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Curitiba

March 29, 2023

For the plant genus, see Curitiba (plant). For the beetle genus, see Curitiba (beetle).

Curitiba (Brazilian Portuguese: [kuɾiˈtʃibɐ]) is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná in Brazil. The city's population was 1,963,726 as of 2021, making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil's South Region.[4] The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3,731,769 (IBGE estimate in 2021),[5] making it the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country.

Curitiba
Municipality
Município de Curitiba
Municipality of Curitiba
Aerial photo of the city
Botanical Garden
24 Hour Street
Avenida Palace at 15 November Street
Oscar Niemeyer Museum
Paço da Liberdade
Panoramic view of the city.
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Cidade Modelo ("Model City"); Capital Ecológica do Brasil ("Ecological Capital of Brazil"); Cidade Verde ("Green City"); Capital das Araucárias ("Capital of Araucarias"); A Cidade da Névoa Eterna ("The City of Eternal Fog")
Motto(s): 
A Cidade da Gente (Our City; The People's City)
Curitiba
Curitiba
Coordinates: 25°25′47″S 49°16′16″W / 25.42972°S 49.27111°W / -25.42972; -49.27111Coordinates: 25°25′47″S 49°16′16″W / 25.42972°S 49.27111°W / -25.42972; -49.27111
Country Brazil
RegionSouth
State Paraná
Founded29 March 1693
Incorporated1842
Government
 • MayorRafael Greca (UB)
Area
 • Municipality430.9 km2 (166.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
319.4 km2 (123.3 sq mi)
 • Metro
15,416.9 km2 (5,952 sq mi)
Elevation
934.6 m (3,066.3 ft)
Population
 (2021 [1])
 • Municipality1,963,726 (8th)
 • Density4,062/km2 (10,523/sq mi)
 • Metro
3,731,769 (9th)
 • Metro density210.9/km2 (546.2/sq mi)
Demonymin Portuguese: Curitibana/e/o[2]
Time zoneUTC-3 (UTC-3)
Postal code
80000-000 to 82999-999
Area code+55 (41)
HDI (2010)0.823 – very high[3]
Major airportAfonso Pena International Airport
Federal Highways
Websitecuritiba.pr.gov.br (in Portuguese)

The city sits on a plateau at 932 m (3,058 ft) above sea level. It is located west of the seaport of Paranaguá and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports. Curitiba is an important cultural, political, and economic center in Latin America[6] and hosts the Federal University of Paraná, established in 1912.

In the 1700s, Curitiba's favorable location between cattle-breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city's first major expansion. Later, between 1850 and 1950, it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Paraná State (first Araucaria angustifolia logging, later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat, corn and soybean cultivation). In the 1850s, waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians, contributing to the city's economic and cultural development.[7] Nowadays, only small numbers of immigrants arrive, primarily from Middle Eastern[8] and other South American countries.

Curitiba's biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s, with innovative urban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people.[9] Curitiba's economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil.[citation needed] Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country, as approximately half of the city's population was not born in Curitiba.[10]

Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very high Human Development Index (0.856) and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award, given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development.[11] According to US magazine Reader's Digest, Curitiba is the best "Brazilian Big City" in which to live.[12][13] Curitiba's crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth.[14] The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil.[15] Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Despite its good social indicators, the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state.[16]

Etymology

One theory is that the name "Curitiba" comes from the Tupi words kurí tyba, "many araucária seeds" due to the large number of Paraná pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding.[17]

Another version, also using words from the Tupi language, is that it originates in the combination of kurit (pine tree) and yba (large amount).[18]

The Portuguese, who founded a settlement on the site in 1693, named it "Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais" (Village of "Our Lady of the Light" of the Pines).

The name was changed to "Curitiba" in 1721. Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, spelling its name as "Curityba".

An alternative spelling was "Coritiba". This was used in press and state documents. A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting "Curitiba".[17]

History

See also: Timeline of Curitiba
 
Curitiba in 1894 (Portuguese edition)

At the end of the 17th century, Curitiba's agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction.[19] Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850, mainly Poles, Italians, Germans (mostly Volga Germans from Russia) and Ukrainians.[7]

Cattlemen drove their herds from Rio Grande do Sul to the state of São Paulo, turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post.[20]

 
Curitiba in the 1920s

The Paranaguá–Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885.[20]

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills. The owners (known as "barões da erva-mate") built mansions in the capital. These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Glória.[21]

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce its first city plan. It emphasized a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed in part, but the plan was too expensive to complete.[22]

Geography

Climate

 
Fog in the Botanical Garden

Curitiba has a typically humid subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cfb), with some characteristics of the oceanic climate due to its abundant precipitation all year round and the relatively warm, but not hot, summer. The city's mild winters, due to its low latitude, differentiate its climate from typically temperate ones.[23] It is located on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas[24][25] contribute to its mild and damp winter, with an average minimum temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) in July. Temperatures can drop below 0 °C (32 °F) on the coldest days. Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant, around 19 °C (66 °F). However, during cold snaps, daytime temperatures might not rise above 12 °C (54 °F), and on rare occasions, above 5 °C (41 °F).[26] During summertime, the average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) at daytime, but it can get above 30 °C (86 °F) on the hottest days. However, temperatures above 21 °C (70 °F) at night are rare.[27] Snowfall was experienced in 1889, 1892, 1912, 1928 (two days), 1942, 1955, 1957, 1962, 1975, 1988, 2013 and 2020.[28][29] Accumulation, however, is much rarer. It was last recorded in 1975.[30]

The terrain's flatness hinders water drainage after rain, therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come year round, often from Antarctica and Argentina, bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain.[31] Curitiba's weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil's midwest most of the year, bringing hot and dry weather, sometimes even in winter.[32]

Climate data for Curitiba (Downtown), elevation: 923.5 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1885–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.3
(93.7) 		34.8
(94.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		33.7
(92.7) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.5
(95.9)
Average high °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		23.5
(74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.9
(69.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.5
(56.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.4
(63.3)
Average low °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.4
(56.1)
Record low °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−5.4
(22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 218.3
(8.59) 		166.2
(6.54) 		147.0
(5.79) 		95.7
(3.77) 		113.5
(4.47) 		94.1
(3.70) 		108.3
(4.26) 		74.0
(2.91) 		141.4
(5.57) 		138.7
(5.46) 		124.4
(4.90) 		154.2
(6.07) 		1,575.8
(62.04)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15 13 11 8 8 7 7 6 9 11 10 12 117
Average relative humidity (%) 81.2 81.3 82.2 82.5 83.4 82.3 80.4 77.1 80.8 81.7 79.2 79.6 81.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 160.5 151.3 163.1 155.5 148.8 141.3 162.1 173.0 124.3 136.7 163.5 164.7 1,844.8
Average ultraviolet index 12 12 12 9 6 5 5 7 9 11 12 12 9
Source: INMET,[33][34] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[35] and Weather Atlas (UV index)[36]
Climate data for Curitiba (Civic Center), elevation: 924 m, 1961–1990 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		22.7
(72.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.5
(61.7)
Average low °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.4
(54.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 165.0
(6.50) 		142.1
(5.59) 		126.6
(4.98) 		90.0
(3.54) 		99.2
(3.91) 		98.1
(3.86) 		89.0
(3.50) 		74.5
(2.93) 		115.4
(4.54) 		134.2
(5.28) 		123.8
(4.87) 		150.1
(5.91) 		1,408
(55.41)
Average relative humidity (%) 79.0 80.0 80.0 79.0 82.0 76.0 81.0 79.0 82.0 82.0 80.0 82.0 80.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 159.8 135.0 142.0 137.2 152.2 129.7 147.6 148.3 122.1 137.2 152.2 150.9 1,714.2
Source: NOAA[37]

Vegetation

 
Frost in Curitiba
 
Botanical gardens greenhouse in Curitiba

Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known as Araucaria moist forests), a sub-type of the Atlantic Forest. In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, forests and other formations. The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Paraná (or Brazilian) pine (Araucaria angustifolia), which resisted the efforts of settlers. The Paraná pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150,000 native and exotic seedlings: 16,000 fruit trees, 260,000 flowers, foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350,000 seedlings.[38]

Curitiba's green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities. The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipês (tabebuias), who flower at the end of winter. The yellow ipê is one of the city's most common tree.[39]

 
Panoramic view of Barigui Park.

Hydrography

 
Iguaçu River, running by the south region of the city

The catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the city's watershed are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and the Iguaçu River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods.[38] After many studies of local water flows, most rivers were found to be subject to a canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works.[38]

Topography

 
The Mountain Range of the Sea, "Serra do Mar"

The city covers 432.17 km2 (166.86 sq mi) on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has a topography of smooth, rounded hills, giving it a relatively regular shape. The city has an average altitude of 934.6 m (3,066 ft) above sea level. The highest point is to the north at 1,021 m (3,350 ft), and with lower altitudes at 864 m (2,835 ft) to the south.

Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city, including the Serra do Mar, a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Paraná.[40]

Government

 
The Curitiba City Hall

As of 2017, the mayor is Rafael Greca, who replaced Gustavo Fruet. The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004. Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture), who manage the municipality's 75 districts. The Rua da Cidadania ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and a meeting place. Several units are annexed to public transport terminals. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas.[41]

Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba's best-known mayor. He was the mayor three times, the first time in the early 1970s. His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city. Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding; used parks to make the city more liveable; pedestrianised the downtown area; built a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system; and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste.[42]

Demographics

See also: Brazilians, Demographics of Brazil, and Immigration to Brazil

Ethnic groups

Race and ethnicity in Curitiba
Ethnicity Percentage
White
 
 78.9%
Pardo (Multiracial)
 
 16.8%
Black
 
 2.9%
Asian
 
 1.4%
Amerindian
 
 0.2%
 
Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba
 
Old Polish house at João Paulo II park ("Pope John Paul II Park")

Religion in Curitiba (2010)[43][44]

  Catholic Church (62.36%)
  Protestantism (24.03%)
  Spiritism (2.8%)
  Other religions (3.69%)
  Irreligious (6.71%)

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, 1,678,965 people resided in the city of Curitiba.[45] The census revealed 1,381,938 White people (78.9%), 294,127 Pardo (Multiracial) people (16.8%), 49,978 Afro-Brazilian people (2.9%), 23,138 Asian people (1.4%), 2,693 Amerindian people (0.2%).[46]

In 2010, Curitiba was Brazil's 8th most populous city.[47]

In 2010, the city had 359,201 opposite-sex couples and 974 same-sex couples. The population of Curitiba was 52.3% female and 47.7% male.[46]

As with most of Southern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants. The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.[48]

Up until the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed-race, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land, and in 1853 Parana became an independent province, and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe.[20]

The first non-Iberian (Portuguese and Spaniard) immigrants to come to the city were German.[49]

The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980, after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June. Its area is 46,000 m2 (500,000 sq ft) and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a memento of the Polish immigrants' struggles and faith. Objects like an old wagon, pipe of cabbage and a print of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (patron saint of the Polish people), form parts of the memorial.[50] The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871. Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil.

Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878, coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy. They settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood, still a centre of the Italian community.[51]

Nearly 20,000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897, consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians live in Paraná.[52][53] The State of Paraná has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community.[54]

Curitiba has a Jewish community[55] that was originally established in the 1870s.[56] Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated.[57] In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany, notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil, some settling in Curitiba.[58] Physicist César Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner[59] and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A Holocaust memorial is present in the city. The community centre, a Jewish school, a Chabad house (Beit Chabad),[60] a synagogue,[61] and two Jewish cemeteries are there,[62] one of which was defiled in 2004.[63]

Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915, with a larger contingent arriving in 1924. Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx. They settled mostly between Paraná and São Paulo state. The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, according to IBGE. Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants, other large cities in the interior of the state of Paraná, such as Maringá and Londrina, have an even higher rate. Some estimates suggest that more than 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians live in Curitiba.[64]

Religion

See also: Religion in Brazil, Protestantism in Brazil, and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil

According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (62.36%) is Roman Catholic, other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (24.03%), Spiritists (2.8%), Nones 6.71%, and people with other religions (3.69).[43][44]

Economy

See also: Economy of Brazil and Tourism in Brazil
 
Oi Panoramic Tower
 
Downtown Curitiba skyline

Since it was declared capital of the State of Paraná in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment.[65] The city is Brazil's second largest car manufacturer. Its economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil.

The city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport, where almost 60,000 flights land annually.[66]

According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals, without including agriculture and livestock (0.03%). Industry represented 34.13% and the commerce and service sectors 65.84%.[67] Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district, is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Philip Morris, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods, as well as many well-known national industries, such as Sadia, O Boticário and Positivo Informática.

Curitiba's infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba became Brazil's first city to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted by InfoExame magazine. According to the magazine, the companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved US$1.2 billion in revenues, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year.[68]

 
Estação Mall

The city's 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba's domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paraná, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generated US$280 million- 4% of the city's net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals. At the Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city's strategic planning in the 1990s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city.[69]

 
The "Paço Municipal" built in 1916

Since 1990, the Municipal Housing Fund has provided financial support to housing for lower income populations. After national housing finance collapsed in 1985, just as people from the countryside poured into Curitiba, the city's public housing program bought one of the few remaining large plots of land, "Novo Bairro" (New Neighborhood), as home for 50,000 families. While landowners built the houses themselves, each received a pair of trees and an hour's consultation with an architect to help them develop their plan. COHAB also built Technology Street, an avenue of 24 homes in the centre of Novo Bairro, each built using different construction techniques.[70]

Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba: Mueller, Estação, Curitiba, Crystal, Palladium, Patio Batel and Park Barigüi. The Rua das Flores (Street of Flowers) is home to the majority of stores. The area is pedestrianized, with no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair.[71]

In 2008, according to IBGE Curitiba's nominal GDP was R$45.7 billion (or about of US$22.5 billion)[72] (with R$25,934, or US$13,000, by nominal GDP per capita, about of US$5,000 more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita), making it the fourth richest city in the country, after only São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasília.

Curitiba is the second pole on technological innovation in Brazil, according to IPEA (Applied Economic Research Institute). It is Brazil's second best, and South America's fifth best, city for business, according to America Economia Magazine/2005 and 2006. The best destination for business, according to Veja Magazine of 2007. The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure, Exame Magazine of 2006. The second best city to work in Southern Brazil, according to Você S.A. Magazine of 2005. The 49th position, MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce: Emerging Markets Index of 2008. One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007. One of the 10 global sustainability centres, according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008.[73] Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil, Erasto Gaertner Hospital.[74]

Attractions

 
Portugal Park

Attractions in the city include:

  • Shrine of the Divine Mercy: established by the Marian Fathers near Estrada do Ganchinho in the district of Umbará.[75]
  • Municipal market: Located near the city's central bus station, it houses numerous shops selling imported goods, organic products, and vegan food. The food court has a lot of Asian food, vegan food and organic meals.
  • Italian Woods: Hosts local celebrations.[76]
  • Wire Opera House: Built on the site of an abandoned quarry.[77]
  • Oscar Niemeyer Museum: Artists from Paraná and other parts of Brazil have their work represented in the museum. Three rooms in the Eye are dedicated exclusively to photography.[78]
 
Tanguá Park
 
German Portal, in the Plaza of Culture German in Curitiba
  • Panoramic Tower: The 360-foot tall lookout tower allows travelers a 360° view of Curitiba and has a telephone museum on the ground floor.[78]
  • Portugal Wood: Homage to the Portuguese-Brazilian bonds, this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook, where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets, as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries.[78] Families are often seen picnicking on the grounds.
  • Curitiba International Ecological Marathon: The Maratona Ecológica Internacional de Curitiba ("Curitiba International Ecological marathon") is held in November and is known as the hardest in Brazil,[79] because it happens in the end of the year in the summer heat, and because of the hilly course.
  • Tourism Line: The Linha Tourismo bus stops at key tourist attractions across the city.[80]
  • Capão da Imbuia Wood
Further information: Atuba Park

Education

More than 183 universities operate in the state of Paraná.[81]

 
Federal University of Paraná was the first university opened in Brazil.[82]
 
Military School of Curitiba

Tertiary educational institutions

Educational system

In the 1990s, the city started a project called Faróis do Saber ("Lighthouses of Knowledge"). These libraries are free educational centres that include libraries, free Internet access and other cultural resources. Libraries work with municipal schools, offering a collection of approximately 5000 books, and provide cultural reference and leisure.[84]

Among Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the highest literacy rate,[85] and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals.[86]

Urban planning

 
Entrance of 24 Hours Street

Curitiba has a planned transportation system, which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system. The buses are split into three sections (bi-articulated) and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with access for disabled riders. Buses charge one price regardless of distance.[87]

The city preserves and cares for its green areas, boasting 51.5 m2 (554 sq ft) of green space per inhabitant.[88]

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a star of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. The plan was too expensive to complete.[89]

By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had reached 430,000. Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner, who later became mayor, led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, reduced traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system.[90]

This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This used two one-way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development, to pull traffic away from the main roads. In a number of areas subject to floods, buildings were condemned and the land became parks.[91]

Today, Curitiba is considered one of the world's best examples of urban planning.[92] In June 1996, the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as "the most innovative city in the country".[93]

 
15 November Street

Curitiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan.[94] In the 1980s, the RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte, Integrated Transport Network) was created.[95] At the same time, the city began building the "Faróis de Saber" (Lighthouses of Knowledge) educational centres.[96] The city has more than 400 km2 (154 sq mi) of public parks and forests.[97]

In 2007, the city placed third in a list of "15 Green Cities" in the world, according to Grist magazine, after Reykjavík in Iceland and Portland, Oregon in the United States. As a result, according to one survey, 99% of Curitibans are happy with their hometown.[98]

Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues; focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities, can create positive ripple effects. Urban "acupuncture" reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities.[99] It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact.[100]

The "capacity building job line" was created to accelerate economic development. About 15,000 new jobs were generated by 2013.[101]

According to Jonas Rabinovitch, a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at the Curitiba Research and Urban Planning Institute (IPPUC), up to 8% of Curitiba's population still lived in favelas as of 2016.[102] According to 2010 census data collected by IBGE, 49,700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements.[103] This is equivalent to 163300 people.[103] The population growth of favelas was 12.4% between 2000 and 2010, higher than the population in general (10.3%).[103]

For transportation, Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil.[104]

Culture

See also: Culture of Brazil

In January 1973 the Fundação Cultural de Curitiba was set up, with the aim of promoting culture.[20]

The Cultural Complex Solar do Barão features the Photography Museum, the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu. The MuMA – Museu Metropolitano de Arte (Museum of Metropolitan Art) displays artists from the state of Paraná as well as renowned Brazilian painters such as Pancetti, Guignard and Di Cavalcanti.[20]

The Polish Immigrants Memorial, also known as The Pope's Woods, offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees, which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll. The Polish Pope John Paul II blessed the first replica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980.[105][106]

 
Restaurante Madalosso - one of the largest restaurants in the world

In 2003, Curitiba received the "American Capital of Culture" title, granted by the OAS (Organization of American States).[20]

Gastronomy

The capital of Paraná is an important gastronomic center in Brazil, and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes. The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods. Curitiba's cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian and German immigrants.[107]

Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas, and one of the world's largest restaurants, Restaurante Madalosso. Madalosso can feed more than 4,600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms, all named after Italian cities. Founded in 1963, the all-you-can-eat Madalosso focuses on family-style Italian cuisine: ravioli, lasagna, gnocchi, and salads rounded out with grilled meats.[108]

 
Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism

Arts and entertainment

Curitiba was Brazil's first city to have an IMAX movie theatre.[109] Curitiba has many theaters. The largest and most important one is the Guaíra Theater.[110] Every year, in April, it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival.

Museums

Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer designed the extravagant state museum of Curitiba. Its design includes a gravity-defying construction that was intended to look like a Paraná Pine, one of the city's symbols, but is widely interpreted by locals as an eye, which gave the Museum its nickname – Museu do Olho, or Museum of the Eye. In keeping with Curitiba's history and culture of science, the museum offers many science exhibitions, including biennial exhibitions. The Curitiba museum includes the Oscar Niemeyer auditorium.[111]

 
Tourism bus line in Curitiba
  • Museu Paranaense ("Paranaense Museum") – dedicated to arts and history;
  • Oscar Niemeyer Museum – the largest museum of South America,[112] dedicated to plastic arts;
  • Museu de Arte Sacra ("Religious Art Museum") – the focus is Christian art;
  • Museu do Expedicionário ("Museum of the Expeditionary") – dedicated to Brazilian participation in World War II;
  • Museu de Arte Contemporânea ("Museum of Contemporary Art");
  • Museu da Imagem e do Som ("Image and Sound Museum") – about cinema and photography;
  • Museu Egípcio e Rosa Cruz ("Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism") - ancient Egypt antiquities
  • Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba ("Metropolitan Museum of Art in Curitiba") – modern art;
  • Museu de História Natural ("Natural History Museum") – biology and botany.
  • Museu do Holocausto ("Holocaust Museum")[113]

Festivals

Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts, such as Curitiba Theatre Festival[114] and the Music Workshop of Curitiba.[115] Others celebrate immigrants festivals, such as the Grape Feast ("Festa da Uva"),[116] which is related to Italian immigrants, and the four Matsuri, related to Japanese immigrants.

The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are: Imin Matsuri (Japanese: 移民祭り, "Immigration Festival") which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil,[117][118] Haru Matsuri (Japanese: 春祭り, "Spring Festival") which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring,[119] Hana Matsuri[120] (Japanese: 花祭り, "Flower Festival"), which celebrates the birth of Sakyamuni,[121] and Seto Matsuri ("Seto Festival"), in honor of Cláudio Seto,[122] comic artist, precursor of the manga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba.

Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival,[123] a three-day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival, but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres, attracting people from all over the world. In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens. The 2016 edition took more than 20.000 people to the streets.[124]

UN Convention on Biodiversity

On 20–31 March 2006 the Convention on biodiversity took place in Pinhais (a city near Curitiba), addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries.[125]

Transportation

 
Estação Tubo Praça Osório, one of the tube-shaped bus stops in Curitiba
 
The orange taxis of Curitiba

Public transport

Main article: Rede Integrada de Transporte

Curitiba's public transportation consists entirely of buses. It opened the world's second bus rapid transit (BRT) system, Rede Integrada de Transporte, in 1974.[126] The popularity of Curitiba's BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel. Based on 1991 traveler survey results, it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year, annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel. In particular, 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size, Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita, resulting in one of the country's lowest rates of ambient air pollution. Some 1,100 buses make 12,500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, 50 times the number from 20 years ago. Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services. Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation, far below the national average.[127]

 
The biggest bi-articulated bus in the world - Curitiba, Brazil

Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi-articulated bus in the world, with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers. The bus operates only with soy-based biofuel, which reduces pollutant emissions by 50%.[128]

The city government has been planning to introduce an underground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35-year public private partnership contract to build and operate a 17.6 km (10.9 mi), 14-station north–south line. The cost is estimated at 4.62 billion reais.[129]

Roads

Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one-way streets and frequent traffic jams. The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers. Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid. Apart from some points around the city centre, Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue, traffic jams are not severe.[130]

Air

Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba's main airport. It is located in the nearby city of São José dos Pinhais. All commercial flights operate from this airport.[131]

Afonso Pena International Airport was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil.[132]

The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials; availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge; quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities; availability and cleanliness of the toilets; general cleaning; airport thermal and acoustic comfort; quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels, as well as availability of public transport to the airport.[132]

There is also the Bacacheri Airport, a smaller general aviation facility. It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft.

Rail

Brazil's transportation and railway company, Rumo, has its headquarters in Curitiba.[133] Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country[134] to Morretes and Paranaguá.[135]

 
Cable tram on XV November street

Others

The city has 100 km (62 mi) of bike routes, used by around 30 thousand bikers daily. City streets carry almost one million vehicles, of which 2,253 are orange Taxis. To service these vehicles, more than 355 petrol stations serve the city.[136]

Curitiba public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 72 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[137]

Sports

Main articles: 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil

Curitiba has three teams in the city: Athletico Paranaense, Coritiba and Paraná Clube. Paraná Clube plays at Estádio Durival Britto e Silva, Coritiba plays at Estádio Major Antônio Couto Pereira, and Club Athletico Paranaense plays at Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. Both Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, in 1985 and 2001, respectively. Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães was one of the 12 stadiums to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil. The traditional stadium Vila Capanema have hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup which still is home to Paraná Clube.[138]

The Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (Curitiba International Raceway) is located in nearby Pinhais.

Curitiba has also one of the main rugby union clubs in Brazil, Curitiba Rugby Clube, national champions in 2014.

A number of top stars in mixed martial arts are Curitiba natives, including the Rua brothers Maurício "Shogun" and Murilo "Ninja", Wanderlei Silva, Anderson Silva, and women's MMA pioneer Cris Cyborg. Much of the city's success in MMA comes from it hosting the influential Chute Boxe Academy and its successor Universidade da luta.

 
Panorama of the interior of the Joaquim Américo Guimarães Stadium (or Arena da Baixada) during a game in 2019

Neighborhoods

 
Curitiba's neighborhoods and boroughs

Most districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups, formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century. The centro (downtown or central business district), where the city was founded, is the most bustling area, housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.

Bairros (neighborhoods) of Curitiba define the city's geographical divisions. Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods, although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities. Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs) covering the 75 neighborhoods.

Civic Center (In Portuguese: Centro Cívico) is where the main government buildings are located. It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná. The name means 'Center of the Citizen''. It was conceived in 1953, with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state.[139][140]

In August 2011, the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble. The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Cândido de Abreu are protected, including Plaza 19 de Dezembro, Tiradentes State College, Courts of Justice, Accounts and Jury buildings, the Iguaçu Palace, the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette.[141]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil

Twin towns – sister cities

Curitiba is twinned with:[142]

Cooperation agreements

Curitiba has cooperation agreements with:

Notable people

 
Street mall in Curitiba
 
Landscape with Canoe on the Margin (1922). Painting by Alfredo Andersen (São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo).
 
Araucárias of Botanical Garden
 
Passeio Público is the oldest public park in Curitiba. It opened in 1886.

Architecture

Arts

Aviation

Politics

Science

Sports

Football
Mixed martial arts
Motorsports
Basketball
Beach volleyball
Horse racing
Poker

See Also

References

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Bibliography

See also: Timeline of Curitiba § Bibliography

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Curityba".
  • (in Portuguese) Official homepage

March 29, 2023
curitiba, plant, genus, plant, beetle, genus, beetle, brazilian, portuguese, kuɾiˈtʃibɐ, capital, largest, city, state, paraná, brazil, city, population, 2021, update, making, eighth, most, populous, city, brazil, largest, brazil, south, region, metropolitan, . For the plant genus see Curitiba plant For the beetle genus see Curitiba beetle Curitiba Brazilian Portuguese kuɾiˈtʃibɐ is the capital and largest city in the state of Parana in Brazil The city s population was 1 963 726 as of 2021 update making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil s South Region 4 The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3 731 769 IBGE estimate in 2021 5 making it the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country CuritibaMunicipalityMunicipio de Curitiba Municipality of CuritibaAerial photo of the cityBotanical Garden24 Hour StreetAvenida Palace at 15 November StreetOscar Niemeyer MuseumPaco da LiberdadePanoramic view of the city FlagSealNickname s Cidade Modelo Model City Capital Ecologica do Brasil Ecological Capital of Brazil Cidade Verde Green City Capital das Araucarias Capital of Araucarias A Cidade da Nevoa Eterna The City of Eternal Fog Motto s A Cidade da Gente Our City The People s City CuritibaShow map of BrazilCuritibaShow map of South AmericaCoordinates 25 25 47 S 49 16 16 W 25 42972 S 49 27111 W 25 42972 49 27111 Coordinates 25 25 47 S 49 16 16 W 25 42972 S 49 27111 W 25 42972 49 27111Country BrazilRegionSouthStateParanaFounded29 March 1693Incorporated1842Government MayorRafael Greca UB Area Municipality430 9 km2 166 4 sq mi Urban319 4 km2 123 3 sq mi Metro15 416 9 km2 5 952 sq mi Elevation934 6 m 3 066 3 ft Population 2021 1 Municipality1 963 726 8th Density4 062 km2 10 523 sq mi Metro3 731 769 9th Metro density210 9 km2 546 2 sq mi Demonymin Portuguese Curitibana e o 2 Time zoneUTC 3 UTC 3 Postal code80000 000 to 82999 999Area code 55 41 HDI 2010 0 823 very high 3 Major airportAfonso Pena International AirportFederal HighwaysWebsitecuritiba pr gov br in Portuguese The city sits on a plateau at 932 m 3 058 ft above sea level It is located west of the seaport of Paranagua and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports Curitiba is an important cultural political and economic center in Latin America 6 and hosts the Federal University of Parana established in 1912 In the 1700s Curitiba s favorable location between cattle breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city s first major expansion Later between 1850 and 1950 it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Parana State first Araucaria angustifolia logging later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat corn and soybean cultivation In the 1850s waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba mainly Germans Italians Poles and Ukrainians contributing to the city s economic and cultural development 7 Nowadays only small numbers of immigrants arrive primarily from Middle Eastern 8 and other South American countries Curitiba s biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s with innovative urban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people 9 Curitiba s economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil citation needed Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country as approximately half of the city s population was not born in Curitiba 10 Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very high Human Development Index 0 856 and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development 11 According to US magazine Reader s Digest Curitiba is the best Brazilian Big City in which to live 12 13 Curitiba s crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth 14 The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil 15 Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Despite its good social indicators the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state 16 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Vegetation 3 3 Hydrography 3 4 Topography 4 Government 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 2 Religion 6 Economy 7 Attractions 8 Education 8 1 Tertiary educational institutions 8 2 Educational system 9 Urban planning 10 Culture 10 1 Gastronomy 10 2 Arts and entertainment 10 3 Museums 10 4 Festivals 10 5 UN Convention on Biodiversity 11 Transportation 11 1 Public transport 11 2 Roads 11 3 Air 11 4 Rail 11 5 Others 11 6 Curitiba public transportation statistics 12 Sports 13 Neighborhoods 14 International relations 14 1 Twin towns sister cities 14 2 Cooperation agreements 15 Notable people 15 1 Architecture 15 2 Arts 15 3 Aviation 15 4 Politics 15 5 Science 15 6 Sports 16 See Also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External linksEtymology EditOne theory is that the name Curitiba comes from the Tupi words kuri tyba many araucaria seeds due to the large number of Parana pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding 17 Another version also using words from the Tupi language is that it originates in the combination of kurit pine tree and yba large amount 18 The Portuguese who founded a settlement on the site in 1693 named it Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines The name was changed to Curitiba in 1721 Curitiba officially became a town in 1812 spelling its name as Curityba An alternative spelling was Coritiba This was used in press and state documents A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting Curitiba 17 History EditSee also Timeline of Curitiba Curitiba in 1894 Portuguese edition At the end of the 17th century Curitiba s agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction 19 Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850 mainly Poles Italians Germans mostly Volga Germans from Russia and Ukrainians 7 Cattlemen drove their herds from Rio Grande do Sul to the state of Sao Paulo turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post 20 Curitiba in the 1920s The Paranagua Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885 20 Around the beginning of the 20th century Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills The owners known as baroes da erva mate built mansions in the capital These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Gloria 21 In the 1940s and 1950s Alfred Agache co founder of the French Society for Urban Studies was hired to produce its first city plan It emphasized a star of boulevards with public amenities downtown an industrial district and sanitation It was followed in part but the plan was too expensive to complete 22 Geography EditClimate Edit Fog in the Botanical Garden Curitiba has a typically humid subtropical highland climate Koppen Cfb with some characteristics of the oceanic climate due to its abundant precipitation all year round and the relatively warm but not hot summer The city s mild winters due to its low latitude differentiate its climate from typically temperate ones 23 It is located on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas 24 25 contribute to its mild and damp winter with an average minimum temperature of 9 C 48 F in July Temperatures can drop below 0 C 32 F on the coldest days Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant around 19 C 66 F However during cold snaps daytime temperatures might not rise above 12 C 54 F and on rare occasions above 5 C 41 F 26 During summertime the average temperature is around 25 C 77 F at daytime but it can get above 30 C 86 F on the hottest days However temperatures above 21 C 70 F at night are rare 27 Snowfall was experienced in 1889 1892 1912 1928 two days 1942 1955 1957 1962 1975 1988 2013 and 2020 28 29 Accumulation however is much rarer It was last recorded in 1975 30 The terrain s flatness hinders water drainage after rain therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere Cold fronts come year round often from Antarctica and Argentina bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter They can move very quickly with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain 31 Curitiba s weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil s midwest most of the year bringing hot and dry weather sometimes even in winter 32 Climate data for Curitiba Downtown elevation 923 5 m 1981 2010 normals extremes 1885 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 34 3 93 7 34 8 94 6 33 9 93 0 32 6 90 7 29 4 84 9 28 2 82 8 28 2 82 8 31 6 88 9 33 7 92 7 35 5 95 9 35 2 95 4 33 6 92 5 35 5 95 9 Average high C F 26 8 80 2 26 8 80 2 26 0 78 8 24 0 75 2 20 8 69 4 20 1 68 2 19 7 67 5 21 5 70 7 21 4 70 5 23 1 73 6 25 0 77 0 26 2 79 2 23 5 74 3 Daily mean C F 20 9 69 6 21 0 69 8 20 1 68 2 18 3 64 9 15 1 59 2 13 9 57 0 13 5 56 3 14 6 58 3 15 3 59 5 17 1 62 8 18 9 66 0 20 2 68 4 17 4 63 3 Average low C F 17 2 63 0 17 4 63 3 16 5 61 7 14 6 58 3 11 2 52 2 9 7 49 5 9 0 48 2 9 6 49 3 11 1 52 0 13 2 55 8 14 9 58 8 16 2 61 2 13 4 56 1 Record low C F 8 2 46 8 6 8 44 2 3 9 39 0 4 0 24 8 2 3 27 9 4 0 24 8 5 2 22 6 5 2 22 6 5 4 22 3 1 5 29 3 0 9 30 4 1 3 29 7 5 4 22 3 Average precipitation mm inches 218 3 8 59 166 2 6 54 147 0 5 79 95 7 3 77 113 5 4 47 94 1 3 70 108 3 4 26 74 0 2 91 141 4 5 57 138 7 5 46 124 4 4 90 154 2 6 07 1 575 8 62 04 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 15 13 11 8 8 7 7 6 9 11 10 12 117Average relative humidity 81 2 81 3 82 2 82 5 83 4 82 3 80 4 77 1 80 8 81 7 79 2 79 6 81 0Mean monthly sunshine hours 160 5 151 3 163 1 155 5 148 8 141 3 162 1 173 0 124 3 136 7 163 5 164 7 1 844 8Average ultraviolet index 12 12 12 9 6 5 5 7 9 11 12 12 9Source INMET 33 34 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 35 and Weather Atlas UV index 36 Climate data for Curitiba Civic Center elevation 924 m 1961 1990 normalsMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 25 6 78 1 25 8 78 4 24 9 76 8 22 3 72 1 21 1 70 0 18 3 64 9 19 4 66 9 20 9 69 6 21 3 70 3 22 6 72 7 24 5 76 1 25 4 77 7 22 7 72 8 Daily mean C F 19 6 67 3 19 9 67 8 19 0 66 2 16 7 62 1 14 6 58 3 12 2 54 0 12 8 55 0 14 0 57 2 15 0 59 0 16 5 61 7 18 2 64 8 19 3 66 7 16 5 61 7 Average low C F 15 8 60 4 16 3 61 3 15 4 59 7 12 8 55 0 10 2 50 4 7 8 46 0 8 1 46 6 9 2 48 6 10 8 51 4 12 5 54 5 14 0 57 2 15 4 59 7 12 4 54 2 Average precipitation mm inches 165 0 6 50 142 1 5 59 126 6 4 98 90 0 3 54 99 2 3 91 98 1 3 86 89 0 3 50 74 5 2 93 115 4 4 54 134 2 5 28 123 8 4 87 150 1 5 91 1 408 55 41 Average relative humidity 79 0 80 0 80 0 79 0 82 0 76 0 81 0 79 0 82 0 82 0 80 0 82 0 80 2Mean monthly sunshine hours 159 8 135 0 142 0 137 2 152 2 129 7 147 6 148 3 122 1 137 2 152 2 150 9 1 714 2Source NOAA 37 Vegetation Edit Frost in Curitiba Botanical gardens greenhouse in Curitiba Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest also known as Araucaria moist forests a sub type of the Atlantic Forest In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes forests and other formations The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Parana or Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia which resisted the efforts of settlers The Parana pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150 000 native and exotic seedlings 16 000 fruit trees 260 000 flowers foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350 000 seedlings 38 Curitiba s green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipes tabebuias who flower at the end of winter The yellow ipe is one of the city s most common tree 39 Panoramic view of Barigui Park Hydrography Edit Iguacu River running by the south region of the city The catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions grouped in six river basins The main rivers that form the city s watershed are Atuba River Belem River Barigui River Passauna River Ribeirao dos Padilhas and the Iguacu River all with characteristics of dendritic drainage Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time minimizing floods 38 After many studies of local water flows most rivers were found to be subject to a canalization process Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education inspection and monitoring elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works 38 Topography Edit The Mountain Range of the Sea Serra do Mar The city covers 432 17 km2 166 86 sq mi on the First Plateau of Parana Curitiba has a topography of smooth rounded hills giving it a relatively regular shape The city has an average altitude of 934 6 m 3 066 ft above sea level The highest point is to the north at 1 021 m 3 350 ft and with lower altitudes at 864 m 2 835 ft to the south Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city including the Serra do Mar a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Parana 40 Government Edit The Curitiba City Hall As of 2017 update the mayor is Rafael Greca who replaced Gustavo Fruet The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004 Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments equivalent to subprefecture who manage the municipality s 75 districts The Rua da Cidadania Street of Citizenship is the symbol of administrative decentralization it is a reference point and a meeting place Several units are annexed to public transport terminals Their nuclei offer services in the local state and federal areas 41 Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba s best known mayor He was the mayor three times the first time in the early 1970s His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding used parks to make the city more liveable pedestrianised the downtown area built a Bus Rapid Transit BRT a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste 42 Demographics EditSee also Brazilians Demographics of Brazil and Immigration to Brazil Ethnic groups Edit Race and ethnicity in CuritibaEthnicity PercentageWhite 78 9 Pardo Multiracial 16 8 Black 2 9 Asian 1 4 Amerindian 0 2 Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba Old Polish house at Joao Paulo II park Pope John Paul II Park Religion in Curitiba 2010 43 44 Catholic Church 62 36 Protestantism 24 03 Spiritism 2 8 Other religions 3 69 Irreligious 6 71 According to the 2010 IBGE Census 1 678 965 people resided in the city of Curitiba 45 The census revealed 1 381 938 White people 78 9 294 127 Pardo Multiracial people 16 8 49 978 Afro Brazilian people 2 9 23 138 Asian people 1 4 2 693 Amerindian people 0 2 46 In 2010 Curitiba was Brazil s 8th most populous city 47 In 2010 the city had 359 201 opposite sex couples and 974 same sex couples The population of Curitiba was 52 3 female and 47 7 male 46 As with most of Southern Brazil s population Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin during the 17th century They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves 48 Up until the 19th century the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed race Portuguese and Spanish immigrants In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land and in 1853 Parana became an independent province and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe 20 The first non Iberian Portuguese and Spaniard immigrants to come to the city were German 49 The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980 after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June Its area is 46 000 m2 500 000 sq ft and was part of the former Candles plant The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area as a memento of the Polish immigrants struggles and faith Objects like an old wagon pipe of cabbage and a print of the Black Madonna of Czestochowa patron saint of the Polish people form parts of the memorial 50 The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871 Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878 coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy They settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood still a centre of the Italian community 51 Nearly 20 000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897 consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers Around 300 000 Ukrainian Brazilians live in Parana 52 53 The State of Parana has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community 54 Curitiba has a Jewish community 55 that was originally established in the 1870s 56 Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated 57 In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil some settling in Curitiba 58 Physicist Cesar Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner 59 and Saul Raiz were Jewish A Holocaust memorial is present in the city The community centre a Jewish school a Chabad house Beit Chabad 60 a synagogue 61 and two Jewish cemeteries are there 62 one of which was defiled in 2004 63 Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915 with a larger contingent arriving in 1924 Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx They settled mostly between Parana and Sao Paulo state The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil behind only Sao Paulo according to IBGE Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants other large cities in the interior of the state of Parana such as Maringa and Londrina have an even higher rate Some estimates suggest that more than 40 000 Japanese Brazilians live in Curitiba 64 Religion Edit See also Religion in Brazil Protestantism in Brazil and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil According to the 2010 Brazilian Census most of the population 62 36 is Roman Catholic other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals 24 03 Spiritists 2 8 Nones 6 71 and people with other religions 3 69 43 44 Economy EditSee also Economy of Brazil and Tourism in Brazil Oi Panoramic Tower Downtown Curitiba skyline Since it was declared capital of the State of Parana in 1853 the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment 65 The city is Brazil s second largest car manufacturer Its economy is based on industry commerce and services For that reason Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil The city receives more than two million tourists every year Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport where almost 60 000 flights land annually 66 According to IPEA data the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals without including agriculture and livestock 0 03 Industry represented 34 13 and the commerce and service sectors 65 84 67 Cidade Industrial de Curitiba the industrial district is home to many multinational industries such as Nissan Renault Volkswagen Philip Morris Audi Volvo HSBC Siemens ExxonMobil Electrolux and Kraft Foods as well as many well known national industries such as Sadia O Boticario and Positivo Informatica Curitiba s infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles In July 2001 Curitiba became Brazil s first city to receive the prize Pole of Information Technology granted by InfoExame magazine According to the magazine the companies of Technology and Information Technology based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved US 1 2 billion in revenues representing a growth of 21 over the previous year 68 Estacao Mall The city s 30 year economic growth rate is 7 1 higher than the national average of 4 2 and per capita income is 66 higher than the Brazilian average Between 1975 and 1995 Curitiba s domestic product grew by some 75 more than the entire State of Parana and 48 more than Brazil as a whole In 1994 tourism generated US 280 million 4 of the city s net income Curitiba has municipal health education and day care networks neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets where buildings provide essential public services sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals At the Open University residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city s strategic planning in the 1990s for the metropolitan area as well as the city 69 The Paco Municipal built in 1916 Since 1990 the Municipal Housing Fund has provided financial support to housing for lower income populations After national housing finance collapsed in 1985 just as people from the countryside poured into Curitiba the city s public housing program bought one of the few remaining large plots of land Novo Bairro New Neighborhood as home for 50 000 families While landowners built the houses themselves each received a pair of trees and an hour s consultation with an architect to help them develop their plan COHAB also built Technology Street an avenue of 24 homes in the centre of Novo Bairro each built using different construction techniques 70 Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba Mueller Estacao Curitiba Crystal Palladium Patio Batel and Park Barigui The Rua das Flores Street of Flowers is home to the majority of stores The area is pedestrianized with no cars around the centre An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem or Largo da Ordem Street Fair 71 In 2008 according to IBGE Curitiba s nominal GDP was R 45 7 billion or about of US 22 5 billion 72 with R 25 934 or US 13 000 by nominal GDP per capita about of US 5 000 more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita making it the fourth richest city in the country after only Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasilia Curitiba is the second pole on technological innovation in Brazil according to IPEA Applied Economic Research Institute It is Brazil s second best and South America s fifth best city for business according to America Economia Magazine 2005 and 2006 The best destination for business according to Veja Magazine of 2007 The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure Exame Magazine of 2006 The second best city to work in Southern Brazil according to Voce S A Magazine of 2005 The 49th position MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Emerging Markets Index of 2008 One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007 One of the 10 global sustainability centres according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008 73 Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil Erasto Gaertner Hospital 74 Attractions Edit Botanical Garden of Curitiba Portugal Park Attractions in the city include Shrine of the Divine Mercy established by the Marian Fathers near Estrada do Ganchinho in the district of Umbara 75 Municipal market Located near the city s central bus station it houses numerous shops selling imported goods organic products and vegan food The food court has a lot of Asian food vegan food and organic meals Italian Woods Hosts local celebrations 76 Wire Opera House Built on the site of an abandoned quarry 77 Oscar Niemeyer Museum Artists from Parana and other parts of Brazil have their work represented in the museum Three rooms in the Eye are dedicated exclusively to photography 78 Tangua Park German Portal in the Plaza of Culture German in Curitiba Panoramic Tower The 360 foot tall lookout tower allows travelers a 360 view of Curitiba and has a telephone museum on the ground floor 78 Portugal Wood Homage to the Portuguese Brazilian bonds this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries 78 Families are often seen picnicking on the grounds Curitiba International Ecological Marathon The Maratona Ecologica Internacional de Curitiba Curitiba International Ecological marathon is held in November and is known as the hardest in Brazil 79 because it happens in the end of the year in the summer heat and because of the hilly course Tourism Line The Linha Tourismo bus stops at key tourist attractions across the city 80 Capao da Imbuia WoodFurther information Atuba ParkEducation EditMore than 183 universities operate in the state of Parana 81 Federal University of Parana was the first university opened in Brazil 82 Military School of Curitiba Tertiary educational institutions Edit Universidade Federal do Parana UFPR Federal University of Parana This federal university is the largest of Parana with more than 35 000 students The first university of Brazil Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana UTFPR Federal Technologic University of Parana is the first university of technology from Brazil Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia do Parana Parana Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology Universidade Positivo UP Positivo University private institution Universidade Estadual do Parana UNESPAR State University of Parana which includes EMBAP Parana School of Fine Arts and FAP College of Arts of Parana Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana PUCPR Pontifical Catholic University of Parana A major private university ESIC Business and Marketing School International Website ESIC Centro Universitario Curitiba UNICURITIBA University Center Curitiba old Law School of Curitiba 83 Centro Universitario Internacional UNINTER Fundacao de Estudos Sociais do Parana FESPPR The First Economy Graduation in Parana since 1938Educational system Edit In the 1990s the city started a project called Farois do Saber Lighthouses of Knowledge These libraries are free educational centres that include libraries free Internet access and other cultural resources Libraries work with municipal schools offering a collection of approximately 5000 books and provide cultural reference and leisure 84 Among Brazilian capitals Curitiba has the highest literacy rate 85 and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals 86 Urban planning Edit Entrance of 24 Hours Street Curitiba has a planned transportation system which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system The buses are split into three sections bi articulated and stop at designated elevated tubes complete with access for disabled riders Buses charge one price regardless of distance 87 The city preserves and cares for its green areas boasting 51 5 m2 554 sq ft of green space per inhabitant 88 In the 1940s and 1950s Alfred Agache cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies was hired to produce the first city plan It emphasised a star of boulevards with public amenities downtown an industrial district and sanitation The plan was too expensive to complete 89 By the 1960s Curitiba s population had reached 430 000 Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city In 1964 Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design Architect Jaime Lerner who later became mayor led a team from the Universidade Federal do Parana that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl reduced traffic in the downtown area preservation of Curitiba s Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system 90 This plan known as the Curitiba Master Plan was adopted in 1968 Lerner closed XV de Novembro St to vehicles because it had high pedestrian traffic The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic the Trinary Road System This used two one way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller two lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development to pull traffic away from the main roads In a number of areas subject to floods buildings were condemned and the land became parks 91 Today Curitiba is considered one of the world s best examples of urban planning 92 In June 1996 the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as the most innovative city in the country 93 15 November Street Curitiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan 94 In the 1980s the RIT Rede Integrada de Transporte Integrated Transport Network was created 95 At the same time the city began building the Farois de Saber Lighthouses of Knowledge educational centres 96 The city has more than 400 km2 154 sq mi of public parks and forests 97 In 2007 the city placed third in a list of 15 Green Cities in the world according to Grist magazine after Reykjavik in Iceland and Portland Oregon in the United States As a result according to one survey 99 of Curitibans are happy with their hometown 98 Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities can create positive ripple effects Urban acupuncture reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities 99 It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact 100 The capacity building job line was created to accelerate economic development About 15 000 new jobs were generated by 2013 101 According to Jonas Rabinovitch a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at the Curitiba Research and Urban Planning Institute IPPUC up to 8 of Curitiba s population still lived in favelas as of 2016 102 According to 2010 census data collected by IBGE 49 700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements 103 This is equivalent to 163300 people 103 The population growth of favelas was 12 4 between 2000 and 2010 higher than the population in general 10 3 103 For transportation Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil 104 Culture EditSee also Culture of Brazil Musicians in Feirinha do largo da ordem In January 1973 the Fundacao Cultural de Curitiba was set up with the aim of promoting culture 20 Wire Opera House The Cultural Complex Solar do Barao features the Photography Museum the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu The MuMA Museu Metropolitano de Arte Museum of Metropolitan Art displays artists from the state of Parana as well as renowned Brazilian painters such as Pancetti Guignard and Di Cavalcanti 20 The Polish Immigrants Memorial also known as The Pope s Woods offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll The Polish Pope John Paul II blessed the first replica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980 105 106 Restaurante Madalosso one of the largest restaurants in the world In 2003 Curitiba received the American Capital of Culture title granted by the OAS Organization of American States 20 Gastronomy Edit The capital of Parana is an important gastronomic center in Brazil and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods Curitiba s cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian and German immigrants 107 Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas and one of the world s largest restaurants Restaurante Madalosso Madalosso can feed more than 4 600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms all named after Italian cities Founded in 1963 the all you can eat Madalosso focuses on family style Italian cuisine ravioli lasagna gnocchi and salads rounded out with grilled meats 108 Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism Arts and entertainment Edit Curitiba was Brazil s first city to have an IMAX movie theatre 109 Curitiba has many theaters The largest and most important one is the Guaira Theater 110 Every year in April it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival Museums Edit Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer designed the extravagant state museum of Curitiba Its design includes a gravity defying construction that was intended to look like a Parana Pine one of the city s symbols but is widely interpreted by locals as an eye which gave the Museum its nickname Museu do Olho or Museum of the Eye In keeping with Curitiba s history and culture of science the museum offers many science exhibitions including biennial exhibitions The Curitiba museum includes the Oscar Niemeyer auditorium 111 Tourism bus line in Curitiba Museu Paranaense Paranaense Museum dedicated to arts and history Oscar Niemeyer Museum the largest museum of South America 112 dedicated to plastic arts Museu de Arte Sacra Religious Art Museum the focus is Christian art Museu do Expedicionario Museum of the Expeditionary dedicated to Brazilian participation in World War II Museu de Arte Contemporanea Museum of Contemporary Art Museu da Imagem e do Som Image and Sound Museum about cinema and photography Museu Egipcio e Rosa Cruz Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism ancient Egypt antiquities Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba Metropolitan Museum of Art in Curitiba modern art Museu de Historia Natural Natural History Museum biology and botany Museu do Holocausto Holocaust Museum 113 Festivals Edit Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts such as Curitiba Theatre Festival 114 and the Music Workshop of Curitiba 115 Others celebrate immigrants festivals such as the Grape Feast Festa da Uva 116 which is related to Italian immigrants and the four Matsuri related to Japanese immigrants The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are Imin Matsuri Japanese 移民祭り Immigration Festival which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil 117 118 Haru Matsuri Japanese 春祭り Spring Festival which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring 119 Hana Matsuri 120 Japanese 花祭り Flower Festival which celebrates the birth of Sakyamuni 121 and Seto Matsuri Seto Festival in honor of Claudio Seto 122 comic artist precursor of the manga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival 123 a three day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres attracting people from all over the world In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens The 2016 edition took more than 20 000 people to the streets 124 UN Convention on Biodiversity Edit On 20 31 March 2006 the Convention on biodiversity took place in Pinhais a city near Curitiba addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries 125 Transportation Edit Estacao Tubo Praca Osorio one of the tube shaped bus stops in Curitiba The orange taxis of Curitiba Public transport Edit Main article Rede Integrada de Transporte Curitiba s public transportation consists entirely of buses It opened the world s second bus rapid transit BRT system Rede Integrada de Transporte in 1974 126 The popularity of Curitiba s BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel Based on 1991 traveler survey results it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel In particular 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita resulting in one of the country s lowest rates of ambient air pollution Some 1 100 buses make 12 500 trips every day serving more than 1 3 million passengers 50 times the number from 20 years ago Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation far below the national average 127 The biggest bi articulated bus in the world Curitiba Brazil Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi articulated bus in the world with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers The bus operates only with soy based biofuel which reduces pollutant emissions by 50 128 The city government has been planning to introduce an underground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35 year public private partnership contract to build and operate a 17 6 km 10 9 mi 14 station north south line The cost is estimated at 4 62 billion reais 129 Roads Edit Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one way streets and frequent traffic jams The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid Apart from some points around the city centre Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue traffic jams are not severe 130 Air Edit Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba s main airport It is located in the nearby city of Sao Jose dos Pinhais All commercial flights operate from this airport 131 Afonso Pena International Airport was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil 132 The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities availability and cleanliness of the toilets general cleaning airport thermal and acoustic comfort quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels as well as availability of public transport to the airport 132 There is also the Bacacheri Airport a smaller general aviation facility It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft Rail Edit Brazil s transportation and railway company Rumo has its headquarters in Curitiba 133 Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country 134 to Morretes and Paranagua 135 Cable tram on XV November street Others Edit The city has 100 km 62 mi of bike routes used by around 30 thousand bikers daily City streets carry almost one million vehicles of which 2 253 are orange Taxis To service these vehicles more than 355 petrol stations serve the city 136 Curitiba public transportation statistics Edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba for example to and from work on a weekday is 72 min 21 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min while 33 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km while 12 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 137 Sports EditMain articles 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil Arena da Baixada Curitiba has three teams in the city Athletico Paranaense Coritiba and Parana Clube Parana Clube plays at Estadio Durival Britto e Silva Coritiba plays at Estadio Major Antonio Couto Pereira and Club Athletico Paranaense plays at Estadio Joaquim Americo Guimaraes Both Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Serie A in 1985 and 2001 respectively Estadio Joaquim Americo Guimaraes was one of the 12 stadiums to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil The traditional stadium Vila Capanema have hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup which still is home to Parana Clube 138 The Autodromo Internacional de Curitiba Curitiba International Raceway is located in nearby Pinhais Curitiba has also one of the main rugby union clubs in Brazil Curitiba Rugby Clube national champions in 2014 A number of top stars in mixed martial arts are Curitiba natives including the Rua brothers Mauricio Shogun and Murilo Ninja Wanderlei Silva Anderson Silva and women s MMA pioneer Cris Cyborg Much of the city s success in MMA comes from it hosting the influential Chute Boxe Academy and its successor Universidade da luta Panorama of the interior of the Joaquim Americo Guimaraes Stadium or Arena da Baixada during a game in 2019Neighborhoods Edit Curitiba s neighborhoods and boroughs Most districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century The centro downtown or central business district where the city was founded is the most bustling area housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba Bairros neighborhoods of Curitiba define the city s geographical divisions Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments boroughs covering the 75 neighborhoods Civic Center In Portuguese Centro Civico is where the main government buildings are located It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba capital of the state of Parana The name means Center of the Citizen It was conceived in 1953 with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state 139 140 In August 2011 the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Candido de Abreu are protected including Plaza 19 de Dezembro Tiradentes State College Courts of Justice Accounts and Jury buildings the Iguacu Palace the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette 141 International relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil Oscar Niemeyer Museum Twin towns sister cities Edit Curitiba is twinned with 142 Asuncion Paraguay Coimbra Portugal Columbus United States Guadalajara Mexico Hangzhou China Himeji Japan Jacksonville United States Krakow Poland Lyon France 143 Montevideo Uruguay Orlando United States Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia Suwon South Korea Treviso Italy Miami Dade United States 144 Cooperation agreements Edit Curitiba has cooperation agreements with Lisbon Portugal 145 Notable people Edit Street mall in Curitiba Landscape with Canoe on the Margin 1922 Painting by Alfredo Andersen Sao Paulo Museum of Art Sao Paulo Araucarias of Botanical Garden Passeio Publico is the oldest public park in Curitiba It opened in 1886 Architecture Edit Jaime Lerner Joao Batista Vilanova ArtigasArts Edit Abraskadabra Ska punk band Alfredo Andersen Norwegian painter and sculptor 146 Alexandre Slaviero actor Andrade Muricy composer and musical and literary critic 147 Dalton Trevisan writer Dinho Ouro Preto rock musician Emilio de Meneses poet and journalist immortal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters 148 Fernanda Machado actress Florian Essenfelder piano maker Francisco Lachowski super model Guido Viaro Italian painter and teacher 149 Guilherme Weber actor Guta Stresser actress Icarius De Menezes creative director Isabeli Fontana super model Isadora Ribeiro actress Jaime Lerner architect and urbanist Katiuscia Canoro actress Luis Melo actor Luiz Carlos Alborghetti TV host Marjorie Estiano actress and singer Dow Raiz rapper Paulo Leminski poet and writer Simone Spoladore actress Tasso da Silveira poet journalist deputy and professor 150 Aviation Edit Pierre Clostermann World War II French pilot engineer Egon Albrecht World War II German flying acePolitics Edit Sergio Moro PoliticianScience Edit Alex Kipman scientist Cesar Lattes physicist Ned Kock systems scientist Newton da Costa mathematician Ricardo Ramina physicianSports Edit FootballAdriano Correia Alex Cuca Alfredo Caju Gottardi Andre the Dede of Goal Rodrigo Crasso Dirceu Kruger Fabiano the Fabigoal Giuliano Levir Culpi Lucio Flavio Paulo Rink Patesko Perdigao Tcheco Thiago Cionek Thiago Neves Mixed martial artsCristiane Cyborg Justino Bruno Pucci Mauricio Shogun Rua Murilo Ninja Rua Wanderlei Silva Anderson SilvaMotorsportsAugusto Farfus DTM driver for BMW Enrique Bernoldi Formula One driver IndyCar driver Raul Boesel Formula One driver IndyCar driver 1987 World Sportscar Championship champion Ricardo Zonta Formula One driver 1998 FIA GT Championship championBasketballRolando Ferreira Gold medalist at the 1987 Pan American Games former Portland Trail Blazers playerBeach volleyballEmanuel Rego gold medalist in 2004 Olympics bronze in 2008 Olympics and silver in 2012 Olympics Agatha Bednarczuk silver medalist in 2016 Olympics Horse racingJoao Moreira jockeyPokerAlexandre Gomes WSOP and WPT world champion 2008 2009 See Also EditHistory of Parana Luxembourgish BraziliansReferences Edit IBGE 2021 Archived from the original on 15 September 2019 Retrieved 21 February 2023 https cidades ibge gov br brasil pr curitiba panorama Archived copy PDF United Nations Development Programme UNDP Archived from the original PDF on 8 July 2014 Retrieved 1 August 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link cidades ibge gov br https cidades ibge gov br brasil pr curitiba panorama Retrieved 21 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html 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Retrieved 22 March 2017 Pope and Polish house of Curitiba Archived from the original on 13 April 2021 Retrieved 24 March 2022 Polish Pope visited the Polish Memorial in Curitiba Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 Retrieved 24 March 2022 La Violetera 5 March 2014 Copa do Mundo e culinaria as comidas tipicas de Curitiba Cozinha do Mundo Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 Retrieved 5 May 2015 Novo Madalosso The most largest restaurant in the Americas BBMAG International Lifestyle Magazine 20 July 2016 Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 23 October 2020 Palladium Shopping Center Shoppingpalladium com br Archived from the original on 26 February 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Teatro Guaira Tguaira pr gov br Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Museums in the city Curitiba info Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Museu Oscar Niemeyer in Portuguese Descubra Curitiba Retrieved 17 January 2008 permanent dead link Campanha Sobrevivente Museu do Holocausto de Curitiba Museudoholocausto org br Archived from the original on 12 February 2017 Retrieved 22 March 2017 Festival de Teatro de Curitiba chega a sua 20ª edicao com mais de 400 pecas 28 03 2011 Da Redacao Entretenimento uol com br Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Do G1 PR 9 January 2012 G1 Oficina de Musica de Curitiba inicia neste domingo com musica erudita noticias em Parana G1 globo com Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 3 January 2013 51ª Festa da Uva de Curitiba Gastronomia Bonde O seu portal Bonde com br 6 January 1990 Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Governador prestigia Imin Matsuri tradicional festa da colonia japonesa Parana Online Paranaense como voce Parana online com br 19 June 2006 Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Vida e Cidadania Gazeta do Povo Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Haru Matsuri comemora chegada da primavera em Curitiba Parana Online Paranaense como voce Parana online com br 23 September 2011 Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Tadaima Curitiba 25 March 2011 Evento Hana Matsuri 2011 Tadaima Curitiba Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Hanamatsuri Culturajaponesa com br Archived from the original on 8 April 2012 Retrieved 3 January 2013 Myrelle Silva 15 October 2010 Eventos Seto Matsuri dias 06 e 07 de novembro in Portuguese Tadaima Cultura Japonesa Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 Retrieved 24 January 2012 Eventos 2016 Psycho Carnival in Portuguese February 2016 Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 Retrieved 16 September 2016 Eventos 2016 Zombie Walk in Portuguese February 2016 Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 Retrieved 16 September 2016 UN Convention on Biodiversity and Biosecurity Cartamaior com br Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Schneider Keith 23 October 2012 Putting BRT in Car City China Next American City Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 Retrieved 1 November 2012 Goodman Joseph Urban transport of Curitiba Urbanhabitat org Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Curitiba inaugura maior onibus biarticulado do mundo Exame in Brazilian Portuguese 29 March 2011 Archived from the original on 26 October 2020 Retrieved 23 October 2020 Curitiba re launches metro concession tender 8 July 2014 Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 Retrieved 24 August 2014 Roads in Curitiba Hagah com br 21 February 2011 Archived from the original on 9 June 2013 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Afonso Pena International Airport Archived 20 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b Afonso Pena e eleito o melhor aeroporto do Brasil o de Salvador e o pior Gazeta do Povo in Brazilian Portuguese Archived from the original on 27 October 2020 Retrieved 23 October 2020 Rumo pt all logistica com Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 Retrieved 12 May 2017 Jim McDaniel 6 June 2010 Curitiba to Paranagua by Train archived from the original on 7 November 2021 retrieved 12 May 2017 Curitiba Luxury Train Serra Verde Express Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 Curitiba Brasilprimedesign com Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Curitiba Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 19 June 2017 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Curitiba FIFA World Cup 2014 Curitiba2014 com Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Curitiba Prefeitura de Centro Civico Prefeitura de Curitiba www curitiba pr gov br in Brazilian Portuguese Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 25 December 2018 Curitiba Partiu 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Wayback Machine Retrieved in 25 May 2010 Brazilian Academy of Letters Essay by Eduardo Portela Portuguese Archived 3 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 25 May 2010 Brazilian Academy of Letters Portuguese Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 25 May 2010 Itau Cultural Encyclopedia Viaro Guido 1897 1971 Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 25 May 2010 MOISES Massaud History of Brazilian Literature Modernism 6th Ed Sao Paulo Cultrix 2001 Retrieved on 27 December 2011 Bibliography EditSee also Timeline of Curitiba BibliographyExternal links Edit Brazil portal Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Curityba Curitiba at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata in Portuguese Official homepage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Curitiba amp oldid 1144694737, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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