The name Khanbaliq comes from the Mongolian and Old Uyghur[2] words khan and balik[3] ("town", "permanent settlement"): "City of the Khan". It was actually in use among the Turks and Mongols before the fall of Zhongdu, in reference to the Jin emperors of China. It is traditionally written as Cambaluc in English, after its spelling in Rustichello's retelling of Marco Polo's travels. The Travels also uses the spellings Cambuluc and Kanbalu.
The name Dadu is the pinyin transcription of the Chinese name 大都, meaning "Grand Capital". The Mongols also called the city Daidu,[4] which was a transliteration directly from the Chinese.[5] In modern Chinese, it is referred to as Yuan Dadu to distinguish it from other cities which have similar names.
Zhongdu, the "Central Capital" of the JurchenJin dynasty, was located at a nearby site now part of Xicheng District. It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1215 when the Jin court began contemplating a move south to a more defensible capital such as Kaifeng. The Imperial Mint (诸路交钞提举司) established in 1260 and responsible for the printing of jiaochao, the Yuan fiatpaper money, was probably located at nearby Yanjing even before the establishment of the new capital.[6]
In 1264, Kublai Khan visited the Daning Palace on Jade Island in Taiye Lake and was so enchanted with the site that he directed his capital to be constructed around the garden. The chief architect and planner of the capital was Liu Bingzhong,[7][8] who also served as supervisor of its construction.[9] His student Guo Shoujing and the MuslimIkhtiyar al-Din were also involved.[10]
The construction of the walls of the city began in the same year, while the main imperial palace (大内) was built from 1274 onwards. The design of Khanbaliq followed several rules laid down in the ConfucianclassicThe Rites of Zhou, including "9 vertical and horizontal axes", "palaces in front, markets in back", "ancestral worship to the left, divine worship to the right".[clarification needed] It was broad in scale, strict in planning and execution, and complete in equipment.[11]
While "Cambaluc" was known to European geographers, its exact location – or its identity with Beijing – was not quite clear. This map from 1610 repeats a fairly common pattern for the period: it shows two Khanbaliqs ("Combalich" in the land of "Kitaisk" on the Ob River and "Cambalu" in "Cataia" north of the Great Wall) and one Beijing ("Paquin", at its correct location in "Xuntien" prefecture).
A year after the 1271 establishment of the Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan proclaimed the city his capital under the name Dadu[12] although construction was not fully completed until 1293. His previous seat at Shangdu became the summer capital.
As part of the Great Khans' policy of religious tolerance, Khanbaliq had various houses of worship. It even was the seat of a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khanbaliq from 1307 until its 1357 suppression.[citation needed] It was restored in 1609 as (then) Diocese of Peking.
The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty sent an army to Dadu in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to Xanadu while the Ming razed the palaces of their capital to the ground.[13] The former capital was renamed Beiping[14] (北平 "Pacified North") and Shuntian Prefecture was established in the area around the city.
The Hongwu Emperor was succeeded by his young grandson the Jianwen Emperor. His attempts to rein in the fiefs of his powerful uncles provoked the Jingnan Rebellion and ultimately his usurpation by his uncle, the Prince of Yan. Yan's powerbase lay in Shuntian and he quickly resolved to move his capital north from Yingtian (Nanjing) to the ruins at Beiping. He shortened the northern boundaries of the city and added a new and separately walled southern district. Upon the southern extension of the Taiye Lake (the present Nanhai), the raising of Wansui Hill over Yuan ruins, and the completion of the Forbidden City to its south, he declared the city his northern capital Beijing. With one brief interruption, it has borne the name ever since.
Legacy
Ruins of the Yuan-era walls of Khanbaliq are still extant and are known as the Tucheng (土城), lit. "earth wall".[15]Tucheng Park preserves part of the old northern walls, along with some modern statues.
A sculpture of a lion with three cubs from Khanbaliq, discovered beneath the Ming-era city wall and now on display at the Beijing Stone Carving Museum
Despite the capture and renaming of the city by the Ming, the name Daidu[16] remained in use among the Mongols of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty.[17] The lament of the last Yuan emperor, Toghon Temür, concerning the loss of Khanbaliq and Shangdu, is recorded in many Mongolian historical chronicles such as the Altan Tobchi and the Asarayci Neretu-yin Teuke.[16]
Khanbaliq remained the standard name for Beijing in Persian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia and the Middle East for quite a long time. It was, for instance, the name used in both the Persian and Turkic versions of Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh's account of the 1419–22 mission of Shah Rukh's envoys to the Ming capital. The account remained one of the most detailed and widely read accounts of China in these languages for centuries.[18]
When European travelers reached China by sea via Malacca and the Philippines in the 16th century, they were not initially aware that China was the same country as the "Cathay" about which they had read in Marco Polo nor that his "Cambaluc" was the city known to the southern Chinese as Pekin. It was not until the JesuitMatteo Ricci's first visit to Beijing in 1598 that he encountered Central Asian visitors ("Arabian Turks, or Mohammedans" in his description[19]) who confirmed that the city they were in was "Cambaluc." The publication of his journals by his aide announced to Europe that "Cathay" was China and "Cambaluc" Beijing. The journal then fancifully explained that name was "partly of Chinese and partly of Tartar origin", from "Tartar" cam ("great"), Chinese ba ("north"), and Chinese Lu (used for nomads in Chinese literature).[20] Many European maps continued to show "Cathay" and its capital "Cambaluc" somewhere in northeast China for much of the 17th century.
^Masuya Tomoko, "Seasonal capitals with permanent buildings in the Mongol empire", in Durand-Guédy, David (ed.), Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life, Leiden, Brill, p. 236.
^Brill, E.J. Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4, pp. 898 ff. "Khānbāliķ". Accessed 17 November 2013.
^Brill, Vol. 2, p. 620. "Bāliķ". Accessed 17 November 2013.
^Rossabi, Morris, Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, p 131
^Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank (1994). Alien Regimes and Border States. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 454.
^Vogel, Hans. Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts, and Revenues, p. 121. Brill, 2012. Accessed 18 November 2013.
^China Archaeology & Art Digest, Vol. 4, No. 2-3. Art Text (HK) Ltd. 2001. p. 35.
^Steinhardt, Nancy Riva Shatzman (1981). Imperial Architecture under Mongolian Patronage: Khubilai's Imperial City of Daidu. Harvard University. p. 222. The planning of the Imperial City, along with many other imperial projects of the 1260s, was supervised by Khubilai's close minister Liu Bingzhong. That the Imperial City was Chinese in style was certainly Liu's preference...
^Stephen G. Haw (2006). Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN0-415-34850-1. Liu Bingzhong was also charged with overseeing the construction of the Great Khan's other new capital, the city of Dadu.
^The People's Daily Online. "The Hui Ethnic Minority".
^Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (1995), A History of Cathay: a Translation and Linguistic Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Turkic Manuscript, Bloomington: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, pp. 3–6, 140, ISBN0-933070-37-3.
^Trigault, Nicolas. De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas(in Latin). Translated by Louis J. Gallagher as China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583–1610, Book IV, Chap. 3 "Failure at Pekin", pp. 312 ff. Random House (New York), 1953.
January 05, 2023
khanbaliq, dadu, yuan, chinese, 元大都, winter, capital, yuan, dynasty, china, what, beijing, also, capital, china, today, located, center, modern, beijing, secretariat, directly, administered, central, region, 腹裏, yuan, empire, comprising, present, beijing, hebe. Khanbaliq or Dadu of Yuan Chinese 元大都 was the winter capital 1 of the Yuan dynasty of China in what is now Beijing also the capital of China today It was located at the center of modern Beijing The Secretariat directly administered the Central Region 腹裏 of the Yuan Empire comprising present day Beijing Hebei Shandong Shanxi and parts of Henan and Inner Mongolia and dictated policies for the other provinces Kublai and his successors also claimed supremacy over the entire Mongol Empire following the death of Mongke Kublai s brother and predecessor in 1259 Over time the unified empire gradually fragmented into a number of khanates KhanbaliqChinese nameChinese汗八里TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHanbalǐWade GilesHan pa liMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicHaan balgas HanbaligMongolian scriptᠻᠠᠨᠪᠠᠯᠢᠺTranscriptionsSASM GNCQanbaliqDaduChinese nameChinese 元 大都Literal meaningGrand Capital of Yuan TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyin Yuan DaduWade Giles Yuan Ta tuMongolian nameMongolian scriptᠳᠠᠶᠢᠳᠤTranscriptionsSASM GNCDaiduBeipingChinese北平Literal meaning Seat of the Northern Pacified Area TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBeipingWade GilesPei p ingKhanbaliq is the direct predecessor to modern Beijing Several stations of Line 10 and Line 13 are named after the gates of Dadu Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 ReferencesName EditThe name Khanbaliq comes from the Mongolian and Old Uyghur 2 words khan and balik 3 town permanent settlement City of the Khan It was actually in use among the Turks and Mongols before the fall of Zhongdu in reference to the Jin emperors of China It is traditionally written as Cambaluc in English after its spelling in Rustichello s retelling of Marco Polo s travels The Travels also uses the spellings Cambuluc and Kanbalu The name Dadu is the pinyin transcription of the Chinese name 大都 meaning Grand Capital The Mongols also called the city Daidu 4 which was a transliteration directly from the Chinese 5 In modern Chinese it is referred to as Yuan Dadu to distinguish it from other cities which have similar names History EditSee also History of Beijing and Europeans in Medieval China Zhongdu the Central Capital of the Jurchen Jin dynasty was located at a nearby site now part of Xicheng District It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1215 when the Jin court began contemplating a move south to a more defensible capital such as Kaifeng The Imperial Mint 诸路交钞提举司 established in 1260 and responsible for the printing of jiaochao the Yuan fiat paper money was probably located at nearby Yanjing even before the establishment of the new capital 6 In 1264 Kublai Khan visited the Daning Palace on Jade Island in Taiye Lake and was so enchanted with the site that he directed his capital to be constructed around the garden The chief architect and planner of the capital was Liu Bingzhong 7 8 who also served as supervisor of its construction 9 His student Guo Shoujing and the Muslim Ikhtiyar al Din were also involved 10 The construction of the walls of the city began in the same year while the main imperial palace 大内 was built from 1274 onwards The design of Khanbaliq followed several rules laid down in the Confucian classic The Rites of Zhou including 9 vertical and horizontal axes palaces in front markets in back ancestral worship to the left divine worship to the right clarification needed It was broad in scale strict in planning and execution and complete in equipment 11 While Cambaluc was known to European geographers its exact location or its identity with Beijing was not quite clear This map from 1610 repeats a fairly common pattern for the period it shows two Khanbaliqs Combalich in the land of Kitaisk on the Ob River and Cambalu in Cataia north of the Great Wall and one Beijing Paquin at its correct location in Xuntien prefecture A year after the 1271 establishment of the Yuan dynasty Kublai Khan proclaimed the city his capital under the name Dadu 12 although construction was not fully completed until 1293 His previous seat at Shangdu became the summer capital As part of the Great Khans policy of religious tolerance Khanbaliq had various houses of worship It even was the seat of a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khanbaliq from 1307 until its 1357 suppression citation needed It was restored in 1609 as then Diocese of Peking The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty sent an army to Dadu in 1368 The last Yuan emperor fled north to Xanadu while the Ming razed the palaces of their capital to the ground 13 The former capital was renamed Beiping 14 北平 Pacified North and Shuntian Prefecture was established in the area around the city The Hongwu Emperor was succeeded by his young grandson the Jianwen Emperor His attempts to rein in the fiefs of his powerful uncles provoked the Jingnan Rebellion and ultimately his usurpation by his uncle the Prince of Yan Yan s powerbase lay in Shuntian and he quickly resolved to move his capital north from Yingtian Nanjing to the ruins at Beiping He shortened the northern boundaries of the city and added a new and separately walled southern district Upon the southern extension of the Taiye Lake the present Nanhai the raising of Wansui Hill over Yuan ruins and the completion of the Forbidden City to its south he declared the city his northern capital Beijing With one brief interruption it has borne the name ever since Legacy EditRuins of the Yuan era walls of Khanbaliq are still extant and are known as the Tucheng 土城 lit earth wall 15 Tucheng Park preserves part of the old northern walls along with some modern statues A sculpture of a lion with three cubs from Khanbaliq discovered beneath the Ming era city wall and now on display at the Beijing Stone Carving Museum Despite the capture and renaming of the city by the Ming the name Daidu 16 remained in use among the Mongols of the Mongolia based Northern Yuan dynasty 17 The lament of the last Yuan emperor Toghon Temur concerning the loss of Khanbaliq and Shangdu is recorded in many Mongolian historical chronicles such as the Altan Tobchi and the Asarayci Neretu yin Teuke 16 Khanbaliq remained the standard name for Beijing in Persian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia and the Middle East for quite a long time It was for instance the name used in both the Persian and Turkic versions of Ghiyath al din Naqqash s account of the 1419 22 mission of Shah Rukh s envoys to the Ming capital The account remained one of the most detailed and widely read accounts of China in these languages for centuries 18 When European travelers reached China by sea via Malacca and the Philippines in the 16th century they were not initially aware that China was the same country as the Cathay about which they had read in Marco Polo nor that his Cambaluc was the city known to the southern Chinese as Pekin It was not until the Jesuit Matteo Ricci s first visit to Beijing in 1598 that he encountered Central Asian visitors Arabian Turks or Mohammedans in his description 19 who confirmed that the city they were in was Cambaluc The publication of his journals by his aide announced to Europe that Cathay was China and Cambaluc Beijing The journal then fancifully explained that name was partly of Chinese and partly of Tartar origin from Tartar cam great Chinese ba north and Chinese Lu used for nomads in Chinese literature 20 Many European maps continued to show Cathay and its capital Cambaluc somewhere in northeast China for much of the 17th century See also Edit Workers moving material to construct Khanbaliq China portal History portalHistory of Beijing Names of Beijing Shangdu Yuan Dadu City Wall Ruins ParkReferences Edit Masuya Tomoko Seasonal capitals with permanent buildings in the Mongol empire in Durand Guedy David ed Turko Mongol Rulers Cities and City Life Leiden Brill p 236 Brill E J Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 4 pp 898 ff Khanbalik Accessed 17 November 2013 Brill Vol 2 p 620 Balik Accessed 17 November 2013 Rossabi Morris Khubilai Khan His Life and Times p 131 Herbert Franke John K Fairbank 1994 Alien Regimes and Border States The Cambridge History of China Vol 6 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 454 Vogel Hans Marco Polo Was in China New Evidence from Currencies Salts and Revenues p 121 Brill 2012 Accessed 18 November 2013 China Archaeology amp Art Digest Vol 4 No 2 3 Art Text HK Ltd 2001 p 35 Steinhardt Nancy Riva Shatzman 1981 Imperial Architecture under Mongolian Patronage Khubilai s Imperial City of Daidu Harvard University p 222 The planning of the Imperial City along with many other imperial projects of the 1260s was supervised by Khubilai s close minister Liu Bingzhong That the Imperial City was Chinese in style was certainly Liu s preference Stephen G Haw 2006 Marco Polo s China a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan Routledge p 69 ISBN 0 415 34850 1 Liu Bingzhong was also charged with overseeing the construction of the Great Khan s other new capital the city of Dadu The People s Daily Online The Hui Ethnic Minority 明史紀事本末 綱鑑易知錄 Roll 8 in Chinese The New Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Chicago University of William Benton Encyclopaedia Britannica p 2 Ebrey Patricia Buckley The Cambridge Illustrated History of China Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge 1999 ISBN 0 521 66991 X Naquin Susan Peking Temples and City Life 1400 1900 p xxxiii Beijing This Month Walk the Ancient Dadu City Wall Archived 2008 10 20 at the Wayback Machine a b Amitai Preiss Reuven amp al The Mongol Empire amp Its Legacy p 277 Norman Alexander Holder of the White Lotus Little Brown ISBN 978 0 316 85988 2 Beller Hann Ildiko 1995 A History of Cathay a Translation and Linguistic Analysis of a Fifteenth Century Turkic Manuscript Bloomington Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies pp 3 6 140 ISBN 0 933070 37 3 Louis J Gallagher s translation Trigault Nicolas De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas in Latin Translated by Louis J Gallagher as China in the Sixteenth Century The Journals of Mathew Ricci 1583 1610 Book IV Chap 3 Failure at Pekin pp 312 ff Random House New York 1953 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khanbaliq amp oldid 1131307645, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
