing was influenced by Roger McGuinn of the Byrds, Neil Young's work with Crazy Horse, George Harrison (with the Beatles), James Honeyman-Scott of the Pretenders and Bert Jansch of Pentangle.^[123] Marr often used a capo to tune his guitar up a full step to F-sharp to accommodate Morrissey's vocal range and also used open tunings. Citing producer Phil Spector as an influence, Marr said, "I like the idea of records, even those with plenty of space, that sound 'symphonic'. I like the idea of all the players merging into one atmosphere".^[122] Marr's other favourite guitarists are James Williamson of the Stooges, Rory Gallagher, Pete Townshend of the Who, Jimi Hendrix, Marc Bolan of T. Rex, Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones and John McGeoch of Magazine and Siouxsie and the Banshees.^[124] In a 2007 interview for the BBC, Marr reported that with the Smiths his goal was to "pare down" his style and avoid rock guitar clichés.^[125] Marr forbade himself from using power chords, distortion, lengthy solos, or "big rock chord changes", instead relying on sophisticated arpeggios to create his signature chiming guitar work for the band. Although occasionally, Marr would disobey his own rules, such as his use of an overdrive pedal in "London".^{[citation needed][126]}

Morrissey's role was to create vocal melodies and lyrics.^[127] Morrissey's songwriting was influenced by punk rock and post-punk bands such as New York Dolls, the Cramps, the Specials and the Cult, along with 1960s girl groups and singers such as Dusty Springfield, Sandie Shaw, Marianne Faithfull and Timi Yuro. Morrissey's lyrics, while superficially depressing, were often full of mordant humour; John Peel remarked that the Smiths were one of the few bands capable of making him laugh out loud. Influenced by his childhood interest in the social realism of 1960s "kitchen sink" television plays, Morrissey wrote about ordinary people and their experiences with despair, rejection and death. While "songs such as 'Still Ill' sealed his role as spokesman for disaffected youth", Morrissey's "manic-depressive rants" and his "'woe-is-me' posture inspired some hostile critics to dismiss the Smiths as 'miserabilists.'"^[5] Julian Stringer characterised the Smiths as "one of Britain's most overtly political groups",^[128] while in his study of their work, Andrew Warnes termed them "the most anti-capitalist of bands".^[129]

Imagery

The group's cover artwork had a distinctive visual style and often featured images of film and pop stars, usually in duotone. Design was by Morrissey and Rough Trade art coordinator Jo Slee. The covers of singles rarely featured any text other than the band name and the band itself did not appear on the cover of any UK release. (Morrissey did, however, appear on an alternative cover for "What Difference Does It Make?", mimicking the pose of the original subject, actor Terence Stamp, after the latter objected to his picture being used.) The choice of cover subjects reflected Morrissey's interest in film stars (Stamp, Alain Delon, Jean Marais, Warhol protégé Joe Dallesandro, James Dean); figures from sixties British popular culture (Viv Nicholson, Pat Phoenix, Yootha Joyce, Shelagh Delaney); and anonymous images from old films and magazines.^[130]

The Smiths dressed mainly in ordinary clothes – jeans and plain shirts – in keeping with the back-to-basics, guitar-and-drums style of the music. This contrasted with the exotic high-fashion image cultivated by New Romantic pop groups such as Spandau Ballet and Duran Duran and highlighted in magazines such as The Face and i-D. In 1986, when the Smiths performed on the British music programme The Old Grey Whistle Test, Morrissey wore a fake hearing-aid to support a hearing-impaired fan who was ashamed of using one,^[131] and also frequently wore thick-rimmed National Health Service-style glasses. Morrissey also would often wave gladioli flowers onstage.

As frontman of the Smiths, Morrissey subverted many of the norms that were associated with pop and rock music.^[132] The band's aesthetic simplicity was a reaction to the excess personified by the New Romantics,^[133] and while Morrissey adopted an androgynous appearance like the New Romantics or earlier glam rockers, his was far more subtle and understated.^[134] According to one commentator, "he was bookish; he wore NHS spectacles and a hearing aid on stage; he was celibate. Worst of all, he was sincere", with his music being "so intoxicatingly melancholic, so dangerously thoughtful, so seductively funny that it lured its listeners... into a relationship with him and his music instead of the world."^[135]

Legacy

The Smiths have been widely influential. Ian Youngs of BBC News described them as "the band that inspired deeper devotion than any British group since the Beatles".^[136] Marr's guitar playing "was a huge building block for more Manchester legends that followed the Smiths", including the Stone Roses, whose guitarist John Squire said Marr was an influence.^[137] Oasis guitarist Noel Gallagher also cites the Smiths as an influence, especially Marr. Gallagher said that "when the Jam split, the Smiths started, and I totally went for them."^[138] Singer Davey Havok of the band AFI cites the Smiths as an influence.^[139]

Q magazine's Simon Goddard argued in 2007 that the Smiths were "the one truly vital voice of the '80s" and "the most influential British guitar group of the decade". He continued: "As the first indie outsiders to achieve mainstream success on their own terms (their second album proper, 1985's Meat Is Murder, made Number 1 in the UK), they elevated rock's standard four-piece formula to new heights of magic and poetry. Their legacy can be traced down through the Stone Roses, Oasis and the Libertines to today's crop of artful young guitar bands."^[140]

In Uncut, Simon Reynolds wrote: "Once upon a time, a band from the North came with a sound so fresh and vigorous it took the nation by storm. The sound was rock, but crucially it was pop, too: concise, punchy, melodic, shiny without being 'plastic'. The singer was a true original, delivering a blend of sensitivity and strength, defiance and tenderness, via a regionally inflected voice. The young man's lips spilled forth words that were realistic without being dour, full of sly humour and beautifully observed detail. Most recognised their debut album as a landmark, an instant classic."^[141]

The "Britpop movement pre-empted by the Stone Roses and spearheaded by groups like Oasis, Suede and Blur drew heavily from Morrissey's portrayal of and nostalgia for a bleak urban England of the past."^[142] Blur formed as a result of seeing the Smiths on The South Bank Show in 1987. Yet even while leading bands from the Britpop movement were influenced by the Smiths, they were at odds with the "basic anti-establishment philosophies of Morrissey and the Smiths", since Britpop "was an entirely commercial construct".^[143] Mark Simpson suggested that "the whole point of Britpop was to airbrush Morrissey out of the picture ... Morrissey had to become an 'unperson' so that the Nineties and its centrally-planned and coordinated pop economy could happen."^[144]

Rolling Stone included four Smiths albums on its 2012 list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time",^[55] and included "William, It Was Really Nothing" and "How Soon Is Now?" on its 2004 list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".^[145] Morrissey is included in its 2010 list of the greatest singers.^[146] In 2014 and 2015, the Smiths were nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^[147][148]

Blossoms and Rick Astley

In September 2021, the band Blossoms and the singer Rick Astley performed a pair of concerts of Smiths covers.^[149] The Guardian gave one performance four out of five, writing that "the ultimate Smiths karaoke shouldn't work, but it does".^[150] Blossoms and Astley performed again at the 2023 Glastonbury Festival. The Guardian gave the performance five out of five, suggesting that it offered fans a way to enjoy the Smiths without the "moral queasiness" of Morrissey, who had become a controversial figure in the preceding years.^[151]

Following their first performances, Morrissey thanked Blossoms and Astley on his website, writing: "Anything that generates interest in that tired old Smiths warhorse is testimony to the wallop it packed."^[152] Marr described the performances as "funny and horrible at the same time" and said he had not been informed they were happening. He said later he had "dealt with it".^[153] In response to Marr's comments, Astley said: "It's his work and his life, but it doesn't seem like [the Smiths] are ever getting back together ... It's a difficult one, but I did it from a place of absolute joy and love for those songs."^[152]

Members

Principal members Morrissey – lead vocals, percussion (1982–1987) Johnny Marr – guitars, piano, keyboards, harmonica (1982–1987) Andy Rourke – bass (1982–1986, 1986-1987; died 2023) Mike Joyce – drums, percussion (1982–1987)

Other members Steven Pomfret – guitars (1982) Dale Hibbert – bass (1982) James Maker – dancing, maracas, backing vocals (1982–1983) Craig Gannon – bass (1986), guitars (1986) Ivor Perry – guitars (1987) Session and touring members Simon Wolstencroft – drums (1982) Guy Pratt – bass (1986)

Timeline

Discography

Main articles: The Smiths discography and List of songs recorded by the Smiths

• The Smiths (1984)
• Meat Is Murder (1985)
• The Queen Is Dead (1986)
• Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)

References

Footnotes

1. Monroe, Jazz. "The Smiths Bassist Andy Rourke Dies at 59". Pitchfork. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
2. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Smiths | Biography & History". AllMusic. from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
3. Bannister, Matthew (2013). White Boys, White Noise: Masculinities and 1980s Indie Guitar Rock. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 71–72, 87, 124–125. ISBN 978-1-4094-9374-7.
4. Payne, Chris (20 February 2014). "'The Smiths' at 30: Classic Track-By-Track Review". Billboard. from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
5. Simon C. W. Reynolds, "The Smiths" 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Britannica Online. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
6. "European Hot 100 Albums Chart" (PDF). Music & Media. 26 July 1986. p. 26. (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
   "European Hot 100 Albums Chart" (PDF). Music & Media. 31 October 1987. p. 26. (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
7. Simon Goddard (1 February 2013). Songs That Saved Your Life. Titan Books. p. 16. ISBN 9781781162590. from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
8. Bret 2004, p. 32; Goddard 2006, pp. 16–17.
9. Bret 2004, p. 32; Goddard 2006, p. 16.
10. "Desert Island Discs with Morrissey". Desert Island Discs. 29 November 2009. BBC. Radio 4. from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
11. Goddard 2016, p. 17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoddard2016 (help)
12. Robb, John (9 January 2009). "The Monochrome Set: Remembering the band that history forgot". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
13. "The Monochrome Set". CCCB. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
14. Goddard 2006, p. 17.
15. Goddard 2006, p. 18.
16. Goddard 2006, p. 22.
17. Bret 2004, p. 34; Goddard 2006, p. 20.
18. Goddard 2006, p. 20.
19. Bret 2004, p. 34; Simpson 2004, p. 42.
20. Goddard 2006, p. 21.
21. Goddard 2006, p. 19.
22. Goddard 2006, p. 23.
23. Goddard 2003, pp. 23–24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoddard2003 (help)
24. Goddard 2006, pp. 25–26.
25. Goddard 2006, pp. 26–27.
26. Bret 2004, pp. 34, 35; Goddard 2006, p. 27.
27. Goddard 2006, p. 28.
28. Goddard 2006, pp. 27–29.
29. Goddard 2006, pp. 28–29.
30. Bret 2004, p. 36; Goddard 2006, pp. 27–30.
31. Hibbert, D (2015). Boy Interrupted. Memoir of a former Smith. Pomona. ISBN 978-1-904590-30-9.
32. Goddard 2006, pp. 30–31.
33. Goddard 2006, p. 31.
34. Goddard 2006, p. 32.
35. Goddard 2006, pp. 32–33.
36. Goddard 2006, p. 33.
37. Goddard 2006, p. 34.
38. Marr 2016, pp. 275–276. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarr2016 (help)
39. Goddard 2006, p. 42.
40. Goddard 2006, p. 38.
41. Goddard 2006, p. 43.
42. Goddard 2006, pp. 46–47.
43. Goddard 2006, p. 47.
44. Goddard 2006, pp. 47–50.
45. Goddard 2006, pp. 50–51.
46. Roberts, David, ed. (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). HIT Entertainment. pp. 509–510. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
47. Simpson 2004, p. 108; Goddard 2006, pp. 35–36.
48. Goddard 2006, p. 37.
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52. Goddard 2006, p. 45.
53. "Interview With Stephen Street". HitQuarters. 27 September 2005. from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
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55. . Rolling Stone LLC/Archer & Valerie Productions. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
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58. "The Smiths: The Queen Is Dead". Pitchfork. from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
59. Rogan, 1992 & "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side" [...] Stephen Street: "We were using keyboards a bit more. We had a Emulator sampler [...] It would be a case of Johnny hanging around [...]". The ersatz strings [...] complement the melodramic sentiments... sfn error: no target: CITEREFRogan1992"The_Boy_with_the_Thorn_in_His_Side"_[...]_Stephen_Street:_"We_were_using_keyboards_a_bit_more._We_had_a_Emulator_sampler_[...]_It_would_be_a_case_of_Johnny_hanging_around_[...]"._The_ersatz_strings_[...]_complement_the_melodramic_sentiments... (help)
60. Kelly, Danny. "Exile on Mainstream". NME. 14 February 1987.
61. John Harris, "Trouble at Mill", Mojo, April 2001. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
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63. ARTE. . YouTube. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
64. Fletcher, Tony (2013). A Light That Never Goes Out: The Enduring Saga of the Smiths. London: Windmill Books. pp. 522–40. ISBN 9780099537922.
65. "This is what the Smiths played at their last ever live show". Radio X. 1 July 2020. from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
66. Rogan, Johnny. 1992.
67. Rosen, Steven. . UltimateGuitar.com (interview). Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
68. Johnny Rogan, Morrissey and Marr: The Severed Alliance (London: Omnibus, 1992), pp. 281–282.
69. "Marr Speaks", NME, 8 August 1987.
70. Lorraine Carpenter, "Timeline: Johnny Marr – Journeyman Smiths Legend Emerges Solo", 28 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine Exclaim!, February 2003. Retrieved 30 May 2010; and Johnny Rogan, "Mike Joyce Interview", 15 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Mojo, August 1997. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
71. Dave Henderson, "I Was Nearly a Suedehead! Ivor Perry and Cradle Tales", Underground, No. 13, April 1988, p. 5.
72. Henderson, "Suedehead".
73. Johnny Rogan, "The Smiths: Johnny Marr's View", Record Collector, November/December 1992.
74. "Morrissey-solo". Morrissey-solo. from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
75. Roberts, British Hit Singles and Albums; and "Artist Chart History – The Smiths: Albums", Billboard. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
76. Morrissey and Marr made the point in interviews with Melody Maker (1987), Select (1993), and Q (1994). See the Strangeways, Here We Come 14 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine page at Passions Just Like Mine. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
77. "European Hot 100 Albums Chart" (PDF). Music & Media. 24 September 1988. p. 26. (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
78. The Daily Telegraph, Thursday, 12 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
79. For the settlement with Rourke, see "Morrissey May Face New Claim for £1m", Manchester Evening News, Thursday, 12 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 8 January 2012. For the history of the dispute, see Joyce vs. Morrissey and Others 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions, 6 November 1998. Retrieved 8 January 2012. See also Brian Southall, Pop Goes to Court: Rock 'n' Pop's Greatest Court Battles (London: Omnibus, 2008; rev. edn. 2009), ch. 16, "The Smiths: Seeking Satisfaction Over a Fair Share of the Profits".
80. Joyce vs. Morrissey and Others (1998).
81. Richard Duce, "Former Smith Lets Court Know Why He's Miserable Now", The Times (London), Tuesday, 3 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at Cemetry Gates. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
82. Sheppard, David (2022). "We Changed People's Lives". MOJO the Collectors' Series: The Smiths – Hand in Glove 1982-1987: 105.
83. "Smiths' Cash Split 'Never Equal'", Manchester Evening News, Tuesday, 10 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at Cemetry Gates. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
84. Hattenstone, Simon (29 October 2016). "Johnny Marr: 'The conversation about re-forming the Smiths came out of the blue'". The Guardian. from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
85. Jennifer Nine, "The Importance of Being Morrissey", Melody Maker, 9 August 1997. The full text 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine of the interview is reproduced at The Motor Cycle Au Pair Boy. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
86. The Daily Star, Thursday, 12 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
87. Simon Goddard (2009). Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths. Ebury Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0091927103. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
88. Kurson, Ken (28 December 2012). "The Pleasure, the Privilege Was Ours". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
89. Manchester Evening News, Wednesday, 11 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at Cemetry Gates. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
90. "Morrissey may face new claim for £1m", Manchester Evening News, Thursday, 12 December 1996. A transcript of the article 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine is archived at morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
91. Robert Bottomley, "Can a New Film Heal Smiths Rift?" 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Manchester Evening News, Tuesday, 29 August 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2012. See also the discussion 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine at morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
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97. Joe D'Angelo, "Two Ex-Smiths Sniffing for Record Deal" 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, MTV, 23 May 2001. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
98. Originally reported in the Manchester Evening News, 14 December 2001. See the discussion 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine at morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
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100. "History" 29 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, mikejoyce.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Joyce says he played with PiL in 1993, but it was the That What Is Not tour of 1992. See the Fodderstomp 26 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine database. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
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102. . Retrieved 10 January 2012.
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Sources

• Bret, David (2004). Morrissey: Scandal and Passion. Robson. ISBN 1-86105-787-3. covers both Smiths and Morrissey's solo career)
• Goddard, Simon (2006) [2002]. The Smiths: Songs That Saved Your Life. Reynolds and Hearn. ISBN 1-905287-14-3.
• Goddard, Simon (2009). Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths. Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0091927103.
• Johnny Marr. (2016). Set The Boy Free: The Autobiography. London: Century. ISBN 978-1-780-89432-4.
• Middles, Mick. The Smiths: The Complete Story (Omnibus 1985, 1988²)
• Johnny Rogan. Morrissey and Marr: The Severed Alliance (Omnibus 1992, 1993²; ISBN 0-7119-3000-7)
• Simpson, Mark (2004) [2003]. Saint Morrissey. ISBN 978-0-946719-75-4.
• Marc Spitz. How Soon Is Never (Three Rivers Press, 2003; ISBN 978-0-609-81040-8)
• Warnes, Andrew (2008). "Black, White and Blue: The Racial Antagonism of the Smiths' Record Sleeves". Popular Music. Vol. 27, no. 1. pp. 135–149. JSTOR 40212448.

External links

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to The Smiths.

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Smiths.

• The Smiths at Curlie
• The Smiths at IMDb
• The Smiths discography at Discogs
• Plundering Desire – articles & interviews, release reviews, live reviews, news items
• Vulgar Picture – visual Smiths and Morrissey discography