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Suleiman ibn Qutalmish

April 11, 2023

Not to be confused with Suleyman Shah.

Suleiman Shah I ibn Qutalmish (Turkish: Kutalmışoğlu Süleyman Şah; Old Anatolian Turkish: سُلَیمانشاہ بن قُتَلمِش; Persian: سلیمان بن قتلمش) founded an independent Seljuk Turkish state in Anatolia and ruled as Seljuk Sultan of Rûm from 1077 until his death in 1086.[1]

Suleiman I
Shah
Ghazi
Kutalmışoğlu Suleiman monument in Tarsus, Mersin
Sultan of Rum
Reign1077–1086
PredecessorQutalmish
SuccessorKilij Arslan I
Died1086
Near Antioch
(modern-day Antakya, Hatay, Turkey)
ConsortSeljuka Khatun
IssueKilij Arslan I
HouseSeljuk
FatherQutalmish
ReligionSunni Islam

Life

Suleiman was the son of Qutalmish, who had struggled unsuccessfully against his cousin Alp Arslan for the throne of the Great Seljuk Empire. When Qutalmish died in 1064, Suleiman fled with his three brothers into the Taurus Mountains and there sought refuge with Turkmen tribes living beyond the borders of the empire. Alp Arslan responded by launching a series of punitive expeditions against them. Of the four brothers, Suleiman alone with his brother Mansur survived the raids and was able to consolidate his leadership of the Turkmen.[2]

Founding his realm

According to the chronicler Al-Azimi, Suleiman captured Nicaea in 1075. Based on this date, some historians accepted that the Anatolian Seljuk State was founded on this date, and others between 1078-1081. Thereupon, sultan Malik-Shah I recognized him as a ruler of Rum, while the Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im sent him a firman (edict) and a khalat for his success. There is no single record of him minting coins and delivering a khutbah (sermon) in his own name. For this reason, it can be said that he was still subject to the Great Seljuk Empire. As a matter of fact, there are clear statements in various sources about his subjection to Malik-Shah I.[3]

In 1078, the Byzantine emperor Michael VII sought the help of Suleiman against Nicephorus Botaneiates, the commander of the Anatolic Theme, who had challenged the emperor for the throne. Suleiman intercepted Botaneiates' small force between Cotyaeum and Nicaea, whereupon the usurper persuaded Suleiman and Mansur[4] to join his rebellion by offering him incentives superior to those of the emperor.[5] Nicephorus' bid for power was successful, and in return for their support Suleiman's Turkmen were allowed to settle on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus, near Constantinople itself. Two years later, Suleiman lent his support to another pretender, Nicephorus Melissenus.[6] It was the latter Nicephorus who opened the gates of Nicaea to the Turkmen, allowing Suleiman to establish a permanent base.[7] All Bithynia was soon under Suleiman's control, a circumstance which allowed him to restrict communication between Constantinople and the former Byzantine subjects in Anatolia.

In 1084, Suleiman left Nicaea, leaving his kinsman Abu'l Qasim in charge. That same year, he captured Antakya, massacred its inhabitants, seized the treasures of the church of St. Cassianus, and converted the church into a mosque.[8] Following Suleiman's capture of Antakya, the Uqaylid Muslim ibn Quraysh demanded tribute.[9] Suleiman refused, which was followed by border raids by both sides.[9] In 1085, Muslim ibn Quraysh marched an army to besiege Antakya, Suleiman intercepted him and defeated Muslim after the latter's army suffered the defection of Turkmen under the command of Cubuk bey.[9]

His death

In 1086, Suleiman, seeking to expand his dominion, placed Aleppo under siege and demanded its surrender.[10] The emir of Aleppo sent a message to Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, stating he would hand the city over to him.[10] Suleiman, hearing of the approach of Tutush's forces, raised the siege and marched to meet him.[10] In the battle of Ain Salm near Aleppo, Suleiman attacked Tutush but his forces fled before Tutush's army under Artuk Bey and Suleiman was killed.[a][13][14][15][16]

Malik-Shah marched to Antakya, where Suleiman's vizier surrendered both the city and Suleiman's son, Kilij Arslan I.[9] Malik Shah transferred Kilij to Isfahan as a hostage.

Upon the death of Malik-Shah I, Kilij Arslan I re-established the Sultanate of Rûm.

Notes

  1. ^ Ibn al-Athir gives two conflicting accounts: that Suleiman committed suicide or was struck in the face with an arrow and died.[11] Komnena states Suleiman committed suicide during the battle.[12]

References

  1. ^ Peacock 2013, p. 71-72.
  2. ^ Cahen 1968, p. 73-74.
  3. ^ Ali Sevim (1988–2016). "SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I سليمان شاه (ö. 479/1086) Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (1075-1086).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  4. ^ "Mansur ibn Kutulmush". Prosography of the Byzantine World. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  5. ^ Vryonis 1971, p. 112-113.
  6. ^ Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 348-349.
  7. ^ Cahen 1968, p. 75.
  8. ^ Vryonis 1971, p. 159.
  9. ^ a b c d Basan 2010, p. 91.
  10. ^ a b c Ibn al-Athir 2002, p. 223.
  11. ^ Ibn al-Athir 2002, p. 224.
  12. ^ Komnena.
  13. ^ Grousset 1970, p. 154.
  14. ^ Peacock 2015, p. 66.
  15. ^ Mecit 2011, p. 66.
  16. ^ Leiser 2010, p. 304.

Sources

  • Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136953934.
  • Cahen, Claude (1968). Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330. Translated by Jones-Williams, J. Taplinger.
  • Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Translated by Walford, Naomi. Rutgers University Press.
  • Mecit, Songul (2011). "Kingship and Ideology under the Rum Seljuqs". In Lange, Christian; Mecit, Songul (eds.). The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Ibn al-Athir (2002). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks. Translated by Richards, D.S. Routledge.
  • Komnena, Anna. "The Alexiad". Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  • Leiser, Gary (2010). "The Turks in Anatolia before the Ottomans". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2: The Western Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–312.
  • Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. Translated by Hussey, Joan. Rutgers University Press.
  • Peacock, Andrew (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B. Tauris.
  • Peacock, Andrew (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Vryonis, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. University of California Press.
Preceded by Sultan of Rûm
1077–1086 		Succeeded by

April 11, 2023
suleiman, qutalmish, confused, with, suleyman, shah, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, turkish, march, 2021, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, u. Not to be confused with Suleyman Shah This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish March 2021 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 433 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at tr I Suleyman Sah see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated tr I Suleyman Sah to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Suleiman Shah I ibn Qutalmish Turkish Kutalmisoglu Suleyman Sah Old Anatolian Turkish س ل یمانشاہ بن ق ت لم ش Persian سلیمان بن قتلمش founded an independent Seljuk Turkish state in Anatolia and ruled as Seljuk Sultan of Rum from 1077 until his death in 1086 1 Suleiman IShahGhaziKutalmisoglu Suleiman monument in Tarsus MersinSultan of RumReign1077 1086PredecessorQutalmishSuccessorKilij Arslan IDied1086Near Antioch modern day Antakya Hatay Turkey ConsortSeljuka KhatunIssueKilij Arslan IHouseSeljukFatherQutalmishReligionSunni Islam Contents 1 Life 1 1 Founding his realm 1 2 His death 2 Notes 3 References 4 SourcesLife EditSuleiman was the son of Qutalmish who had struggled unsuccessfully against his cousin Alp Arslan for the throne of the Great Seljuk Empire When Qutalmish died in 1064 Suleiman fled with his three brothers into the Taurus Mountains and there sought refuge with Turkmen tribes living beyond the borders of the empire Alp Arslan responded by launching a series of punitive expeditions against them Of the four brothers Suleiman alone with his brother Mansur survived the raids and was able to consolidate his leadership of the Turkmen 2 Founding his realm Edit According to the chronicler Al Azimi Suleiman captured Nicaea in 1075 Based on this date some historians accepted that the Anatolian Seljuk State was founded on this date and others between 1078 1081 Thereupon sultan Malik Shah I recognized him as a ruler of Rum while the Abbasid caliph Al Qa im sent him a firman edict and a khalat for his success There is no single record of him minting coins and delivering a khutbah sermon in his own name For this reason it can be said that he was still subject to the Great Seljuk Empire As a matter of fact there are clear statements in various sources about his subjection to Malik Shah I 3 In 1078 the Byzantine emperor Michael VII sought the help of Suleiman against Nicephorus Botaneiates the commander of the Anatolic Theme who had challenged the emperor for the throne Suleiman intercepted Botaneiates small force between Cotyaeum and Nicaea whereupon the usurper persuaded Suleiman and Mansur 4 to join his rebellion by offering him incentives superior to those of the emperor 5 Nicephorus bid for power was successful and in return for their support Suleiman s Turkmen were allowed to settle on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus near Constantinople itself Two years later Suleiman lent his support to another pretender Nicephorus Melissenus 6 It was the latter Nicephorus who opened the gates of Nicaea to the Turkmen allowing Suleiman to establish a permanent base 7 All Bithynia was soon under Suleiman s control a circumstance which allowed him to restrict communication between Constantinople and the former Byzantine subjects in Anatolia In 1084 Suleiman left Nicaea leaving his kinsman Abu l Qasim in charge That same year he captured Antakya massacred its inhabitants seized the treasures of the church of St Cassianus and converted the church into a mosque 8 Following Suleiman s capture of Antakya the Uqaylid Muslim ibn Quraysh demanded tribute 9 Suleiman refused which was followed by border raids by both sides 9 In 1085 Muslim ibn Quraysh marched an army to besiege Antakya Suleiman intercepted him and defeated Muslim after the latter s army suffered the defection of Turkmen under the command of Cubuk bey 9 His death Edit In 1086 Suleiman seeking to expand his dominion placed Aleppo under siege and demanded its surrender 10 The emir of Aleppo sent a message to Tutush I the Seljuk ruler of Syria stating he would hand the city over to him 10 Suleiman hearing of the approach of Tutush s forces raised the siege and marched to meet him 10 In the battle of Ain Salm near Aleppo Suleiman attacked Tutush but his forces fled before Tutush s army under Artuk Bey and Suleiman was killed a 13 14 15 16 Malik Shah marched to Antakya where Suleiman s vizier surrendered both the city and Suleiman s son Kilij Arslan I 9 Malik Shah transferred Kilij to Isfahan as a hostage Upon the death of Malik Shah I Kilij Arslan I re established the Sultanate of Rum Notes Edit Ibn al Athir gives two conflicting accounts that Suleiman committed suicide or was struck in the face with an arrow and died 11 Komnena states Suleiman committed suicide during the battle 12 References Edit Peacock 2013 p 71 72 Cahen 1968 p 73 74 Ali Sevim 1988 2016 SULEYMAN SAH I سليمان شاه o 479 1086 Anadolu Selcuklu Devleti nin kurucusu ve ilk hukumdari 1075 1086 TDV Encyclopedia of Islam 44 2 vols in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies Mansur ibn Kutulmush Prosography of the Byzantine World Retrieved 11 April 2022 Vryonis 1971 p 112 113 Ostrogorsky 1969 p 348 349 Cahen 1968 p 75 Vryonis 1971 p 159 a b c d Basan 2010 p 91 a b c Ibn al Athir 2002 p 223 Ibn al Athir 2002 p 224 Komnena Grousset 1970 p 154 Peacock 2015 p 66 Mecit 2011 p 66 Leiser 2010 p 304 Sources EditBasan Osman Aziz 2010 The Great Seljuqs A History Routledge ISBN 978 1136953934 Cahen Claude 1968 Pre Ottoman Turkey a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c 1071 1330 Translated by Jones Williams J Taplinger Grousset Rene 1970 The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia Translated by Walford Naomi Rutgers University Press Mecit Songul 2011 Kingship and Ideology under the Rum Seljuqs In Lange Christian Mecit Songul eds The Seljuqs Politics Society and Culture Edinburgh University Press Ibn al Athir 2002 The Annals of the Saljuq Turks Translated by Richards D S Routledge Komnena Anna The Alexiad Medieval Sourcebook Fordham University Retrieved 23 April 2022 Leiser Gary 2010 The Turks in Anatolia before the Ottomans In Fierro Maribel ed The New Cambridge History of Islam Vol 2 The Western Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries Cambridge University Press pp 301 312 Ostrogorsky George 1969 History of the Byzantine State Translated by Hussey Joan Rutgers University Press Peacock Andrew 2013 The Seljuks of Anatolia Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East I B Tauris Peacock Andrew 2015 The Great Seljuk Empire Edinburgh University Press Vryonis Speros 1971 The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century University of California Press Preceded byQutalmish Sultan of Rum1077 1086 Succeeded byKilij Arslan I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Suleiman ibn Qutalmish amp oldid 1140097386, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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