fbpx
Wikipedia

Art rock

April 18, 2023

Not to be confused with Rock art.

Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from entertainment to an artistic statement,[8] opting for a more experimental and conceptual outlook on music.[3] Influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental music, avant-garde music, classical music, and jazz.[1]

Its music was created with the intention of listening and contemplation rather than for dancing,[3] and is often distinguished by the use of electronic effects and easy listening textures far removed from the propulsive rhythms of early rock.[8] The term may sometimes be used interchangeably with "progressive rock", though the latter is instead characterized in particular by its employment of classically trained instrumental technique and symphonic textures.

The genre's greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists. The music, as well as the theatrical nature of performances associated with the genre, was able to appeal to artistically inclined adolescents and younger adults, especially due to its virtuosity and musical/lyrical complexity.[3] Art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music, beginning in 1966–67 and ending with the arrival of punk rock in the mid-1970s.[9] After, the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s–90s.[3]

Definitions

See also: Progressive rock and Art pop
Further information: Art music

Critic John Rockwell says that art rock is one of rock's most wide-ranging and eclectic genres with its overt sense of creative detachment, classical music pretensions, and experimental, avant-garde proclivities.[10] In the rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive".[11] "Art rock" is often used synonymously with progressive rock.[12][10][1][3] Historically, the term has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music.[13] The first is progressive rock, while the second usage refers to groups who rejected psychedelia and the hippie counterculture in favor of a modernist, avant-garde approach defined by the Velvet Underground.[13] Essayist Ellen Willis compared these two types:

From the early sixties … there was a counter-tradition in rock and roll that had much more in common with high art—in particular avant-garde art—than the ballyhooed art-rock synthesis [progressive rock]; it involved more or less consciously using the basic formal canons of rock and roll as material (much as pop artists used mass art in general) and refining, elaborating, playing off that material to produce … rockand-roll art. While art rock was implicitly based on the claim that rock and roll was or could be as worthy as more established art forms, rock-and-roll art came out of an obsessive commitment to the language of rock and roll and an equally obsessive disdain for those who rejected that language or wanted it watered down, made easier … the new wave has inherited the counter-tradition.[14]

Art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions, in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop.[15] Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman's American Popular Music defines art rock as a "form of rock music that blended elements of rock and European classical music", citing the English rock bands King Crimson, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Pink Floyd as examples.[16] Common characteristics include album-oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs, with usually complicated and long instrumental sections and symphonic orchestration.[3] Its music was traditionally used within the context of concept records, and its lyrical themes tended to be "imaginative" and politically oriented.[3]

Differences have been identified between art rock and progressive rock, with art rock emphasizing avant-garde or experimental influences and "novel sonic structure", while progressive rock has been characterized as putting a greater emphasis on classically trained instrumental technique, literary content, and symphonic features.[1] Compared to progressive rock, art rock is "more challenging, noisy and unconventional" and "less classically influenced", with more of an emphasis on avant-garde music.[1] Similarities are that they both describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility,[1] and became the instrumental analog to concept albums and rock operas, which were typically more vocal oriented.[17]

Art rock can also refer to either classically driven rock, or to a progressive rock-folk fusion.[3] Bruce Eder's essay The Early History of Art-Rock/Prog Rock states that "'progressive rock,' also sometimes known as 'art rock,' or 'classical rock'" is music in which the "bands [are] playing suites, not songs; borrowing riffs from Bach, Beethoven, and Wagner instead of Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley; and using language closer to William Blake or T. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon."[18]

History

1960s

Background

See also: Experimental rock and Album Era

In the late sixties and early seventies, rock both co-opted and challenged the prevailing view of musical art, often at the same time. This is evident in a diverse body of music that includes the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper; Frank Zappa's Freak Out ... the Who's rock opera Tommy; Pink Floyd's technologically advanced concept album Dark Side of the Moon; and Miles Davis's jazz/rock fusion.

—Michael Campbell, Popular Music in America, 2012[12]

The boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century.[19] The first usage of the term "art rock", according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968.[4] As pop music's dominant format transitioned from singles to albums,[nb 1] many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, where art rock would flourish.[21] As it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with the development of progressive rock – art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock.[22]

Proponents

 
Phil Spector (center) in the studio with folk rock band Modern Folk Quartet, 1966

The earliest figure of art rock has been assumed to be record producer and songwriter Phil Spector, who became known as an auteur for his Wall of Sound productions that aspired to a "classical grandiosity".[23] According to biographer Richard Williams: "[Spector] created a new concept: the producer as overall director of the creative process, from beginning to end. He took control of everything, he picked the artists, wrote or chose the material, supervised the arrangements, told the singers how to phrase, masterminded all phases of the recording process with the most painful attention to detail, and released the result on his own label."[24] Williams also says that Spector transformed rock music as a performing art into an art that could only exist in the recording studio, which "paved the way for art rock".[25]

 
Brian Wilson in the studio, 1976

The Beach Boys' leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the auteur music producer.[26][nb 2] Like Spector, Wilson was known as a reclusive studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his mastery of recording technology.[28] Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of "a new kind of art-rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the mainstream accessibility of pop music".[29] Drawing from the influence of Wilson's work and the work of the Beatles' producer George Martin, music producers after the mid 1960s began to view the recording studio as a musical instrument used to aid the process of composition.[26] Critic Stephen Holden says that mid-1960s recordings by the Beatles, Spector and Wilson are often identified as marking the start of art pop, which preceded the "bombastic, classically inflected" art rock that started in the late 1960s.[21]

Many of the top British groups during the 1960s – including members of the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, the Who, 10cc, the Move, the Yardbirds and Pink Floyd – came to music via art school.[30][31] This institution differed from its US counterpart in terms of having a less industry-applicable syllabus and in its focus on furthering eccentric talent.[32] By the mid-1960s, several of these acts espoused an approach based on art and originality, where previously they had been absorbed solely in authentic interpretation of US-derived musical styles, such as rock 'n' roll and R&B.[33]

According to journalist Richard Goldstein, many popular musicians from California (like Wilson) desired to be acknowledged as artists, and struggled with this aspiration. Goldstein says that the line between violating musical conventions and making "truly popular music" caused those who did not have "strong enough egos" (in contrast to Bob Dylan and the Beatles) to be "doomed to a respectful rejection, and a few albums with disappointing sales usually meant silence. ... They yearned for fame, as only needy people can, but they also wanted to make art, and when both of those impulses couldn’t be achieved they recoiled in a ball of frantic confusion."[34]

Author Matthew Bannister traces "the more self-conscious, camp aesthetic of art rock" to pop artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground, who emulated Warhol's art/pop synthesis.[35] Accordingly: "Warhol took Spector's combination of the disembodiment, 'distance' and refinement of high culture with the 'immediacy' of mass cultural forms like rock and roll several stages further ... But Warhol’s aesthetic was more thoroughly worked out than Spector's, which represented a transitional phase between old-fashioned auteurism and the thoroughly postmodern, detached tenets of pop art. ... Warhol's approach reverberates throughout art rock, most obviously in his stance of distance and disengagement."[36] In 1969, the Doors also explored art rock genre on their fourth album, The Soft Parade.[37]

Influential albums

1965–66

The December 1965 release of the Beatles' Rubber Soul signified a watershed for the pop album,[38] transforming it in scope from a collection of singles with lesser-quality tracks to a distinct art form, filled with high-quality original compositions.[39] The album garnered recognition for the Beatles as artists from the American mainstream press,[40] anticipating rock music's cultural legitimization as an art form.[41] Writing in 1968, Gene Sculatti of Jazz & Pop recognized Rubber Soul as "the definitive 'rock as art' album" and "the necessary prototype" that major artists such as the Rolling Stones (with Aftermath) and the Beach Boys had felt compelled to follow.[42]

The period when rock music became most closely aligned with art began in 1966 and continued until the mid 1970s.[43] Academic Michael Johnson associates "the first documented moments of ascension in rock music" to the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Released in May 1966, Pet Sounds came from Wilson's desire to make a "complete statement", as he believed the Beatles had previously done with Rubber Soul.[44][nb 3] In 1978, biographer David Leaf wrote that the album heralded art rock,[46] while according to The New York Observer, "Pet Sounds proved that a pop group could make an album-length piece comparable with the greatest long-form works of Bernstein, Copland, Ives, and Rodgers and Hammerstein."[47] Pet Sounds is also noted as the first rock concept album.[48][49][nb 4] In 1971, Cue magazine described the Beach Boys as having been "among the vanguard" with regard to art rock, among many other aspects relating to the counterculture, over the period up to late 1967.[50]

Jacqueline Edmondson's 2013 encyclopedia Music in American Life states that, although it was preceded by earlier examples, Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention's debut album Freak Out! (June 1966) came to be seen as "the first successful incorporation of art music in a pop context". With Los Angeles as his base since the early 1960s, Zappa was able to work in an environment where student radicalism was closely aligned with an active avant-garde scene, a setting that placed the city ahead of other countercultural centres at the time and would continue to inform his music.[19] Writer and pianist Michael Campbell comments that the album "contains a long noncategorical list of Zappa's influences, from classical avant-garde composers to obscure folk musicians".[12]

The Beatles' Revolver (August 1966) furthered the album-as-art perspective[51] and continued pop music's evolution.[52] Led by the art-rock single "Eleanor Rigby",[53] it expanded the genre's scope in terms of the range of musical styles, which included Indian, avant-garde and classical, and the lyrical content of the album,[54] and also in its departure from previous notions of melody and structure in pop songwriting.[55] According to Rolling Stone, "Revolver signaled that in popular music, anything – any theme, any musical idea – could now be realized."[56] As with Rubber Soul, the album inspired many of the progressive rock artists of the 1970s,[57] and each of its songs has been recognised as anticipating a new subgenre or style.[58]

1967
Main articles: The Velvet Underground & Nico and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Clash Music names the Velvet Underground's debut March 1967 album The Velvet Underground & Nico "the original art-rock record".[59][nb 5] Bannister writes of the Velvet Underground: "no other band exerted the same grip on the minds of 1970s/1980s art/alternative rock artists, writers and audiences."[61] Their influence would recur from the 1970s onwards to various worldwide indie scenes,[61][nb 6] and in 2006, The Velvet Underground & Nico was inducted into the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry, who commented: "For decades [it] has cast a huge shadow over nearly every sub-variety of avant-garde rock, from 70s art-rock to no-wave, new-wave, and punk."[62] However, when the Velvet Underground first appeared in the mid 1960s, they faced rejection and were commonly dismissed as a "fag" band.[63] In 1982, musician Brian Eno famously stated that while The Velvet Underground & Nico initially sold just 30,000 copies, "everyone who bought one of those 30,000 copies started a band."[64]

The Beatles' Paul McCartney deemed Pet Sounds "the record of the time", and in June 1967, the band responded with their own album: Sgt. Pepper's,[65][nb 7] which was also influenced by Freak Out![66] AllMusic states that the first wave of art rock musicians were inspired by Sgt. Pepper's and believed that for rock music to grow artistically, they should incorporate elements of European and classical music to the genre.[1][nb 8] Many British groups flowered in the album's wake; those who are listed in Music in American Life include the Moody Blues, the Strawbs, Genesis, and "most notably", Pink Floyd.[68][nb 9] The band's Roger Waters later stated that both Sgt. Pepper and Pet Sounds "completely changed everything about records" for him.[70]

1970s–1990s

See also: New wave music

Art rock's greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists including King Crimson and Queen.[3]

 
David Bowie photographed in 1974

Early in the decade, Pink Floyd released Atom Heart Mother, with the 23-minute title track taking up the entire first side of the LP. This experiment with collaborator Ron Geesin yielded the longest unbroken Pink Floyd song on record, a suite divided into six parts, which required the band at times to utilize a choir and brass section on tour. The album was a commercial success, giving the band to its first number one record in the UK. It signaled a shift in their music from the psychedelic forays of their late '60s albums and into a period of renewed creativity in the form of longer and more progressive rock music.

Enthusiasm for art rock explorations waned in the mid 1970s.[12] From then to the 1990s, art rock was infused within various popular music genres.[3] Encyclopædia Britannica states that its genre's tendencies were continued by some British and American hard rock and pop rock artists, and that Brian Eno's late 1970s and early 1980s collaborations with David Bowie and Talking Heads are exemplary of "the successful infusion of art rock tendencies into other popular music genres".[3] Bowie and Eno collaborated on a series of consecutive albums called the "Berlin Trilogy", characterized as an "art rock trifecta" by Consequence of Sound, who noted that at the time of their release, "The experimental records weren’t connecting with audiences on the scale Bowie was used to. ... New Wave had exploded, and a generation of Bowie descendants had taken the stage."[71]

In the 1980s, a new generation of English art rockers took the place of 1970s bands such as Roxy Music,[72] Yes, Genesis, Jethro Tull and Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Journalist Roy Trakin says: "Of course, these stalwarts can still fill Madison Square Garden and sell a great many records, as they always have, but their days of adventurous risk-taking and musical innovation are long gone – replaced by the smug satisfaction of commercial success."[73]

Notes

  1. ^ The Beatles, the Beach Boys, Phil Spector, and Frank Zappa all indicated a direction that transformed long-playing records into a creative format while variously reciprocating each others' creative developments throughout the 1960s.[20]
  2. ^ For an early example of the rock album format being used to make a cohesive artistic statement, author Scott Schinder refers to the album The Beach Boys Today! (1965) and its "suite-like structure", consisting of one side of uptempo songs and the other of ballads.[27]
  3. ^ In March 1966, Wilson called Pet Sounds "a more conscious, arty production ... it's like I'm right in the golden age of what it's all about. ... The folk thing has been important. I think it has opened up a whole new intellectual bag for the kids. They're making "thinking" records now. That's really what it is."[45]
  4. ^ Carys Wyn Jones observes that Pet Sounds, the Beatles' Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper, and the Who's Tommy (1969) are variously cited as "the first concept album", usually for their "uniform excellence rather than some lyrical theme or underlying musical motif".[9]
  5. ^ In late 1966, the Velvet Underground's principal songwriter Lou Reed praised Spector, crowning his "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (1964) "the best record ever made". In addition, he wrote: "There is no God and Brian Wilson is his son."[60]
  6. ^ Bannister adds that indie rock musicians would be significantly influenced by the "pop" offshoots of psychedelia that includes the later Beatles, the later Beach Boys, the Byrds, early Pink Floyd, and Love.[13]
  7. ^ It is frequently cited for its Pet Sounds influence, as McCartney explains: "If records had a director within a band, I sort of directed Pepper ... and my influence was basically the Pet Sounds album."[65] The interplay between the Beach Boys and the Beatles' creative work thus inextricably links the two albums together.[65]
  8. ^ In the Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin wrote of Sgt. Pepper: "[It] turned out to be no mere pop album but a cultural icon, embracing the constituent elements of the 60s' youth culture: pop art, garish fashion, drugs, instant mysticism and freedom from parental control."[67]
  9. ^ Pink Floyd recorded their 1967 debut album Piper at the Gates of Dawn next door to the Sgt. Pepper's sessions at London's EMI Studios. Fans believe that the Piper track "Pow R. Toc H." would derive from Pepper's "Lovely Rita", whose sessions Pink Floyd were witness to.[69]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pop/Rock » Art-Rock/Experimental » Prog-Rock". AllMusic.
  2. ^ O'Brien, Lucy M. "Psychedelic rock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Art Rock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Art-Rock". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  5. ^ Anon (n.d.). "Kraut Rock". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  6. ^ Hegarty & Halliwell 2011, p. 224.
  7. ^ Reynolds 2005, p. 4.
  8. ^ a b Campbell 2012, p. 393.
  9. ^ a b Jones 2008, p. 49.
  10. ^ a b Edmondson 2013, p. 146.
  11. ^ Murray, Noel (28 May 2015). "60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire". The A.V. Club.
  12. ^ a b c d Campbell 2012, p. 251.
  13. ^ a b c Bannister 2007, p. 37.
  14. ^ Bannister 2007, pp. 37–38.
  15. ^ Frith & Horne 2016, p. 98.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  17. ^ Campbell 2012, p. 845.
  18. ^ Eder, Bruce, "The Early History of Art-Rock/Prog Rock", , Vanguar Church, archived from the original on 24 January 2008.
  19. ^ a b Edmondson 2013, p. 1233.
  20. ^ Julien 2008, pp. 30, 160.
  21. ^ a b Holden, Stephen (28 February 1999). "MUSIC; They're Recording, but Are They Artists?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  22. ^ Rosenberg 2009, p. 179.
  23. ^ Bannister 2007, p. 48.
  24. ^ Williams 2003, pp. 15–16.
  25. ^ Williams 2003, p. 38.
  26. ^ a b Edmondson 2013, p. 890.
  27. ^ Schinder 2007, p. 111.
  28. ^ Bannister 2007, p. 39.
  29. ^ Carlin, Peter Ames (25 March 2001). "MUSIC; A Rock Utopian Still Chasing An American Dream". The New York Times.
  30. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. xiv.
  31. ^ Frith 1989, p. 208.
  32. ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. xiii–xiv.
  33. ^ Lindberg et al. 2005, pp. 104–06.
  34. ^ Goldstein, Richard (26 April 2015). "I got high with the Beach Boys: "If I survive this I promise never to do drugs again"". Salon.
  35. ^ Bannister 2007, pp. 26, 45.
  36. ^ Bannister 2007, pp. 40, 44.
  37. ^ Sundling 1990, p. 101.
  38. ^ Howard 2004, p. 64.
  39. ^ Perone 2004, p. 23.
  40. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 595.
  41. ^ Frontani 2007, p. 122.
  42. ^ Sculatti, Gene (September 1968). . Jazz & Pop. teachrock.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  43. ^ Campbell 2012, p. 250.
  44. ^ Jones 2008, p. 56.
  45. ^ Grevatt, Ron (19 March 1966). "Beach Boys' Blast". Melody Maker.
  46. ^ Leaf 1985, p. 74.
  47. ^ Sommer, Tim (21 July 2015). "Beyond the Life of Brian: The Myth of the 'Lesser' Beach Boys". The New York Observer.
  48. ^ Kent 2009, pp. 23–24.
  49. ^ Davis, Stephen (22 June 1972). "Pet Sounds". Rolling Stone.
  50. ^ "Pet Sounds". Cue. 40 (27). 1971.
  51. ^ Perone 2004, pp. 118–19.
  52. ^ Howard 2004, p. 2.
  53. ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. 138.
  54. ^ Greene 2016, pp. 9, 21–22.
  55. ^ Everett 1999, p. 67.
  56. ^ Rolling Stone staff (31 May 2012). "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 3. The Beatles, 'Revolver'". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  57. ^ Everett 1999, p. 95.
  58. ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. xiii.
  59. ^ "Classic Albums: The Velvet Underground – The Velvet Underground & Nico". Clash Music. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  60. ^ Unterberger 2009, p. 122.
  61. ^ a b Bannister 2007, p. 44.
  62. ^ Unterberger 2009, pp. 6, 358.
  63. ^ Bannister 2007, p. 45.
  64. ^ Gensler, Andy (28 October 2013). "Lou Reed RIP: What If Everyone Who Bought The First Velvet Underground Album Did Start A Band?". Billboard. New York.
  65. ^ a b c Jones 2008, p. 50.
  66. ^ Julien 2008, pp. 158–160.
  67. ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 1. Muze. pp. 487–489. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
  68. ^ Edmondson 2013, p. 184.
  69. ^ Geslani, Michelle (14 November 2014). "Nick Mason details Pink Floyd and The Beatles' first encounter in 1967". Consequence of Sound.
  70. ^ "Roger Waters Interview", Rolling Stone, 12 March 2003
  71. ^ Goble, Blake; Blackard, Cap; Levy, Pat; Phillips, Lior; Sackllah, David (8 January 2018). "Ranking: Every David Bowie Album From Worst to Best". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  72. ^ "Roxy Music > Biography". Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Allmusic. Accessed 12 February 2020.
  73. ^ Trakin, Roy (February 1981). "The New English Art Rock". Musician (30).

Bibliography

  • Bannister, Matthew (2007). White Boys, White Noise: Masculinities and 1980s Indie Guitar Rock. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-8803-7.
  • Campbell, Michael (2012). Popular Music in America:The Beat Goes On. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-71260-2.
  • Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013). Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39348-8.
  • Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0.
  • Frith, Simon (1989). Facing the Music: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture. London: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-55849-9.
  • Frith, Simon; Horne, Howard (2016) [1988]. Art Into Pop. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-22803-5.
  • Frontani, Michael R. (2007). The Beatles: Image and the Media. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-966-8.
  • Greene, Doyle (2016). Rock, Counterculture and the Avant-Garde, 1966–1970: How the Beatles, Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground Defined an Era. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-6214-5.
  • Hegarty, Paul; Halliwell, Martin (2011), Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock Since the 1960s, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-2332-0
  • Howard, David N. (2004). Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 0-634-05560-7.
  • Jones, Carys Wyn (2008). The Rock Canon: Canonical Values in the Reception of Rock Albums. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-6244-0.
  • Johnson, Michael (2009). Pop Music Theory: Harmony, Form, and Composition (2nd ed.). Boston, Mass.: Cinemasonique Music. ISBN 978-0-578-03539-0.
  • Julien, Oliver (2008). Julien, Olivier (ed.). Sgt. Pepper and the Beatles: It Was Forty Years Ago Today. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6708-7.
  • Kent, Nick (2009). "The Last Beach Movie Revisited: The Life of Brian Wilson". The Dark Stuff: Selected Writings on Rock Music. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786730742.
  • Leaf, David (1985). The Beach Boys. Courage Books. ISBN 978-0-89471-412-2.
  • Lindberg, Ulf; Guomundsson, Gestur; Michelsen, Morten; Weisethaunet, Hans (2005). Rock Criticism from the Beginning: Amusers, Bruisers, and Cool-Headed Cruisers. New York, NY: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-7490-8.
  • MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8.
  • Perone, James E. (2004). Music of the Counterculture Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32689-4.
  • Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip it Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-303672-2.
  • Rodriguez, Robert (2012). Revolver: How the Beatles Reimagined Rock 'n' Roll. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-009-0.
  • Rosenberg, Stuart (2009). Rock and Roll and the American Landscape: The Birth of an Industry and the Expansion of the Popular Culture, 1955-1969. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4401-6458-3.
  • Schinder, Scott (2007). "The Beach Boys". In Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (eds.). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313338458.
  • Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 1-84513-160-6.
  • Sundling, Doug (1990). The Doors: Artistic Vision. Castle Communications. ISBN 1-86074-139-8.
  • Unterberger, Richie (2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day by Day. Jawbone. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0.
  • Williams, Richard (2003). Phil Spector: Out of His Head. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-9864-3.

Further reading

  • Gendron, Bernard (2002). Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28735-5.

April 18, 2023
rock, confused, with, rock, subgenre, rock, music, that, generally, reflects, challenging, avant, garde, approach, rock, which, makes, modernist, experimental, unconventional, elements, aspires, elevate, rock, from, entertainment, artistic, statement, opting, . Not to be confused with Rock art Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant garde approach to rock or which makes use of modernist experimental or unconventional elements Art rock aspires to elevate rock from entertainment to an artistic statement 8 opting for a more experimental and conceptual outlook on music 3 Influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental music avant garde music classical music and jazz 1 Art rockOther namesProgressive rockStylistic originsExperimental rock 1 avant garde 1 psychedelic rock 2 folk 3 jazz 1 classical 4 Cultural origins1960s United States and United KingdomDerivative formsKrautrock 5 post progressive 6 post punk 7 Other topicsArt music art pop concept album post rock progressive pop rock opera rockism art punkIts music was created with the intention of listening and contemplation rather than for dancing 3 and is often distinguished by the use of electronic effects and easy listening textures far removed from the propulsive rhythms of early rock 8 The term may sometimes be used interchangeably with progressive rock though the latter is instead characterized in particular by its employment of classically trained instrumental technique and symphonic textures The genre s greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists The music as well as the theatrical nature of performances associated with the genre was able to appeal to artistically inclined adolescents and younger adults especially due to its virtuosity and musical lyrical complexity 3 Art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music beginning in 1966 67 and ending with the arrival of punk rock in the mid 1970s 9 After the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s 90s 3 Contents 1 Definitions 2 History 2 1 1960s 2 1 1 Background 2 1 2 Proponents 2 1 3 Influential albums 2 1 3 1 1965 66 2 1 3 2 1967 2 2 1970s 1990s 3 Notes 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further readingDefinitions EditSee also Progressive rock and Art pop Further information Art music The Velvet Underground 1968 Critic John Rockwell says that art rock is one of rock s most wide ranging and eclectic genres with its overt sense of creative detachment classical music pretensions and experimental avant garde proclivities 10 In the rock music of the 1970s the art descriptor was generally understood to mean aggressively avant garde or pretentiously progressive 11 Art rock is often used synonymously with progressive rock 12 10 1 3 Historically the term has been used to describe at least two related but distinct types of rock music 13 The first is progressive rock while the second usage refers to groups who rejected psychedelia and the hippie counterculture in favor of a modernist avant garde approach defined by the Velvet Underground 13 Essayist Ellen Willis compared these two types From the early sixties there was a counter tradition in rock and roll that had much more in common with high art in particular avant garde art than the ballyhooed art rock synthesis progressive rock it involved more or less consciously using the basic formal canons of rock and roll as material much as pop artists used mass art in general and refining elaborating playing off that material to produce rockand roll art While art rock was implicitly based on the claim that rock and roll was or could be as worthy as more established art forms rock and roll art came out of an obsessive commitment to the language of rock and roll and an equally obsessive disdain for those who rejected that language or wanted it watered down made easier the new wave has inherited the counter tradition 14 Pink Floyd performing their concept album The Dark Side of the Moon 1973 Art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop 15 Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman s American Popular Music defines art rock as a form of rock music that blended elements of rock and European classical music citing the English rock bands King Crimson Emerson Lake amp Palmer and Pink Floyd as examples 16 Common characteristics include album oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs with usually complicated and long instrumental sections and symphonic orchestration 3 Its music was traditionally used within the context of concept records and its lyrical themes tended to be imaginative and politically oriented 3 Differences have been identified between art rock and progressive rock with art rock emphasizing avant garde or experimental influences and novel sonic structure while progressive rock has been characterized as putting a greater emphasis on classically trained instrumental technique literary content and symphonic features 1 Compared to progressive rock art rock is more challenging noisy and unconventional and less classically influenced with more of an emphasis on avant garde music 1 Similarities are that they both describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility 1 and became the instrumental analog to concept albums and rock operas which were typically more vocal oriented 17 Art rock can also refer to either classically driven rock or to a progressive rock folk fusion 3 Bruce Eder s essay The Early History of Art Rock Prog Rock states that progressive rock also sometimes known as art rock or classical rock is music in which the bands are playing suites not songs borrowing riffs from Bach Beethoven and Wagner instead of Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley and using language closer to William Blake or T S Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon 18 History Edit1960s Edit Background Edit See also Experimental rock and Album Era In the late sixties and early seventies rock both co opted and challenged the prevailing view of musical art often at the same time This is evident in a diverse body of music that includes the Beach Boys Pet Sounds and the Beatles Sgt Pepper Frank Zappa s Freak Out the Who s rock opera Tommy Pink Floyd s technologically advanced concept album Dark Side of the Moon and Miles Davis s jazz rock fusion Michael Campbell Popular Music in America 2012 12 The boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century 19 The first usage of the term art rock according to Merriam Webster Online Dictionary was in 1968 4 As pop music s dominant format transitioned from singles to albums nb 1 many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements where art rock would flourish 21 As it progressed in the late 1960s in tandem with the development of progressive rock art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock 22 Proponents Edit Phil Spector center in the studio with folk rock band Modern Folk Quartet 1966 The earliest figure of art rock has been assumed to be record producer and songwriter Phil Spector who became known as an auteur for his Wall of Sound productions that aspired to a classical grandiosity 23 According to biographer Richard Williams Spector created a new concept the producer as overall director of the creative process from beginning to end He took control of everything he picked the artists wrote or chose the material supervised the arrangements told the singers how to phrase masterminded all phases of the recording process with the most painful attention to detail and released the result on his own label 24 Williams also says that Spector transformed rock music as a performing art into an art that could only exist in the recording studio which paved the way for art rock 25 Brian Wilson in the studio 1976 The Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the auteur music producer 26 nb 2 Like Spector Wilson was known as a reclusive studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his mastery of recording technology 28 Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of a new kind of art rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the mainstream accessibility of pop music 29 Drawing from the influence of Wilson s work and the work of the Beatles producer George Martin music producers after the mid 1960s began to view the recording studio as a musical instrument used to aid the process of composition 26 Critic Stephen Holden says that mid 1960s recordings by the Beatles Spector and Wilson are often identified as marking the start of art pop which preceded the bombastic classically inflected art rock that started in the late 1960s 21 Many of the top British groups during the 1960s including members of the Beatles the Rolling Stones the Kinks the Who 10cc the Move the Yardbirds and Pink Floyd came to music via art school 30 31 This institution differed from its US counterpart in terms of having a less industry applicable syllabus and in its focus on furthering eccentric talent 32 By the mid 1960s several of these acts espoused an approach based on art and originality where previously they had been absorbed solely in authentic interpretation of US derived musical styles such as rock n roll and R amp B 33 According to journalist Richard Goldstein many popular musicians from California like Wilson desired to be acknowledged as artists and struggled with this aspiration Goldstein says that the line between violating musical conventions and making truly popular music caused those who did not have strong enough egos in contrast to Bob Dylan and the Beatles to be doomed to a respectful rejection and a few albums with disappointing sales usually meant silence They yearned for fame as only needy people can but they also wanted to make art and when both of those impulses couldn t be achieved they recoiled in a ball of frantic confusion 34 Author Matthew Bannister traces the more self conscious camp aesthetic of art rock to pop artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground who emulated Warhol s art pop synthesis 35 Accordingly Warhol took Spector s combination of the disembodiment distance and refinement of high culture with the immediacy of mass cultural forms like rock and roll several stages further But Warhol s aesthetic was more thoroughly worked out than Spector s which represented a transitional phase between old fashioned auteurism and the thoroughly postmodern detached tenets of pop art Warhol s approach reverberates throughout art rock most obviously in his stance of distance and disengagement 36 In 1969 the Doors also explored art rock genre on their fourth album The Soft Parade 37 Influential albums Edit 1965 66 Edit The December 1965 release of the Beatles Rubber Soul signified a watershed for the pop album 38 transforming it in scope from a collection of singles with lesser quality tracks to a distinct art form filled with high quality original compositions 39 The album garnered recognition for the Beatles as artists from the American mainstream press 40 anticipating rock music s cultural legitimization as an art form 41 Writing in 1968 Gene Sculatti of Jazz amp Pop recognized Rubber Soul as the definitive rock as art album and the necessary prototype that major artists such as the Rolling Stones with Aftermath and the Beach Boys had felt compelled to follow 42 The period when rock music became most closely aligned with art began in 1966 and continued until the mid 1970s 43 Academic Michael Johnson associates the first documented moments of ascension in rock music to the Beach Boys Pet Sounds and the Beatles Sgt Pepper s Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967 Released in May 1966 Pet Sounds came from Wilson s desire to make a complete statement as he believed the Beatles had previously done with Rubber Soul 44 nb 3 In 1978 biographer David Leaf wrote that the album heralded art rock 46 while according to The New York Observer Pet Sounds proved that a pop group could make an album length piece comparable with the greatest long form works of Bernstein Copland Ives and Rodgers and Hammerstein 47 Pet Sounds is also noted as the first rock concept album 48 49 nb 4 In 1971 Cue magazine described the Beach Boys as having been among the vanguard with regard to art rock among many other aspects relating to the counterculture over the period up to late 1967 50 Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention 1971 Jacqueline Edmondson s 2013 encyclopedia Music in American Life states that although it was preceded by earlier examples Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention s debut album Freak Out June 1966 came to be seen as the first successful incorporation of art music in a pop context With Los Angeles as his base since the early 1960s Zappa was able to work in an environment where student radicalism was closely aligned with an active avant garde scene a setting that placed the city ahead of other countercultural centres at the time and would continue to inform his music 19 Writer and pianist Michael Campbell comments that the album contains a long noncategorical list of Zappa s influences from classical avant garde composers to obscure folk musicians 12 The Beatles Revolver August 1966 furthered the album as art perspective 51 and continued pop music s evolution 52 Led by the art rock single Eleanor Rigby 53 it expanded the genre s scope in terms of the range of musical styles which included Indian avant garde and classical and the lyrical content of the album 54 and also in its departure from previous notions of melody and structure in pop songwriting 55 According to Rolling Stone Revolver signaled that in popular music anything any theme any musical idea could now be realized 56 As with Rubber Soul the album inspired many of the progressive rock artists of the 1970s 57 and each of its songs has been recognised as anticipating a new subgenre or style 58 1967 Edit Main articles The Velvet Underground amp Nico and Sgt Pepper s Lonely Hearts Club Band Clash Music names the Velvet Underground s debut March 1967 album The Velvet Underground amp Nico the original art rock record 59 nb 5 Bannister writes of the Velvet Underground no other band exerted the same grip on the minds of 1970s 1980s art alternative rock artists writers and audiences 61 Their influence would recur from the 1970s onwards to various worldwide indie scenes 61 nb 6 and in 2006 The Velvet Underground amp Nico was inducted into the Library of Congress National Recording Registry who commented For decades it has cast a huge shadow over nearly every sub variety of avant garde rock from 70s art rock to no wave new wave and punk 62 However when the Velvet Underground first appeared in the mid 1960s they faced rejection and were commonly dismissed as a fag band 63 In 1982 musician Brian Eno famously stated that while The Velvet Underground amp Nico initially sold just 30 000 copies everyone who bought one of those 30 000 copies started a band 64 The Beatles Paul McCartney deemed Pet Sounds the record of the time and in June 1967 the band responded with their own album Sgt Pepper s 65 nb 7 which was also influenced by Freak Out 66 AllMusic states that the first wave of art rock musicians were inspired by Sgt Pepper s and believed that for rock music to grow artistically they should incorporate elements of European and classical music to the genre 1 nb 8 Many British groups flowered in the album s wake those who are listed in Music in American Life include the Moody Blues the Strawbs Genesis and most notably Pink Floyd 68 nb 9 The band s Roger Waters later stated that both Sgt Pepper and Pet Sounds completely changed everything about records for him 70 1970s 1990s Edit See also New wave music This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2016 Art rock s greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists including King Crimson and Queen 3 David Bowie photographed in 1974 Early in the decade Pink Floyd released Atom Heart Mother with the 23 minute title track taking up the entire first side of the LP This experiment with collaborator Ron Geesin yielded the longest unbroken Pink Floyd song on record a suite divided into six parts which required the band at times to utilize a choir and brass section on tour The album was a commercial success giving the band to its first number one record in the UK It signaled a shift in their music from the psychedelic forays of their late 60s albums and into a period of renewed creativity in the form of longer and more progressive rock music Enthusiasm for art rock explorations waned in the mid 1970s 12 From then to the 1990s art rock was infused within various popular music genres 3 Encyclopaedia Britannica states that its genre s tendencies were continued by some British and American hard rock and pop rock artists and that Brian Eno s late 1970s and early 1980s collaborations with David Bowie and Talking Heads are exemplary of the successful infusion of art rock tendencies into other popular music genres 3 Bowie and Eno collaborated on a series of consecutive albums called the Berlin Trilogy characterized as an art rock trifecta by Consequence of Sound who noted that at the time of their release The experimental records weren t connecting with audiences on the scale Bowie was used to New Wave had exploded and a generation of Bowie descendants had taken the stage 71 In the 1980s a new generation of English art rockers took the place of 1970s bands such as Roxy Music 72 Yes Genesis Jethro Tull and Emerson Lake amp Palmer Journalist Roy Trakin says Of course these stalwarts can still fill Madison Square Garden and sell a great many records as they always have but their days of adventurous risk taking and musical innovation are long gone replaced by the smug satisfaction of commercial success 73 Notes Edit The Beatles the Beach Boys Phil Spector and Frank Zappa all indicated a direction that transformed long playing records into a creative format while variously reciprocating each others creative developments throughout the 1960s 20 For an early example of the rock album format being used to make a cohesive artistic statement author Scott Schinder refers to the album The Beach Boys Today 1965 and its suite like structure consisting of one side of uptempo songs and the other of ballads 27 In March 1966 Wilson called Pet Sounds a more conscious arty production it s like I m right in the golden age of what it s all about The folk thing has been important I think it has opened up a whole new intellectual bag for the kids They re making thinking records now That s really what it is 45 Carys Wyn Jones observes that Pet Sounds the Beatles Revolver 1966 and Sgt Pepper and the Who s Tommy 1969 are variously cited as the first concept album usually for their uniform excellence rather than some lyrical theme or underlying musical motif 9 In late 1966 the Velvet Underground s principal songwriter Lou Reed praised Spector crowning his You ve Lost That Lovin Feelin 1964 the best record ever made In addition he wrote There is no God and Brian Wilson is his son 60 Bannister adds that indie rock musicians would be significantly influenced by the pop offshoots of psychedelia that includes the later Beatles the later Beach Boys the Byrds early Pink Floyd and Love 13 It is frequently cited for its Pet Sounds influence as McCartney explains If records had a director within a band I sort of directed Pepper and my influence was basically the Pet Sounds album 65 The interplay between the Beach Boys and the Beatles creative work thus inextricably links the two albums together 65 In the Encyclopedia of Popular Music Colin Larkin wrote of Sgt Pepper It turned out to be no mere pop album but a cultural icon embracing the constituent elements of the 60s youth culture pop art garish fashion drugs instant mysticism and freedom from parental control 67 Pink Floyd recorded their 1967 debut album Piper at the Gates of Dawn next door to the Sgt Pepper s sessions at London s EMI Studios Fans believe that the Piper track Pow R Toc H would derive from Pepper s Lovely Rita whose sessions Pink Floyd were witness to 69 References Edit a b c d e f g h i Pop Rock Art Rock Experimental Prog Rock AllMusic O Brien Lucy M Psychedelic rock Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 3 December 2016 a b c d e f g h i j k l Art Rock Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 15 December 2011 a b Art Rock Merriam Webster Retrieved 15 December 2011 Anon n d Kraut Rock AllMusic Retrieved 25 January 2017 Hegarty amp Halliwell 2011 p 224 Reynolds 2005 p 4 a b Campbell 2012 p 393 a b Jones 2008 p 49 a b Edmondson 2013 p 146 Murray Noel 28 May 2015 60 minutes of music that sum up art punk pioneers Wire The A V Club a b c d Campbell 2012 p 251 a b c Bannister 2007 p 37 Bannister 2007 pp 37 38 Frith amp Horne 2016 p 98 Key Terms and Definitions Archived from the original on 3 May 2008 Retrieved 16 March 2008 Campbell 2012 p 845 Eder Bruce The Early History of Art Rock Prog Rock All Music Guide Essay Vanguar Church archived from the original on 24 January 2008 a b Edmondson 2013 p 1233 Julien 2008 pp 30 160 a b Holden Stephen 28 February 1999 MUSIC They re Recording but Are They Artists The New York Times Retrieved 17 July 2013 Rosenberg 2009 p 179 Bannister 2007 p 48 Williams 2003 pp 15 16 Williams 2003 p 38 a b Edmondson 2013 p 890 Schinder 2007 p 111 Bannister 2007 p 39 Carlin Peter Ames 25 March 2001 MUSIC A Rock Utopian Still Chasing An American Dream The New York Times MacDonald 1998 p xiv Frith 1989 p 208 MacDonald 1998 pp xiii xiv Lindberg et al 2005 pp 104 06 Goldstein Richard 26 April 2015 I got high with the Beach Boys If I survive this I promise never to do drugs again Salon Bannister 2007 pp 26 45 Bannister 2007 pp 40 44 Sundling 1990 p 101 Howard 2004 p 64 Perone 2004 p 23 Spitz 2005 p 595 Frontani 2007 p 122 Sculatti Gene September 1968 Villains and Heroes In Defense of the Beach Boys Jazz amp Pop teachrock org Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 20 June 2017 Campbell 2012 p 250 Jones 2008 p 56 Grevatt Ron 19 March 1966 Beach Boys Blast Melody Maker Leaf 1985 p 74 Sommer Tim 21 July 2015 Beyond the Life of Brian The Myth of the Lesser Beach Boys The New York Observer Kent 2009 pp 23 24 Davis Stephen 22 June 1972 Pet Sounds Rolling Stone Pet Sounds Cue 40 27 1971 Perone 2004 pp 118 19 Howard 2004 p 2 Rodriguez 2012 p 138 Greene 2016 pp 9 21 22 Everett 1999 p 67 Rolling Stone staff 31 May 2012 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 3 The Beatles Revolver rollingstone com Retrieved 22 July 2017 Everett 1999 p 95 Rodriguez 2012 p xiii Classic Albums The Velvet Underground The Velvet Underground amp Nico Clash Music 11 December 2009 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Unterberger 2009 p 122 a b Bannister 2007 p 44 Unterberger 2009 pp 6 358 Bannister 2007 p 45 Gensler Andy 28 October 2013 Lou Reed RIP What If Everyone Who Bought The First Velvet Underground Album Did Start A Band Billboard New York a b c Jones 2008 p 50 Julien 2008 pp 158 160 Larkin Colin 2006 Encyclopedia of Popular Music Vol 1 Muze pp 487 489 ISBN 0 19 531373 9 Edmondson 2013 p 184 Geslani Michelle 14 November 2014 Nick Mason details Pink Floyd and The Beatles first encounter in 1967 Consequence of Sound Roger Waters Interview Rolling Stone 12 March 2003 Goble Blake Blackard Cap Levy Pat Phillips Lior Sackllah David 8 January 2018 Ranking Every David Bowie Album From Worst to Best Consequence of Sound Retrieved 21 October 2018 Roxy Music gt Biography Stephen Thomas Erlewine Allmusic Accessed 12 February 2020 Trakin Roy February 1981 The New English Art Rock Musician 30 Bibliography EditBannister Matthew 2007 White Boys White Noise Masculinities and 1980s Indie Guitar Rock Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 0 7546 8803 7 Campbell Michael 2012 Popular Music in America The Beat Goes On Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 133 71260 2 Edmondson Jacqueline ed 2013 Music in American Life An Encyclopedia of the Songs Styles Stars and Stories that Shaped our Culture ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 313 39348 8 Everett Walter 1999 The Beatles as Musicians Revolver Through the Anthology New York NY Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 512941 0 Frith Simon 1989 Facing the Music A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture London Pantheon Books ISBN 0 394 55849 9 Frith Simon Horne Howard 2016 1988 Art Into Pop Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 22803 5 Frontani Michael R 2007 The Beatles Image and the Media Jackson MS University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 1 57806 966 8 Greene Doyle 2016 Rock Counterculture and the Avant Garde 1966 1970 How the Beatles Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground Defined an Era Jefferson NC McFarland ISBN 978 1 4766 6214 5 Hegarty Paul Halliwell Martin 2011 Beyond and Before Progressive Rock Since the 1960s New York The Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 2332 0 Howard David N 2004 Sonic Alchemy Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings Milwaukee WI Hal Leonard ISBN 0 634 05560 7 Jones Carys Wyn 2008 The Rock Canon Canonical Values in the Reception of Rock Albums Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 0 7546 6244 0 Johnson Michael 2009 Pop Music Theory Harmony Form and Composition 2nd ed Boston Mass Cinemasonique Music ISBN 978 0 578 03539 0 Julien Oliver 2008 Julien Olivier ed Sgt Pepper and the Beatles It Was Forty Years Ago Today Ashgate ISBN 978 0 7546 6708 7 Kent Nick 2009 The Last Beach Movie Revisited The Life of Brian Wilson The Dark Stuff Selected Writings on Rock Music Da Capo Press ISBN 9780786730742 Leaf David 1985 The Beach Boys Courage Books ISBN 978 0 89471 412 2 Lindberg Ulf Guomundsson Gestur Michelsen Morten Weisethaunet Hans 2005 Rock Criticism from the Beginning Amusers Bruisers and Cool Headed Cruisers New York NY Peter Lang ISBN 978 0 8204 7490 8 MacDonald Ian 1998 Revolution in the Head The Beatles Records and the Sixties London Pimlico ISBN 978 0 7126 6697 8 Perone James E 2004 Music of the Counterculture Era Westport CT Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 32689 4 Reynolds Simon 2005 Rip it Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978 1984 Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 303672 2 Rodriguez Robert 2012 Revolver How the Beatles Reimagined Rock n Roll Milwaukee WI Backbeat Books ISBN 978 1 61713 009 0 Rosenberg Stuart 2009 Rock and Roll and the American Landscape The Birth of an Industry and the Expansion of the Popular Culture 1955 1969 iUniverse ISBN 978 1 4401 6458 3 Schinder Scott 2007 The Beach Boys In Schinder Scott Schwartz Andy eds Icons of Rock An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0313338458 Spitz Bob 2005 The Beatles The Biography New York NY Little Brown and Company ISBN 1 84513 160 6 Sundling Doug 1990 The Doors Artistic Vision Castle Communications ISBN 1 86074 139 8 Unterberger Richie 2009 White Light White Heat The Velvet Underground Day by Day Jawbone ISBN 978 1 906002 22 0 Williams Richard 2003 Phil Spector Out of His Head Music Sales Group ISBN 978 0 7119 9864 3 Further reading EditGendron Bernard 2002 Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club Popular Music and the Avant Garde University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 28735 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Art rock amp oldid 1150135769, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.