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Kota Kinabalu

September 30, 2023

For the federal constituency represented in the Dewan Rakyat, see Kota Kinabalu (federal constituency). For the former British cargo ship, see SS Jesselton Bay.

Kota Kinabalu (Malaysian: [ˈkota kinaˈbalu]; formerly known as Jesselton), colloquially referred to as KK, is the state capital of Sabah, Malaysia. It is also the capital of the Kota Kinabalu District as well as the West Coast Division of Sabah. The city is located on the northwest coast of Borneo facing the South China Sea. The Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park[5] lies to its west and Mount Kinabalu, which gave the city its name, is located to its east. Kota Kinabalu has a population of 452,058 according to the 2010 census;[6] when the adjacent Penampang and Putatan districts are included, the metro area has a combined population of 628,725.[6] The 2020 Census revealed an increase in the municipal population to 500,421, while the wider area including Penampang and Putatan Districts had a population of 731,406.[7]

Kota Kinabalu
State capital city and district capital
City of Kota Kinabalu
Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawiکوتا کينابالو
 • Chinese亚庇 (Simplified)
亞庇 (Traditional)
Yà bì (Hanyu Pinyin)
From top, left to right, bottom:
Kota Kinabalu skyline, Wawasan intersection, Tun Mustapha Tower, Kota Kinabalu Coastal Highway, the Kota Kinabalu City Mosque, the Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens, Marlin and I❤KK Statue, Gaya Street during Chinese New Year.
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
KK, Nature Resort City
Location of Kota Kinabalu in Sabah
Kota Kinabalu
   Kota Kinabalu in    Sabah
Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu (Malaysia)
Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu (Southeast Asia)
Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu (Asia)
Coordinates: 05°58′30″N 116°04′21″E / 5.97500°N 116.07250°E / 5.97500; 116.07250
Country Malaysia
State Sabah
DivisionWest Coast
DistrictKota Kinabalu
Bruneian Empire15th–18th century
Settled by BNBC1882
Declared capital of North Borneo1946
Municipality status1 January 1979
City status2 February 2000
Government
 • TypeCity council
 • BodyKota Kinabalu City Hall
 • MayorNoorliza Awang Alip
(since 1 January 2021)
 • MPWilfred Madius Tangau (UPKO) (Tuaran)
(since 5 May 2013)
Mustapha Sakmud (PKR) (Sepanggar)
(since 19 November 2022)
Chan Foong Hin (DAP) (Kota Kinabalu)
(since 9 May 2018)
Shahelmey Yahya (UMNO) (Putatan)
(since 19 November 2022)
Ewon Benedick (UPKO) (Penampang)
(since 19 November 2022)
Area
 • State capital city and district capital351 km2 (136 sq mi)
 • Urban
816 km2 (315 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,277 km2 (1,265 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 (2020 Census)
 • State capital city and district capital500,421
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
 • Metro
731,406
 • Demonym
Orang KK / K.K-ites / K.K-ians
 [2]
Time zoneUTC+8 (MST)
Postal code
88xxx; 89xxx
Area code(s)088, 087
Vehicle registrationEJ, EJA, EJB (1967–1980)[3][4]
SA/SAA/SAB/SAC (1980–2018)
SY (2018-2023)
SJ (2023–present)
Websitedbkk.sabah.gov.my

In the 15th century, the area of Kota Kinabalu was under the influence of Bruneian Empire. In the 19th century, the British North Borneo Company (BNBC) first set up a settlement near the Gaya Island. However, it was destroyed by fire in 1897 by a local leader named Mat Salleh. In July 1899, the place located opposite to the Gaya Island was identified as a suitable place for settlements. Development in the area was started soon after that; and the place was named "Api-api" before it was renamed after Sir Charles Jessel, the vice-chairman of BNBC, as "Jesselton". Jesselton became a major trading port in the area, and was connected to the North Borneo Railway. Jesselton was largely destroyed during World War II. The Japanese occupation of Jesselton provoked several local uprisings notably the Jesselton Revolt but they were eventually defeated by the Japanese. After the war, BNBC was unable to finance the high cost of reconstructions and the place was ceded to the British Crown Colony. The British Crown declared Jesselton as the new capital of North Borneo in 1946 and started to rebuild the town. After the formation of Malaysia, North Borneo was renamed as Sabah. In 1967, Jesselton was renamed as Kota Kinabalu, Kota being the Malay word for City and Kinabalu after the nearby Mount Kinabalu. Kota Kinabalu was granted city status in 2000.

Kota Kinabalu is often known as KK both in Malaysia and internationally. It is a major tourist destination and a gateway for travellers visiting Sabah and Borneo.[8][9] Kinabalu Park is located about 90 kilometres from the city and there are many other tourist attractions in and around the city. Kota Kinabalu is also one of the major industrial and commercial centres of East Malaysia. These two factors combine to make Kota Kinabalu one of the fastest-growing cities in Malaysia.[10]

Etymology Edit

 
"Kina Balu from Pinokok Valley" – lithograph published in 1862.

Kota Kinabalu is named after Mount Kinabalu, which is situated about 50 kilometres east-northeast of the city. Kinabalu is derived from the name Aki Nabalu meaning the "revered place of the dead." Aki means "ancestors" or "grandfather", and Nabalu is a name for the mountain in the Dusun language.[11] There is also a source claiming that the term originated from Ki Nabalu, Ki meaning "have" or "exist", and Nabalu meaning "spirit of the dead".[12]

The word kota comes from Malay word kota which in turn comes from the Sanskrit word कोट्ट (kota) which means fort, fortress, castle, fortified house, fortification, works, city, town, or place encircled by walls.[13] It is also used formally in a few other Malaysian towns and cities, for example, Kota Bharu, Kota Tinggi, and Kota Kemuning. It can also be used informally to refer to any towns or cities. Hence, a direct translation of the name Kota Kinabalu into English would be "City of Kinabalu" or "Kinabalu City".

Original names Edit

Besides Jesselton, there are also other older names for Kota Kinabalu. The most popular is Api-Api, or simply Api, which is a Malay word meaning 'Fire'.[5] Wendy Law Suart wrote in her book on North Borneo, The Lingering Eye, "there is in the Sabah State Museum a Dutch map of Borneo and the Celebes dated 1657 in which the settlement where Jesselton was to stand is clearly labelled Api Api. It may have some connection with the seaside tree with breathing roots that bears the same name".[14] There are claims, however, that Kota Kinabalu was actually named after a nearby river called Sungai Api-Api. In Chinese, the city is still known as 'Api', which is the Hakka pronunciation for 亚庇 (Simplified Chinese; Traditional Chinese: 亞庇; Pinyin: yà bì).

Another suggested historical name is Deasoka, which roughly means "below the coconut tree" in the Bajau language.[15] The Bajau locals purportedly used this name to refer to a village in the southern part of the city which was filled with coconut trees. Yet another name was Singgah Mata which literally means "transit eye", but can be loosely translated as "pleasing to the eye". It is a name said to have been given by fishermen from Gaya Island referring to the strip of land that is today's downtown Kota Kinabalu.[16] Today, all these names have been immortalised as names of streets or buildings around the city. Some examples are Lintasan Deasoka, Api-Api Centre and Singgah Mata Street.

History Edit

 
Sir Charles Jessel, vice-chairman of the BNBC, after whom Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu) was named.
 
Jesselton, c. 1911.
 
The North Borneo War Monument was erected in Jesselton in 1923 to remember those fallen British soldiers during World War I.

Since 15th century, the area of what is now Kota Kinabalu came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire.[17][18] In the late 1800s, the British North Borneo Company (BNBC) began to establish colonial settlements throughout North Borneo.[19] In 1882, BNBC founded a small settlement in the area known as Gaya Bay, which was already inhabited by the Bajau people.[20] The first settlement was at Gaya Island.[5] However, in 1897, the settlement was burned and destroyed by the indigenous Bajau-Suluk chief Mat Salleh.[18]

After the destruction, BNBC decided to relocate the settlement to the more easily defended mainland at Gantian Bay (now Sepanggar Bay) in 1898.[21] However, Gantian Bay was found to be unsuitable and in July 1899, Henry Walker, a Land Commissioner, identified a 30 acres (12 ha) site opposite Gaya Island as a replacement for Gantian Bay.[22] The replacement settlement site was a fishing village called Api-Api (see Original names above). The site was chosen due to its proximity to the North Borneo Railway and its natural port that provided good anchorage, which was up to 24 feet deep.[5]

 
Bomb damage at the town of Jesselton during World War II, this was part of the Borneo Campaign by Allied forces during 1945.
 
Disarmed Japanese troops marching towards a prisoner of war (POW) compound in Jesselton after surrendering to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 8 October 1945.
 
Children in Jesselton filmed by Australian government representative a year after the war in 1946.

By the end of 1899, construction had started on shoplots,[23] a pier and government buildings.[22] This new administrative centre was renamed Jesselton after Sir Charles Jessel, who was the then Vice-Chairman of BNBC. Eventually, Jesselton became a major trading post of North Borneo, dealing in rubber, rattan, honey, and wax.[5][24] The North Borneo Railway was used to transport goods to the Jesselton harbour.[24] The Malay and Bajau uprisings during those times were not uncommon, and BNBC worked to quell the long-standing threat of piracy in the region. Jesselton was partially razed by the British during their retreat from the advancing Japanese and suffered further devastation when the Allies bombed it in 1945.[25] After the Japanese takeover of Borneo, it was again renamed Api. Several rebellions against the Japanese military administration took place in Api. One major rebellion in the town occurred on 10 October 1943 by a group called Kinabalu Guerrillas in the Jesselton Revolt consisting of local inhabitants. Japanese forces quelled the rebellion after its leader, Albert Kwok, was arrested and executed in 1944.[26] At the later stages of the war, what remained of the town was destroyed again by Allied bombings day and night for over six months as part of the Borneo Campaign in 1945, leaving only three buildings standing.[5] The war in North Borneo ended with the official surrender of the Japanese 37th Army by Lieutenant General Baba Masao in Labuan on 10 September 1945.[27]

After the war on the edge of bankruptcy, the British North Borneo Company returned to administer Jesselton but was unable to finance the huge costs of reconstruction. They gave control of North Borneo to the British Crown on 18 July 1946. The new colonial government elected to rebuild Jesselton as the capital of North Borneo instead of Sandakan, which had also been destroyed by the war.[28] The Crown Colony administration designed a plan, later known as the "Colonial Office Reconstruction and Development Plan for North Borneo: 1948–1955", to rebuild North Borneo. This plan provided £6,051,939 for the rebuilding of infrastructure in North Borneo.[29] When the Crown Colony of North Borneo together with Sarawak, Singapore and the Federation of Malaya formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, it became known as Sabah, and Jesselton remained its capital.[30] On 22 December 1967, the State Legislative Assembly under Chief Minister Mustapha Harun passed a bill renaming Jesselton as Kota Kinabalu. The city was upgraded to city status on 2 February 2000.[30]

Capital city Edit

 
 
Kota Kinabalu
 
 
 
class=notpageimage|
Locations of Kota Kinabalu and its suburbs

Being the capital city of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu plays an important role in the political and economic welfare of the population of the entire state. It is the seat of the state government where almost all of their ministries and agencies are based. Most of the Malaysian federal government agencies and departments are also located in Kota Kinabalu. The Sabah State Legislative Assembly is located at the nearby Likas Bay. There are four members of parliament (MPs) representing the four parliamentary constituencies in the city: Sepanggar (P.171), Kota Kinabalu (P.172), Putatan (P.173), Tuaran ("P.176") and Penampang (P.174). The city also elects 9 representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Karambunai, Inanam, Likas, Api-Api, Luyang, Tanjung Aru, Petagas, Kepayan, Segama, Menggatal, Tuaran, Lido, and Moyog.[31]

Local authority and city definition Edit

 
Kota Kinabalu City Hall.
 
A rough map of Kota Kinabalu city and urban area. Blue lines indicate main roads, grey lines indicate railway lines, and pink dotted lines indicate district boundaries.

The city is administered by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu). The current mayor of Kota Kinabalu is Noorliza Awang Alip, who became the first female mayor after taking over the post from Nordin Siman on 1 January 2021.[32] Iliyas in turn became the second mayor of the city after taking over from Abdul Ghani Rashid in 2006. The city obtained city status on 2 February 2000,[30] and prior to this it was administered by Majlis Perbandaran Kota Kinabalu (Kota Kinabalu Municipal Council/Kota Kinabalu Town Hall).

 
View over the southern city central business district.

The city is defined within the borders of what is the district, formerly the municipality, of Kota Kinabalu. With an area of 351 square kilometres, it is the smallest but the most populous district in Sabah.[33] It encompasses Tanjung Aru and Kepayan in the south, up to Telipok and Sepanggar in the north. The urban expanse of the city however extends into the district of Penampang[34] on the south of the city border, which includes the towns of Donggongon and Putatan. The combined area of Kota Kinabalu District and the contiguous built up areas in Penampang and Putatan is known as Greater Kota Kinabalu.[35] The district of Penampang has an area of 466 square kilometres, and is administered by Majlis Daerah Penampang (Penampang District Council).[36]

On one end of the scale, Kota Kinabalu may sometimes only refer to, especially by local inhabitants, the city centre or central business district near the sea facing Gaya Island. On the other end of the scale, it may also refer to the metropolitan area which includes urban Kota Kinabalu (Greater Kota Kinabalu), and the surrounding towns of Papar and Kinarut in the south, and Tuaran and Tamparuli in the north, being within its zone of influence.

Geography Edit

 
View of Kota Kinabalu captured from the International Space Station in 2002.
 
View of Greater Kota Kinabalu with skyscrapers dotting the city above lush green treetops.

Kota Kinabalu is located on the west coast of Sabah. The city lies on a narrow flatland between the Crocker Range to the east and the South China Sea to the west. There are six islands off the coast of the city. The largest is Gaya Island, the site of the first British settlement. Approximately 8,000 people live there.[37] The smaller islands, mainly uninhabited, are named Sapi Island, Manukan Island, Sulug Island, Mamutik Island and Sepanggar Island to the north.[38] Sepanggar island is located north of the National Park opposite Sepanggar Bay.

Flat land is at a premium in the city centre, and there is a strict limit to the height of buildings: the airport is 7 km (4 mi) away, and the city is directly in the flight path. Most of the Central Business District (CBD) today is built on land reclaimed from the sea.[5] The original local plant life has largely disappeared, but several hills within the city (too steep for building) are still clothed with tropical rainforest. One of these is Signal Hill, which confines the CBD to the shore. In the area of Likas Bay, the remnants of an extensive mangrove forest was nearly lost.[39] In 1996, the state government declared 24 acres (9.7 ha) of the forest as a protected area. This forest is now known as the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary. The sanctuary was given additional protection as a State Cultural Heritage Site in 1998.[39]

 
The city as seen from the air in 2015.

The five islands (of Gaya, Sapi, Manukan, Sulug, Mamutik) opposite the city, and their surrounding waters, are also preserved as the Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park.[5] The park was named in honour of the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman. The park is a recreational spot for tourists and local people.[40] The Kota Kinabalu city centre, consisting of mostly businesses and the government, includes Karamunsing, the port area (Tanjung Lipat), Signal Hill, Kampung Air, Sinsuran, Segama, Asia City, Gaya Street (Old Town), Bandaran Berjaya, Api-Api, Sutera Harbour and Sembulan. Outlying neighbourhoods and residential suburbs include Kepayan Ridge, Tanjung Aru, Petagas, Kepayan, Lido, Lintas, Nosoob, Bukit Padang, Luyang, Damai, Lok Kawi, Bukit Bendera, Kasigui, Bundusan, Likas and Kolombong. The city is growing steadily and the urban sprawl extends to the towns of Inanam, Menggatal, Sepanggar, Telipok and south of the district border to Penampang, Putatan, and Lok Kawi.[41] Kota Kinabalu is generally isolated from the rest of the country; it is located about 1,624 kilometres (1,009 mi) from Kuala Lumpur in Peninsular Malaysia[42] and 804 kilometres (500 mi) from Kuching in the neighbouring state of Sarawak.[43]

Climate Edit

Kota Kinabalu features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with constant high temperatures, and a considerable amount of rain and high humidity throughout the course of the year.[44] Two prevailing monsoons characterise the climate of this part of Sabah are the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The Northeast Monsoon occurs between November and March, while the Southwest Monsoon occurs between May and September. There are also two successive inter-monsoons from April to May and from September to October.[44]

During the 1995–2004 period, Kota Kinabalu's average temperature ranges from 26 °C (79 °F) to 28 °C (82 °F).[45] April and May are the hottest months, while January is the coolest one.[44] The average annual rainfall is around 2,400 millimetres[45] and varies markedly throughout the year. February and March are typically the driest months while rainfall peaks in the inter-monsoon period in October.[46] The wind speed ranges from 5.5 to 7.9 m/s during the Northeast Monsoon but is significantly lower to 0.3 to 3.3 m/s during the Southwest Monsoon.[47]

Climate data for Kota Kinabalu (1971–2000, extremes 1946–1999)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.0
(95.0) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.7
(96.3)
Average high °C (°F) 30.4
(86.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.7
(80.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.5
(81.5)
Average low °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.6
(74.5)
Record low °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.0
(60.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 104.8
(4.13) 		73.4
(2.89) 		50.5
(1.99) 		114.2
(4.50) 		216.2
(8.51) 		279.4
(11.00) 		262.7
(10.34) 		270.3
(10.64) 		285.2
(11.23) 		345.8
(13.61) 		302.4
(11.91) 		242.3
(9.54) 		2,547.2
(100.28)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8 7 6 8 12 13 13 13 14 16 17 13 140
Average relative humidity (%) 83 82 81 80 81 80 79 78 81 82 83 83 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 187.7 194.8 233.4 245.3 228.8 197.6 204.9 196.7 180.7 191.9 192.5 197.5 2,451.8
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation[48]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990),[49] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[50]

Demography Edit

There have not been any official or popular adjectives, or demonyms, to describe the people of Kota Kinabalu. A simple way to describe the people of the city is "orang KK", where orang means "person" or "people" in Malay. The terms "K.K-ites"[10] and "K.K-ians" have also been used to a limited extent. People from Sabah are called Sabahans.[51]

Ethnicity and religion Edit

The following is based on Department of Statistics Malaysia 2010 census.[52][needs update]

Ethnic groups in Kota Kinabalu, 2010
Ethnicity Population Percentage
Chinese 93,429 20.7%
Bajau 72,931 16.13%
Kadazan-Dusun 69,993 15.5%
Other Bumiputras 59,607 13.2%
Bruneian Malays 35,835 7.9%
Murut and Lundayeh/Lun Bawang 2,518 0.6%
Indian 2,207 0.5%
Others 5,482 1.21%
Non-Malaysian 110,556 24.5%
 
Sacred Heart Cathedral.

The Malaysian Census 2010 Report estimated the population of Kota Kinabalu at 452,058.[52] The city's population is a mixture of many different races and ethnicities. Non-Malaysian citizens form the largest group in the city with 110,556 people followed by Chinese (93,429), Bajau/Suluk (72,931), Kadazan-Dusun (69,993), other Bumiputras (59,107), Bruneian Malays[53] (35,835), Murut and Lundayeh/ Lun Bawang (2,518), Indian (2,207) and others (5,482).[52] The Chinese are mostly Hakkas and reside mainly in the Luyang area. There is also a sizeable Cantonese-speaking population and smaller communities of Hokkien and Fuzhounese-speaking Chinese scattered throughout all areas of the city. Most of the Fuzhounese speakers in particular emigrated to Sabah from the neighbouring Malaysian state of Sarawak. Penampang district is populated mainly by Kadazans, while Bajaus and Dusuns mainly reside in Likas, Sembulan, Inanam, Menggatal, Sepanggar and Telipok. The Brunei Malays and Bajau/Suluks are Muslims. The Kadazan-Dusuns, Muruts, Rungus and Lundayeh/Lun Bawang mainly practice Folk forms of Christianity, Islam, or Animism, whilst the Chinese are mainly Buddhists, Taoist or Christians. There are numerous Roman Catholic, Basel (Lutheran), Anglican, Evangelical, and Methodist churches throughout the city. A small number of Hindus, Sikhs, Animists, and secularists can also be found. The Census 2020 Report showed an increase to 500,421 inhabitants.[54]

 
City Mosque.
 
The Sabah State Mosque, another place of worship sights in the city.

There is also a sizeable Filipino population in the city. The first wave of migrants arrived in the late 15th century during the Spanish colonisation, while a later wave arrived in the early 1970s, driven away from the Philippines by political and economic uncertainties there. Most of the earlier migrants have been naturalised as Malaysian citizens. However, there are still some Filipinos living in the city without proper documentation as illegal immigrants.[55] Most of the Filipino migrants are Chavacano-speaking Tausūgs (Suluk) coming from the southern parts of Philippines.[56] The city also is home to immigrants from Indonesia.[56]

 
Pu Tuo Si Temple.

There is a small population of Indians, Pakistanis and Eurasians scattered around the city. More recently, the number of expatriates living in the city, whether temporarily or permanently, have also increased. Most of them come from China, South Korea, Japan, Australia, Taiwan and Europe. Interracial marriages are not uncommon and Kadazan-Chinese intermarriages are particularly common.[57] The mixed race offspring of Kadazan and Chinese are referred to as Sino-Kadazans or simply "Sinos".[57]

Languages Edit

The people of Kota Kinabalu mainly speak Malay, with a distinct Sabahan creole.[51] However, as almost 50% of Kota Kinabalu residents are of Chinese descent,[58] Chinese is also widely spoken. Among the Chinese, the most commonly spoken varieties are Huiyang Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 惠阳客家话; Traditional Chinese: 惠陽客家話) and Mandarin. Additionally, most Chinese can speak Cantonese, although with widely varying levels of fluency. Almost all residents are also able to speak English, especially the younger generation. However, some find it difficult to speak fluently due to a limited vocabulary and the general lack of usage of the English language as a conversational lingua franca among Sabahans as a whole.

The number of Kadazan-Dusun speakers is thought to have dropped significantly throughout Sabah, especially in larger towns or cities like Kota Kinabalu. However, some effort has been taken by some to revive the usage of the language. Kadazan has been considered an endangered language, along with the culture of ethnic Kadazans.[59]

Economy Edit

 
An oil terminal at Sepanggar Bay operated by Petronas.

Besides being the capital city, Kota Kinabalu is also the main industrial and commercial centre for Sabah. The economy is dominated by the primary sector of industry. Historically, the secondary sector dominated the economy, but due to rapid urbanisation and economic development, this sector of the economy is slowly diminishing. More recently, a move towards a more tertiary-based industry has become more apparent, especially with regards to the boom in the tourism industry.[9] Many state-level, national-level and international commercial banks, as well as some insurance companies have their headquarters or branches here. The overseas Chinese population also contributes to the development of KK since their immigration in the late 19th century.[60] Their original role was often a 'coolie' (manual labourer) and today many Chinese work as shopowners.[60]

A number of industrial and manufacturing companies also have plants here, especially in the industrial districts of Likas, Kolombong, and Inanam. The ongoing construction of the 8,320-acre (33.7 km2) Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP) in Sepanggar is intended to boost the city's industrial and commercial activity, making it a major growth centre in East Malaysia, as well for the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area) region.[61][needs update]

Transportation Edit

Land Edit

 
A highway in Kota Kinabalu

The internal roads linking different parts of the city are generally state roads constructed and maintained by the state's Public Works Department.[62] Most major internal roads are dual-carriageways. One of the major roads here is Lintas-Tuaran Bypass Road, which together serves almost as a ring road, circling the city and connecting the districts and suburbs surrounding the city, namely Putatan, Penampang, Luyang, Likas, Inanam, Menggatal, Sepanggar and Tuaran. There are currently no freeways in the city or in any other part of Sabah. The city is linked by highways to other towns in Sabah. These are mainly federal roads maintained by the national Public Works Department. Highway routes from Kota Kinabalu include:[63]

 
The North Bus Terminal in Inanam serves long-distance buses bound for the north and east of Sabah.
 
Interior of a train in Tanjung Aru station.

Regular bus services operate in the city. Aside from buses, minibuses or vans are used as an alternative mode of public transport.[64] There are two main bus terminals in the city centre. The terminal along Tun Razak Road provide bus services to different parts of the city and its outskirts, while the KK Sentral terminal provides intercity services to destinations south of the city (Papar, Beaufort, Sipitang, Limbang etc.). A third bus terminal, the North Kota Kinabalu Bus Terminal in Inanam district, services intercity buses heading towards destinations north and north-east of the city (Ranau, Sandakan, Lahad Datu, Tawau, Semporna etc.). Taxis are available throughout the city.[64]

A railway system formerly known as the North Borneo Railway was established in 1896 by the British North Borneo Company.[24][65] It was built for the main purpose of transporting commodities from the Interior Division to the port in Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu) during the period of British rule.[24] The railway line connects Tanjung Aru in Kota Kinabalu to Tenom and several other towns in between, and it is the only railway system operating in East Malaysia.[24][65] Today, the railway line is known as the Western Line and managed by the Sabah State Railway, providing daily services for commuters, travellers, as well as for cargo transportation.[24] A separate company operates the leisure tour also called the North Borneo Railway, which caters mainly for tourists. This antique steam train service only running on Saturday and Wednesday mornings from Tanjung Aru station to Kinarut station before returning to the former station.[24] In 2016, the Tanjung Aru railway station was moved to Aeropod with a new terminal and more public facilities.

Air Edit

Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) (ICAO Code : WBKK, IATA Code: BKI) is a main hub for Malaysia Airlines and a secondary hub for AirAsia and MASwings. It has one terminal[66] and is the second busiest airport in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur International Airport and is one of the main gateways into Sabah and East Malaysia.[67] In addition to domestic flights within Sabah and Malaysia, KKIA is also serviced by international flights to several cities in southeast and northeast Asia, as well as Perth in Australia.

 
Kota Kinabalu International Airport

Sea Edit

 
A ferry from Labuan at Kota Kinabalu Ferry Terminal.
 
Entrance to the Jesselton Point waterfront.

Kota Kinabalu has two ports: Kota Kinabalu Port and Sepanggar Bay Container Port (SBCP). Kota Kinabalu Port mainly handles loose/bulk cargo, while SBCP operates as a naval base for the Royal Malaysian Navy and an oil depot in addition to handling containerised cargo.[68] In 2004, Kota Kinabalu Port handled about 3.6 million tonnes of freight cargo, the third highest in the state after Sandakan Port and Tawau Port.[33] However, it handles the highest number of containers in the state, with 153,793 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of containers handled in 2006. Sepanggar Bay Port will have an annual capacity of 200,000 TEU when its container terminal is completed.[69] All ports in Sabah are managed and operated by Sabah Ports Sdn Bhd.[70]

The Kota Kinabalu Ferry Service operates from a passenger ferry terminal located at Jesselton Point,[71] providing ferry and motorboat services to nearby islands. There are also regular scheduled ferry services to Labuan.[71]

Other utilities Edit

Courts of law and legal enforcement Edit

 
Sabah Police Headquarters.

The Kota Kinabalu Court Complex is located along Kebajikan Road. It contains three High Courts, six Magistrates' courts, six Sessions Courts including the Child Sexual Offence Court and a Federal Court.[72] Another court for the Sharia law were also located in the area of Sembulan.[73]

The Sabah Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Kepayan. There are two district headquarters in the city, the Kota Kinabalu District police headquarters located in Karamunsing, and the Penampang District headquarters. Both also operate as police stations. Other police stations are found in KKIA, Tanjung Aru, Putatan, and Menggatal. Police substations (Pondok Polis) are found in Luyang, Likas, Telipok and Babagon.[74] The city's traffic police headquarters is located along Lorong Dewan near Gaya Street, and the marine police headquarters is located near the city ferry terminal along Tun Razak Road.

Kota Kinabalu Central Prison is located in Kepayan.[75]

Healthcare Edit

See also: List of hospitals in Malaysia
 
Queen Elizabeth Hospital.

There are three public hospitals, six publics health clinic, two child and mother health clinics, six village clinics, one mobile clinic and six 1Malaysia clinics in Kota Kinabalu.[76][77] Queen Elizabeth General Hospital, which is located along Penampang Road and named after Queen Elizabeth II, is the largest public hospital in the state with 589 beds.[78] Built in 1957, it is the most important healthcare centre in the city and one of three general hospitals in Sabah. Queen Elizabeth Hospital II was established then after the acquisition of the former building of Sabah Medical Centre (SMC) in 2009. The second main government hospital are mainly used for heart centre. Hospital Wanita dan Kanak-kanak (Sabah Women and Children Hospital) serves as a referral hospital for children and women. Hospital Mesra Bukit Padang (Bukit Padang Mental Hospital), which opened in 1971, provides psychiatric services for the entire state.

KPJ Specialist Hospital is the largest private hospital with 245 beds.[79] In addition, five other large private health facilities are Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu with 200 beds,[80] Jesselton Medical Centre (JMC) with 73 beds,[81] Damai Specialist Centre (DMC) with 56 beds[82] and Rafflesia Medical Centre (RMC) with 33 beds.[83]

Education Edit

See also: List of schools in Sabah
 
Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic.

There are many government or state schools in and around the city. Among the well-established and prestigious boarding schools in Sabah is Sekolah Menengah Sains Sabah, formally known as Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Sabah (SBPS), which was in Bukit Padang, currently located at Tuaran district, Sabah.[84] Other secondary schools are KK High School, SM La Salle, Sekolah Menengah Shan Tao, Sekolah Menengah Taman Tun Fuad, Sekolah Menengah Likas, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Perempuan Likas, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan St. Francis Convent, Sekolah Menengah All Saints, Sekolah Menengah Stella Maris, Sekolah Menengah Saint Michael, Maktab Sabah, Sekolah Menengah Lok Yuk, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Kota Kinabalu and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Tun Ahmadshah.[84]

There are independent private schools in the city. Among them are Sabah Tshung Tsin Secondary School, Kian Kok Middle School, Maktab Nasional and Seri Insan Secondary School.[85]

Classes usually begin at 7 am and end at 1 pm except for boarding schools where classes begins as early as 6.30 am and end at 2 pm. Children age 7 must attend primary education, which consists of six years of learning, while those age 13 can pursue their studies in lower secondary education for three years. After completing their Lower Secondary Examination, students enter Upper Secondary education, where they will be streamed into either the Science or the Arts stream based on their examination results. Students who choose to study at boarding schools will be placed into the Science stream. Currently, there are four boarding schools in Sabah.

 
UMS Chancellory Building.

There are two international schools teaching the British Curriculum. Sayfol International School Sabah teaches from kindergarten to the GCE 'A' Levels, which is taken at age 18 (pre-university).[86] Sayfol International School is the sister school of the established and highly successful Sayfol International School in Kuala Lumpur. Kinabalu International School (KIS) is part of the Federation of British International Schools in South and East Asia (FOBISSEA). Both English medium schools are in Bukit Padang. Other international schools are the Kinabalu Japanese School, one of four Japanese schools in Malaysia and the Kota Kinabalu Indonesian School.[87][88] Both schools cater to children of Japanese and Indonesian expatriates working and living around the city.

Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), founded in 1994, is the largest university in Sabah. Its main campus is on a 999-acre (4.04 km2) piece of land, on a hill facing the South China Sea at Sepanggar Bay, about 10 kilometres north of the city centre. A 6 hectare botanical garden was proposed for its campus in 2010.[89] It has branch campuses in Labuan and Sandakan. The oldest university in Sabah is Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah which was co-founded by UiTM and Yayasan Sabah in 1973. It has been certified by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall as a litter-free university.[90]

There are private universities / colleges and one polytechnic operating in the city, which are Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, AlmaCrest International College, INTI College, Kinabalu Commercial College, Jesselton College, Informatics College, Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic and Institut Sinaran.[91] Many affluent residents send their children overseas to pursue secondary or tertiary education.

 
Sabah State Library headquarters in the state.

Libraries Edit

The Sabah State Library Headquarters is located on Tasik Road Off Maktab Gaya Road while its main branch in Tanjung Aru is sandwiched between Perdana Park and the Plaza Tanjung Aru along Mat Salleh Road as the main library in the state. Other public libraries include the Kota Kinabalu City (Regional) Library, Penampang Branch Library and Menggatal Village Library. They are operated by the Sabah State Library department.[92] Other libraries or private libraries can be found in schools, colleges, or universities.[76]

Free Wi-Fi zones Edit

See also: Municipal wireless network

On 23 September 2017, the KK City WiFi was announced for public and tourist use in the city with free internet access through high speed fibre via a new submarine cable connecting West and East Malaysia. Each user is entitled to 10GB of quota with no access time limit every day. The first phase covering the area from Tun Fuad Stephens Road to Pantai Road – Tugu Road, Lintasan Deasoka, Kg. Air and Shell.[93]

Culture and leisure Edit

Attractions and recreation spots Edit

Cultural Edit

 
Sabah State Museum, the main museum of Sabah.

There are a number of cultural venues in Kota Kinabalu. The Sabah State Museum, situated near the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, is the main museum of Sabah.[5] In the vicinity of the museum are the Science and Technology Centre, Sabah Art Gallery, and the Ethno Botanic Gardens. Wisma Budaya Art Gallery in the city centre hosts some national as well as regional art exhibitions. The Hongkod Koisaan building in Penampang is home to the Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA).[94] It hosts the annual Kaamatan or Harvest Festival and the Unduk Ngadau beauty contest, which is held concurrently, in May. Monsopiad Cultural Village (Kampung Monsopiad) features cultural shows related to the Kadazan-Dusun culture. It is named after the legendary Kadazan-Dusun headhunting warrior, Monsopiad.[95]

Historical Edit

 
Atkinson Clock Tower, one of the historical landmarks in the city.

The Merdeka Square (Malay: Padang Merdeka) or also known as "Town Field" is the site where the declaration of Sabah's independence and formation of Malaysia took place.[96] The declaration was announced by Sabah's first Chief Minister, Tun Fuad Stephens, on 16 September 1963, also known as Malaysia Day.[96] Today the site hosts the annual City Day celebration on 2 February, Merdeka Day celebration on 31 August, and a number of other celebrations and functions.[citation needed]

The Atkinson Clock Tower near Bandaran Berjaya was built by Mary Edith Atkinson in 1905 in memory of her son, Francis George Atkinson.[97] It was formerly used as a navigation aid for ships.[97] It is only one of three pre-World War II buildings to survive the war.[5] The Petagas War Memorial, located near KKIA, is a reminder of those who died when they went against the Japanese forces during World War II. It is situated at the place where the Kinabalu Guerrillas were killed by the Japanese army in 1944. The Double Six Monument, located in Sembulan, is also a memorial to remember Sabah's first Chief Minister and six other state ministers who died on a plane crash known as the Double Six Tragedy on 6 June 1976.[98]

Leisure and conservation areas Edit

 
The panorama of Sabah Golf & Country Club.

There are many leisure spots and conserved areas in and around Kota Kinabalu. Anjung Samudra (KK Waterfront) is a waterfront entertainment spot in the city centre which features restaurants, cafes, pubs, and a nightclub. The Royal Sabah Turf Club in Tanjung Aru hosts weekly horse racing events but has since closed and moved to Tambalang Race Course in Tuaran due to the expansion of Kota Kinabalu International Airport. The North Borneo Railway, which begins its journey from Tanjung Aru station, offers a scenic tour of the countryside in the West Coast Division and the Interior Division.[24] The railway journey ends in the town of Tenom.[24] Sutera Harbour Golf & Country Club near the city centre was built on reclaimed land.[5] It features a golf and country club, a marina, and two hotels.

 
Sunset at Tanjung Aru beach. Sulug Island can be seen on the left and Manukan Island on the right of the horizon.

Tanjung Aru, located about 10 kilometres, 6 miles, from the city centre, is one of the beaches along the West Coast. Its name was derived from the casuarina trees (locally called Aru trees) that grow on the shoreline.[99] The beach is 3 kilometres in length. The entrance car parking area to Tanjung Aru has increase in size as the previous building that were on the site have been demolished in 2017. In the vicinity of Tanjung Aru lies the Kinabalu Golf Club, Prince Philip Botanical Park, KK Yacht Club, and Shangri-La's Tanjung Aru Beach Resort. Prince Philip Park is freely accessible to the public, while the others need permission. This beach is known for its sunset views.[100][101]

 
Manukan Island boat ride from Kota Kinabalu.[102]

Located within the Likas Bay area is the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary. With an area of 24 acres (9.7 ha), it is one of the few remaining patches of mangrove forest that once existed extensively along the coastal region of Kota Kinabalu.[103] It was conserved in September 1996 by the State Government to assist and foster a better understanding and awareness of the value of wetlands. The Sabah Zoological and Botanical Park (Lok Kawi Wildlife Park) in Lok Kawi, about 20 kilometres south of the city, is the first zoo in Sabah. Set on a 280-acre (1.1 km2) piece of land, it is arguably the largest zoo in Malaysia.[104]

 
The boardwalk in Kota Kinabalu at dusk.

Tun Fuad Stephens Park, located in Bukit Padang, is used for jogging and hiking by locals. It is surrounded by forests and also features a man-made lake. It has a few food stalls and restaurants. Tunku Abdul Rahman Park is a State Park consisting of the islands of Sapi, Mamutik, Manukan, Sulug and Gaya.[5] It is used for snorkelling. The park is about a 10 to 15 minutes boat ride away from the city ferry terminal. Babagon River in Penampang and Kiansom Falls near Inanam are also places visited for picnics and leisure bathing.[105]

Outside the city, Crocker Range Park, occupying a stretch of c. 20 x 80 km of the Crocker Range mountain chain to the city's southeast (roughly between Tenom and Tambunan, is a common spot for jungle trekking and camping. Kota Kinabalu is also the gateway to one of the most popular conservation areas in Malaysia, Kinabalu Park.[106] The park is a two-hour drive away from the city and Mount Kinabalu, which is the 10th highest peak in South-East Asia and the highest in Malaysia, is located there. The Rafflesia Forest Reserve near Tambunan, which is 30 kilometres away from Kota Kinabalu, is also within the Crocker Range National Park boundary. One of the smaller species of Rafflesia, R. pricei, can be found there. The Gunung Emas Highland Resort is also nearby. The Tuaran Crocodile Farm, about 30 kilometres north of the city, has around 1400 crocodiles in its enclosure, making it the largest of its kind in Sabah.[107]

Other sights Edit

 
The Jesselton Freemason Hall on top of a hill in the city.

The Tun Mustapha Tower (formerly Sabah Foundation Building) is about a 10-minute drive from the city centre. This 30-storey glass building is supported by high-tensile steel rods, one of only three buildings in the world that is built using this method.[108]

Other buildings and sites in the city are the stilt villages found in the areas of Sembulan, Tanjung Aru, Kampung Likas, and Kampung Pondo in Gaya Island.[109] These houses are built on shallow coastal waters and are homes for the Bajau and Suluk inhabitants.[110]

The Sabah State Mosque in Sembulan is the main mosque in the city. The City Mosque on Likas Bay is another significant landmark in the city. On top of a hill in the city, there is also a freemason hall.

 
The Signal Hill Observatory on top of a hill along Jalan Asrama.

The Signal Hill Observatory viewing platform and snack shop is accessible via steps leading up from the near the City Centre. It is the highest point in Kota Kinabalu and offers sweeping, scenic, unobstructed views of the city and the islands beyond.[5]

Shopping Edit

See also: List of shopping malls in Malaysia
 
Suria Sabah during the 2013 Chinese New Year celebrations, this is also one of the shopping malls in the city.

Kota Kinabalu also features a number of shopping malls. These include Imago KK Times Square, Oceanus Waterfront Mall, Karamunsing Complex, Centre Point, Wisma Merdeka, Warisan Square, Plaza Wawasan, Asia City Complex,[5] City Mall, KK Plaza, Mega Long Mall, Suria Sabah and 1Borneo, which is the largest hypermall in Kota Kinabalu.[111] Karamunsing, where Karamunsing Complex is situated, is an area that has more computer shops per capita than anywhere else in Sabah.[112] The weekly Gaya Street Sunday Market features a gathering of local hawkers selling a wide range of items from traditional ethnic cultural souvenirs to pets and flowers.[113] The Kota Kinabalu Handicraft Market (formerly known as the Filipino Market) features vendors selling traditional handicrafts, souvenirs and foodstuffs.[114]

Entertainment Edit

See also: List of cinemas in Malaysia
 
Golden Screen Cinemas which is located at Suria Sabah Shopping Mall.

There are six cinemas in Kota Kinabalu: 2 Golden Screen Cinemas (commonly known as GSC), MBO cinemas located at Imago Mall Kota Kinabalu Times Square, City Cineplex at City Mall, Growball Cineplex at Centre Point Mall and Megalong Cineplex at Megalong Mall. One of the GSC cinemas is located at Suria Sabah Shopping Mall,[115] while the other is located at 1Borneo.[116] Both GSC cinemas hold eight cinema halls each.[117] 1Borneo Hypermall and Sutera Harbour Marina have bowling alleys and pool tables.[118]MBO Cinemas with a capacity of 1,038 is located in Imago Mall, KK Times Square.[119]

Kota Kinabalu is well known as live seafood market. There are many live seafood restaurants such as Hua Hing Seafood Restaurant (located at Sedco Complex), Welcome Seafood Restaurant (Asia City) and Hung Xing Seafood Restaurant around the city.[citation needed]

Sports Edit

 
An aerial view of Likas Sport Complex with Likas Stadium, which is the home stadium for Sabah F.C.

The Likas Sports Complex in Kota Kinabalu provides various sporting and recreational facilities for public use.[76] It has, among others, a 20,000-seater football (soccer) stadium,[120] badminton, tennis, and squash courts, a gymnasium, an Olympic size swimming pool, a driving range, hockey fields and a new Youth Challenge park consisting of an international standard skate park and indoor climbing centre. It is the largest sports complex in the state and has hosted numerous national as well as international sporting events.[76] Likas Stadium is the home stadium of Sabah F.C., also known as SabaHawks. There is another sports complex in Penampang which also has a full-sized football stadium.

There are four golf courses in Kota Kinabalu, namely the Sabah Golf and Country Club in Bukit Padang, Kinabalu Golf Club in Tanjung Aru, Sutera Harbour Golf and Country Club, and Karambunai Golf and Country Club.[121]

Kota Kinabalu has hosted a number of national sporting events such as the 2002 Sukma Games, international tournaments such as the 1994 Karate World Championships[122] and the 2008 BWF Super Series Masters Finals badminton tournament.[123] It is also the starting point of the annual international Borneo Safari 4x4 Challenge.[124] Kota Kinabalu has been one of the circuits for the F2 Powerboat UIM World Cup Series in December every year since 2007.[125]

Music Edit

Kota Kinabalu is home to one of Asia's favourite jazz festivals, the KK Jazz Festival. It has become an annual event.[126] International performers such as Son2nos (Venezuela), award-winning Korean jazz diva Nah Youn Sun, Hong Kong's Junk Unit, Malaysia's Double Take, Atilia and Mood Indigo from UK have all previously performed at the festival.[127] Coinciding with UNESCO's International Jazz Day celebrations in 2019, the year marks the inauguration of Sabah Jazz in Kota Kinabalu with the showcases of local jazz artists as well as from the region. Among those who performed include Grupo Da Bossa, Gordon Horace Chin, Hady Afro, Joe Balanjiu Jr and La Sambusa Latina from Argentina. Sabah Jazz is set to be held annually.[128]

BandWidth Street Press Magazine is Kota Kinabalu's only free monthly magazine that promotes local Sabah music. The magazine was launched in March 2009, and was supported by the local government and was referred by Sabah's Minister of Culture, Environment & Tourism, YB Datuk Masidi Manjun, as a publication that will introduce and promote new local musicians while serving up the latest information on the local entertainment scene.[129]

International relations Edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia

Several countries have set up their consulates in Kota Kinabalu, including Australia,[130] Brunei,[131] China,[132] Czech Republic,[133] Denmark,[134] France,[135] Finland,[136] Indonesia,[137] Japan,[138] Norway,[139] Panama,[140] Romania,[141] Slovakia,[142] Spain,[143] Sweden[142] and the United Kingdom.[144][145] In 2018, Russia set up their branch office of the Russian Centre of Science and Culture (RCSC) to expanding the existing co-operation between Malaysia and Russia in the culture, economic and education spheres.[146][147]

Sister cities Edit

Kota Kinabalu currently has sixteen sister cities:

Notable residents Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

Footnotes Edit

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Others Edit

  • Sabah State Government and DANCED (Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development):

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kota Kinabalu.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kota Kinabalu.
  • Kota Kinabalu City Hall

September 30, 2023
kota, kinabalu, federal, constituency, represented, dewan, rakyat, federal, constituency, former, british, cargo, ship, jesselton, malaysian, ˈkota, kinaˈbalu, formerly, known, jesselton, colloquially, referred, state, capital, sabah, malaysia, also, capital, . For the federal constituency represented in the Dewan Rakyat see Kota Kinabalu federal constituency For the former British cargo ship see SS Jesselton Bay Kota Kinabalu Malaysian ˈkota kinaˈbalu formerly known as Jesselton colloquially referred to as KK is the state capital of Sabah Malaysia It is also the capital of the Kota Kinabalu District as well as the West Coast Division of Sabah The city is located on the northwest coast of Borneo facing the South China Sea The Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park 5 lies to its west and Mount Kinabalu which gave the city its name is located to its east Kota Kinabalu has a population of 452 058 according to the 2010 census 6 when the adjacent Penampang and Putatan districts are included the metro area has a combined population of 628 725 6 The 2020 Census revealed an increase in the municipal population to 500 421 while the wider area including Penampang and Putatan Districts had a population of 731 406 7 Kota KinabaluState capital city and district capitalCity of Kota KinabaluBandaraya Kota KinabaluOther transcription s Jawiکوتا کينابالو Chinese亚庇 Simplified 亞庇 Traditional Ya bi Hanyu Pinyin From top left to right bottom Kota Kinabalu skyline Wawasan intersection Tun Mustapha Tower Kota Kinabalu Coastal Highway the Kota Kinabalu City Mosque the Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens Marlin and I KK Statue Gaya Street during Chinese New Year FlagSealNickname s KK Nature Resort CityLocation of Kota Kinabalu in SabahKota Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu in SabahShow map of SabahKota KinabaluKota Kinabalu Malaysia Show map of MalaysiaKota KinabaluKota Kinabalu Southeast Asia Show map of Southeast AsiaKota KinabaluKota Kinabalu Asia Show map of AsiaCoordinates 05 58 30 N 116 04 21 E 5 97500 N 116 07250 E 5 97500 116 07250Country MalaysiaState SabahDivisionWest CoastDistrictKota KinabaluBruneian Empire15th 18th centurySettled by BNBC1882Declared capital of North Borneo1946Municipality status1 January 1979City status2 February 2000Government TypeCity council BodyKota Kinabalu City Hall MayorNoorliza Awang Alip since 1 January 2021 MPWilfred Madius Tangau UPKO Tuaran since 5 May 2013 Mustapha Sakmud PKR Sepanggar since 19 November 2022 Chan Foong Hin DAP Kota Kinabalu since 9 May 2018 Shahelmey Yahya UMNO Putatan since 19 November 2022 Ewon Benedick UPKO Penampang since 19 November 2022 Area State capital city and district capital351 km2 136 sq mi Urban816 km2 315 sq mi Metro3 277 km2 1 265 sq mi Elevation 1 5 m 16 ft Population 2020 Census State capital city and district capital500 421 Density1 400 km2 3 700 sq mi Metro731 406 DemonymOrang KK K K ites K K ians 2 Time zoneUTC 8 MST Postal code88xxx 89xxxArea code s 088 087Vehicle registrationEJ EJA EJB 1967 1980 3 4 SA SAA SAB SAC 1980 2018 SY 2018 2023 SJ 2023 present Websitedbkk wbr sabah wbr gov wbr myIn the 15th century the area of Kota Kinabalu was under the influence of Bruneian Empire In the 19th century the British North Borneo Company BNBC first set up a settlement near the Gaya Island However it was destroyed by fire in 1897 by a local leader named Mat Salleh In July 1899 the place located opposite to the Gaya Island was identified as a suitable place for settlements Development in the area was started soon after that and the place was named Api api before it was renamed after Sir Charles Jessel the vice chairman of BNBC as Jesselton Jesselton became a major trading port in the area and was connected to the North Borneo Railway Jesselton was largely destroyed during World War II The Japanese occupation of Jesselton provoked several local uprisings notably the Jesselton Revolt but they were eventually defeated by the Japanese After the war BNBC was unable to finance the high cost of reconstructions and the place was ceded to the British Crown Colony The British Crown declared Jesselton as the new capital of North Borneo in 1946 and started to rebuild the town After the formation of Malaysia North Borneo was renamed as Sabah In 1967 Jesselton was renamed as Kota Kinabalu Kota being the Malay word for City and Kinabalu after the nearby Mount Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu was granted city status in 2000 Kota Kinabalu is often known as KK both in Malaysia and internationally It is a major tourist destination and a gateway for travellers visiting Sabah and Borneo 8 9 Kinabalu Park is located about 90 kilometres from the city and there are many other tourist attractions in and around the city Kota Kinabalu is also one of the major industrial and commercial centres of East Malaysia These two factors combine to make Kota Kinabalu one of the fastest growing cities in Malaysia 10 Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Original names 2 History 3 Capital city 3 1 Local authority and city definition 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 5 Demography 5 1 Ethnicity and religion 5 2 Languages 6 Economy 7 Transportation 7 1 Land 7 2 Air 7 3 Sea 8 Other utilities 8 1 Courts of law and legal enforcement 8 2 Healthcare 8 3 Education 8 4 Libraries 8 5 Free Wi Fi zones 9 Culture and leisure 9 1 Attractions and recreation spots 9 1 1 Cultural 9 1 2 Historical 9 1 3 Leisure and conservation areas 9 1 4 Other sights 9 1 5 Shopping 9 1 6 Entertainment 9 2 Sports 9 3 Music 10 International relations 10 1 Sister cities 11 Notable residents 12 See also 13 References 13 1 Footnotes 13 2 Others 14 External linksEtymology Edit nbsp Kina Balu from Pinokok Valley lithograph published in 1862 Kota Kinabalu is named after Mount Kinabalu which is situated about 50 kilometres east northeast of the city Kinabalu is derived from the name Aki Nabalu meaning the revered place of the dead Aki means ancestors or grandfather and Nabalu is a name for the mountain in the Dusun language 11 There is also a source claiming that the term originated from Ki Nabalu Ki meaning have or exist and Nabalu meaning spirit of the dead 12 The word kota comes from Malay word kota which in turn comes from the Sanskrit word क ट ट kota which means fort fortress castle fortified house fortification works city town or place encircled by walls 13 It is also used formally in a few other Malaysian towns and cities for example Kota Bharu Kota Tinggi and Kota Kemuning It can also be used informally to refer to any towns or cities Hence a direct translation of the name Kota Kinabalu into English would be City of Kinabalu or Kinabalu City Original names Edit Besides Jesselton there are also other older names for Kota Kinabalu The most popular is Api Api or simply Api which is a Malay word meaning Fire 5 Wendy Law Suart wrote in her book on North Borneo The Lingering Eye there is in the Sabah State Museum a Dutch map of Borneo and the Celebes dated 1657 in which the settlement where Jesselton was to stand is clearly labelled Api Api It may have some connection with the seaside tree with breathing roots that bears the same name 14 There are claims however that Kota Kinabalu was actually named after a nearby river called Sungai Api Api In Chinese the city is still known as Api which is the Hakka pronunciation for 亚庇 Simplified Chinese Traditional Chinese 亞庇 Pinyin ya bi Another suggested historical name is Deasoka which roughly means below the coconut tree in the Bajau language 15 The Bajau locals purportedly used this name to refer to a village in the southern part of the city which was filled with coconut trees Yet another name was Singgah Mata which literally means transit eye but can be loosely translated as pleasing to the eye It is a name said to have been given by fishermen from Gaya Island referring to the strip of land that is today s downtown Kota Kinabalu 16 Today all these names have been immortalised as names of streets or buildings around the city Some examples are Lintasan Deasoka Api Api Centre and Singgah Mata Street History Edit nbsp Sir Charles Jessel vice chairman of the BNBC after whom Jesselton now Kota Kinabalu was named nbsp Jesselton c 1911 nbsp The North Borneo War Monument was erected in Jesselton in 1923 to remember those fallen British soldiers during World War I Since 15th century the area of what is now Kota Kinabalu came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire 17 18 In the late 1800s the British North Borneo Company BNBC began to establish colonial settlements throughout North Borneo 19 In 1882 BNBC founded a small settlement in the area known as Gaya Bay which was already inhabited by the Bajau people 20 The first settlement was at Gaya Island 5 However in 1897 the settlement was burned and destroyed by the indigenous Bajau Suluk chief Mat Salleh 18 After the destruction BNBC decided to relocate the settlement to the more easily defended mainland at Gantian Bay now Sepanggar Bay in 1898 21 However Gantian Bay was found to be unsuitable and in July 1899 Henry Walker a Land Commissioner identified a 30 acres 12 ha site opposite Gaya Island as a replacement for Gantian Bay 22 The replacement settlement site was a fishing village called Api Api see Original names above The site was chosen due to its proximity to the North Borneo Railway and its natural port that provided good anchorage which was up to 24 feet deep 5 nbsp Bomb damage at the town of Jesselton during World War II this was part of the Borneo Campaign by Allied forces during 1945 nbsp Disarmed Japanese troops marching towards a prisoner of war POW compound in Jesselton after surrendering to the Australian Imperial Force AIF on 8 October 1945 nbsp Children in Jesselton filmed by Australian government representative a year after the war in 1946 By the end of 1899 construction had started on shoplots 23 a pier and government buildings 22 This new administrative centre was renamed Jesselton after Sir Charles Jessel who was the then Vice Chairman of BNBC Eventually Jesselton became a major trading post of North Borneo dealing in rubber rattan honey and wax 5 24 The North Borneo Railway was used to transport goods to the Jesselton harbour 24 The Malay and Bajau uprisings during those times were not uncommon and BNBC worked to quell the long standing threat of piracy in the region Jesselton was partially razed by the British during their retreat from the advancing Japanese and suffered further devastation when the Allies bombed it in 1945 25 After the Japanese takeover of Borneo it was again renamed Api Several rebellions against the Japanese military administration took place in Api One major rebellion in the town occurred on 10 October 1943 by a group called Kinabalu Guerrillas in the Jesselton Revolt consisting of local inhabitants Japanese forces quelled the rebellion after its leader Albert Kwok was arrested and executed in 1944 26 At the later stages of the war what remained of the town was destroyed again by Allied bombings day and night for over six months as part of the Borneo Campaign in 1945 leaving only three buildings standing 5 The war in North Borneo ended with the official surrender of the Japanese 37th Army by Lieutenant General Baba Masao in Labuan on 10 September 1945 27 After the war on the edge of bankruptcy the British North Borneo Company returned to administer Jesselton but was unable to finance the huge costs of reconstruction They gave control of North Borneo to the British Crown on 18 July 1946 The new colonial government elected to rebuild Jesselton as the capital of North Borneo instead of Sandakan which had also been destroyed by the war 28 The Crown Colony administration designed a plan later known as the Colonial Office Reconstruction and Development Plan for North Borneo 1948 1955 to rebuild North Borneo This plan provided 6 051 939 for the rebuilding of infrastructure in North Borneo 29 When the Crown Colony of North Borneo together with Sarawak Singapore and the Federation of Malaya formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 it became known as Sabah and Jesselton remained its capital 30 On 22 December 1967 the State Legislative Assembly under Chief Minister Mustapha Harun passed a bill renaming Jesselton as Kota Kinabalu The city was upgraded to city status on 2 February 2000 30 Capital city Edit nbsp nbsp Kota Kinabalu nbsp Inanam nbsp Telipok nbsp Manggatalclass notpageimage Locations of Kota Kinabalu and its suburbs Being the capital city of Sabah Kota Kinabalu plays an important role in the political and economic welfare of the population of the entire state It is the seat of the state government where almost all of their ministries and agencies are based Most of the Malaysian federal government agencies and departments are also located in Kota Kinabalu The Sabah State Legislative Assembly is located at the nearby Likas Bay There are four members of parliament MPs representing the four parliamentary constituencies in the city Sepanggar P 171 Kota Kinabalu P 172 Putatan P 173 Tuaran P 176 and Penampang P 174 The city also elects 9 representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Karambunai Inanam Likas Api Api Luyang Tanjung Aru Petagas Kepayan Segama Menggatal Tuaran Lido and Moyog 31 Local authority and city definition Edit nbsp Kota Kinabalu City Hall nbsp A rough map of Kota Kinabalu city and urban area Blue lines indicate main roads grey lines indicate railway lines and pink dotted lines indicate district boundaries The city is administered by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu The current mayor of Kota Kinabalu is Noorliza Awang Alip who became the first female mayor after taking over the post from Nordin Siman on 1 January 2021 32 Iliyas in turn became the second mayor of the city after taking over from Abdul Ghani Rashid in 2006 The city obtained city status on 2 February 2000 30 and prior to this it was administered by Majlis Perbandaran Kota Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu Municipal Council Kota Kinabalu Town Hall nbsp View over the southern city central business district The city is defined within the borders of what is the district formerly the municipality of Kota Kinabalu With an area of 351 square kilometres it is the smallest but the most populous district in Sabah 33 It encompasses Tanjung Aru and Kepayan in the south up to Telipok and Sepanggar in the north The urban expanse of the city however extends into the district of Penampang 34 on the south of the city border which includes the towns of Donggongon and Putatan The combined area of Kota Kinabalu District and the contiguous built up areas in Penampang and Putatan is known as Greater Kota Kinabalu 35 The district of Penampang has an area of 466 square kilometres and is administered by Majlis Daerah Penampang Penampang District Council 36 On one end of the scale Kota Kinabalu may sometimes only refer to especially by local inhabitants the city centre or central business district near the sea facing Gaya Island On the other end of the scale it may also refer to the metropolitan area which includes urban Kota Kinabalu Greater Kota Kinabalu and the surrounding towns of Papar and Kinarut in the south and Tuaran and Tamparuli in the north being within its zone of influence Geography Edit nbsp View of Kota Kinabalu captured from the International Space Station in 2002 nbsp View of Greater Kota Kinabalu with skyscrapers dotting the city above lush green treetops Kota Kinabalu is located on the west coast of Sabah The city lies on a narrow flatland between the Crocker Range to the east and the South China Sea to the west There are six islands off the coast of the city The largest is Gaya Island the site of the first British settlement Approximately 8 000 people live there 37 The smaller islands mainly uninhabited are named Sapi Island Manukan Island Sulug Island Mamutik Island and Sepanggar Island to the north 38 Sepanggar island is located north of the National Park opposite Sepanggar Bay Flat land is at a premium in the city centre and there is a strict limit to the height of buildings the airport is 7 km 4 mi away and the city is directly in the flight path Most of the Central Business District CBD today is built on land reclaimed from the sea 5 The original local plant life has largely disappeared but several hills within the city too steep for building are still clothed with tropical rainforest One of these is Signal Hill which confines the CBD to the shore In the area of Likas Bay the remnants of an extensive mangrove forest was nearly lost 39 In 1996 the state government declared 24 acres 9 7 ha of the forest as a protected area This forest is now known as the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary The sanctuary was given additional protection as a State Cultural Heritage Site in 1998 39 nbsp The city as seen from the air in 2015 The five islands of Gaya Sapi Manukan Sulug Mamutik opposite the city and their surrounding waters are also preserved as the Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park 5 The park was named in honour of the first Prime Minister of Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman The park is a recreational spot for tourists and local people 40 The Kota Kinabalu city centre consisting of mostly businesses and the government includes Karamunsing the port area Tanjung Lipat Signal Hill Kampung Air Sinsuran Segama Asia City Gaya Street Old Town Bandaran Berjaya Api Api Sutera Harbour and Sembulan Outlying neighbourhoods and residential suburbs include Kepayan Ridge Tanjung Aru Petagas Kepayan Lido Lintas Nosoob Bukit Padang Luyang Damai Lok Kawi Bukit Bendera Kasigui Bundusan Likas and Kolombong The city is growing steadily and the urban sprawl extends to the towns of Inanam Menggatal Sepanggar Telipok and south of the district border to Penampang Putatan and Lok Kawi 41 Kota Kinabalu is generally isolated from the rest of the country it is located about 1 624 kilometres 1 009 mi from Kuala Lumpur in Peninsular Malaysia 42 and 804 kilometres 500 mi from Kuching in the neighbouring state of Sarawak 43 Climate Edit Kota Kinabalu features a tropical monsoon climate Am with constant high temperatures and a considerable amount of rain and high humidity throughout the course of the year 44 Two prevailing monsoons characterise the climate of this part of Sabah are the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon The Northeast Monsoon occurs between November and March while the Southwest Monsoon occurs between May and September There are also two successive inter monsoons from April to May and from September to October 44 During the 1995 2004 period Kota Kinabalu s average temperature ranges from 26 C 79 F to 28 C 82 F 45 April and May are the hottest months while January is the coolest one 44 The average annual rainfall is around 2 400 millimetres 45 and varies markedly throughout the year February and March are typically the driest months while rainfall peaks in the inter monsoon period in October 46 The wind speed ranges from 5 5 to 7 9 m s during the Northeast Monsoon but is significantly lower to 0 3 to 3 3 m s during the Southwest Monsoon 47 Climate data for Kota Kinabalu 1971 2000 extremes 1946 1999 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 35 0 95 0 34 2 93 6 35 7 96 3 35 6 96 1 35 3 95 5 35 6 96 1 34 1 93 4 35 0 95 0 34 0 93 2 33 3 91 9 33 5 92 3 32 4 90 3 35 7 96 3 Average high C F 30 4 86 7 30 7 87 3 31 5 88 7 32 2 90 0 32 1 89 8 31 8 89 2 31 5 88 7 31 6 88 9 31 4 88 5 31 2 88 2 31 0 87 8 30 9 87 6 31 4 88 5 Daily mean C F 26 7 80 1 26 9 80 4 27 5 81 5 28 2 82 8 28 2 82 8 27 9 82 2 27 6 81 7 27 7 81 9 27 6 81 7 27 4 81 3 27 3 81 1 27 1 80 8 27 5 81 5 Average low C F 22 9 73 2 23 0 73 4 23 4 74 1 24 1 75 4 24 3 75 7 24 0 75 2 23 7 74 7 23 7 74 7 23 7 74 7 23 6 74 5 23 5 74 3 23 3 73 9 23 6 74 5 Record low C F 18 0 64 4 17 0 62 6 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 17 0 62 6 16 0 60 8 17 0 62 6 19 0 66 2 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 16 0 60 8 Average rainfall mm inches 104 8 4 13 73 4 2 89 50 5 1 99 114 2 4 50 216 2 8 51 279 4 11 00 262 7 10 34 270 3 10 64 285 2 11 23 345 8 13 61 302 4 11 91 242 3 9 54 2 547 2 100 28 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 8 7 6 8 12 13 13 13 14 16 17 13 140Average relative humidity 83 82 81 80 81 80 79 78 81 82 83 83 81Mean monthly sunshine hours 187 7 194 8 233 4 245 3 228 8 197 6 204 9 196 7 180 7 191 9 192 5 197 5 2 451 8Source 1 World Meteorological Organisation 48 Source 2 NOAA sun 1961 1990 49 Deutscher Wetterdienst extremes and humidity 50 Demography EditThere have not been any official or popular adjectives or demonyms to describe the people of Kota Kinabalu A simple way to describe the people of the city is orang KK where orang means person or people in Malay The terms K K ites 10 and K K ians have also been used to a limited extent People from Sabah are called Sabahans 51 Ethnicity and religion Edit The following is based on Department of Statistics Malaysia 2010 census 52 needs update Ethnic groups in Kota Kinabalu 2010Ethnicity Population PercentageChinese 93 429 20 7 Bajau 72 931 16 13 Kadazan Dusun 69 993 15 5 Other Bumiputras 59 607 13 2 Bruneian Malays 35 835 7 9 Murut and Lundayeh Lun Bawang 2 518 0 6 Indian 2 207 0 5 Others 5 482 1 21 Non Malaysian 110 556 24 5 nbsp Sacred Heart Cathedral The Malaysian Census 2010 Report estimated the population of Kota Kinabalu at 452 058 52 The city s population is a mixture of many different races and ethnicities Non Malaysian citizens form the largest group in the city with 110 556 people followed by Chinese 93 429 Bajau Suluk 72 931 Kadazan Dusun 69 993 other Bumiputras 59 107 Bruneian Malays 53 35 835 Murut and Lundayeh Lun Bawang 2 518 Indian 2 207 and others 5 482 52 The Chinese are mostly Hakkas and reside mainly in the Luyang area There is also a sizeable Cantonese speaking population and smaller communities of Hokkien and Fuzhounese speaking Chinese scattered throughout all areas of the city Most of the Fuzhounese speakers in particular emigrated to Sabah from the neighbouring Malaysian state of Sarawak Penampang district is populated mainly by Kadazans while Bajaus and Dusuns mainly reside in Likas Sembulan Inanam Menggatal Sepanggar and Telipok The Brunei Malays and Bajau Suluks are Muslims The Kadazan Dusuns Muruts Rungus and Lundayeh Lun Bawang mainly practice Folk forms of Christianity Islam or Animism whilst the Chinese are mainly Buddhists Taoist or Christians There are numerous Roman Catholic Basel Lutheran Anglican Evangelical and Methodist churches throughout the city A small number of Hindus Sikhs Animists and secularists can also be found The Census 2020 Report showed an increase to 500 421 inhabitants 54 nbsp City Mosque nbsp The Sabah State Mosque another place of worship sights in the city There is also a sizeable Filipino population in the city The first wave of migrants arrived in the late 15th century during the Spanish colonisation while a later wave arrived in the early 1970s driven away from the Philippines by political and economic uncertainties there Most of the earlier migrants have been naturalised as Malaysian citizens However there are still some Filipinos living in the city without proper documentation as illegal immigrants 55 Most of the Filipino migrants are Chavacano speaking Tausugs Suluk coming from the southern parts of Philippines 56 The city also is home to immigrants from Indonesia 56 nbsp Pu Tuo Si Temple There is a small population of Indians Pakistanis and Eurasians scattered around the city More recently the number of expatriates living in the city whether temporarily or permanently have also increased Most of them come from China South Korea Japan Australia Taiwan and Europe Interracial marriages are not uncommon and Kadazan Chinese intermarriages are particularly common 57 The mixed race offspring of Kadazan and Chinese are referred to as Sino Kadazans or simply Sinos 57 Languages Edit The people of Kota Kinabalu mainly speak Malay with a distinct Sabahan creole 51 However as almost 50 of Kota Kinabalu residents are of Chinese descent 58 Chinese is also widely spoken Among the Chinese the most commonly spoken varieties are Huiyang Hakka Simplified Chinese 惠阳客家话 Traditional Chinese 惠陽客家話 and Mandarin Additionally most Chinese can speak Cantonese although with widely varying levels of fluency Almost all residents are also able to speak English especially the younger generation However some find it difficult to speak fluently due to a limited vocabulary and the general lack of usage of the English language as a conversational lingua franca among Sabahans as a whole The number of Kadazan Dusun speakers is thought to have dropped significantly throughout Sabah especially in larger towns or cities like Kota Kinabalu However some effort has been taken by some to revive the usage of the language Kadazan has been considered an endangered language along with the culture of ethnic Kadazans 59 Economy Edit nbsp An oil terminal at Sepanggar Bay operated by Petronas Besides being the capital city Kota Kinabalu is also the main industrial and commercial centre for Sabah The economy is dominated by the primary sector of industry Historically the secondary sector dominated the economy but due to rapid urbanisation and economic development this sector of the economy is slowly diminishing More recently a move towards a more tertiary based industry has become more apparent especially with regards to the boom in the tourism industry 9 Many state level national level and international commercial banks as well as some insurance companies have their headquarters or branches here The overseas Chinese population also contributes to the development of KK since their immigration in the late 19th century 60 Their original role was often a coolie manual labourer and today many Chinese work as shopowners 60 A number of industrial and manufacturing companies also have plants here especially in the industrial districts of Likas Kolombong and Inanam The ongoing construction of the 8 320 acre 33 7 km2 Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park KKIP in Sepanggar is intended to boost the city s industrial and commercial activity making it a major growth centre in East Malaysia as well for the BIMP EAGA Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area region 61 needs update Transportation EditLand Edit nbsp A highway in Kota KinabaluThe internal roads linking different parts of the city are generally state roads constructed and maintained by the state s Public Works Department 62 Most major internal roads are dual carriageways One of the major roads here is Lintas Tuaran Bypass Road which together serves almost as a ring road circling the city and connecting the districts and suburbs surrounding the city namely Putatan Penampang Luyang Likas Inanam Menggatal Sepanggar and Tuaran There are currently no freeways in the city or in any other part of Sabah The city is linked by highways to other towns in Sabah These are mainly federal roads maintained by the national Public Works Department Highway routes from Kota Kinabalu include 63 Kota Kinabalu Tuaran Tamparuli Kota Belud Kota Marudu Pitas Kudat Kota Kinabalu Penampang Putatan Lok Kawi Papar Beaufort Sindumin part of the Pan Borneo Highway Kota Kinabalu Penampang Tambunan Keningau Tenom Nabawan Kalabakan Tawau completing the Southern route in Sabah part of the Pan Borneo Highway Kota Kinabalu Tuaran Tamparuli Kundasang Ranau Telupid Sandakan Tawau AH150 route Northern route part of the Pan Borneo Highway nbsp The North Bus Terminal in Inanam serves long distance buses bound for the north and east of Sabah nbsp Interior of a train in Tanjung Aru station Regular bus services operate in the city Aside from buses minibuses or vans are used as an alternative mode of public transport 64 There are two main bus terminals in the city centre The terminal along Tun Razak Road provide bus services to different parts of the city and its outskirts while the KK Sentral terminal provides intercity services to destinations south of the city Papar Beaufort Sipitang Limbang etc A third bus terminal the North Kota Kinabalu Bus Terminal in Inanam district services intercity buses heading towards destinations north and north east of the city Ranau Sandakan Lahad Datu Tawau Semporna etc Taxis are available throughout the city 64 A railway system formerly known as the North Borneo Railway was established in 1896 by the British North Borneo Company 24 65 It was built for the main purpose of transporting commodities from the Interior Division to the port in Jesselton now Kota Kinabalu during the period of British rule 24 The railway line connects Tanjung Aru in Kota Kinabalu to Tenom and several other towns in between and it is the only railway system operating in East Malaysia 24 65 Today the railway line is known as the Western Line and managed by the Sabah State Railway providing daily services for commuters travellers as well as for cargo transportation 24 A separate company operates the leisure tour also called the North Borneo Railway which caters mainly for tourists This antique steam train service only running on Saturday and Wednesday mornings from Tanjung Aru station to Kinarut station before returning to the former station 24 In 2016 the Tanjung Aru railway station was moved to Aeropod with a new terminal and more public facilities Air Edit Kota Kinabalu International Airport KKIA ICAO Code WBKK IATA Code BKI is a main hub for Malaysia Airlines and a secondary hub for AirAsia and MASwings It has one terminal 66 and is the second busiest airport in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur International Airport and is one of the main gateways into Sabah and East Malaysia 67 In addition to domestic flights within Sabah and Malaysia KKIA is also serviced by international flights to several cities in southeast and northeast Asia as well as Perth in Australia nbsp Kota Kinabalu International Airport Sea Edit nbsp A ferry from Labuan at Kota Kinabalu Ferry Terminal nbsp Entrance to the Jesselton Point waterfront Kota Kinabalu has two ports Kota Kinabalu Port and Sepanggar Bay Container Port SBCP Kota Kinabalu Port mainly handles loose bulk cargo while SBCP operates as a naval base for the Royal Malaysian Navy and an oil depot in addition to handling containerised cargo 68 In 2004 Kota Kinabalu Port handled about 3 6 million tonnes of freight cargo the third highest in the state after Sandakan Port and Tawau Port 33 However it handles the highest number of containers in the state with 153 793 twenty foot equivalent units TEU of containers handled in 2006 Sepanggar Bay Port will have an annual capacity of 200 000 TEU when its container terminal is completed 69 All ports in Sabah are managed and operated by Sabah Ports Sdn Bhd 70 The Kota Kinabalu Ferry Service operates from a passenger ferry terminal located at Jesselton Point 71 providing ferry and motorboat services to nearby islands There are also regular scheduled ferry services to Labuan 71 Other utilities EditCourts of law and legal enforcement Edit nbsp Sabah Police Headquarters The Kota Kinabalu Court Complex is located along Kebajikan Road It contains three High Courts six Magistrates courts six Sessions Courts including the Child Sexual Offence Court and a Federal Court 72 Another court for the Sharia law were also located in the area of Sembulan 73 The Sabah Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Kepayan There are two district headquarters in the city the Kota Kinabalu District police headquarters located in Karamunsing and the Penampang District headquarters Both also operate as police stations Other police stations are found in KKIA Tanjung Aru Putatan and Menggatal Police substations Pondok Polis are found in Luyang Likas Telipok and Babagon 74 The city s traffic police headquarters is located along Lorong Dewan near Gaya Street and the marine police headquarters is located near the city ferry terminal along Tun Razak Road Kota Kinabalu Central Prison is located in Kepayan 75 Healthcare Edit See also List of hospitals in Malaysia nbsp Queen Elizabeth Hospital There are three public hospitals six publics health clinic two child and mother health clinics six village clinics one mobile clinic and six 1Malaysia clinics in Kota Kinabalu 76 77 Queen Elizabeth General Hospital which is located along Penampang Road and named after Queen Elizabeth II is the largest public hospital in the state with 589 beds 78 Built in 1957 it is the most important healthcare centre in the city and one of three general hospitals in Sabah Queen Elizabeth Hospital II was established then after the acquisition of the former building of Sabah Medical Centre SMC in 2009 The second main government hospital are mainly used for heart centre Hospital Wanita dan Kanak kanak Sabah Women and Children Hospital serves as a referral hospital for children and women Hospital Mesra Bukit Padang Bukit Padang Mental Hospital which opened in 1971 provides psychiatric services for the entire state KPJ Specialist Hospital is the largest private hospital with 245 beds 79 In addition five other large private health facilities are Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu with 200 beds 80 Jesselton Medical Centre JMC with 73 beds 81 Damai Specialist Centre DMC with 56 beds 82 and Rafflesia Medical Centre RMC with 33 beds 83 Education Edit See also List of schools in Sabah nbsp Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic There are many government or state schools in and around the city Among the well established and prestigious boarding schools in Sabah is Sekolah Menengah Sains Sabah formally known as Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Sabah SBPS which was in Bukit Padang currently located at Tuaran district Sabah 84 Other secondary schools are KK High School SM La Salle Sekolah Menengah Shan Tao Sekolah Menengah Taman Tun Fuad Sekolah Menengah Likas Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Perempuan Likas Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan St Francis Convent Sekolah Menengah All Saints Sekolah Menengah Stella Maris Sekolah Menengah Saint Michael Maktab Sabah Sekolah Menengah Lok Yuk Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Kota Kinabalu and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Tun Ahmadshah 84 There are independent private schools in the city Among them are Sabah Tshung Tsin Secondary School Kian Kok Middle School Maktab Nasional and Seri Insan Secondary School 85 Classes usually begin at 7 am and end at 1 pm except for boarding schools where classes begins as early as 6 30 am and end at 2 pm Children age 7 must attend primary education which consists of six years of learning while those age 13 can pursue their studies in lower secondary education for three years After completing their Lower Secondary Examination students enter Upper Secondary education where they will be streamed into either the Science or the Arts stream based on their examination results Students who choose to study at boarding schools will be placed into the Science stream Currently there are four boarding schools in Sabah nbsp UMS Chancellory Building There are two international schools teaching the British Curriculum Sayfol International School Sabah teaches from kindergarten to the GCE A Levels which is taken at age 18 pre university 86 Sayfol International School is the sister school of the established and highly successful Sayfol International School in Kuala Lumpur Kinabalu International School KIS is part of the Federation of British International Schools in South and East Asia FOBISSEA Both English medium schools are in Bukit Padang Other international schools are the Kinabalu Japanese School one of four Japanese schools in Malaysia and the Kota Kinabalu Indonesian School 87 88 Both schools cater to children of Japanese and Indonesian expatriates working and living around the city Universiti Malaysia Sabah UMS founded in 1994 is the largest university in Sabah Its main campus is on a 999 acre 4 04 km2 piece of land on a hill facing the South China Sea at Sepanggar Bay about 10 kilometres north of the city centre A 6 hectare botanical garden was proposed for its campus in 2010 89 It has branch campuses in Labuan and Sandakan The oldest university in Sabah is Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah which was co founded by UiTM and Yayasan Sabah in 1973 It has been certified by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall as a litter free university 90 There are private universities colleges and one polytechnic operating in the city which are Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology Universiti Tun Abdul Razak AlmaCrest International College INTI College Kinabalu Commercial College Jesselton College Informatics College Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic and Institut Sinaran 91 Many affluent residents send their children overseas to pursue secondary or tertiary education nbsp Sabah State Library headquarters in the state Libraries Edit The Sabah State Library Headquarters is located on Tasik Road Off Maktab Gaya Road while its main branch in Tanjung Aru is sandwiched between Perdana Park and the Plaza Tanjung Aru along Mat Salleh Road as the main library in the state Other public libraries include the Kota Kinabalu City Regional Library Penampang Branch Library and Menggatal Village Library They are operated by the Sabah State Library department 92 Other libraries or private libraries can be found in schools colleges or universities 76 Free Wi Fi zones Edit See also Municipal wireless network On 23 September 2017 the KK City WiFi was announced for public and tourist use in the city with free internet access through high speed fibre via a new submarine cable connecting West and East Malaysia Each user is entitled to 10GB of quota with no access time limit every day The first phase covering the area from Tun Fuad Stephens Road to Pantai Road Tugu Road Lintasan Deasoka Kg Air and Shell 93 Culture and leisure EditAttractions and recreation spots Edit Cultural Edit nbsp Sabah State Museum the main museum of Sabah There are a number of cultural venues in Kota Kinabalu The Sabah State Museum situated near the Queen Elizabeth Hospital is the main museum of Sabah 5 In the vicinity of the museum are the Science and Technology Centre Sabah Art Gallery and the Ethno Botanic Gardens Wisma Budaya Art Gallery in the city centre hosts some national as well as regional art exhibitions The Hongkod Koisaan building in Penampang is home to the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association KDCA 94 It hosts the annual Kaamatan or Harvest Festival and the Unduk Ngadau beauty contest which is held concurrently in May Monsopiad Cultural Village Kampung Monsopiad features cultural shows related to the Kadazan Dusun culture It is named after the legendary Kadazan Dusun headhunting warrior Monsopiad 95 Historical Edit nbsp Atkinson Clock Tower one of the historical landmarks in the city The Merdeka Square Malay Padang Merdeka or also known as Town Field is the site where the declaration of Sabah s independence and formation of Malaysia took place 96 The declaration was announced by Sabah s first Chief Minister Tun Fuad Stephens on 16 September 1963 also known as Malaysia Day 96 Today the site hosts the annual City Day celebration on 2 February Merdeka Day celebration on 31 August and a number of other celebrations and functions citation needed The Atkinson Clock Tower near Bandaran Berjaya was built by Mary Edith Atkinson in 1905 in memory of her son Francis George Atkinson 97 It was formerly used as a navigation aid for ships 97 It is only one of three pre World War II buildings to survive the war 5 The Petagas War Memorial located near KKIA is a reminder of those who died when they went against the Japanese forces during World War II It is situated at the place where the Kinabalu Guerrillas were killed by the Japanese army in 1944 The Double Six Monument located in Sembulan is also a memorial to remember Sabah s first Chief Minister and six other state ministers who died on a plane crash known as the Double Six Tragedy on 6 June 1976 98 Leisure and conservation areas Edit nbsp The panorama of Sabah Golf amp Country Club There are many leisure spots and conserved areas in and around Kota Kinabalu Anjung Samudra KK Waterfront is a waterfront entertainment spot in the city centre which features restaurants cafes pubs and a nightclub The Royal Sabah Turf Club in Tanjung Aru hosts weekly horse racing events but has since closed and moved to Tambalang Race Course in Tuaran due to the expansion of Kota Kinabalu International Airport The North Borneo Railway which begins its journey from Tanjung Aru station offers a scenic tour of the countryside in the West Coast Division and the Interior Division 24 The railway journey ends in the town of Tenom 24 Sutera Harbour Golf amp Country Club near the city centre was built on reclaimed land 5 It features a golf and country club a marina and two hotels nbsp Sunset at Tanjung Aru beach Sulug Island can be seen on the left and Manukan Island on the right of the horizon Tanjung Aru located about 10 kilometres 6 miles from the city centre is one of the beaches along the West Coast Its name was derived from the casuarina trees locally called Aru trees that grow on the shoreline 99 The beach is 3 kilometres in length The entrance car parking area to Tanjung Aru has increase in size as the previous building that were on the site have been demolished in 2017 In the vicinity of Tanjung Aru lies the Kinabalu Golf Club Prince Philip Botanical Park KK Yacht Club and Shangri La s Tanjung Aru Beach Resort Prince Philip Park is freely accessible to the public while the others need permission This beach is known for its sunset views 100 101 nbsp Manukan Island boat ride from Kota Kinabalu 102 Located within the Likas Bay area is the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary With an area of 24 acres 9 7 ha it is one of the few remaining patches of mangrove forest that once existed extensively along the coastal region of Kota Kinabalu 103 It was conserved in September 1996 by the State Government to assist and foster a better understanding and awareness of the value of wetlands The Sabah Zoological and Botanical Park Lok Kawi Wildlife Park in Lok Kawi about 20 kilometres south of the city is the first zoo in Sabah Set on a 280 acre 1 1 km2 piece of land it is arguably the largest zoo in Malaysia 104 nbsp The boardwalk in Kota Kinabalu at dusk Tun Fuad Stephens Park located in Bukit Padang is used for jogging and hiking by locals It is surrounded by forests and also features a man made lake It has a few food stalls and restaurants Tunku Abdul Rahman Park is a State Park consisting of the islands of Sapi Mamutik Manukan Sulug and Gaya 5 It is used for snorkelling The park is about a 10 to 15 minutes boat ride away from the city ferry terminal Babagon River in Penampang and Kiansom Falls near Inanam are also places visited for picnics and leisure bathing 105 Outside the city Crocker Range Park occupying a stretch of c 20 x 80 km of the Crocker Range mountain chain to the city s southeast roughly between Tenom and Tambunan is a common spot for jungle trekking and camping Kota Kinabalu is also the gateway to one of the most popular conservation areas in Malaysia Kinabalu Park 106 The park is a two hour drive away from the city and Mount Kinabalu which is the 10th highest peak in South East Asia and the highest in Malaysia is located there The Rafflesia Forest Reserve near Tambunan which is 30 kilometres away from Kota Kinabalu is also within the Crocker Range National Park boundary One of the smaller species of Rafflesia R pricei can be found there The Gunung Emas Highland Resort is also nearby The Tuaran Crocodile Farm about 30 kilometres north of the city has around 1400 crocodiles in its enclosure making it the largest of its kind in Sabah 107 Other sights Edit nbsp The Jesselton Freemason Hall on top of a hill in the city The Tun Mustapha Tower formerly Sabah Foundation Building is about a 10 minute drive from the city centre This 30 storey glass building is supported by high tensile steel rods one of only three buildings in the world that is built using this method 108 Other buildings and sites in the city are the stilt villages found in the areas of Sembulan Tanjung Aru Kampung Likas and Kampung Pondo in Gaya Island 109 These houses are built on shallow coastal waters and are homes for the Bajau and Suluk inhabitants 110 The Sabah State Mosque in Sembulan is the main mosque in the city The City Mosque on Likas Bay is another significant landmark in the city On top of a hill in the city there is also a freemason hall nbsp The Signal Hill Observatory on top of a hill along Jalan Asrama The Signal Hill Observatory viewing platform and snack shop is accessible via steps leading up from the near the City Centre It is the highest point in Kota Kinabalu and offers sweeping scenic unobstructed views of the city and the islands beyond 5 Shopping Edit See also List of shopping malls in Malaysia nbsp Suria Sabah during the 2013 Chinese New Year celebrations this is also one of the shopping malls in the city Kota Kinabalu also features a number of shopping malls These include Imago KK Times Square Oceanus Waterfront Mall Karamunsing Complex Centre Point Wisma Merdeka Warisan Square Plaza Wawasan Asia City Complex 5 City Mall KK Plaza Mega Long Mall Suria Sabah and 1Borneo which is the largest hypermall in Kota Kinabalu 111 Karamunsing where Karamunsing Complex is situated is an area that has more computer shops per capita than anywhere else in Sabah 112 The weekly Gaya Street Sunday Market features a gathering of local hawkers selling a wide range of items from traditional ethnic cultural souvenirs to pets and flowers 113 The Kota Kinabalu Handicraft Market formerly known as the Filipino Market features vendors selling traditional handicrafts souvenirs and foodstuffs 114 Entertainment Edit See also List of cinemas in Malaysia nbsp Golden Screen Cinemas which is located at Suria Sabah Shopping Mall There are six cinemas in Kota Kinabalu 2 Golden Screen Cinemas commonly known as GSC MBO cinemas located at Imago Mall Kota Kinabalu Times Square City Cineplex at City Mall Growball Cineplex at Centre Point Mall and Megalong Cineplex at Megalong Mall One of the GSC cinemas is located at Suria Sabah Shopping Mall 115 while the other is located at 1Borneo 116 Both GSC cinemas hold eight cinema halls each 117 1Borneo Hypermall and Sutera Harbour Marina have bowling alleys and pool tables 118 MBO Cinemas with a capacity of 1 038 is located in Imago Mall KK Times Square 119 Kota Kinabalu is well known as live seafood market There are many live seafood restaurants such as Hua Hing Seafood Restaurant located at Sedco Complex Welcome Seafood Restaurant Asia City and Hung Xing Seafood Restaurant around the city citation needed Sports Edit nbsp An aerial view of Likas Sport Complex with Likas Stadium which is the home stadium for Sabah F C The Likas Sports Complex in Kota Kinabalu provides various sporting and recreational facilities for public use 76 It has among others a 20 000 seater football soccer stadium 120 badminton tennis and squash courts a gymnasium an Olympic size swimming pool a driving range hockey fields and a new Youth Challenge park consisting of an international standard skate park and indoor climbing centre It is the largest sports complex in the state and has hosted numerous national as well as international sporting events 76 Likas Stadium is the home stadium of Sabah F C also known as SabaHawks There is another sports complex in Penampang which also has a full sized football stadium There are four golf courses in Kota Kinabalu namely the Sabah Golf and Country Club in Bukit Padang Kinabalu Golf Club in Tanjung Aru Sutera Harbour Golf and Country Club and Karambunai Golf and Country Club 121 Kota Kinabalu has hosted a number of national sporting events such as the 2002 Sukma Games international tournaments such as the 1994 Karate World Championships 122 and the 2008 BWF Super Series Masters Finals badminton tournament 123 It is also the starting point of the annual international Borneo Safari 4x4 Challenge 124 Kota Kinabalu has been one of the circuits for the F2 Powerboat UIM World Cup Series in December every year since 2007 125 Music Edit Kota Kinabalu is home to one of Asia s favourite jazz festivals the KK Jazz Festival It has become an annual event 126 International performers such as Son2nos Venezuela award winning Korean jazz diva Nah Youn Sun Hong Kong s Junk Unit Malaysia s Double Take Atilia and Mood Indigo from UK have all previously performed at the festival 127 Coinciding with UNESCO s International Jazz Day celebrations in 2019 the year marks the inauguration of Sabah Jazz in Kota Kinabalu with the showcases of local jazz artists as well as from the region Among those who performed include Grupo Da Bossa Gordon Horace Chin Hady Afro Joe Balanjiu Jr and La Sambusa Latina from Argentina Sabah Jazz is set to be held annually 128 BandWidth Street Press Magazine is Kota Kinabalu s only free monthly magazine that promotes local Sabah music The magazine was launched in March 2009 and was supported by the local government and was referred by Sabah s Minister of Culture Environment amp Tourism YB Datuk Masidi Manjun as a publication that will introduce and promote new local musicians while serving up the latest information on the local entertainment scene 129 International relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia Several countries have set up their consulates in Kota Kinabalu including Australia 130 Brunei 131 China 132 Czech Republic 133 Denmark 134 France 135 Finland 136 Indonesia 137 Japan 138 Norway 139 Panama 140 Romania 141 Slovakia 142 Spain 143 Sweden 142 and the United Kingdom 144 145 In 2018 Russia set up their branch office of the Russian Centre of Science and Culture RCSC to expanding the existing co operation between Malaysia and Russia in the culture economic and education spheres 146 147 Sister cities Edit Kota Kinabalu currently has sixteen sister cities nbsp Rockingham Australia 148 nbsp Hangzhou China 149 150 151 nbsp Heyuan China 151 152 nbsp Jiangmen China 151 153 nbsp Wuhan China 151 154 nbsp Xi an China 155 156 157 nbsp Zhangjiagang China 158 nbsp Antananarivo Madagascar 159 nbsp Vladivostok Russia 160 nbsp Gapyeong County South Korea 161 162 nbsp Yongin South Korea 163 164 nbsp Yeosu South Korea 153 nbsp Taipei Taiwan 165 nbsp Taoyuan Taiwan 165 166 nbsp Ratchaburi Thailand 167 nbsp Portland United States 168 Notable residents EditPenny Wong b 1968 Australian politician See also Edit nbsp Malaysia portalArchdiocese of Kota Kinabalu Greater Kota Kinabalu List of tallest buildings in Kota KinabaluReferences EditFootnotes Edit Malaysia Elevation Map Elevation of Kota Kinabalu Flood Map Water Level Elevation Map Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 Retrieved 22 August 2015 Dept of Statistics Malaysia web Brumby Victor 1 May 2014 May 1 MALAYSIA UPDATE and NOTES ON SUFFIXES European Registration Plate Association Europlate blog Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 Retrieved 10 December 2015 About 1967 they added E as a prefix for new registrations in Sabah for East Malaysia about 1967 and at unknown later date added an S suffix to existing plates Malaysia license plates wordllicenseplates com Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 Retrieved 10 December 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Charles De Ledesma Mark Lewis Pauline Savage 2003 Malaysia Singapore amp Brunei Rough Guides pp 508 ISBN 978 1 84353 094 7 Retrieved 22 May 2013 a b Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 page 1 amp 8 PDF Department of Statistics Malaysia Archived from the original PDF on 5 February 2015 Retrieved 10 April 2012 Dept of Statistics Malaysia web Junaidi Ladjana 25 February 2010 Dari Jesselton ke Kota Kinabalu From Jesselton to Kota Kinabalu Utusan Malaysia in Malay Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 19 May 2013 a b Tourism hub set to lift Sabah real estate The Star 11 June 2007 Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 Retrieved 15 January 2008 a b Muguntan Vanar 20 September 2010 Rapid development in Kota Kinabalu has its drawbacks The Star Retrieved 3 January 2011 Tamara Thiessen 2008 Borneo Bradt Travel Guides pp 155 ISBN 978 1 84162 252 1 Sorudim Lesaya 2 May 2005 KINABALU Kina Balu Aki Nabalu or Ki Nabalu KDCA Publications Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 15 January 2008 Siegel James T 2018 Southeast Asia over Three Generations Essays Presented to Benedict R O G Anderson New York Cornell University Press p 94 ISBN 9781501718946 Wendy Law Suart 1993 The Lingering Eye page 55 footnote NAMA ASAL in Malay DBKK Official Website Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 Retrieved 19 May 2013 Sawatan Jackson Adakah Gaya Sekadar Singgah mata Untuk Pembangkang BERNAMA Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 8 March 2007 Frans Welman 9 March 2017 Borneo Trilogy Volume 1 Sabah Booksmango pp 152 ISBN 978 616 245 078 5 a b Rozan Yunos 20 January 2011 The History of Kota Kinabalu The Brunei Times Archived from the original on 10 May 2014 Retrieved 10 May 2014 History of Sabah Sabah Tourism Association STA Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Tamara Thiessen 2012 Borneo Sabah Brunei Sarawak Bradt Travel Guides pp 163 ISBN 978 1 84162 390 0 Retrieved 17 June 2013 NEW PORT IN NORTH BORNEO The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser 1884 1942 17 April 1900 Page 3 National Library Singapore Retrieved 21 May 2013 a b About KK History DBKK Sabah Archived from the original on 11 September 2008 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Cecilia Leong 1982 Sabah the first 100 years Percetakan Nan Yang Muda p 24 a b c d e f g h i Rob Dickinson The North Borneo Railway Project The International Steam Pages Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Wong Seng Chow 10 March 2009 Rice Wine amp Dancing Girls The Real Life Drama of a Roving Cinema Manager in 50s Malaysia and Singapore Monsoon Books ISBN 978 981 08 1083 2 Retrieved 17 June 2013 Fujio Hara 2013 Chapter Eight The 1943 Kinabalu Uprising in Sabah In Paul H Kratoska ed Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire Taylor amp Francis pp 111 113 ISBN 978 1 136 12506 5 Surrender Point Memorial Labuan Island Department of Veterans Affairs Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Muzium Sabah 1992 Sabah s heritage a brief introduction to Sabah s history and heritage Sabah Museum retrieved 24 October 2013 Ismail Ali The Role and Contribution of the British Administration and the Capitalist in the North Borneo Fishing Industry 1945 63 PDF Sosiohumanika jpssk com Archived from the original PDF on 24 February 2013 Retrieved 30 April 2013 a b c Sabah Lest We Forget Tourism Malaysia Archived from the original on 6 July 2013 Retrieved 17 June 2013 List of Parliamentary Elections Parts and State Legislative Assemblies on Every States Ministry of Information Malaysia Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 19 May 2014 Muguntan Vanar 31 December 2020 KK s first woman mayor Noorliza takes charge The Star Retrieved 28 January 2021 a b Monthly Statistical Bulletin Sabah Department of Statistics Malaysia Sabah January 2007 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Satellite image of Kota Kinabalu Google Maps Retrieved 17 March 2007 Greater Kota Kinabalu Healthcare Overview PDF Sabah Economic Development and Investment Authority SEDIA Archived from the original PDF on 13 May 2013 Retrieved 19 April 2012 Main Page Penampang District Council Archived from the original on 7 August 2013 Retrieved 15 January 2008 Cops storm Pulau Gaya clash leaves one dead four injured The Star 5 August 2006 Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 Google Maps a b WWF Malaysia A City Oasis 28 December 2006 Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2008 Tunku Abdul Rahman Park Sabah Parks Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 Retrieved 24 October 2013 KK Map Guide Sabah Travel Guide Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Distance from Kuala Lumpur Malaysia to Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Archived from the original on 21 May 2009 Retrieved 5 June 2009 Distance from Kuching Malaysia to Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Retrieved 5 June 2009 a b c Sabah Coastal Zone Profile 1998 3 CLIMATE Part I Town and Regional Planning Department Sabah Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 Retrieved 2 June 2013 a b Russel Andy Immit Mojiol 2006 Ecological Landuse Planning and Sustainable Management of Urban and Sub urban Green Areas in Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Cuvillier Verlag p 23 ISBN 978 3 86727 081 6 Russel 2006 p 24 Russel 2006 p 25 World Weather Information Service Kota Kinabalu World Meteorological Organisation Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 Retrieved 7 May 2014 Kota Kinabalu Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 7 May 2014 Klimatafel von Kota Kinabalu Jesselton Insel Borneo Kalimantan Malaysia PDF Baseline climate means 1961 1990 from stations all over the world in German Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved 17 October 2016 a b PEOPLE OF SABAH Discovery Tours Sabah Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2013 a b c Total population by ethnic group Local Authority area and state Malaysia PDF Statistics Department Malaysia 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 14 November 2013 Retrieved 12 March 2012 Not Malays full stop The Nut Graph 22 November 2010 Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Actually in Sabah there were no Malays You were either Bajau or Murut or Orang Sungai The closest to Malays were the Brunei Malays because they were originally from Brunei before settling in Sabah Dept of Statistics Malaysai web Sadiq Kamal 2005 When States Prefer Non Citizens Over Citizens Conflict Over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia International Studies Quarterly University of California Irvine 49 1 101 122 doi 10 1111 j 0020 8833 2005 00336 x JSTOR 3693626 a b Irvine Kamal Sadiq 31 October 2008 Paper Citizens How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries Oxford University Press pp 48 ISBN 978 0 19 970780 5 Retrieved 4 July 2013 a b Chee kiong Tong 2010 Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia Racializing Chineseness Springer pp 110 ISBN 978 90 481 8909 0 Retrieved 22 May 2013 3 ABOUT KOTA KINABALU SABAH SGATAR 2011 Hasil gov my 2011 Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Reid Anthony 1997 Endangered Identity Kadazan or Dusun in Sabah Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol 28 Retrieved 15 January 2008 a b Danny Wong Tze Ken 1999 Chinese Migration to Sabah Before the Second World War Archipel 58 3 131 158 doi 10 3406 arch 1999 3538 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Introduction Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 9 April 2007 Transport Road Networks Town and Regional Planning Department Sabah Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 INFRASTRUCTURE amp SUPERSTRUCTURE Road Borneo Trade Source from Public Works Department Sabah Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 Retrieved 22 May 2013 a b Lonely Planet Malaysia Singapore and Brunei Lonely Planet 2010 pp 354 ISBN 978 1 74104 887 2 Retrieved 22 May 2013 a b ASAL USUL SEJARAH KERETA API DI SABAH Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia Ministry of Education Malaysia Archived from the original on 27 October 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 KKIA Terminal 2 to close from midnight The Star Malaysia 30 November 2015 Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 Retrieved 12 December 2015 KKIA to become key air hub The Star 15 February 2007 Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 Sepanggar Container Port Terminal ready Daily Express Malaysia 8 August 2006 Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 Minister confident of Sabah s new container terminal The National Maritime Portal Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Sabah Ports Sdn Bhd Suria Group Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 Retrieved 15 January 2008 a b FERRY SCHEDULE Jesselton Point Archived from the original on 19 June 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Cynthia D Baga 10 August 2018 New KK Court Complex fully operational Sept Daily Express Archived from the original on 31 July 2019 Retrieved 31 July 2019 Syariah Courts Address in Sabah Department of Sabah State Syariah Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2014 Direktori PDRM Sabah Kota Kinabalu in Malay Royal Malaysia Police Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 Retrieved 1 August 2015 89 prisoners get early release for Hari Raya Access My Library Retrieved 22 May 2013 a b c d 16 SOCIAL FACILITIES Sabah State Government Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Clinics in Kota Kinabalu Sabah State Health Department Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 Retrieved 30 March 2014 Sejarah Hospital in Malay Queen Elizabeth Hospital Malaysia Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 Retrieved 1 July 2013 Pada masa ini hospital Queen Elizabeth ialah hospital terbesar di negeri Sabah Ia pusat rujukan untuk semua hospital daerah yang mengandungi 589 katil Patients and Visitors KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 About Us Gleaneagles Kota Kinabalu Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 About Us Jesselton Medical Centre Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 About Us Damai Specialist Centre Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 Home Rafflesia Medical Centre Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 a b SENARAI SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI NEGERI SABAH List of Secondary Schools in Sabah See Kota Kinabalu PDF Educational Management Information System Archived from the original PDF on 10 January 2015 Retrieved 24 May 2013 Private Schools List Kids in KK Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Our School Sayfol International School Sabah Archived from the original on 20 December 2018 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Kinabalu Japanese School Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Kota Kinabalu Indonesian School Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 Retrieved 23 August 2015 UMS to have a 6ha botanical garden in its campus The Star Bernama 8 May 2010 Retrieved 28 July 2018 UiTM Cawangan Sabah 27 August 2010 UiTM Sabah is Now a Litter Free University UiTM Sabah Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Industrial Training Guideline Industry Partner PDF Jabatan Pengajian Politeknik Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia p 13 Archived from the original PDF on 16 October 2013 Retrieved 6 July 2013 Introduction Sabah State Library Online Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 9 April 2007 DK Ryni Qareena 21 October 2017 City WiFi benefits locals and tourists New Sabah Times Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 Retrieved 22 October 2017 Morpi Murib 1 June 2011 Hongkod Koisaan impresses with new look The Borneo Post Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Monsopiad in Malay Sabah edu my Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2013 a b Nur Adika Bujang 16 September 2010 A meaningful national holiday The Star Archived from the original on 17 September 2010 Retrieved 22 May 2013 a b Stella Moo 2005 The Atkinson Memorial Clock Tower Commemorating its Centenary Sabah Society Journal Vol 22 2005 Double Six Monument Helps in Boosting Sabah s Tourism Yong Yahoo News 6 June 2013 Archived from the original on 30 September 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Tanjung Aru Beach Sabah Tourism Board Retrieved 6 October 2014 Major facelift for Tg Aru Daily Express 1 January 2012 Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Monica Tindall 5 April 2013 Beach paradise within minutes to KK city New Straits Times Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Manukan Island Resort in Malaysia n Borneo for Pristine Island Living Once in a Lifetime Journey 24 October 2017 Retrieved 1 November 2017 About KKW Sabah Wetlands Conservation Society Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Sabah s first zoo ready soon Daily Express Malaysia 22 February 2005 Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 Tan Hee Hui 22 February 2009 Diversity in splendor The Jakarta Post Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Kinabalu Park Sabah Parks Archived from the original on 4 August 2008 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Cheah P K 25 June 2007 Rocking round the crocs The Star Kota Kinabalu Archived from the original on 19 June 2013 Menara Tun Mustapha Sabah Foundation Building Sabah Tourism Kota Kinabalu Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Making Sembulan clean and beautiful Insight Sabah Kota Kinabalu 8 July 2012 Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2013 What freediving does to the body BBC News United Kingdom 12 January 2011 Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Shopping Kota Kinabalu sabahbah com Malaysia Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Komplex Karamunsing beautifulkk com Malaysia Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Gaya Street Sunday Market sabahtourism com Malaysia Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Dari Sabah Wajib Bawa Bekantan okezone com in Indonesian 25 April 2013 Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Golden Screen Cinemas SURIA SABAH Malaysia Golden Screen Cinemas Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Golden Screen Cinemas 1BORNEO Malaysia Golden Screen Cinemas Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 Retrieved 22 May 2013 CASEY LEE GSC launches first digital 3D cinema hall in Suria Sabah New Sabah Times Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Facilities Asia Travel Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 Retrieved 24 May 2013 Our Cinemas Locate Us MBO Cinemas Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 Retrieved 27 November 2015 Stadiums in Malaysia Likas Stadium World Stadiums Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Golf Courses in Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Swing by Swing GOLF Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 24 October 2013 World Championship 1994 08 12 1994 11 12 1994 Karate Records Archived from the original on 7 September 2010 Retrieved 21 December 2013 Lee Chong Wei claims win at Kota Kinabalu tourney Taipei Times 19 December 2008 Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2008 Borneo 4x4 Safari 2008 mysinchew com 31 July 2008 Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2008 F2000 powerboat race heads for Sabah The Star 10 October 2007 Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 Retrieved 18 August 2009 City Hall supports KK Jazz Festival Ministry of Tourism Culture and Environment Sabah 12 June 2012 Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 Retrieved 21 May 2013 Ariel Chew 2 June 2010 4th Edition of KK Jazz Festival Returns in June Virtual Malaysia Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 20 August 2010 Ricardo Unto 29 April 2019 Music lovers throng inaugural Sabah Jazz Daily Express Retrieved 30 April 2019 Local music industry has government s support New Sabah Times 25 May 2009 Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 20 August 2010 Australian Consulate in Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Consulate General of Brunei Darussalam in Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Brunei Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 China opens consulate office in Malaysia s Sabah state Xinhua News Agency China Internet Information Center 27 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Opening of Czech Honorary Consulate boon to Sabah Musa Daily Express 15 October 2017 Archived from the original on 15 October 2017 Retrieved 15 October 2017 Danish Consulates Ministry of Foreign Affairs Denmark Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Consulate Embassy of France in Kuala Lumpur Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Contact information Honorary Consulate of Finland Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Embassy of Finland Kuala Lumpur Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia Kota Kinabalu Consulate General of Indonesia Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 Retrieved 4 June 2014 Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu Retrieved 11 June 2013 Ottey Peter 21 January 2020 Sabah hosts Norway s only Consulate in Malaysia Daily Express Archived from the original on 21 January 2020 Retrieved 22 January 2020 Panamanian Honorary Consulate General in Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Sabah Government Portal Retrieved 23 January 2020 Honorary Consulate of Romania in Kota Kinabalu ROMANIA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 11 June 2013 a b Honorary Consulates in Malaysia PDF European External Action Service Retrieved 2 June 2013 David Thien 12 May 2019 Spain opens Consulate in Sabah Daily Express Archived from the original on 12 May 2019 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Supporting British nationals in Malaysia Government of the United Kingdom Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 4 June 2014 Working with local partners and honorary representatives in Penang Langkawi Kota Kinabalu and Kuching to assist British nationals Kota Kinabalu Travel Guide Mapcarta Iguide travel Retrieved 14 November 2012 Chok Sim Yee 22 February 2018 Russian Centre of Science and Culture opening in KK The Borneo Post Archived from the original on 23 February 2018 Retrieved 23 February 2018 Ricardo Unto 22 February 2018 Russians set up branch in KK Daily Express Archived from the original on 23 February 2018 Retrieved 23 February 2018 Global Friendship activities City of Rockingham Website Archived from the original on 17 March 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2017 Remarks by Consul General CHEN Peijie at the National Day Reception Consulate General of the People s Republic of China in Kota Kinabalu 23 September 2016 Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2017 KK Hangzhou friendship city pact Daily Express 21 September 2019 Archived from the original on 23 September 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 a b c d Deepening Pragmatic Cooperation Between Sabah and China Jointly Build 21st Century Maritime Silk Road PDF Sabah Economic Development and Investment Authority 30 January 2018 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 27 September 2019 Retrieved 27 September 2019 In terms of local governmental exchanges Kota Kinabalu has signed sister city MOU with cities in China such as Heyuan Jiangmen Wuhan and Hangzhou Teh Michael Hakka communities of KK Heyuan City China have much in common New Sabah Times Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 Retrieved 11 June 2013 a b Julia Chan 20 March 2015 KK Portland sister city pact could see US craft beer coming to Sabah Malay Mail Online Retrieved 7 January 2017 KK formally establishes relations with Wuhan Daily Express 27 May 2015 Archived from the original on 17 March 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2017 Proposed Twinning of Kota Kinabalu and Xi an as Sister Cities Sabah News Today 4 June 2019 Archived from the original on 26 September 2019 Retrieved 26 September 2019 DBKK X ian association to sign MoU The Borneo Post 23 July 2019 Archived from the original on 26 September 2019 Retrieved 26 September 2019 Xi an seeks cooperation opportunities with Malaysia Government of Xi an 25 September 2019 Archived from the original on 27 September 2019 Retrieved 27 September 2019 Another city wants to be KK s sister The Borneo Post 23 April 2010 Archived from the original on 18 March 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2017 Madagascar Council wants to bring more tourists to Sabah Daily Express 27 March 2019 Archived from the original on 26 September 2019 Retrieved 26 September 2019 Vladivostok s Sister Cities Vladivostok City Council Archived from the original on 27 July 2015 Retrieved 27 July 2015 KK and S Korean city Gapyeong to be sister cities The Star 7 December 2019 Archived from the original on 23 August 2020 Retrieved 23 August 2020 Minsoo Kim 8 December 2019 김성기 가평군수 관광 활성화 위해 말레이시아 방문해 가평군 홍보 Gapyeong County Chief Kim Seong gi visits Malaysia to promote Gapyeong County in Korean Kyeongin Archived from the original on 23 August 2020 Retrieved 23 August 2020 Friendship Visit to Yongin by Kota Kinabalu City YONGIN City 18 March 2010 Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 Retrieved 5 March 2012 지자체별 By local government in Korean Governors Association of Korea Archived from the original on 27 September 2019 Retrieved 27 September 2019 a b Mary Chin 5 May 2017 City and cultural pacts with Taipei soon Daily Express Archived from the original on 5 May 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2017 Taoyuan KK Friendship Pact proposed Daily Express 24 January 2017 Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2017 khukhwamsmphnthemuxngphiemuxngnxngrahwangithykbtangpraeths n wnthi31phvsphakhm 2561 Sister relations between Thailand and foreign countries As of 31 May 2018 PDF in Thai Foreign Affairs Division Office of the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Interior Thailand p 3 Archived from the original PDF on 27 September 2019 Retrieved 27 September 2019 Stephanie Lee 9 January 2016 Partnership leads to growth The Star Retrieved 9 January 2016 Others Edit Sabah State Government and DANCED Danish Co operation for Environment and Development Sabah Integrated Coastal Zone Management ICZM External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kota Kinabalu nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kota Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu City Hall Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kota Kinabalu amp oldid 1176059388, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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