Its architecture and structure varies from region to region. Usually, the temple consists not only of its buildings, but also the surrounding environment. The Buddhist temples are designed to symbolize five elements: fire, air, water, earth and wisdom.[2]
The design of temples in India was influenced by the idea of a place of worship as a representation of the universe. For Buddhist temple complexes one tall temple is often centrally located and surrounded by smaller temples and walls. This center surrounded by oceans, lesser mountains and a huge wall.[3]
A Chaitya, Chaitya hall or Chaitya-griha refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in Indian religions. The term is most common in Buddhism, where it refers to a space with a stupa and a rounded apse at the end opposite the entrance, and a high roof with a rounded profile. Strictly speaking, the chaitya is the stupa itself, and the Indian buildings are chaitya halls, but this distinction is often not observed. Many of the early Chaitya were rock-cut, as in Karla caves or Ajanta.
Tall circular Buddhist temple, early 1st Century CE, Mathura Museum
Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type. Ashoka also built the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya circa 250 BCE, a circular structure, in order to protect the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha had found enlightenment. The Bairat Temple is also a round structure, which can be seen through archaeological remains. Representations of this early temple structure are found on a 100 BCE relief sculpted on the railing of the stupa at Bhārhut, as well as in Sanchi.[4] From that period the Diamond throne remains, an almost intact slab of sandstone decorated with reliefs, which Ashoka had established at the foot of the Bodhi tree.[5][6] These circular-type temples were also found in later rock-hewn caves such as Tulja Caves or Guntupalli.[7]
Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia after Hinduism, which arrived from India around the second century.[10] The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires influenced by Indian culture were established around the same period. The oldest Buddhist archaeological site in Indonesia is arguably the Batujaya stupas complex in Karawang, West Java. The oldest relic in Batujaya was estimated to originate from the 2nd century, while the latest dated from the 12th century. Subsequently, significant numbers of Buddhist sites were found in Jambi, Palembang and Riau provinces in Sumatra, as well as in Central and East Java. The Indonesian archipelago has, over the centuries, witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires, such as the Sailendra dynasty, the Mataram and Srivijaya empires.
According to some Chinese source, a Chinese Buddhist monk I-tsing on his pilgrim journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Sumatra in the 7th century. A number of Buddhist historical heritages can be found in Indonesia, including the 8th century Borobudurmandala monument and Sewu temple in Central Java, Batujaya in West Java, Muaro Jambi, Muara Takus and Bahal temple in Sumatra, and numerous of statues or inscriptions from the earlier history of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms.
Candi tinggi, a temple within the Muaro Jambi temple compound
During the era of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit empire, Buddhism—identified as Dharma ri Kasogatan—was acknowledged as one of kingdom's official religions along with Hinduism. Although some of kings might favour Hinduism over another, nevertheless the harmony, toleration and even syncretism were promoted as manifested in Bhinneka Tunggal Ika national motto, coined from Kakawin Sutasoma, written by Mpu Tantular to promotes tolerance between Hindus (Shivaites) and Buddhists.[11] The classical era of ancient Java also had produces some of the exquisite examples of Buddhist arts, such as the statue of Prajnaparamita and the statue of Buddha Vairochana and Boddhisttva Padmapani and Vajrapani in Mendut temple.
In contemporary Indonesian Buddhist perspective, Candi refers to a shrine, either ancient or new. Several contemporary viharas in Indonesia for example, contain the actual-size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples, such as the replica of Pawon[12] and Plaosan's perwara (small) temples. In Buddhism, the role of a candi as a shrine is sometimes interchangeable with a stupa, a domed structure to store Buddhist relics or the ashes of cremated Buddhist priests, patrons or benefactors.
A distinctive feature is the chinjusha, a Shinto shrine devoted to the temple's kami. Buddhism co-existed with Shinto, but in the 8th century Buddhism became the state religion and Buddhist temples were built. High concentration of important Japanese Buddhist temples can be found in Japanese culture heartland of Kansai region, especially in Nara and Kyoto.
Buddhist temples in Thailand are known as wat, from the Pāḷi vāṭa, meaning "enclosure". Wat architecture adheres to consistent principles. A wat, with few exceptions, consists of two parts: the Phutthawat and the Sangkhawat. The Phutthawat (Thai: พุทธาวาส) is the area which is dedicated to Buddha. While the Sangkhawat is the area which is dedicated to Sangha Buddhist monastic community.
^. Kadampanewyork.org. 1997-08-01. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
^"Buddhism: Buddhist Worship". BBC. 2006-04-10. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
^O'Riley, Michael Kampel (2013). Art Beyond the West. Person Education. p. 61.
^"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, Part I" by John C. Huntington. Orientations, November 1985 pg 61
^Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p.240
^A Global History of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching, Mark M. Jarzombek, Vikramaditya Prakash, John Wiley & Sons, 2017 p.570ff
^Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p.233-237
^Hardy, Adam (1995). Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. p. 39. ISBN9788170173120.
^Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 238. ISBN9780984404308.
^"Buddhism in Indonesia". Buddha Dharma Education Association. Buddha Dharma Education Association. 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
^"Replika Candi Pawon". Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya.
January 09, 2023
buddhist, temple, buddhist, monastery, place, worship, buddhists, followers, buddhism, they, include, structures, called, vihara, chaitya, stupa, pagoda, different, regions, languages, temples, buddhism, represent, pure, land, pure, environment, buddha, tradit. A Buddhist temple or Buddhist monastery is the place of worship for Buddhists the followers of Buddhism They include the structures called vihara chaitya stupa wat and pagoda in different regions and languages Temples in Buddhism represent the pure land or pure environment of a Buddha Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire inner and outer peace 1 Sewu an eighth century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Central Java Indonesia Contents 1 Architecture 2 India 3 Indonesia 4 Japan 5 Thailand 6 Sri Lanka 7 See also 8 ReferencesArchitecture EditMain articles Buddhist architecture and Architecture of Indic religions Its architecture and structure varies from region to region Usually the temple consists not only of its buildings but also the surrounding environment The Buddhist temples are designed to symbolize five elements fire air water earth and wisdom 2 India EditSee also Architecture of India Ancient Indian architecture Indian vernacular architecture and Buddhist caves in India The design of temples in India was influenced by the idea of a place of worship as a representation of the universe For Buddhist temple complexes one tall temple is often centrally located and surrounded by smaller temples and walls This center surrounded by oceans lesser mountains and a huge wall 3 A Chaitya Chaitya hall or Chaitya griha refers to a shrine sanctuary temple or prayer hall in Indian religions The term is most common in Buddhism where it refers to a space with a stupa and a rounded apse at the end opposite the entrance and a high roof with a rounded profile Strictly speaking the chaitya is the stupa itself and the Indian buildings are chaitya halls but this distinction is often not observed Many of the early Chaitya were rock cut as in Karla caves or Ajanta Tall circular Buddhist temple early 1st Century CE Mathura Museum Some of the earliest free standing temples may have been of a circular type Ashoka also built the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya circa 250 BCE a circular structure in order to protect the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha had found enlightenment The Bairat Temple is also a round structure which can be seen through archaeological remains Representations of this early temple structure are found on a 100 BCE relief sculpted on the railing of the stupa at Bharhut as well as in Sanchi 4 From that period the Diamond throne remains an almost intact slab of sandstone decorated with reliefs which Ashoka had established at the foot of the Bodhi tree 5 6 These circular type temples were also found in later rock hewn caves such as Tulja Caves or Guntupalli 7 Ashoka s Mahabodhi Temple and Diamond throne in Bodh Gaya built circa 250 BCE Bharhut frieze Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway Relief of a multi storied temple 2nd century CE Ghantasala Stupa 8 9 Remains of the circular rock hewn circular Chaitya with columns Tulja CavesIndonesia EditMain article Candi of Indonesia Borobudur in Central Java the world s largest Buddhist temple Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia after Hinduism which arrived from India around the second century 10 The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism as a number of empires influenced by Indian culture were established around the same period The oldest Buddhist archaeological site in Indonesia is arguably the Batujaya stupas complex in Karawang West Java The oldest relic in Batujaya was estimated to originate from the 2nd century while the latest dated from the 12th century Subsequently significant numbers of Buddhist sites were found in Jambi Palembang and Riau provinces in Sumatra as well as in Central and East Java The Indonesian archipelago has over the centuries witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires such as the Sailendra dynasty the Mataram and Srivijaya empires According to some Chinese source a Chinese Buddhist monk I tsing on his pilgrim journey to India witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Sumatra in the 7th century A number of Buddhist historical heritages can be found in Indonesia including the 8th century Borobudur mandala monument and Sewu temple in Central Java Batujaya in West Java Muaro Jambi Muara Takus and Bahal temple in Sumatra and numerous of statues or inscriptions from the earlier history of Indonesian Hindu Buddhist kingdoms Candi tinggi a temple within the Muaro Jambi temple compound During the era of Kediri Singhasari and Majapahit empire Buddhism identified as Dharma ri Kasogatan was acknowledged as one of kingdom s official religions along with Hinduism Although some of kings might favour Hinduism over another nevertheless the harmony toleration and even syncretism were promoted as manifested in Bhinneka Tunggal Ika national motto coined from Kakawin Sutasoma written by Mpu Tantular to promotes tolerance between Hindus Shivaites and Buddhists 11 The classical era of ancient Java also had produces some of the exquisite examples of Buddhist arts such as the statue of Prajnaparamita and the statue of Buddha Vairochana and Boddhisttva Padmapani and Vajrapani in Mendut temple In contemporary Indonesian Buddhist perspective Candi refers to a shrine either ancient or new Several contemporary viharas in Indonesia for example contain the actual size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples such as the replica of Pawon 12 and Plaosan s perwara small temples In Buddhism the role of a candi as a shrine is sometimes interchangeable with a stupa a domed structure to store Buddhist relics or the ashes of cremated Buddhist priests patrons or benefactors Japan Edit Buddhist temple of Kinkaku ji declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Main article Buddhist temples in Japan Japanese Buddhist temples typically include a Main Hall A distinctive feature is the chinjusha a Shinto shrine devoted to the temple s kami Buddhism co existed with Shinto but in the 8th century Buddhism became the state religion and Buddhist temples were built High concentration of important Japanese Buddhist temples can be found in Japanese culture heartland of Kansai region especially in Nara and Kyoto Thailand Edit Wat Benchamabophit Main article Thai temple art and architecture Buddhist temples in Thailand are known as wat from the Paḷi vaṭa meaning enclosure Wat architecture adheres to consistent principles A wat with few exceptions consists of two parts the Phutthawat and the Sangkhawat The Phutthawat Thai phuththawas is the area which is dedicated to Buddha While the Sangkhawat is the area which is dedicated to Sangha Buddhist monastic community Sri Lanka Edit Jetavanaramaya tallest stupa in the ancient world See also Buddhism in Sri Lanka and List of Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka Buddhist temples in Sri Lanla are known as Pansala or Viharaya in Sinhalese Common features in Sri Lankan temples include Stupa Bo Tree and Temple Buildings Oldest living human planted Bodhi Tree in the world Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi and some of the largest Stupa in the world including Ruwanwelisaya Jetavanaramaya and Abhayagiri vihara located in Sri Lankan temples See also EditGautama Buddha Dhamma Sangha Three Refuges Five Precepts Pali Canon Uposatha Cetiya Sri Maha Bodhi Vihara Wat Kyaung Burmese pagoda List of Buddhist temples Buddhist architecture Aniconism in BuddhismReferences Edit New York Buddhist Temple for World Peace Kadampanewyork org 1997 08 01 Archived from the original on 2012 06 11 Retrieved 2012 06 20 Buddhism Buddhist Worship BBC 2006 04 10 Retrieved 2017 03 06 O Riley Michael Kampel 2013 Art Beyond the West Person Education p 61 Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism Part I by John C Huntington Orientations November 1985 pg 61 Buddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le Grafikol 2010 p 240 A Global History of Architecture Francis D K Ching Mark M Jarzombek Vikramaditya Prakash John Wiley amp Sons 2017 p 570ff Buddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le Grafikol 2010 p 233 237 Hardy Adam 1995 Indian Temple Architecture Form and Transformation the Karṇaṭa Draviḍa Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries Abhinav Publications p 39 ISBN 9788170173120 Le Huu Phuoc 2010 Buddhist Architecture Grafikol p 238 ISBN 9780984404308 Buddhism in Indonesia Buddha Dharma Education Association Buddha Dharma Education Association 2005 Retrieved 2006 10 03 Depkumham go id Archived 2010 02 12 at the Wayback Machine Replika Candi Pawon Vihara Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Buddhist temple amp oldid 1129350312, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
