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Wikipedia

Zhejiang

January 07, 2023

For the former Chekiang province of the Republic of China, see Chekiang Province, Republic of China. For the river historically known as Zhejiang, see Qiantang River.
Not to be confused with Jiangzhe.

Zhejiang (UK: /ˌdʒɜːdʒiːˈæŋ/[4] or /dʒɛˈdʒæŋ/,[5] US: /ˈdʒʌˈdʒjɑːŋ/;[6] 浙江, also romanized as Chekiang) is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north, Anhui to the northwest, Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south. To the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lies the Ryukyu Islands. The population of Zhejiang stands at 64.6 million, the 8th highest among China. It has been called 'the backbone of China' due to being a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable persons, including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma. Zhejiang consists of 90 counties (incl. county-level cities and districts).[7]

Zhejiang
浙江
Chekiang
Province
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese浙江省 (Zhèjiāng Shěng)
 • AbbreviationZJ / 浙 (pinyin: Zhè)
 • WuTsehkaon San
Views of Yandang Mountains
Map showing the location of Zhejiang Province
Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
CountryChina
Annexation by the Qin dynasty222 BC
Jiangnandong Circuit626
Liangzhe Circuit997
Zhejiang Province formed1368
Republican Period1912-01-01
Division of territory1949-12-07
Conquest of Yijiangshan1955-01-20
Named forOld name of Qiantang River
Capital
(and largest city)		Hangzhou
Divisions11 prefectures, 90 counties, 1570 townships
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyZhejiang Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryYi Lianhong
 • Congress directorYuan Jiajun
 • GovernorWang Hao
 • CPPCC chairmanHuang Lixin
Area
 • Total101,800 km2 (39,300 sq mi)
 • Rank26th
Highest elevation
(Huangmaojian)
1,929 m (6,329 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total64,567,588
 • Rank8th
 • Density630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
  • Rank8th
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan: 99.2%
She: 0.4%
 • Languages and dialectsWu, Huizhou, Jianghuai Mandarin, Southern Min (in Cangnan County and Pingyang County)
ISO 3166 codeCN-ZJ
GDP (2021)CNY 7.35 trillion
USD 1.14 trillion [2]
 - per capitaCNY 113,834
USD 17,649 (5th)
 • growth 8.5%
HDI (2019) 0.795[3]
high · 5th
Websitewww.zj.gov.cn
Zhejiang
"Zhejiang" in Chinese characters
Chinese浙江
WuTseh-kaon
Wu Chinese: ['t͡səʔ'kɑ̃]
PostalChekiang
Literal meaning"Zhe River"

The area of Zhejiang was controlled by the Kingdom of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. The Qin Empire later annexed it in 222 BC. Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it, Zhejiang's ports became important centers of international trade. It was occupied by the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese war and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. After Japan's defeat, Zhejiang's economy became stagnant under Mao Zedong's policies.[8]

Nevertheless, after China's economic reform, Zhejiang has grown to be considered one of China's wealthiest provinces, ranking fourth in GDP nationally and fifth by GDP per capita, with a nominal GDP of US$1.01 trillion as of 2020,[9] ranking between the Netherlands and Indonesia with a GDP of US$ 913 billion and US$ 1.06 trillion respectively, the 16th and 17th largest in the world respectively.[10] Zhejiang's economy is based on electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food and construction materials.

Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area, with higher altitudes towards the south and the west. Zhejiang also has a longer coastline than any other mainland province of China. The Qiantang River runs through the province, from which it derives its name. Included in the province are three thousand islands, the most in China. The capital Hangzhou marks the end of the Grand Canal and lies on Hangzhou Bay on the north of Zhejiang, which separates Shanghai and Ningbo. The bay contains many small islands collectively called the Zhoushan Islands.

Hangzhou is a historically important city of China and is considered a World City with a "Beta+" classification according to GaWC.[11] It includes the notable West Lake. Various varieties of Chinese are spoken in Zhejiang, the most prominent being Wu Chinese. Zhejiang is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2022, two major cities in Zhejiang ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Hangzhou 19th and Ningbo 170th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[12]

Etymology

The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江; Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually understood as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River," from the meaning of Chinese 折,[13] but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (Pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet),[14] preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji and Jiang.[citation needed]

History

Prehistory

Kuahuqiao culture was an early Neolithic culture that flourished in the Hangzhou area in 6,000-5,000 BC.[15][16]

Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu (starting in 5500 BC) and Liangzhu (starting in 3400 BC).[17]

Ancient history

The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as Dongyue.

The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was in Northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Xia founder Yu the Great. The "Song of the Yue Boatman" (Chinese: 越人歌; pinyin: Yuèrén Gē; lit. 'Song of the man of Yue') was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in North China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; lit. 'the Lady of Yue') was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. To check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue.

Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Han and the Three Kingdoms

Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing) and they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (South Vietnam).

Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

Six Dynasties

Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (266–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege and took refuge in areas south of the Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from North China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge." The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refuge south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in South China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly Southern Jiangsu, Eastern Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and North China. Some refugees from North China might have found residence in South China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

Sui and Tang eras

Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay) and from Suzhou and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

Wuyue era

 
Portrait of Qian Liu, the King of Wuyue.

After the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907, the entire area of what is now Zhejiang fell under the control of the kingdom Wuyue established by King Qian Liu, who selected Hangzhou (a city in the modern day area of Zhejiang) as his kingdom's capital. Despite being under Wuyue rule for a relatively short period of time, Zhejiang underwent a long period of financial and cultural prosperity which continued even after the kingdom fell.

After Wuyue was conquered during the reunification of China, many shrines were erected across the former territories of Wuyue, mainly in Zhejiang, where the kings of Wuyue were memorialised, and sometimes, worshipped as being able to dictate weather and agriculture. Many of these shrines, known as "Shrine of the Qian King" or "Temple to the Qian King," still remain today, with the most popularly visited example being that near West Lake in Hangzhou.

China's province of Zhejiang during the 940s was also the place of origin of the Hú family (Hồ in Vietnamese) from which the founder of the Hồ Dynasty who ruled Vietnam, Emperor Hồ Quý Ly, came from.[18][19]

Song era

 
Song dynasty era (1223) city gate in Shaoxing.

The Song dynasty re-established unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Song dynasty under the name Lin'an, which was renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it was suspected to have been the largest city in the world at the time.[20]

From then on, northern Zhejiang and neighboring southern Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. The famous traveler Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world."[21]

Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on larger vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.[22]

Yuan and Ming eras

 
This tripod planter from the Ming dynasty was found in Zhejiang province. It is housed in the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.

Zhejiang was finally conquered by the Mongols in the late 13th century who later established the short lived Yuan dynasty. Zhejiang became part of the much larger Jiangzhe Province.

The Ming dynasty, which drove out the Mongols in 1368, finally established the present day province of Zhejiang with its borders having little changes since this establishment.

As in other coastal provinces, number of fortresses were constructed along the Zhejiang coast during the early Ming to defend the land against pirate incursions. Some of them have been preserved or restored, such as Pucheng in the south of the province (Cangnan County).

Qing era

Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it, Zhejiang's ports were important centers of international trade.

 
A restored Qing era (1891) bridge on a coastal road

"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities and allowed to count as free men."[23] "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the north-western and central parts of the province, sparing the rest of Zhejiang from the disastrous depopulation that occurred. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port. Jianghuai Mandarin speakers later came to settle in these depopulated regions of northern Zhejiang.

Republican era

See also: Chekiang Province, Republic of China

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. Imperial Japanese forces killed an estimated 250,000 Chinese civilians from the area of Hangzhou to Nanchang and also Zhuzhou while searching for Doolittle's men.[24]

People's Republic era

After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao's self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.[8]

Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises.[8] Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed and industrial.[8]

Geography

 
Zhejiang in 1936
 
View of the West Lake in Hangzhou.
 
West Lake at night

Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area.[25] Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).

Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest. Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Zhejiang and List of township-level divisions of Zhejiang

Zhejiang is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities):

Administrative divisions of Zhejiang
Division code[26] Division Area in km2[27] Population 2020[28] Seat Divisions[29]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
330000 Zhejiang Province 101800.00 64,567,588 Hangzhou city 37 32 1 20
330100 Hangzhou city 16840.75 11,936,010 Shangcheng District 10 2 1
330200 Ningbo city 9816.23 9,404,283 Yinzhou District 6 2 2
330300 Wenzhou city 12255.77 9,572,903 Lucheng District 4 5 3
330400 Jiaxing city 4008.75 5,400,868 Nanhu District 2 2 3
330500 Huzhou city 5818.44 3,367,579 Wuxing District 2 3
330600 Shaoxing city 8279.08 5,270,977 Yuecheng District 3 1 2
330700 Jinhua city 10926.16 7,050,683 Wucheng District 2 3 4
330800 Quzhou city 8841.12 2,276,184 Kecheng District 2 3 1
330900 Zhoushan city 1378.00 1,157,817 Dinghai District 2 2
331000 Taizhou city 10,083.39 6,622,888 Jiaojiang District 3 3 3
331100 Lishui city 17298.00 2,507,396 Liandu District 1 6 1 1
  Sub-provincial cities

The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian World Studios is called "China's Hollywood." At the year end of 2017, the total population is 56.57 million.[30]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[31] District area[31] City proper[31] Census date
1 Hangzhou[a] 5,162,093 6,241,971 8,700,373 2010-11-01
(1) Hangzhou (new districts)[a] 838,452 1,284,359 see Hangzhou 2010-11-01
2 Wenzhou[b] 2,686,825 3,039,439 9,122,102 2010-11-01
(2) Wenzhou (new district)[b] 39,193 87,683 see Wenzhou 2010-11-01
3 Ningbo[c] 2,583,073 3,491,597 7,605,689 2010-11-01
(3) Ningbo (new district)[c] 239,992 491,697 see Ningbo 2010-11-01
4 Taizhou 1,189,276 1,902,510 5,968,838 2010-11-01
5 Cixi 1,059,942 1,462,383 see Ningbo 2010-11-01
6 Rui'an 927,383 1,424,667 see Wenzhou 2010-11-01
7 Yiwu 878,903 1,234,015 see Jinhua 2010-11-01
8 Jiaxing 762,643 1,201,882 4,501,657 2010-11-01
9 Wenling 749,013 1,366,794 see Taizhou 2010-11-01
10 Huzhou 748,471 1,293,219 2,893,542 2010-11-01
11 Yueqing 725,972 1,389,332 see Wenzhou 2010-11-01
12 Jinhua 710,597 1,077,245 5,361,572 2010-11-01
13 Yuyao 672,909 1,010,659 see Ningbo 2010-11-01
14 Shaoxing[d] 643,199 883,836 4,912,239 2010-11-01
(14) Shaoxing (new districts)[d] 1,297,652 2,188,785 see Shaoxing 2010-11-01
15 Zhuji 606,683 1,157,938 see Shaoxing 2010-11-01
16 Zhoushan 542,190 842,989 1,121,261 2010-11-01
17 Linhai 503,377 1,028,813 see Taizhou 2010-11-01
18 Dongyang 455,912 804,398 see Jinhua 2010-11-01
19 Quzhou 422,688 805,963 2,122,661 2010-11-01
20 Tongxiang 400,417 815,848 see Jiaxing 2010-11-01
21 Haining 397,690 806,966 see Jiaxing 2010-11-01
22 Yongkang 376,246 723,490 see Jinhua 2010-11-01
(23) Yuhuan[e] 362,135 616,346 see Taizhou 2010-11-01
24 Pinghu 346,892 671,834 see Jiaxing 2010-11-01
25 Shengzhou 345,674 679,762 see Shaoxing 2010-11-01
26 Lishui 293,968 451,418 2,116,957 2010-11-01
27 Lanxi 208,272 560,514 see Jinhua 2010-11-01
28 Jiangshan 200,341 467,862 see Quzhou 2010-11-01
29 Jiande 183,518 430,750 see Hangzhou 2010-11-01
30 Longquan 117,239 234,626 see Lishui 2010-11-01
  1. ^ a b New districts established after census: Fuyang (Fuyang CLC), Lin'an (Lin'an CLC). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. ^ a b New district established after census: Dongtou (Dongtou County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ a b New district established after census: Fenghua (Fenghua CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ a b New districts established after census: Keqiao (Shaoxing County), Shangyu (Shangyu CLC). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ Yuhuan County is currently known as Yuhuan CLC after census.
 
 
Most populous cities in Zhejiang
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[32]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
 
Hangzhou
 
Ningbo 		1 Hangzhou 6,504,900 11 Yueqing 534,700  
Wenzhou
 
Shaoxing
2 Ningbo 3,685,100 12 Cixi 530,300
3 Wenzhou 2,216,500 13 Yuyao 458,500
4 Shaoxing 1,512,600 14 Zhuji 438,200
5 Taizhou 1,050,600 15 Dongyang 421,700
6 Huzhou 951,000 16 Lishui 372,000
7 Yiwu 934,300 17 Tongxiang 363,400
8 Jinhua 817,300 18 Quzhou 356,700
9 Jiaxing 797,000 19 Pinghu 349,500
10 Zhoushan 612,400 20 Linhai 317,900

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Zhejiang and List of current Chinese provincial leaders

The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CCP Party Chief."

Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949–1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956–1968), was the "chief justice" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002–2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998–2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007–2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.

Zhejiang was home to Chiang Kai-shek and many high-ranking officials in the Kuomintang, who fled to Taiwan in 1949 after losing the Civil War.

Economy

 
Zhejiang products treemap, 2020
 
harvesting tea leaves, Zhejiang province, May 1987
 
Yu'ao, a fishing village on Dayu Bay in South Zhejiang (Cangnan County)

Zhejiang is one of the richest and most developed provinces in China. As of 2020, Zhejiang's nominal GDP was US$1.01 trillion,[9] ranking between the Netherlands and Indonesia with a GDP of US$ 913 billion and US$ 1.06 trillion respectively, the 16th and 17th largest in the world respectively.[10]

As of 2018, its nominal GDP was US$849 billion (CN￥ 5.62 trilion), about 6.24% of the country's GDP and ranked 4th among province-level administrative units; the province's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN￥196.70 billion (US$29.72 billion), CN￥2.3506 trillion (US$355.22 billion) and CN￥3.0724 trillion (US$464.29 billion) respectively. Its nominal GDP per capita was US$14,907 (CN￥98,643) and ranked the 5th in the country. The private sector in the province has been playing an increasingly important role in boosting the regional economy since Economic Reform in 1978.[33]

Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the "Zhejiang model," which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries.[34] The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou.[8] The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 55,574 yuan (US$8,398) in 2018, an annual real growth of 8.4%. The per capita disposable income of rural residents stood at 27,302 yuan (US$4,126), a real growth of 9.4%.[35]

Historical GDP of Zhejiang Province for 1978 –present (SNA2008)[33]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[36])
year GDP GDP per capita (GDPpc)
 based on mid-year population 		Reference index
GDP in millions real
growth
(%) 		GDPpc exchange rate
1 foreign currency
to CNY
CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		USD 1 Int'l$. 1
(PPP)
2018 5,619,715 849,233 1,597,709 7.1 98,643 14,907 28,046 6.6174 3.5888
2017 5,176,826 766,732 1,442,495 7.8 92,057 13,634 25,651 6.7518 3.5888
2016 4,725,136 711,370 1,349,692 7.6 84,916 12,784 24,255 6.6423 3.5009
2015 4,288,649 688,564 1,208,240 8.0 77,644 12,466 21,875 6.2284 3.5495
2014 4,017,303 653,986 1,131,507 7.6 73,002 11,884 20,562 6.1428 3.5504
2013 3,775,658 609,646 1,055,567 8.2 68,805 11,110 19,236 6.1932 3.5769
2012 3,473,913 550,323 978,347 8.0 63,508 10,061 17,886 6.3125 3.5508
2011 3,236,338 501,074 923,217 9.0 59,331 9,186 16,925 6.4588 3.5055
2010 2,774,765 409,892 838,146 11.9 51,758 7,646 15,634 6.7695 3.3106
2005 1,341,768 163,796 469,314 12.8 27,062 3,304 9,466 8.1917 2.8590
2000 614,103 74,181 225,831 11.0 13,415 1,620 4,933 8.2784 2.7193
1995 355,755 42,600 130,342 16.8 8,149 976 2,986 8.3510 2.7294
1990 90,469 18,914 53,136 3.9 2,138 447 1,256 4.7832 1.7026
1985 42,916 14,614 30,617 21.7 1,067 363 761 2.9366 1.4017
1980 17,992 12,007 12,031 16.4 471 314 315 1.4984 1.4955
1978 12,372 7,349 21.9 331 197 1.6836

Traditionally, the province is known as the "Land of Fish and Rice." True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

As of 1832, the province was exporting silk, paper, fans, pencils, wine, dates, tea and "golden-flowered" hams.[37]

See also: Pearl farming in China

Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

Economic and Technological Development Zones

  • Huzhou Economic Development Zone
  • Dinghai Industrial Park
  • Hangzhou Economic & Technological Developing Area
  • Hangzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  • Hangzhou Export Processing Zone
  • Hangzhou Zhijiang National Tourist Holiday Resort
  • Jiaxing Export Processing Zone
  • Ningbo Economic and Technical Development Zone
  • Ningbo Daxie Island Development Zone
  • Ningbo Free Trade Zone
  • Ningbo Export Processing Zone
  • Quzhou Industrial Park
  • Shenjia Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Wenzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Xiaoshan Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Zhejiang Quzhou Hi-Tech Park
  • Zhejiang Zhoushan Economic Development Zone
  • Zhejiang Donggang Economic Development Zone

Economic and technological development concerns

Waste disposal

On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river. Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound, overturned eight company vehicles, and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd. Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles, officials said. Chen Hongming, a deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau, said the factory's waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April. The environmental watchdog had warned the factory, but it had not effectively controlled the pollution, Chen added.[38]

Demographics

 
She ethnic county, townships and towns in Zhejiang

Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese. There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities, including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese.[39] Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China.[40]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[41] 21,440,000—    
1928[42] 20,643,000−3.7%
1936-37[43]21,231,000+2.8%
1947[44] 19,959,000−6.0%
1954[45]22,865,747+14.6%
1964[46]28,318,573+23.8%
YearPop.±%
1982[47]38,884,603+37.3%
1990[48]41,445,930+6.6%
2000[49]45,930,651+10.8%
2010[50]54,426,891+18.5%
2020[51]64,567,588+18.6%

Religion

Religion in Zhejiang[52][note 1]

  Not religious / Chinese folk religion / Buddhism / Taoism / Confucianism / folk sects[note 2] (74.36%)
  Chinese ancestral religion (23.02%)
  Christianity (2.62%)

The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004.[52] The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects. As of the mid-2010s, Zhejiang has 34,880 registered folk religious temples greater than 20 sqm and 10,000 registered places of worship of the five doctrines (Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam).[53][54][55]: 35 

In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as "civil religion" beginning the formal registration of the province's folk religious temples under the aegis of the provincial Bureau of Folk Faith.[56] Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago.[57]

Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago.[57] Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou.[58] In 1999, Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage but higher than the national average.[59]

The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact policies to rationalise them[60] in 2014, variously named "Three Remodelings and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities" according to the locality.[61] These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples or the removal of crosses from churches' roofs and spires.[62] An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church.[63] Despite English-language media focused on Christian churches, only 2.3% of the buildings affected by the regulations were Christian churches; most of them were folk religious temples.[55]: 36 

Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang.[57] In 2020, there are 117,000 Muslims in Zhejiang.[64] Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).

Media

The Zhejiang Radio & Television, Hangzhou Radio & Television Group, Ningbo Radio & Television Group are the local broadcasters in Zhejiang Province.

Culture

Main article: Wuyue culture
See also: Major national historical and cultural sites (Zhejiang)
 
A boat on one of Shaoxing's waterways, near the city center. North Zhejiang, known as the "Land of Fish and Rice," is characterized by its canals and waterways.

Languages

Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak varieties of Wu, but those Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away. Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well, mostly along the borders; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui, while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian. (See Hangzhou dialect, Shaoxing dialect, Ningbo dialect, Wenzhou dialect, Taizhou dialect, Jinhua dialect and Quzhou dialect for more information)

Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the Wu dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak some Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.

Music

Zhejiang is the home of Yue opera, one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shao opera (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Taizhou Luantan (of Taizhou) and Zhuji Luantan (of Zhuji).

Cuisine

 
Fish being dried dockside in Pacao Harbor, Cangnan County

Longjing tea (also called dragon well tea), originating in Hangzhou, is one of the most prestigious, if not the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine (itself subdivided into many traditions, including Hangzhou cuisine) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine.

Place names

Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed] and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: "Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou" (上有天堂，下有苏杭), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities.

Tourism

 
The Hall of Five Hundred Arhats at Guoqing Temple

Tourist destinations in Zhejiang include:

Sports

Professional sports teams based in Zhejiang include:

Education and research

Zhejiang is one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2022, two major cities in Zhejiang ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Hangzhou 19th and Ningbo 170th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[65]

Colleges and universities

For a more comprehensive list, see List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang.

Notable people

Main category: People from Zhejiang
  • Wang Yangming: Ming dynasty philosopher
  • Su Shi: Poet and writer from the Song era, also known as a government official who contributed to the maintenance of West Lake.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[52] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i.e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^ May also include a tiny number of Muslims.

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Sources

  • Economic profile of Zhejiang at HKTDC

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhejiang.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Zhejiang.
  • Zhejiang Government website (in Chinese, English, and Japanese)
  • (in English and Chinese) Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850
  •   Geographic data related to Zhejiang at OpenStreetMap

January 07, 2023
zhejiang, former, chekiang, province, republic, china, chekiang, province, republic, china, river, historically, known, qiantang, river, confused, with, jiangzhe, ɜː, ɑː, 浙江, also, romanized, chekiang, eastern, coastal, province, people, republic, china, capit. For the former Chekiang province of the Republic of China see Chekiang Province Republic of China For the river historically known as Zhejiang see Qiantang River Not to be confused with Jiangzhe Zhejiang UK ˌ dʒ ɜː dʒ iː ˈ ae ŋ 4 or dʒ ɛ ˈ dʒ ae ŋ 5 US ˈ dʒ ʌ ˈ dʒ j ɑː ŋ 6 浙江 also romanized as Chekiang is an eastern coastal province of the People s Republic of China Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north Anhui to the northwest Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south To the east is the East China Sea beyond which lies the Ryukyu Islands The population of Zhejiang stands at 64 6 million the 8th highest among China It has been called the backbone of China due to being a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable persons including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma Zhejiang consists of 90 counties incl county level cities and districts 7 Zhejiang 浙江ChekiangProvinceName transcription s Chinese浙江省 Zhejiang Sheng AbbreviationZJ 浙 pinyin Zhe WuTsehkaon SanViews of Yandang MountainsMap showing the location of Zhejiang ProvinceCoordinates 29 12 N 120 30 E 29 2 N 120 5 E 29 2 120 5 Coordinates 29 12 N 120 30 E 29 2 N 120 5 E 29 2 120 5CountryChinaAnnexation by the Qin dynasty222 BCJiangnandong Circuit626Liangzhe Circuit997Zhejiang Province formed1368Republican Period1912 01 01Division of territory1949 12 07Conquest of Yijiangshan1955 01 20Named forOld name of Qiantang RiverCapital and largest city HangzhouDivisions11 prefectures 90 counties 1570 townshipsGovernment TypeProvince BodyZhejiang Provincial People s Congress CCP SecretaryYi Lianhong Congress directorYuan Jiajun GovernorWang Hao CPPCC chairmanHuang LixinArea Total101 800 km2 39 300 sq mi Rank26thHighest elevation Huangmaojian 1 929 m 6 329 ft Population 2020 1 Total64 567 588 Rank8th Density630 km2 1 600 sq mi Rank8thDemographics Ethnic compositionHan 99 2 She 0 4 Languages and dialectsWu Huizhou Jianghuai Mandarin Southern Min in Cangnan County and Pingyang County ISO 3166 codeCN ZJGDP 2021 CNY 7 35 trillion USD 1 14 trillion 2 per capitaCNY 113 834 USD 17 649 5th growth8 5 HDI 2019 0 795 3 high 5thWebsitewww wbr zj wbr gov wbr cnZhejiang Zhejiang in Chinese charactersChinese浙江WuTseh kaonWu Chinese t seʔ kɑ PostalChekiangLiteral meaning Zhe River TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhejiangBopomofoㄓㄜˋ ㄐㄧㄤGwoyeu RomatzyhJehjiangWade GilesChe4 chiang1IPA ʈʂɤ tɕja ŋ listen WuRomanizationTseh kaonWu Chinese t seʔ kɑ HakkaRomanizationTset kongYue CantoneseYale RomanizationJit gōngJyutpingZit3 gong1IPA tsi ːt kɔ ːŋ Southern MinHokkien POJChiat kangTai loTsiat kangEastern MinFuzhou BUCCiek gŏngThe area of Zhejiang was controlled by the Kingdom of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period The Qin Empire later annexed it in 222 BC Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it Zhejiang s ports became important centers of international trade It was occupied by the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino Japanese war and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China After Japan s defeat Zhejiang s economy became stagnant under Mao Zedong s policies 8 Nevertheless after China s economic reform Zhejiang has grown to be considered one of China s wealthiest provinces ranking fourth in GDP nationally and fifth by GDP per capita with a nominal GDP of US 1 01 trillion as of 2020 9 ranking between the Netherlands and Indonesia with a GDP of US 913 billion and US 1 06 trillion respectively the 16th and 17th largest in the world respectively 10 Zhejiang s economy is based on electromechanical industries textiles chemical industries food and construction materials Zhejiang consists mostly of hills which account for about 70 of its total area with higher altitudes towards the south and the west Zhejiang also has a longer coastline than any other mainland province of China The Qiantang River runs through the province from which it derives its name Included in the province are three thousand islands the most in China The capital Hangzhou marks the end of the Grand Canal and lies on Hangzhou Bay on the north of Zhejiang which separates Shanghai and Ningbo The bay contains many small islands collectively called the Zhoushan Islands Hangzhou is a historically important city of China and is considered a World City with a Beta classification according to GaWC 11 It includes the notable West Lake Various varieties of Chinese are spoken in Zhejiang the most prominent being Wu Chinese Zhejiang is also one of China s leading provinces in research and education As of 2022 two major cities in Zhejiang ranked in the world s top 200 cities Hangzhou 19th and Ningbo 170th by scientific research output as tracked by Nature Index 12 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Prehistory 2 2 Ancient history 2 3 Han and the Three Kingdoms 2 4 Six Dynasties 2 5 Sui and Tang eras 2 6 Wuyue era 2 7 Song era 2 8 Yuan and Ming eras 2 9 Qing era 2 10 Republican era 2 11 People s Republic era 3 Geography 4 Administrative divisions 4 1 Urban areas 5 Politics 6 Economy 6 1 Economic and Technological Development Zones 6 2 Economic and technological development concerns 6 2 1 Waste disposal 7 Demographics 8 Religion 9 Media 10 Culture 10 1 Languages 10 2 Music 10 3 Cuisine 10 4 Place names 11 Tourism 12 Sports 13 Education and research 13 1 Colleges and universities 14 Notable people 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17 1 Citations 17 2 Sources 18 External linksEtymology EditThe province s name derives from the Zhe River 浙江 Zhe Jiang the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay It is usually understood as meaning Crooked or Bent River from the meaning of Chinese 折 13 but is more likely a phono semantic compound formed from adding 氵 the water radical used for river names to phonetic 折 Pinyin zhe but reconstructed Old Chinese tet 14 preserving a proto Wu name of the local Yue similar to Yuhang Kuaiji and Jiang citation needed History EditPrehistory Edit Kuahuqiao culture was an early Neolithic culture that flourished in the Hangzhou area in 6 000 5 000 BC 15 16 Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu starting in 5500 BC and Liangzhu starting in 3400 BC 17 Ancient history Edit The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of Shang civilization during the second millennium BC Instead this area was populated by peoples collectively known as Dongyue The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn period According to the chronicles the kingdom of Yue was in Northern Zhejiang Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Xia founder Yu the Great The Song of the Yue Boatman Chinese 越人歌 pinyin Yueren Ge lit Song of the man of Yue was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in North China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China The Sword of Goujian bears bird worm seal script Yuenu Chinese 越女 pinyin Yuenǚ Wade Giles Yueh nu lit the Lady of Yue was a swordswoman from the state of Yue To check the growth of the kingdom of Wu Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue Under King Goujian Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present day Suzhou With no southern power to turn against Yue Chu opposed it directly and in 333 BC succeeded in destroying it Yue s former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu Han and the Three Kingdoms Edit Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu s rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han Under the Later Han control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era 220 280 CE Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye present day Nanjing and they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan South Vietnam Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms Wu 229 280 commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms 220 280 CE The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best equipped strong navy force The story depicts how the states of Wei 魏 and Shu 蜀 lack of material resources avoided direct confrontation with the Wu In armed military conflicts with Wu the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu s military resources including arrows and bows Six Dynasties Edit Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing then known as Jiankang the settlement of Qiantang the former name of Hangzhou remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu In 589 Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty 266 420 most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north Some may have lost social privilege and took refuge in areas south of the Yangtze River Some of the Chinese refugees from North China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou For example the clan of Zhuge Liang 181 234 a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou forming an exclusive closed village Zhuge Village Zhege Cun consisting of villagers all with family name Zhuge The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day and only recently came to be known in public It suggests that a small number of powerful elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refuge south of the Yangtze River However considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in South China beyond Zhejiang where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available mainly Southern Jiangsu Eastern Fujian Jiangxi Hunan Anhui and provinces where less cohesive organized regional governments had been in place Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and North China Some refugees from North China might have found residence in South China depending on their social status and military power in the north The rump Jin state or the Southern dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River Sui and Tang eras Edit Zhejiang as the heartland of the Jiangnan Yangtze River Delta remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties 220 or 222 589 Sui and Tang After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty s ambitions to expand north and south particularly into Korea and Vietnam The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang through its metropolitan center Hangzhou and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay and from Suzhou and thence to the North China Plain The debacle of the Korean war led to Sui s overthrow by the Tang who then presided over a centuries long golden age for the country Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire s Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous Throughout the Tang dynasty The Grand Canal had remained effective transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire As the Tang dynasty disintegrated Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue Wuyue era Edit Portrait of Qian Liu the King of Wuyue After the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907 the entire area of what is now Zhejiang fell under the control of the kingdom Wuyue established by King Qian Liu who selected Hangzhou a city in the modern day area of Zhejiang as his kingdom s capital Despite being under Wuyue rule for a relatively short period of time Zhejiang underwent a long period of financial and cultural prosperity which continued even after the kingdom fell After Wuyue was conquered during the reunification of China many shrines were erected across the former territories of Wuyue mainly in Zhejiang where the kings of Wuyue were memorialised and sometimes worshipped as being able to dictate weather and agriculture Many of these shrines known as Shrine of the Qian King or Temple to the Qian King still remain today with the most popularly visited example being that near West Lake in Hangzhou China s province of Zhejiang during the 940s was also the place of origin of the Hu family Hồ in Vietnamese from which the founder of the Hồ Dynasty who ruled Vietnam Emperor Hồ Quy Ly came from 18 19 Song era Edit Song dynasty era 1223 city gate in Shaoxing The Song dynasty re established unity around 960 Under the Song the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident Hangzhou became the capital of the Song dynasty under the name Lin an which was renowned for its prosperity and beauty it was suspected to have been the largest city in the world at the time 20 From then on northern Zhejiang and neighboring southern Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou s political clout but its economy continued to prosper The famous traveler Marco Polo visited the city which he called Kinsay after the Chinese Jingshi meaning Capital City claiming it was the finest and noblest city in the world 21 Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd century Jin dynasty but it returned to prominence particularly in Longquan during the Southern Song and Yuan Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish green tint over an otherwise undecorated light grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner greener glaze on larger vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia the Middle East and during the Ming Europe By the Ming however production was notably deficient in quality It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi 22 Yuan and Ming eras Edit This tripod planter from the Ming dynasty was found in Zhejiang province It is housed in the Smithsonian in Washington D C Zhejiang was finally conquered by the Mongols in the late 13th century who later established the short lived Yuan dynasty Zhejiang became part of the much larger Jiangzhe Province The Ming dynasty which drove out the Mongols in 1368 finally established the present day province of Zhejiang with its borders having little changes since this establishment As in other coastal provinces number of fortresses were constructed along the Zhejiang coast during the early Ming to defend the land against pirate incursions Some of them have been preserved or restored such as Pucheng in the south of the province Cangnan County Qing era Edit Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it Zhejiang s ports were important centers of international trade A restored Qing era 1891 bridge on a coastal road In 1727 the to min or idle people of Cheh Kiang province a Ningpo name still existing the yoh hu or music people of Shanxi province the si min or small people of Kiang Su Jiangsu province and the Tanka people or egg people of Canton to this day the boat population there were all freed from their social disabilities and allowed to count as free men 23 Cheh Kiang is another romanization for Zhejiang The Duomin Chinese 惰民 pinyin duo min Wade Giles to min are a caste of outcasts in this province During the First Opium War the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1843 Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the north western and central parts of the province sparing the rest of Zhejiang from the disastrous depopulation that occurred In 1876 Wenzhou became Zhejiang s second treaty port Jianghuai Mandarin speakers later came to settle in these depopulated regions of northern Zhejiang Republican era Edit See also Chekiang Province Republic of China During the Second Sino Japanese War which led into World War II much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China Following the Doolittle Raid most of the B 25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers The Chinese people who helped them however paid dearly for sheltering the Americans The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen Imperial Japanese forces killed an estimated 250 000 Chinese civilians from the area of Hangzhou to Nanchang and also Zhuzhou while searching for Doolittle s men 24 People s Republic era Edit After the People s Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949 the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955 even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there During the Cultural Revolution 1966 76 Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity and its economy was stagnant especially during the high tide 1966 69 of the revolution The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province Mao s self reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang where transportation remained poor 8 Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea and an economic base at the national average Zhejiang however has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises 8 Northeast Zhejiang as part of the Yangtze Delta is flat more developed and industrial 8 Geography EditThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Zhejiang in 1936 View of the West Lake in Hangzhou West Lake at night Zhejiang consists mostly of hills which account for about 70 of its total area 25 Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province Huangmaojian Peak 1 929 meters or 6 329 feet is located there Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang Tianmu Tiantai and Mogan which reach altitudes of 700 to 1 500 meters 2 300 to 4 900 ft Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou Jiaxing and Huzhou where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography Well known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang The largest Zhoushan Island is Mainland China s third largest island after Hainan and Chongming There are also many bays of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather Summer from June to September is long hot rainy and humid Fall is generally dry warm and sunny Winters are short but cold except in the far south Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 C 59 to 66 F average January temperature is around 2 to 8 C 36 to 46 F and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 C 81 to 86 F Annual precipitation is about 1 000 to 1 900 mm 39 to 75 in There is plenty of rainfall in early summer and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific Administrative divisions EditMain articles List of administrative divisions of Zhejiang and List of township level divisions of Zhejiang Zhejiang is divided into eleven prefecture level divisions all prefecture level cities including two sub provincial cities Administrative divisions of Zhejiang Hangzhou Ningbo Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Taizhou LishuiDivision code 26 Division Area in km2 27 Population 2020 28 Seat Divisions 29 Districts Counties Aut counties CL cities330000 Zhejiang Province 101800 00 64 567 588 Hangzhou city 37 32 1 20330100 Hangzhou city 16840 75 11 936 010 Shangcheng District 10 2 1330200 Ningbo city 9816 23 9 404 283 Yinzhou District 6 2 2330300 Wenzhou city 12255 77 9 572 903 Lucheng District 4 5 3330400 Jiaxing city 4008 75 5 400 868 Nanhu District 2 2 3330500 Huzhou city 5818 44 3 367 579 Wuxing District 2 3330600 Shaoxing city 8279 08 5 270 977 Yuecheng District 3 1 2330700 Jinhua city 10926 16 7 050 683 Wucheng District 2 3 4330800 Quzhou city 8841 12 2 276 184 Kecheng District 2 3 1330900 Zhoushan city 1378 00 1 157 817 Dinghai District 2 2331000 Taizhou city 10 083 39 6 622 888 Jiaojiang District 3 3 3331100 Lishui city 17298 00 2 507 396 Liandu District 1 6 1 1 Sub provincial citiesAdministrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizationsEnglish Chinese Pinyin Wu RomanizationZhejiang Province 浙江省 Zhejiang Sheng tseh koan sanHangzhou city 杭州市 Hangzhōu Shi ghaon tseu zyNingbo city 宁波市 Ningbō Shi nyin bo zyWenzhou city 温州市 Wenzhōu Shi uen tseu zyJiaxing city 嘉兴市 Jiaxing Shi ka shin zyHuzhou city 湖州市 Huzhōu Shi ghou tseu zyShaoxing city 绍兴市 Shaoxing Shi zau shin zyJinhua city 金华市 Jinhua Shi cin gho zyQuzhou city 衢州市 Quzhōu Shi jiu tseu zyZhoushan city 舟山市 Zhōushan Shi tseu se zyTaizhou city 台州市 Taizhōu Shi de tseu zyLishui city 丽水市 Lishuǐ Shi li syu zyThe eleven prefecture level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county level divisions 36 districts 20 county level cities 33 counties and one autonomous county Those are in turn divided into 1 570 township level divisions 761 towns 505 townships 14 ethnic townships and 290 subdistricts Hengdian belongs to Jinhua which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China Hengdian World Studios is called China s Hollywood At the year end of 2017 the total population is 56 57 million 30 Urban areas Edit Population by urban areas of prefecture amp county cities City Urban area 31 District area 31 City proper 31 Census date1 Hangzhou a 5 162 093 6 241 971 8 700 373 2010 11 01 1 Hangzhou new districts a 838 452 1 284 359 see Hangzhou 2010 11 012 Wenzhou b 2 686 825 3 039 439 9 122 102 2010 11 01 2 Wenzhou new district b 39 193 87 683 see Wenzhou 2010 11 013 Ningbo c 2 583 073 3 491 597 7 605 689 2010 11 01 3 Ningbo new district c 239 992 491 697 see Ningbo 2010 11 014 Taizhou 1 189 276 1 902 510 5 968 838 2010 11 015 Cixi 1 059 942 1 462 383 see Ningbo 2010 11 016 Rui an 927 383 1 424 667 see Wenzhou 2010 11 017 Yiwu 878 903 1 234 015 see Jinhua 2010 11 018 Jiaxing 762 643 1 201 882 4 501 657 2010 11 019 Wenling 749 013 1 366 794 see Taizhou 2010 11 0110 Huzhou 748 471 1 293 219 2 893 542 2010 11 0111 Yueqing 725 972 1 389 332 see Wenzhou 2010 11 0112 Jinhua 710 597 1 077 245 5 361 572 2010 11 0113 Yuyao 672 909 1 010 659 see Ningbo 2010 11 0114 Shaoxing d 643 199 883 836 4 912 239 2010 11 01 14 Shaoxing new districts d 1 297 652 2 188 785 see Shaoxing 2010 11 0115 Zhuji 606 683 1 157 938 see Shaoxing 2010 11 0116 Zhoushan 542 190 842 989 1 121 261 2010 11 0117 Linhai 503 377 1 028 813 see Taizhou 2010 11 0118 Dongyang 455 912 804 398 see Jinhua 2010 11 0119 Quzhou 422 688 805 963 2 122 661 2010 11 0120 Tongxiang 400 417 815 848 see Jiaxing 2010 11 0121 Haining 397 690 806 966 see Jiaxing 2010 11 0122 Yongkang 376 246 723 490 see Jinhua 2010 11 01 23 Yuhuan e 362 135 616 346 see Taizhou 2010 11 0124 Pinghu 346 892 671 834 see Jiaxing 2010 11 0125 Shengzhou 345 674 679 762 see Shaoxing 2010 11 0126 Lishui 293 968 451 418 2 116 957 2010 11 0127 Lanxi 208 272 560 514 see Jinhua 2010 11 0128 Jiangshan 200 341 467 862 see Quzhou 2010 11 0129 Jiande 183 518 430 750 see Hangzhou 2010 11 0130 Longquan 117 239 234 626 see Lishui 2010 11 01 a b New districts established after census Fuyang Fuyang CLC Lin an Lin an CLC These new districts not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Dongtou Dongtou County The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Fenghua Fenghua CLC The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New districts established after census Keqiao Shaoxing County Shangyu Shangyu CLC These new districts not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city Yuhuan County is currently known as Yuhuan CLC after census Most populous cities in Zhejiang Source China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population 32 Rank Pop Rank Pop Hangzhou Ningbo 1 Hangzhou 6 504 900 11 Yueqing 534 700 Wenzhou Shaoxing2 Ningbo 3 685 100 12 Cixi 530 3003 Wenzhou 2 216 500 13 Yuyao 458 5004 Shaoxing 1 512 600 14 Zhuji 438 2005 Taizhou 1 050 600 15 Dongyang 421 7006 Huzhou 951 000 16 Lishui 372 0007 Yiwu 934 300 17 Tongxiang 363 4008 Jinhua 817 300 18 Quzhou 356 7009 Jiaxing 797 000 19 Pinghu 349 50010 Zhoushan 612 400 20 Linhai 317 900Politics EditMain articles Politics of Zhejiang and List of current Chinese provincial leaders The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest ranking official in the People s Government of Zhejiang However in the province s dual party government governing system the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Chinese Communist Party CCP Provincial Committee Secretary colloquially termed the Zhejiang CCP Party Chief Several political figures who served as Zhejiang s top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history Tan Zhenlin term 1949 1952 the inaugural Party Secretary was one of the leading voices against Mao s Cultural Revolution during the so called February Countercurrent of 1967 Jiang Hua term 1956 1968 was the chief justice on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980 Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping term 2002 2007 National People s Congress Chairman and former Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang term 1998 2002 and Zhao Hongzhu term 2007 2012 the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection China s top anti corruption body Of Zhejiang s fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949 none were native to the province Zhejiang was home to Chiang Kai shek and many high ranking officials in the Kuomintang who fled to Taiwan in 1949 after losing the Civil War Economy Edit Zhejiang products treemap 2020 harvesting tea leaves Zhejiang province May 1987 Yu ao a fishing village on Dayu Bay in South Zhejiang Cangnan County Zhejiang is one of the richest and most developed provinces in China As of 2020 Zhejiang s nominal GDP was US 1 01 trillion 9 ranking between the Netherlands and Indonesia with a GDP of US 913 billion and US 1 06 trillion respectively the 16th and 17th largest in the world respectively 10 As of 2018 its nominal GDP was US 849 billion CN 5 62 trilion about 6 24 of the country s GDP and ranked 4th among province level administrative units the province s primary secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN 196 70 billion US 29 72 billion CN 2 3506 trillion US 355 22 billion and CN 3 0724 trillion US 464 29 billion respectively Its nominal GDP per capita was US 14 907 CN 98 643 and ranked the 5th in the country The private sector in the province has been playing an increasingly important role in boosting the regional economy since Economic Reform in 1978 33 Zhejiang s main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries textiles chemical industries food and construction materials In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model dubbed the Zhejiang model which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market large public investments into infrastructure and the production of low cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export As a result Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces and the Zhejiang spirit has become something of a legend within China However some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities and also a dead end in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries 34 The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang centered on Hangzhou southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou 8 The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 55 574 yuan US 8 398 in 2018 an annual real growth of 8 4 The per capita disposable income of rural residents stood at 27 302 yuan US 4 126 a real growth of 9 4 35 Historical GDP of Zhejiang Province for 1978 present SNA2008 33 purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan as Int l dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 36 year GDP GDP per capita GDPpc based on mid year population Reference indexGDP in millions realgrowth GDPpc exchange rate1 foreign currency to CNYCNY USD PPP Int l CNY USD PPP Int l USD 1 Int l 1 PPP 2018 5 619 715 849 233 1 597 709 7 1 98 643 14 907 28 046 6 6174 3 58882017 5 176 826 766 732 1 442 495 7 8 92 057 13 634 25 651 6 7518 3 58882016 4 725 136 711 370 1 349 692 7 6 84 916 12 784 24 255 6 6423 3 50092015 4 288 649 688 564 1 208 240 8 0 77 644 12 466 21 875 6 2284 3 54952014 4 017 303 653 986 1 131 507 7 6 73 002 11 884 20 562 6 1428 3 55042013 3 775 658 609 646 1 055 567 8 2 68 805 11 110 19 236 6 1932 3 57692012 3 473 913 550 323 978 347 8 0 63 508 10 061 17 886 6 3125 3 55082011 3 236 338 501 074 923 217 9 0 59 331 9 186 16 925 6 4588 3 50552010 2 774 765 409 892 838 146 11 9 51 758 7 646 15 634 6 7695 3 31062005 1 341 768 163 796 469 314 12 8 27 062 3 304 9 466 8 1917 2 85902000 614 103 74 181 225 831 11 0 13 415 1 620 4 933 8 2784 2 71931995 355 755 42 600 130 342 16 8 8 149 976 2 986 8 3510 2 72941990 90 469 18 914 53 136 3 9 2 138 447 1 256 4 7832 1 70261985 42 916 14 614 30 617 21 7 1 067 363 761 2 9366 1 40171980 17 992 12 007 12 031 16 4 471 314 315 1 4984 1 49551978 12 372 7 349 21 9 331 197 1 6836Traditionally the province is known as the Land of Fish and Rice True to its name rice is the main crop followed by wheat north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country The main cash crops include jute and cotton and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou Zhejiang s towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk for which it is ranked second among the provinces Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside As of 1832 the province was exporting silk paper fans pencils wine dates tea and golden flowered hams 37 See also Pearl farming in China Ningbo Wenzhou Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world Economic and Technological Development Zones Edit This section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available October 2013 This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Huzhou Economic Development Zone Dinghai Industrial Park Hangzhou Economic amp Technological Developing Area Hangzhou New amp Hi Tech Industrial Development Zone Hangzhou Export Processing Zone Hangzhou Zhijiang National Tourist Holiday Resort Jiaxing Export Processing Zone Ningbo Economic and Technical Development Zone Ningbo Daxie Island Development Zone Ningbo Free Trade Zone Ningbo Export Processing Zone Quzhou Industrial Park Shenjia Economic and Technological Development Zone Wenzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Xiaoshan Economic and Technological Development Zone Zhejiang Quzhou Hi Tech Park Zhejiang Zhoushan Economic Development Zone Zhejiang Donggang Economic Development ZoneEconomic and technological development concerns Edit Waste disposal Edit On Thursday September 15 2011 more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large scale death of fish in a nearby river Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound overturned eight company vehicles and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles officials said Chen Hongming a deputy head of Haining s environmental protection bureau said the factory s waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April The environmental watchdog had warned the factory but it had not effectively controlled the pollution Chen added 38 Demographics Edit She ethnic county townships and towns in Zhejiang Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese There are also 400 000 members of ethnic minorities including approximately 200 000 She people and approximately 20 000 Hui Chinese 39 Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China 40 Historical populationYearPop 1912 41 21 440 000 1928 42 20 643 000 3 7 1936 37 43 21 231 000 2 8 1947 44 19 959 000 6 0 1954 45 22 865 747 14 6 1964 46 28 318 573 23 8 YearPop 1982 47 38 884 603 37 3 1990 48 41 445 930 6 6 2000 49 45 930 651 10 8 2010 50 54 426 891 18 5 2020 51 64 567 588 18 6 Religion EditReligion in Zhejiang 52 note 1 Not religious Chinese folk religion Buddhism Taoism Confucianism folk sects note 2 74 36 Chinese ancestral religion 23 02 Christianity 2 62 The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009 23 02 of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration while 2 62 of the population identifies as Christian decreasing from 3 92 in 2004 52 The reports didn t give figures for other types of religion 74 36 of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities Buddhism Confucianism Taoism folk religious sects As of the mid 2010s Zhejiang has 34 880 registered folk religious temples greater than 20 sqm and 10 000 registered places of worship of the five doctrines Buddhism Taoism Catholicism Protestantism Islam 53 54 55 35 In mid 2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as civil religion beginning the formal registration of the province s folk religious temples under the aegis of the provincial Bureau of Folk Faith 56 Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1 800 years ago 57 Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago 57 Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants especially notable in the city of Wenzhou 58 In 1999 Zhejiang s Protestant population comprised 2 8 of the provincial population a small percentage but higher than the national average 59 The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact policies to rationalise them 60 in 2014 variously named Three Remodelings and One Demolition operations or Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities according to the locality 61 These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples or the removal of crosses from churches roofs and spires 62 An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church 63 Despite English language media focused on Christian churches only 2 3 of the buildings affected by the regulations were Christian churches most of them were folk religious temples 55 36 Islam arrived 1 400 years ago in Zhejiang Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang 57 In 2020 there are 117 000 Muslims in Zhejiang 64 Another religion present in the province is She shamanism practiced by She ethnic minority Temple of All Heaven 都天廟Dōutianmiao in Longgang Cangnan Wenzhou Temple of the Chenghuangshen City God of Hangzhou by night in Wushan Xihu Temple of Bao Gong in Ouhai Wenzhou Buddha altar in the Puji Temple of Mount Putuo Jusheng Temple in Wuma Lucheng Wenzhou Temple of the King of Heaven of the Little Putuo Buddhist Monastery in Yinzhou Ningbo Temple of Yue Fei in Hangzhou Church in Aojiang Pingyang Wenzhou Catholic Cathedral of Hangzhou HangzhouMedia EditThe Zhejiang Radio amp Television Hangzhou Radio amp Television Group Ningbo Radio amp Television Group are the local broadcasters in Zhejiang Province Culture EditMain article Wuyue culture See also Major national historical and cultural sites Zhejiang This section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message A boat on one of Shaoxing s waterways near the city center North Zhejiang known as the Land of Fish and Rice is characterized by its canals and waterways Languages Edit Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures Linguistically speaking Zhejiang is extremely diverse Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak varieties of Wu but those Wu dialects are very diverse especially in the south where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well mostly along the borders Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian See Hangzhou dialect Shaoxing dialect Ningbo dialect Wenzhou dialect Taizhou dialect Jinhua dialect and Quzhou dialect for more information Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication The dialects spoken in Hangzhou Shaoxing and Ningbo have taken on this role historically Since the founding of the People s Republic of China in 1949 Mandarin which is not mutually intelligible with any of the Wu dialects has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China As a result most of the population now can to some degree speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code switch when necessary A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak some Mandarin Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people Nevertheless a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents Music Edit Zhejiang is the home of Yue opera one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only in both male and female roles Other important opera traditions include Yongju of Ningbo Shao opera of Shaoxing Ouju of Wenzhou Wuju of Jinhua Taizhou Luantan of Taizhou and Zhuji Luantan of Zhuji Cuisine Edit Fish being dried dockside in Pacao Harbor Cangnan County Longjing tea also called dragon well tea originating in Hangzhou is one of the most prestigious if not the most prestigious Chinese tea Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans Zhejiang cuisine itself subdivided into many traditions including Hangzhou cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine Place names Edit Since ancient times north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence citation needed and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names Hangzhou Jiaxing etc into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess a practice followed by many noted poets In particular the fame of Hangzhou as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province has led to the popular saying Above there is heaven below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou 上有天堂 下有苏杭 a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities Tourism Edit The Hall of Five Hundred Arhats at Guoqing Temple Tourist destinations in Zhejiang include Baoguo Temple one of the oldest intact wooden structures in Southern China 15 kilometers 9 3 mi north of Ningbo Mount Putuo one of the most noted Buddhist mountains in China Chinese Buddhists associate it with Guan Yin Qita Temple Ningbo Shaoxing site of the Tomb of Yu the Great Wuzhen and other waterway towns The ancient capital of Hangzhou Mount Tiantai a mountain important to Zen Buddhism West Lake in Hangzhou Yandangshan a mountainous scenic area near Wenzhou Qiandao Lake lit Thousand island lake Guoqing Temple founded in the Sui dynasty the founding location of Tiantai Buddhism Mount Mogan a scenic mountain an hour from Hangzhou with many pre World War II villas built by foreigners along with one of Chiang Kai shek s Kuomintang compounds Zhejiang Museum of Natural History in Hangzhou Sports EditProfessional sports teams based in Zhejiang include Chinese Basketball Association Zhejiang Golden Bulls Bayi Rockets in Ningbo Chinese Super League Zhejiang Professional F C Education and research EditZhejiang is one of China s leading provinces in research and education As of 2022 two major cities in Zhejiang ranked in the world s top 200 cities Hangzhou 19th and Ningbo 170th by scientific research output as tracked by Nature Index 65 Colleges and universities Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang Zhejiang University 浙江大学 Hangzhou Zhejiang Sci Tech University 浙江理工大学 Hangzhou China Academy of Art 中国美术学院 Hangzhou Hangzhou Dianzi University 杭州电子科技大学 Hangzhou China Jiliang University 中国计量大学 Hangzhou Hangzhou Normal University 杭州师范大学 Hangzhou Ningbo University 宁波大学 Ningbo University of Nottingham Ningbo China 诺丁汉大学宁波校区 Ningbo Zhejiang A amp F University 浙江农林大学 Hangzhou Zhejiang University of Technology 浙江工业大学 Hangzhou Zhejiang Medical University Zhejiang Normal University 浙江师范大学 Jinhua Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics 浙江财经大学 Hangzhou Zhejiang Gongshang University 浙江工商大学 Hangzhou Shaoxing University 绍兴文理学院 Shaoxing Wenzhou Medical University 温州医科大学 Wenzhou Wenzhou Teachers College Wenzhou Kean University Shaoxing College of Arts and Science Zhejiang Institute of Education Hangzhou Institute of Electronic Engineering Hangzhou University of Commerce Hangzhou Institute of Financial ManagersNotable people EditMain category People from Zhejiang Wang Yangming Ming dynasty philosopher Su Shi Poet and writer from the Song era also known as a government official who contributed to the maintenance of West Lake See also EditList of railway stations in ZhejiangNotes Edit The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey CGSS of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey CSLS of 2007 reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang 2015 52 in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures Christian churches and the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage i e people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage churches and ancestral shrines Data for other religions with a significant presence in China deity cults Buddhism Taoism folk religious sects Islam et al was not reported by Wang May also include a tiny number of Muslims References EditCitations Edit Communique of the Seventh National Population Census No 3 National Bureau of Statistics of China 11 May 2021 Retrieved 11 May 2021 2021年浙江经济高质量发展再上新台阶 共同富裕示范区建设扎实开局 Sub national HDI Subnational HDI Global Data Lab globaldatalab org Retrieved 31 December 2021 Longman J C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3 ed Pearson Education ESL ISBN 978 1405881173 Zhejiang Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 19 May 2021 Zhejiang Merriam Webster Dictionary 区划人口 www zj gov cn Archived from the original on 20 April 2021 Retrieved 13 February 2021 a b c d e Wei Yehua Dennis Ye Xinyue 16 February 2004 Regional Inequality in China A Case Study of Zhejiang Province Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 95 44 60 doi 10 1111 j 0040 747X 2004 00292 x Retrieved 10 September 2013 dead link a b Zhejiang Province demonstrates the pursuit of common prosperity www bjreview com Retrieved 15 September 2022 a b GDP current US Netherlands Indonesia Data data worldbank org Retrieved 8 August 2022 GaWC The World According to GaWC 2018 www lboro ac uk Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 Retrieved 12 June 2019 Leading 200 science cities Nature Index 2022 Science Cities Supplements Nature Index www nature com Retrieved 30 November 2022 People s Daily Online Origin of the Names of China s Provinces Archived 27 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Chinese Baxter William amp al Baxter Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction Accessed 20 May 2012 Leping Jiang amp Li Liu The discovery of an 8000 year old dugout canoe at Kuahuqiao in the Lower Yangzi River China Archived 27 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine antiquity ac uk Yang Xiaoyan Zheng Yunfei Crawford Gary W Chen Xugao 2014 Archaeological Evidence for Peach Prunus persica Cultivation and Domestication in China PLOS ONE 9 9 e106595 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 9j6595Z doi 10 1371 journal pone 0106595 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4156326 PMID 25192436 Hays Jeffrey HEMUDU LIANGZHU AND MAJIABANG CHINA S LOWER YANGTZE NEOLITHIC CULTURES Facts and Details factsanddetails com Archived from the original on 28 November 2018 Retrieved 28 November 2018 K W Taylor 9 May 2013 A History of the Vietnamese Cambridge University Press pp 166 ISBN 978 0 521 87586 8 Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 Retrieved 29 October 2016 Kenneth R Hall 2008 Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm C 1400 1800 Lexington Books pp 161 ISBN 978 0 7391 2835 0 Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 Retrieved 29 October 2016 Largest Cities Through History Geography about com 19 July 2013 Archived from the original on 27 May 2005 Retrieved 10 September 2013 Internet History Sourcebooks Project sourcebooks fordham edu Archived from the original on 13 April 2019 Retrieved 13 April 2019 Vainker Shelaugh Chinese Pottery and Porcelain London British Museum Press 1991 Edward Harper Parker 1903 China past and present London Chapman and Hall ld p 404 Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 Retrieved 28 February 2012 the lot of both Manchu and Chinese bondsmen In 1727 the to min or idle people of Cheh Kiang province a Ningpo name still existing the yoh hu or music people of Shan Si province the si min or small people of Kiang Su province and the tan ka or egg people of Canton to this day the boat population there were all freed from their social disabilities and allowed to count as free men So far as my own observations go after residing for a quarter of a century in half the provinces of China north south east and west I should be inclined to describe slavery in China as totally invisible to the naked eye personal liberty is absolute where feebleness or ignorance do not expose the subject to the rapacity of mandarins relatives or speculators Even savages and foreigners are welcomed as equals so long as they conform unreservedly to Chinese custom On the other hand the oldfashioned social disabilities of policemen barbers and playactors still exist in the eyes of the law though any idea of caste is totally absent therefrom and unofficially these individuals are as good as any other free men Having now taken a cursory view of Chinese slavery from its historical aspect let us see what it is in practice Though the penal code forbids and annuls the sale into slavery of free persons even by a husband father or grandfather yet the number of free persons who are sold or sell themselves to escape starvation and misery is considerable It is nominally a punishable offence to keep a free man or lost child as a slave also for parents to sell their children without the consent of the latter or to drown their girls but in practice the law is in both cases ignored and scarcely ever enforced a fortiori the minor offence of selling children even with their consent Indeed sales of girls for secondary wives is of daily occurrence and as we have seen the Emperors Yung cheng and K ien lung explicitly recognized the right of parents to sell children in times of famine whilst the missionaries unanimously bear witness to the fact that the public sale of children in the streets for instance of Tientsin was frequently witnessed during recent times of dearth But slave markets and public sales are unknown in a general way Occasionally old parents sell their children in order to purchase coffins for themselves Only a few years ago a governor and a censor PBS Perilous Flight Pbs org Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 Retrieved 10 September 2013 The physical geography of Zhejiang www chinadaily com cn Retrieved 24 January 2020 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 in Simplified Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 11 December 2015 Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics 深圳统计年鉴2014 in Simplified Chinese China Statistics Print Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2015 Census Office of the State Council of the People s Republic of China Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People s Republic of China 2012 中国2010人口普查分乡 镇 街道资料 1 ed Beijing China Statistics Print ISBN 978 7 5037 6660 2 Ministry of Civil Affairs August 2014 中国民政统计年鉴2014 in Simplified Chinese China Statistics Print ISBN 978 7 5037 7130 9 中国统计年鉴 2018 National Bureau of Statistics of the People s Republic of China Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 Retrieved 28 January 2019 a b c 中国2010年人口普查分县资料 Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 Department of Population Census of the State Council 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics National Bureau of Statistics Beijing China Statistics Print 2012 ISBN 978 7 5037 6659 6 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development of the People s Republic of China MOHURD 2019 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 in Chinese Beijing China Statistic Publishing House Archived from the original on 18 July 2020 Retrieved 30 November 2021 a b Historical GDP of Zhejiang Province published on Zhejiang Statistical Yearbook 2017 Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine China Economy China Perspective Thechinaperspective com 6 September 2013 Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 Retrieved 10 September 2013 2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 Stats gov cn Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 Retrieved 10 September 2013 Purchasing power parity PPP for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO October 2017 Archived 14 February 2006 at Archive It data Exchange rate of CN to US is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange published on China Statistical Yearbook Archived 20 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Roberts Edmund 1837 Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin China Siam and Muscat New York Harper amp Brothers p 122 Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 Retrieved 16 October 2013 Protest over factory pollution in E China enters third day China Daily Xinhua 18 September 2011 Archived from the original on 19 September 2011 Retrieved 19 September 2011 Hangzhou Hundreds of villagers in East China s Zhejiang Province protested for the third day on Saturday at a solar panel manufacturer whose parent is a New York listed firm over concerns of its harmful wastes Country Profile Zhejiang Province 11 February 2007 Archived from the original on 12 July 2018 Retrieved 12 July 2018 via en people cn China council for the promotion of international trade ccpit ZheJiang sub council Ccpitzj gov cn Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 Retrieved 10 September 2013 1912年中国人口 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 6 March 2014 1928年中国人口 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 6 March 2014 1936 37年中国人口 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 6 March 2014 1947年全国人口 Archived from the original on 13 September 2013 Retrieved 6 March 2014 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 National Bureau of Statistics of China Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 National Bureau of Statistics of China Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 National Bureau of Statistics of China Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九 年人口普查主要数据的公报 National Bureau of Statistics of China Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 National Bureau of Statistics of China Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 Communique of the National Bureau of Statistics of People s Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census National Bureau of Statistics of China Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 FACTBOX Key takeaways from China s 2020 population census Reuters 11 May 2021 a b c China General Social Survey 2009 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey CSLS 2007 Report by Xiuhua Wang 2015 p 15 Archived September 25 2015 at the Wayback Machine 正名 后的民间信仰 浙江新制度共创社会文化效益 Xinhua 3 January 2017 Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2017 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Chen Jinguo Lin Minxia 2016 Qiu Yonghui ed 如何走向 善治 浙江省民間信仰 社會治理 轉型的反思 Chinese Religion Report Religion Blue Book 2015 Edition Social Science Literature Publishing House Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2017 a b Wenzel Teuber Katharina Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People s Republic of China Update for the Year 2016 PDF Religions amp Christianity in Today s China VII 2 26 53 Archived from the original PDF on 22 July 2017 浙江省启动民间信仰活动场所登记编号 昨颁首张证书 Zhejiang started yesterday to award registration certificates to folk religious activities Zhejiang News 16 April 2015 Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 Retrieved 19 May 2015 a b c 浙江省宗教概况 浙江省民族宗教事务委员会 Zhejiang Nationalities and Religious Affairs Committee Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 Retrieved 29 December 2014 Nanlai Cao Constructing China s Jerusalem Christians Power and Place in the City of Wenzhou Stanford Stanford University Press 2010 232 pp Chapter One Statistics for the Protestant Church China Chinese Theological Review 14 p 154 冯志礼主任动员我省基督教界支持参与 三改一拆 行动 浙江省民族宗教事务委员会 Zhejiang Nationalities and Religious Affairs Committee Archived from the original on 25 December 2014 Retrieved 5 September 2014 Congressional Executive Commission on China s Annual Report 2014 Archived 31 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine p 221 Congressional Executive Commission on China Zhejiang Government Launches Demolition Campaign Targets Christian Churches Archived 18 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine France Presse Agence 28 April 2014 China begins demolition of oversized church The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Zhejiang Muslim Population Restaurant Mosque in Hangzhou Ningbo www topchinatravel com Retrieved 27 July 2021 Leading 200 science cities Nature Index 2022 Science Cities Supplements Nature Index www nature com Retrieved 30 November 2022 Sources Edit Economic profile of Zhejiang at HKTDCExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhejiang Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Zhejiang Zhejiang Government website in Chinese English and Japanese in English and Chinese Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850 Geographic data related to Zhejiang at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zhejiang amp oldid 1131222008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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