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Shandong

January 06, 2023

This article is about the province of China. For the peninsula, see Shandong Peninsula. For the subdistrict in Chongqing, see Shandong Subdistrict. For the aircraft carrier, see Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong. For other uses, see Shandong (disambiguation).
"Shantung" redirects here. For the fabric, see Shantung (fabric). For the street in Hong Kong, see Shantung Street. For other uses, see Shan Tung (disambiguation).

Shandong (UK: /ʃænˈdʊŋ/ shan-DUUNG,[6] US: /ʃɑːnˈdɔːŋ/ shahn-DAWNG;[7] simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.[8]

Shandong
山东
Province
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese山东省 (Shāndōng Shěng)
 • AbbreviationSD / 鲁 (pinyin: Lǔ)
From top to bottom, left to right: views of the South Gate to Heaven at Mount Tai, Thousand Buddha Mountain in Jinan, aerial view of Qingdao, Temple of Confucius in Qufu
Map showing the location of Shandong Province
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
CountryChina
Named for山 Shān—"(Taihang) Mountains"
东 dōng—"east"
"East of the (Taihang) Mountains"
CapitalJinan
Largest cityQingdao
Divisions16 prefectures, 140 counties, 1941 townships
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyShandong Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryLin Wu[1]
 • Congress chairmanLi Ganjie
 • GovernorZhou Naixiang
 • CPPCC chairmanGe Huijun
 • National People's Congress Representation174 deputies
Area
[2]
 • Total157,100 km2 (60,700 sq mi)
 • Rank20th
Highest elevation
(Mount Tai)
1,545 m (5,069 ft)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • Total101,527,453
 • Rank2nd
 • Density650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
  • Rank5th
DemonymShandongese
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan - 99.3%
Hui - 0.6%
 • Languages and dialectsJiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin
ISO 3166 codeCN-SD
GDP (2021)CNY 8.31 trillion
US$1.3 trillion [4]
 - per capitaCNY 81,846
US$12,689 (11th)
 • growth 8.3%
HDI (2019) 0.759[5]
high · 14th
WebsiteSD.gov.cn
Shandong
"Shandong" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese山东
Traditional Chinese山東
Literal meaning"East of the Mountains (Taihang)"

Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world.[9] The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China.[10] The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.[11]

Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity, and China's second most populous province.[12] The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD$1.3 trillion, which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.[13][14] Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021.[15] Its GDP per capita is around the national average.

Shandong is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It hosts 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan.[16] As of 2022, two major cities ranked in the top 70 cities in the world (Jinan 36th and Qingdao 68th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[17]

Etymology

Individually, the two Chinese characters in the name "Shandong" means "mountain" (山) and "east" (东). Shandong could hence be translated literally as "east of the mountains" and refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains.[18][19] A common nickname for Shandong is Qílǔ (simplified Chinese: 齐鲁; traditional Chinese: 齊魯), after the States of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas the State of Qi was a major power of its era, the State of Lu played only a minor role in the politics of its time. However, Lu became renowned for being the home of Confucius, and hence its cultural influence came to eclipse that of the State of Qi. The cultural dominance of the State of Lu heritage is reflected in the official abbreviation for Shandong which is "鲁" (Chinese: 魯; pinyin: Lǔ). English speakers in the 19th century called the province Shan-tung.[20]

Location

The province is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (Huang He), and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the southeast; it also shares a very short border with Anhui, between Henan and Jiangsu.

History

Ancient history

 
A Song-era monument to a legendary native of Shandong, the Yellow Emperor, at his supposed birthplace
 
Remains of Ancient Linzi city sewer passing underneath the former city wall

With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli culture (6500–5500 BC), the Beixin culture (5300–4100 BC), the Dawenkou culture (4100–2600 BC), the Longshan culture (3000–2000 BC), and the Yueshi culture (1900–1500 BC).

The earliest dynasties (the Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty) exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by the Dongyi peoples who were considered "barbarians." Over subsequent centuries, the Dongyi were eventually sinicized.

During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, regional states became increasingly powerful. At this time, Shandong was home to two major states: the state of Qi at Linzi and the state of Lu at Qufu. Lu is noted for being the home of Confucius. However, the state was comparatively small and eventually succumbed to the larger state of Chu from the south. The state of Qi, on the other hand, was a significant power throughout the period. Cities it ruled included Linzi, Jimo (north of modern Qingdao) and Ju.

The easternmost part of the peninsula was ruled by the Dongyi state of Lai until Qi conquered it in 567 BC.

Early Imperial history

The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions (刺史部) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou (青州) in the north and Yanzhou (兗州) in the south. During the division of the Three Kingdoms, Shandong belonged to the Cao Wei, which ruled over northern China.

After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao, then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei dynasty, the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.

In 412 AD, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India.

The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618-907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.

The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).

The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its current name.

Early modern history

 
City of Linqing, Shandong, with a view of the Grand Canal. Drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793.

The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty, where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of Liaoning. After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.

During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province, was significantly affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire, which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the Qing dynasty encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of northeast China.

Shandong was one of the first places in which the Boxer Rebellion started and became one of the uprising centers. In 1899, the Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.

 
Street market in the city, photographed by members of the Fragata Sarmiento's crew in the late 19th century

Germany took control of China's Shandong Peninsula. In 1898, Germany had leased Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high government priority. Over 200 million marks were invested in world-class harbor facilities such as berths, heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.[21]

As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized Germany holdings in Qingdao and Shandong. The Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem, led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement. Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China," the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.[22]

 
German 1912 map of the Shandong Peninsula showing the Kiautschou Bay concession

Shandong's return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General," as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord."[clarification needed][23] He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuju, who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian, nicknamed the "King of Shandong East," who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.

In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would eventually become part of the Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.

During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where a scorched earth policy ("Three Alls Policy": "kill all," "burn all," "loot all") was implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura. This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China.

By 1945, communist forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China) out of Shandong by June 1949. The People's Republic of China was founded in October of the same year.

Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province, but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.

About six million people starved to death in Shandong during Great Chinese Famine.[24]

In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.

Geography

 
The sacred Mount Tai

The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The province's center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; it separates Bohai Sea in the northwest from the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of 1,545 metres (5,069 ft), which is also the highest peak in the Taishan area.[citation needed]

The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, entering the sea along Shandong's northern coast; in its traversal of Shandong, it flows on a levee, higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; the large Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the three bays of Bohai Sea, is found to the north, between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller, is found to the south, next to Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northern coast of the peninsula.

With Jinan serving as the province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao, Weihai, and Yantai.[citation needed]

Climate

Shandong has a temperate climate, lying in the transition between the humid subtropical (Cwa under the Köppen climate classification) and humid continental (Köppen Dwa) zones with four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and rainy (except for a few coastal areas), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −5 to 1 °C (23 to 34 °F) in January and 24 to 28 °C (75 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is 550 to 950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences.

Geology

Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton. Beginning in the Mesozoic, Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary.

Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of many dinosaur fossils. A major find of 7,600 dinosaur bones that including Tyrannosaurus and Ankylosaurus remains was announced in 2008, and is believed to be the largest collection ever found.[25]

Politics

 
Tomb of the 59th generation senior descendant of Confucius, Kong Yanjin. Many generations of the senior-branch direct descendants of Confucius ruled the Qufu area as its feudal rulers.
Main articles: Politics of Shandong and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The Shandong Provincial People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong's provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee is Li Ganjie.

The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of the People's Republic of China.

The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang.

Economy

As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics.[20] The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD$1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.[13][14] Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021.[15]

Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton, wheat, and garlic[26] as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world.[27] Other important crops include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta, where the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) is one of the major oilfields of China. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.

Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.[28] The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer, Haier and Hisense. Besides, Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.[28]

Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present (SNA2008)[29]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[note 1]
year GDP GDP per capita (GDPpc)
 based on mid-year population 		Reference index
GDP in millions real
growth
(%) 		GDPpc exchange rate
1 foreign currency
to CNY
CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		USD 1 Int'l$. 1
(PPP)
2016 6,802,449 1,024,110 1,943,057 7.6 68,733 10,348 19,633 6.6423 3.5009
2015 6,393,074 1,026,439 1,801,120 8.0 65,114 10,454 18,345 6.2284 3.5495
2014 6,030,036 981,643 1,698,410 8.7 61,774 10,056 17,399 6.1428 3.5504
2013 5,602,372 904,601 1,566,265 9.6 57,702 9,317 16,132 6.1932 3.5769
2012 5,071,045 803,334 1,428,142 9.9 52,490 8,315 14,783 6.3125 3.5508
2011 4,543,951 703,529 1,296,235 10.9 47,416 7,341 13,526 6.4588 3.5055
2010 3,962,074 585,283 1,196,784 12.3 41,579 6,142 12,559 6.7695 3.3106
2009 3,425,154 501,413 1,084,768 12.2 36,270 5,310 11,487 6.8310 3.1575
2008 3,123,138 449,689 983,108 12.1 33,253 4,788 10,467 6.9451 3.1768
2007 2,599,074 341,804 862,076 14.3 27,833 3,660 9,232 7.6040 3.0149
2006 2,205,967 276,721 766,573 14.7 23,775 2,982 8,262 7.9718 2.8777
2005 1,849,700 225,802 646,974 15.1 20,075 2,451 7,022 8.1917 2.8590
2000 833,747 100,714 306,604 10.3 9,326 1,127 3,430 8.2784 2.7193
1990 151,119 31,594 88,758 5.3 1,815 379 1,066 4.7832 1.7026
1980 29,213 19,496 19,534 12.2 402 268 269 1.4984 1.4955
1978 22,545 14,498 10.1 316 203 1.5550
1970 12,631 5,131 15.7 199 81 2.4618
1965 8,625 3,504 22.0 152 62 2.4618
1957 6,139 2,358 -3.5 116 45 2.6040
1952 4,381 1,971 91 41 2.2227

Wine industry

See also: Wine in China
 
Shandong coastal vineyards

The production of wine is the second largest[citation needed] industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.

Geographically, the southern hills average an elevation of 200 meters (660 ft), while the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of the root systems.

Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway. The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production.[32] Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, Merlot, Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.

Major producers

Economic and technological development zones

  • Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km2 (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km2 (13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km2 (15 sq mi). Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.[citation needed]

  • Jinan Export Processing Zone

The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km (5.6 and 11.2 mi) respectively.[33]

  • Qingdao Economic & Technological Development Area

Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of 12.5 km2 (4.8 sq mi). In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, Haier, Hisense, Aucma, Sinopec, CSIC, CNOOC, CIMC etc. are all located in the zone.[34]

The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is 60 km (37 mi) away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal. At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.[citation needed]

The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology.[35]

  • Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)

Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of 677 km2 (261 sq mi), BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km2 (150 sq mi). The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park.

  • Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone

Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of 194 km2 (75 sq mi), including the programmed area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi) and an initial area of 11.88 km2 (4.59 sq mi). Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.[citation needed]

Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi). Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located 30 km (19 mi) to Weihai Airport, 3 km (1.9 mi) to Weihai railway station and 4 km (2.5 mi) to Weihai Harbor.[citation needed]

  • Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park

Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of 111.9 square kilometers (43.2 sq mi), the coastal line of 30.5 kilometers (19.0 mi) and 150,000 residents. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the city center, 4 km (2.5 mi) away from Weihai Port, 10 km (6.2 mi) away from Weihai railway station, 30 km (19 mi) away from Weihai Airport and 80 km (50 mi) away from Yantai Airport.[36]

  • Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area

Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the Huanghai Sea. It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely 6 km (3.7 mi) away from Yantai Port, 6 km (3.7 mi) away from Yantai railway station, and a 30-minute drive to Yantai International Airport.[37]

Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4.17 m2 (44.9 sq ft), in which the initial zone covers 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi). After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of 120,000 m2 (140,000 sq yd) and bonded warehouses of 40,000 m2 (430,000 sq ft) have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.[38]

  • Zibo National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[39] 30,989,000—    
1928[40] 28,672,000−7.5%
1936-37[41]38,100,000+32.9%
1947[42]38,865,000+2.0%
1954[43]48,876,548+25.8%
1964[44]55,519,038+13.6%
1982[45] 74,419,054+34.0%
1990[46] 84,392,827+13.4%
2000[47] 89,971,789+6.6%
2010[48]95,793,065+6.5%
Qingdao was part of Shandong Province until 1929; dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Shandong Province.
Weihai, also known as Weihaiwei. Established in 1930, dissolved in 1945, and incorporated into Shandong Province.

Shandong is the second most populous province of China, after Guangdong, just slightly ahead of Henan, with a population of more than 101,527,453 at the 2020 Chinese census. Over 99% of Shandong's population is Han Chinese. Minority groups include the Hui and the Manchus. Shandong citizens are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010, 16-18-year-old male students in Yantai measured 176.4 centimetres (5 ft 9.4 in) while female students measured 164 cm (5 ft 5 in).[49]

Religion

Religion in Shandong[50][note 2]

  Chinese ancestral religion (25.28%)
  Christianity (1.21%)
  Islam (0.55%)
  Other religions or not religious people[note 3] (80.05%)

The predominant religions in Shandong are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 25,28% of the population believes in ancestor veneration, while 1.21% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 1.30% in 2004.[50] The Christians were 1.89% of the province's population in 1949, the largest proportion in China at that time.[50] According to a survey of the year 2010, Muslims constitute 0.55% of Shandong's population up from 0.14% in 1949.[51][52]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.05% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and folk religious sects. Shandong is the province where Confucius was born in the year 551 B.C.

Confucianism: The most well-known religion and/or philosophy of Shandong is Confucianism. Each year thousands of people come to Shandong to visit and learn about Confucius' culture. According to Chinese tradition, Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. His teachings, preserved in the Lunyu or Analects, form the foundation of much of subsequent Chinese speculation on the ideal man's education and comportment, how such an individual should live his life and interact with others, and the forms of society and government in which he should participate. Additionally, there are many famous books about Confucius; the most famous one is the Analects written by his students. Confucius also helped edit The Five Classics (五经). The Five Classics include The Book of Songs, History, Changes and Rites.[53][54]

Famous view and arts

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Shandong and List of township-level divisions of Shandong

Shandong is divided into sixteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities). On January 1, 2019, Laiwu was wholly annexed to Jinan:

Administrative divisions of Shandong
Division code[57] Division Area in km2[58] Population 2010[59] Seat Divisions[60]
Districts Counties CL cities
370000 Shandong Province 157100.00 95,792,719 Jinan city 58 52 26
370100 Jinan city 10247.01 8,112,513 Lixia District 10 2
370200 Qingdao city 11175.30 8,715,087 Shinan District 7 3
370300 Zibo city 5965.17 4,530,597 Zhangdian District 5 3
370400 Zaozhuang city 4563.22 3,729,140 Xuecheng District 5 1
370500 Dongying city 7923.26 2,035,338 Dongying District 3 2
370600 Yantai city 13746.47 6,968,202 Laishan District 5 6
370700 Weifang city 16143.14 9,086,241 Kuiwen District 4 2 6
370800 Jining city 11186.98 8,081,905 Rencheng District 2 7 2
370900 Tai'an city 7761.83 5,494,207 Taishan District 2 2 2
371000 Weihai city 5796.98 2,804,771 Huancui District 2 2
371100 Rizhao city 5347.99 2,801,013 Donggang District 2 2
371300 Linyi city 17191.21 10,039,440 Lanshan District 3 9
371400 Dezhou city 10356.32 5,568,235 Decheng District 2 7 2
371500 Liaocheng city 8714.57 5,789,863 Dongchangfu District 2 5 1
371600 Binzhou city 9444.65 3,748,474 Bincheng District 2 4 1
371700 Heze city 12193.85 8,287,693 Mudan District 2 7
  Sub-provincial cities

The 16 prefecture-level cities of Shandong are subdivided into 137 county-level divisions (55 districts, 26 county-level cities, and 56 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1941 township-level divisions (1223 towns, 293 townships, two ethnic townships, and 423 subdistricts).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[61] District area[61] City proper[61] Census date
1 Jinan[a] 3,527,566 4,335,989 8,396,142 2010-11-01
(1) Jinan (new districts)[a] 1,261,040 2,880,687 see Jinan 2010-11-01
2 Qingdao[b] 3,519,919 3,718,835 8,715,087 2010-11-01
(2) Qingdao (new district)[b] 1,036,158 2,045,549 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
3 Zibo 2,261,717 3,129,228 4,530,597 2010-11-01
4 Yantai 1,797,861 2,227,733 6,968,202 2010-11-01
5 Linyi 1,522,488 2,303,648 10,039,440 2010-11-01
6 Weifang 1,261,582 2,044,028 9,086,241 2010-11-01
7 Tai'an 1,123,541 1,735,425 5,494,207 2010-11-01
8 Zaozhuang 980,893 2,125,481 3,729,140 2010-11-01
9 Jining[c] 939,034 1,241,012 8,081,905 2010-11-01
(9) Jining (new district)[c] 388,449 618,394 see Jining 2010-11-01
10 Rizhao 902,272 1,320,578 2,801,013 2010-11-01
11 Dongying[d] 848,958 1,004,271 2,035,338 2010-11-01
(11) Dongying (new district)[d] 114,073 242,292 see Dongying 2010-11-01
12 Tengzhou 783,473 1,603,659 see Zaozhuang 2010-11-01
13 Weihai[e] 698,863 844,310 2,804,771 2010-11-01
(13) Weihai (new district)[e] 310,628 673,625 see Weihai 2010-11-01
14 Xintai 672,207 1,315,942 see Tai'an 2010-11-01
15 Liaocheng 606,366 1,229,768 5,789,863 2010-11-01
16 Zhucheng 586,652 1,086,222 see Weifang 2010-11-01
17 Heze[f] 559,636 1,346,717 8,287,693 2010-11-01
(17) Heze (new district)[f] 166,037 565,793 see Heze 2010-11-01
18 Dezhou[g] 526,232 679,535 5,568,235 2010-11-01
(18) Dezhou (new district)[g] 170,317 569,007 see Dezhou 2010-11-01
19 Zoucheng 513,418 1,116,692 see Jining 2010-11-01
20 Shouguang 476,274 1,139,454 see Weifang 2010-11-01
21 Feicheng 472,775 946,627 see Tai'an 2010-11-01
22 Gaomi 466,786 895,582 see Weifang 2010-11-01
23 Pingdu 427,694 868,348 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
24 Binzhou[h] 407,820 682,717 3,748,474 2010-11-01
(24) Binzhou (new district)[h] 146,577 351,672 see Binzhou 2010-11-01
25 Jiaozhou 404,216 1357,424 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
(26) Zouping[i] 389,003 778,777 see Binzhou 2010-11-01
27 Longkou 388,770 688,255 see Yantai 2010-11-01
28 Qingzhou 384,358 940,355 see Weifang 2010-11-01
29 Laizhou 379,789 883,896 see Yantai 2010-11-01
30 Linqing 376,337 719,611 see Liaocheng 2010-11-01
31 Rongcheng 363,420 714,355 see Weihai 2010-11-01
32 Laiyang 358,092 878,591 see Yantai 2010-11-01
33 Laixi 347,452 750,225 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
34 Qufu 302,805 640,498 see Jining 2010-11-01
35 Anqiu 300,160 926,894 see Weifang 2010-11-01
36 Changyi 287,720 603,482 see Weifang 2010-11-01
37 Zhaoyuan 281,780 566,244 see Yantai 2010-11-01
38 Rushan 259,876 572,481 see Weihai 2010-11-01
39 Haiyang 244,600 638,729 see Yantai 2010-11-01
40 Leling 214,238 652,415 see Dezhou 2010-11-01
41 Qixia 204,633 589,620 see Yantai 2010-11-01
42 Yucheng 203,724 490,031 see Dezhou 2010-11-01
43 Penglai 185,894 451,109 see Yantai 2010-11-01
  1. ^ a b Laiwu PLC is currently no longer exist after census it merged with Jinan in 2019. Laiwu PLC's districts merged after census: Laiwu (Laicheng), Gangcheng; and new districts established after census: Zhangqiu (Zhangqiu CLC), Jiyang (Jiyang County). Laiwu PLC's districts and the new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. ^ a b New district established after census: Jimo (Jimo CLC); Jiaonan CLC merged into Xihai'an (Huangdao) after census. The new district and annexed area not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ a b New district established after census: Yanzhou (Yanzhou CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ a b New district established after census: Kenli (Kenli County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ a b New district established after census: Wendeng (Wendeng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^ a b New district established after census: Dingtao (Dingtao County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^ a b New district established after census: Lingcheng (Lingxian County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^ a b New district established after census: Zhanhua (Zhanhua County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. ^ Zouping County is currently known as Zouping CLC after census.
 
 
Most populous cities in Shandong
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[62]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
 
Qingdao
 
Jinan 		1 Qingdao 5,127,000 11 Weihai 968,500  
Linyi
 
Yantai
2 Jinan 4,154,900 12 Heze 917,900
3 Linyi 2,188,300 13 Dongying 911,900
4 Yantai 2,186,100 14 Liaocheng 910,600
5 Zibo 1,824,600 15 Rizhao 900,000
6 Jining 1,577,400 16 Binzhou 887,600
7 Weifang 1,497,600 17 Laiwu 720,000
8 Dezhou 1,074,200 18 Shouguang 574,900
9 Tai'an 1,027,100 19 Xintai 555,000
10 Zaozhuang 1,025,800 20 Zhucheng 496,900

Culture

 
Map of Shandong Dialects

Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories: Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest (as well as in neighboring Hebei), such as the Jinan dialect; Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest (as well as in neighboring Henan); and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula (as well as the Liaodong Peninsula across the sea), such as the Qingdao dialect. When people speak of the "Shandong dialect" (山東話), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the "Jiaodong dialect" (膠東話).

Shandong cuisine (鲁菜) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It is known for its breads and fish dishes.[63] It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine (e.g. Jinan cuisine); the seafood-centered Jiaodong cuisine in the peninsula; and Confucius's Mansion cuisine, an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.

Shandong Bangzi and Lüju are popular types of Chinese opera in Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.

Transport

The Jingjiu railway (Beijing-Kowloon) and Jinghu railway (Beijing-Shanghai) are both major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong. The Jingjiu passes through Liaocheng and Heze; the Jinghu passes through Dezhou, Jinan, Tai'an, Yanzhou (the Jinghu high-speed railway will through Qufu) and Zaozhuang. The Jiaoji railway is an important railway of Shandong, linking its two largest cities of Qingdao and Jinan, with the longest history of all.

Shandong has one of the densest and highest quality expressway networks among all Chinese provinces. At over 3,000 km (1,900 mi), the total length of Shandong's expressways is the highest among the provinces. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) expressways pass through or begin in Shandong. Expressways that begin in Shandong are in bold:

There are also many shorter regional expressways within Shandong.

The Shandong Peninsula, with its bays and harbours, has many important ports, including Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, Dongying and Longkou. Many of these ports have historical significance and the sites of former foreign naval bases or historical battles. Ferries link the cities on the north coast of the peninsula with the Liaodong Peninsula, further north across the sea.

Important airports include Jinan Yaoqiang Airport and Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport. Other airports are Dongying Shengli Airport, Jining Qufu Airport, Linyi Shubuling Airport, Weifang Airport, Weihai Dashuibo Airport and Yantai Laishan International Airport.

As of the end of 2018, Qingdao is the only city in Shandong with a metro system, with four lines in operation. Jinan will be operating its metro system in early 2019.

Tourism

Tourist attractions in Shandong include:

Five-Year Clean Heating Plan

In 2017 air pollution contributed to about 21% of deaths in China.[64] In 2017, the Chinese government began a five-year plan to convert half of northern China to clean energy for winter heating.[65] Haiyang city is expected to convert completely to nuclear power by 2021,[66] reducing fossil fuel emissions by more than 60,000 tons annually.[67]

Education

Colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Shandong

Shandong is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. Shandong hosts 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in the East China region after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan.[16] As of 2022, two major cities ranked in the top 70 cities in the world (Jinan 36th and Qingdao 68th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[17]

Sports

Events held in Shandong

Professional sports teams based in Shandong

Former professional sports teams based in Shandong

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017. Purchasing power parity (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO[30] data; Exchange rate of CN￥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published in the China Statistical Yearbook.[31]
  2. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[50] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.[51]
  3. ^ This may include:

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Sources

  • China's agricultural export powerhouse faces grim year - Business - Chinadaily.com.cn
  • Economic profile for Shandong at HKTDC

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shandong.
  •   Shandong travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • (in Chinese) Shandong Government website
  • (in English and Chinese) Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821-1850
  • Shandong Article Encyclopædia Britannica

January 06, 2023
shandong, this, article, about, province, china, peninsula, peninsula, subdistrict, chongqing, subdistrict, aircraft, carrier, chinese, aircraft, carrier, other, uses, disambiguation, shantung, redirects, here, fabric, shantung, fabric, street, hong, kong, sha. This article is about the province of China For the peninsula see Shandong Peninsula For the subdistrict in Chongqing see Shandong Subdistrict For the aircraft carrier see Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong For other uses see Shandong disambiguation Shantung redirects here For the fabric see Shantung fabric For the street in Hong Kong see Shantung Street For other uses see Shan Tung disambiguation Shandong UK ʃ ae n ˈ d ʊ ŋ shan DUUNG 6 US ʃ ɑː n ˈ d ɔː ŋ shahn DAWNG 7 simplified Chinese 山东 traditional Chinese 山東 alternately romanized as Shantung is a coastal province of the People s Republic of China and is part of the East China region 8 Shandong 山东ProvinceName transcription s Chinese山东省 Shandōng Sheng AbbreviationSD 鲁 pinyin Lǔ From top to bottom left to right views of the South Gate to Heaven at Mount Tai Thousand Buddha Mountain in Jinan aerial view of Qingdao Temple of Confucius in QufuMap showing the location of Shandong ProvinceCoordinates 36 24 N 118 24 E 36 4 N 118 4 E 36 4 118 4 Coordinates 36 24 N 118 24 E 36 4 N 118 4 E 36 4 118 4CountryChinaNamed for山 Shan Taihang Mountains 东 dōng east East of the Taihang Mountains CapitalJinanLargest cityQingdaoDivisions16 prefectures 140 counties 1941 townshipsGovernment TypeProvince BodyShandong Provincial People s Congress CCP SecretaryLin Wu 1 Congress chairmanLi Ganjie GovernorZhou Naixiang CPPCC chairmanGe Huijun National People s Congress Representation174 deputiesArea 2 Total157 100 km2 60 700 sq mi Rank20thHighest elevation Mount Tai 1 545 m 5 069 ft Population 2020 3 Total101 527 453 Rank2nd Density650 km2 1 700 sq mi Rank5thDemonymShandongeseDemographics Ethnic compositionHan 99 3 Hui 0 6 Languages and dialectsJiaoliao Mandarin Jilu Mandarin Zhongyuan MandarinISO 3166 codeCN SDGDP 2021 CNY 8 31 trillion US 1 3 trillion 4 per capitaCNY 81 846 US 12 689 11th growth8 3 HDI 2019 0 759 5 high 14thWebsiteSD gov cnShandong Shandong in Simplified top and Traditional bottom Chinese charactersSimplified Chinese山东Traditional Chinese山東Literal meaning East of the Mountains Taihang TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShandōngBopomofoㄕㄢ ㄉㄨㄥGwoyeu RomatzyhShandongWade GilesShan1 tung1IPA ʂa n tʊ ŋ WuRomanizationSe平 ton平Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSaan dungJyutpingSaan1 dung1IPA sa ːn to ŋ Southern MinHokkien POJSoaⁿ tangTai loSuann tangShandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism Shandong s Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world 9 The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China 10 The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius and was later established as the center of Confucianism Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius 11 Shandong s location at the intersection of ancient and modern north south and east west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades Home to over 100 million inhabitants Shandong is the world s sixth most populous subnational entity and China s second most populous province 12 The economy of Shandong is China s third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY 8 3 trillion in 2021 or USD 1 3 trillion which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico 13 14 Compared to a country it would be the 15th largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021 15 Its GDP per capita is around the national average Shandong is considered one of China s leading provinces in education and research It hosts 153 higher education institutions ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese provinces municipalities after Jiangsu Guangdong and Henan 16 As of 2022 two major cities ranked in the top 70 cities in the world Jinan 36th and Qingdao 68th by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index 17 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Location 3 History 3 1 Ancient history 3 2 Early Imperial history 3 3 Early modern history 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 4 2 Geology 5 Politics 6 Economy 6 1 Wine industry 6 2 Economic and technological development zones 7 Demographics 7 1 Religion 7 2 Famous view and arts 8 Administrative divisions 8 1 Urban areas 9 Culture 10 Transport 11 Tourism 12 Five Year Clean Heating Plan 13 Education 13 1 Colleges and universities 14 Sports 14 1 Events held in Shandong 14 2 Professional sports teams based in Shandong 14 3 Former professional sports teams based in Shandong 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17 1 Sources 18 External linksEtymology EditIndividually the two Chinese characters in the name Shandong means mountain 山 and east 东 Shandong could hence be translated literally as east of the mountains and refers to the province s location to the east of the Taihang Mountains 18 19 A common nickname for Shandong is Qilǔ simplified Chinese 齐鲁 traditional Chinese 齊魯 after the States of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period Whereas the State of Qi was a major power of its era the State of Lu played only a minor role in the politics of its time However Lu became renowned for being the home of Confucius and hence its cultural influence came to eclipse that of the State of Qi The cultural dominance of the State of Lu heritage is reflected in the official abbreviation for Shandong which is 鲁 Chinese 魯 pinyin Lǔ English speakers in the 19th century called the province Shan tung 20 Location EditThe province is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Huang He and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north Hebei to the northwest Henan to the west Jiangsu to the south and the Yellow Sea to the southeast it also shares a very short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu History EditAncient history Edit A Song era monument to a legendary native of Shandong the Yellow Emperor at his supposed birthplace Remains of Ancient Linzi city sewer passing underneath the former city wall With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain Shandong was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia including the Houli culture 6500 5500 BC the Beixin culture 5300 4100 BC the Dawenkou culture 4100 2600 BC the Longshan culture 3000 2000 BC and the Yueshi culture 1900 1500 BC The earliest dynasties the Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong while eastern Shandong was inhabited by the Dongyi peoples who were considered barbarians Over subsequent centuries the Dongyi were eventually sinicized During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period regional states became increasingly powerful At this time Shandong was home to two major states the state of Qi at Linzi and the state of Lu at Qufu Lu is noted for being the home of Confucius However the state was comparatively small and eventually succumbed to the larger state of Chu from the south The state of Qi on the other hand was a significant power throughout the period Cities it ruled included Linzi Jimo north of modern Qingdao and Ju The easternmost part of the peninsula was ruled by the Dongyi state of Lai until Qi conquered it in 567 BC Early Imperial history Edit The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions 刺史部 in what is now modern Shandong Qingzhou 青州 in the north and Yanzhou 兗州 in the south During the division of the Three Kingdoms Shandong belonged to the Cao Wei which ruled over northern China After the Three Kingdoms period a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north Northern China including Shandong was overrun Over the next century or so Shandong changed hands several times falling to the Later Zhao then Former Yan then Former Qin then Later Yan then Southern Yan then the Liu Song dynasty and finally the Northern Wei dynasty the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period In 412 AD the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589 and the Tang dynasty 618 907 presided over the next golden age of China For the earlier part of this period Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit one of the circuits a political division Later on China splintered into warlord factions resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties all based in the north The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty In 1996 the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong s repression of Buddhism he favored Taoism The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142 Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit the first use of its current name Early modern history Edit City of Linqing Shandong with a view of the Grand Canal Drawing by William Alexander draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793 The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty where it had a more expansive territory including the agricultural part of Liaoning After the Ming Qing Transition in 1644 Shandong acquired more or less its current borders During the nineteenth century China became increasingly exposed to Western influence and Shandong a coastal province was significantly affected Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898 As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860 the Qing dynasty encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of northeast China Shandong was one of the first places in which the Boxer Rebellion started and became one of the uprising centers In 1899 the Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising He held the post for three years Street market in the city photographed by members of the Fragata Sarmiento s crew in the late 19th century Germany took control of China s Shandong Peninsula In 1898 Germany had leased Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force Development was a high government priority Over 200 million marks were invested in world class harbor facilities such as berths heavy machinery rail yards and a floating dry dock Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province opening mines banks factories and rail lines 21 As a consequence of the First World War Japan seized Germany holdings in Qingdao and Shandong The Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome referred to as the Shandong Problem led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was to give Shantung to China the treaty with reservations was not approved Finally Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States mediation during the Washington Naval Conference Weihai followed in 1930 22 German 1912 map of the Shandong Peninsula showing the Kiautschou Bay concession Shandong s return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords but after the Second Zhili Fengtian War of 1924 the northeast China based Fengtian clique took over In April 1925 the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang nicknamed the Dogmeat General as military governor of Shandong Province Time dubbed him China s basest warlord clarification needed 23 He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition He was succeeded by Han Fuju who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai shek Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian nicknamed the King of Shandong East who ruled eastern Shandong Province hence unifying the province under his rule In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino Japanese War which would eventually become part of the Pacific theatre of the Second World War Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley However he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter During the Japanese occupation with resistance continuing in the countryside Shandong was one of the provinces where a scorched earth policy Three Alls Policy kill all burn all loot all was implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura This lasted until Japan s surrender in 1945 killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China By 1945 communist forces already held some parts of Shandong Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War they expanded their holdings eventually driving the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China out of Shandong by June 1949 The People s Republic of China was founded in October of the same year Under the new government parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short lived Pingyuan Province but this did not last Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province but this did not last either For the most part Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today About six million people starved to death in Shandong during Great Chinese Famine 24 In recent years Shandong especially eastern Shandong has enjoyed significant economic development becoming one of the People s Republic of China s richest provinces Geography Edit The sacred Mount Tai The northwestern western and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain The province s center is more mountainous with Mount Tai being the most prominent The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea it separates Bohai Sea in the northwest from the Yellow Sea to the east and south The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak with a height of 1 545 metres 5 069 ft which is also the highest peak in the Taishan area citation needed The Yellow River passes through Shandong s western areas entering the sea along Shandong s northern coast in its traversal of Shandong it flows on a levee higher than the surrounding land and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province Shandong s coastline is 3 000 kilometres 1 900 mi long Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs bays and islands the large Laizhou Bay the southernmost of the three bays of Bohai Sea is found to the north between Dongying and Penglai Jiaozhou Bay which is much smaller is found to the south next to Qingdao The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northern coast of the peninsula With Jinan serving as the province s economic and cultural center the province s economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao Weihai and Yantai citation needed Climate Edit Shandong has a temperate climate lying in the transition between the humid subtropical Cwa under the Koppen climate classification and humid continental Koppen Dwa zones with four distinct seasons Summers are hot and rainy except for a few coastal areas while winters are cold and dry Average temperatures are 5 to 1 C 23 to 34 F in January and 24 to 28 C 75 to 82 F in July Annual precipitation is 550 to 950 mm 22 to 37 in the vast majority of which occurs during summer due to monsoonal influences Geology Edit Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton Beginning in the Mesozoic Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km 120 mi to as little as 80 km 50 mi Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils For example Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of many dinosaur fossils A major find of 7 600 dinosaur bones that including Tyrannosaurus and Ankylosaurus remains was announced in 2008 and is believed to be the largest collection ever found 25 Politics EditThis section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is No references and poorly written Please help improve this section if you can September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Tomb of the 59th generation senior descendant of Confucius Kong Yanjin Many generations of the senior branch direct descendants of Confucius ruled the Qufu area as its feudal rulers Main articles Politics of Shandong and List of provincial leaders of the People s Republic of China The Shandong Provincial People s Congress is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong s provincial legislature Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People s Congress The current chairman of the standing committee is Li Ganjie The Shandong Provincial People s Government is the State Administration in Shandong province Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People s Congress The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People s Congress and State Council of the People s Republic of China The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang Economy EditAs of 1832 Shandong was exporting fruits vegetables wine drugs and deerskin often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics 20 The economy of Shandong is China s third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY 8 3 trillion in 2021 or USD 1 3 trillion in nominal which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico 13 14 Its GDP per capita is around the national average Compared to a country it would be the 15th largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021 15 Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products including cotton wheat and garlic 26 as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world 27 Other important crops include sorghum and maize Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well especially in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta where the Shengli Oil Field lit Victory Oilfield is one of the major oilfields of China Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater It is the largest agricultural exporter in China Shandong is one of China s richest provinces and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well known brand names Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism due to its geographical proximity to those countries 28 The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well known brand names of China Tsingtao Beer Haier and Hisense Besides Dongying s oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong s economy Despite the primacy of Shandong s energy sector the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China 28 Historical GDP of Shandong Province 1952 present SNA2008 29 purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan as Int l dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 note 1 year GDP GDP per capita GDPpc based on mid year population Reference indexGDP in millions realgrowth GDPpc exchange rate1 foreign currency to CNYCNY USD PPP Int l CNY USD PPP Int l USD 1 Int l 1 PPP 2016 6 802 449 1 024 110 1 943 057 7 6 68 733 10 348 19 633 6 6423 3 50092015 6 393 074 1 026 439 1 801 120 8 0 65 114 10 454 18 345 6 2284 3 54952014 6 030 036 981 643 1 698 410 8 7 61 774 10 056 17 399 6 1428 3 55042013 5 602 372 904 601 1 566 265 9 6 57 702 9 317 16 132 6 1932 3 57692012 5 071 045 803 334 1 428 142 9 9 52 490 8 315 14 783 6 3125 3 55082011 4 543 951 703 529 1 296 235 10 9 47 416 7 341 13 526 6 4588 3 50552010 3 962 074 585 283 1 196 784 12 3 41 579 6 142 12 559 6 7695 3 31062009 3 425 154 501 413 1 084 768 12 2 36 270 5 310 11 487 6 8310 3 15752008 3 123 138 449 689 983 108 12 1 33 253 4 788 10 467 6 9451 3 17682007 2 599 074 341 804 862 076 14 3 27 833 3 660 9 232 7 6040 3 01492006 2 205 967 276 721 766 573 14 7 23 775 2 982 8 262 7 9718 2 87772005 1 849 700 225 802 646 974 15 1 20 075 2 451 7 022 8 1917 2 85902000 833 747 100 714 306 604 10 3 9 326 1 127 3 430 8 2784 2 71931990 151 119 31 594 88 758 5 3 1 815 379 1 066 4 7832 1 70261980 29 213 19 496 19 534 12 2 402 268 269 1 4984 1 49551978 22 545 14 498 10 1 316 203 1 55501970 12 631 5 131 15 7 199 81 2 46181965 8 625 3 504 22 0 152 62 2 46181957 6 139 2 358 3 5 116 45 2 60401952 4 381 1 971 91 41 2 2227Wine industry Edit See also Wine in China Shandong coastal vineyards The production of wine is the second largest citation needed industry in the Shandong Province second only to agriculture Geographically the southern hills average an elevation of 200 meters 660 ft while the coastal areas remain relatively flat Most of the soil is loose well ventilated and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of the root systems Presently there are more than 140 wineries in the region mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan Peng Sightseeing Highway The region produced more than 40 of China s grape wine production 32 Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon Cabernet Gernischt Merlot Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age considered to be the golden stage for these grapes Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20 Major producers Changyu Pioneer Wine Co China Great Wall Wine Co Ltd Economic and technological development zones Edit Jinan High tech Industrial Development ZoneFounded in 1991 the Jinan High tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km2 32 sq mi that is divided into a central area covering 33 km2 13 sq mi an export processing district of 10 km2 3 9 sq mi and an eastern extension area of 40 km2 15 sq mi Since its foundation the Jinan High tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG Panasonic Volvo and Sanyo In 2000 it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China Ukraine High tech Cooperation Park The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India citation needed Jinan Export Processing ZoneThe export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan east of the Jinan High tech Industrial Development Zone and to the north of the Jiwang highway The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km 5 6 and 11 2 mi respectively 33 Qingdao Economic amp Technological Development AreaApproved by the State Council in October 1984 Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of 12 5 km2 4 8 sq mi In 2004 the local GDP was 27 51 billion which increased by 28 9 the total industrial output value is 60 6 billion which increased by 31 There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone With the fast development of reform and opening up Haier Hisense Aucma Sinopec CSIC CNOOC CIMC etc are all located in the zone 34 Qingdao Free Trade ZoneThe State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992 The zone is 60 km 37 mi away from Qingdao Liuting Airport It is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal At present more than 40 foreign invested enterprises have moved in and 2000 projects have been approved It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs foreign exchange foreign trade and taxation in China citation needed Qingdao High tech Industrial ZoneThe State Council approved Qingdao High Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992 The zone is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor Encouraged industries include electronic information biotechnology medicine new materials new energy advanced equipment manufacturing marine science amp technology national defense technology 35 Weifang Binhai Economic amp Technological Development Area BEDA Established in August 1995 Weifang Binhai Economic amp Technological Development Area BEDA is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council Covering an area of 677 km2 261 sq mi BEDA has a population of 100 000 BEDA possesses a large state owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km2 150 sq mi The land can be transacted conveniently guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area Continuously BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco Industry Park Weihai Economic amp Technological Development ZoneWeihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21 1992 The administrative area has an area of 194 km2 75 sq mi including the programmed area of 36 km2 14 sq mi and an initial area of 11 88 km2 4 59 sq mi Its nearest port is Weihai Port and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport citation needed Weihai Export Processing ZoneWeihai Export amp Processing Zone EPZ was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27 2000 Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic amp Technological Development Zone with programmed area of 2 6 km2 1 0 sq mi Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export amp processing zone The EPZ is located 30 km 19 mi to Weihai Airport 3 km 1 9 mi to Weihai railway station and 4 km 2 5 mi to Weihai Harbor citation needed Weihai Torch Hi Tech Science ParkWeihai Torch Hi Tech Science Park is a state level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991 Located in Weihai s northwest zone of culture education and science the Park has the total area of 111 9 square kilometers 43 2 sq mi the coastal line of 30 5 kilometers 19 0 mi and 150 000 residents It is 3 km 1 9 mi away from the city center 4 km 2 5 mi away from Weihai Port 10 km 6 2 mi away from Weihai railway station 30 km 19 mi away from Weihai Airport and 80 km 50 mi away from Yantai Airport 36 Yantai Economic and Technological Development AreaYantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China It now has planned area of 10 km2 3 9 sq mi and a population of 115 000 It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the Huanghai Sea It adjoins to downtown Yantai merely 6 km 3 7 mi away from Yantai Port 6 km 3 7 mi away from Yantai railway station and a 30 minute drive to Yantai International Airport 37 Yantai Export Processing ZoneYantai Export Processing Zone YTEPZ is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4 17 m2 44 9 sq ft in which the initial zone covers 3 km2 1 2 sq mi After developing for several years YTEPZ is completely constructed At present the infrastructure has been completed standard workshops of 120 000 m2 140 000 sq yd and bonded warehouses of 40 000 m2 430 000 sq ft have been built up Up to now owning perfect investment environment and conditions YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan Korea Singapore Hong Kong Taiwan Sweden the United States Canada etc and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone 38 Zibo National New amp Hi Tech Industrial Development ZoneDemographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 1912 39 30 989 000 1928 40 28 672 000 7 5 1936 37 41 38 100 000 32 9 1947 42 38 865 000 2 0 1954 43 48 876 548 25 8 1964 44 55 519 038 13 6 1982 45 74 419 054 34 0 1990 46 84 392 827 13 4 2000 47 89 971 789 6 6 2010 48 95 793 065 6 5 Qingdao was part of Shandong Province until 1929 dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Shandong Province Weihai also known as Weihaiwei Established in 1930 dissolved in 1945 and incorporated into Shandong Province Shandong is the second most populous province of China after Guangdong just slightly ahead of Henan with a population of more than 101 527 453 at the 2020 Chinese census Over 99 of Shandong s population is Han Chinese Minority groups include the Hui and the Manchus Shandong citizens are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province As of 2010 16 18 year old male students in Yantai measured 176 4 centimetres 5 ft 9 4 in while female students measured 164 cm 5 ft 5 in 49 Religion Edit Religion in Shandong 50 note 2 Chinese ancestral religion 25 28 Christianity 1 21 Islam 0 55 Other religions or not religious people note 3 80 05 The predominant religions in Shandong are Chinese folk religions Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009 25 28 of the population believes in ancestor veneration while 1 21 of the population identifies as Christian decreasing from 1 30 in 2004 50 The Christians were 1 89 of the province s population in 1949 the largest proportion in China at that time 50 According to a survey of the year 2010 Muslims constitute 0 55 of Shandong s population up from 0 14 in 1949 51 52 The reports didn t give figures for other types of religion 80 05 of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities Buddhism Confucianism Taoism and folk religious sects Shandong is the province where Confucius was born in the year 551 B C Confucianism The most well known religion and or philosophy of Shandong is Confucianism Each year thousands of people come to Shandong to visit and learn about Confucius culture According to Chinese tradition Confucius was a thinker political figure educator and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought His teachings preserved in the Lunyu or Analects form the foundation of much of subsequent Chinese speculation on the ideal man s education and comportment how such an individual should live his life and interact with others and the forms of society and government in which he should participate Additionally there are many famous books about Confucius the most famous one is the Analects written by his students Confucius also helped edit The Five Classics 五经 The Five Classics include The Book of Songs History Changes and Rites 53 54 Famous view and arts Edit Northern Shaolin Seven Star Praying Mantis Style of Kung fu is also taught in this province It is also said that Northern Mantis had originated here and not in the Shaolin temple in Henan Province which is always stated in books citation needed Guandi is also known for Guangong Guanyu He is a famous general in the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms In Daojiao a traditional Chinese Religion Guangong is also one of the four Protectors citation needed Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong is a very famous World Heritage Site in China and it is also a 5A Tourist Attraction Lying to the Temple s east the Kong Family Mansion developed from a small family house linked to the temple into an aristocratic mansion The male direct descendants of Confucius lived and worked 55 56 Altar of the Temple of Guandi in Jinan Hall of the Great Perfection of the Temple of Confucius in Qufu Temple of Mazu in QingdaoAdministrative divisions EditMain articles List of administrative divisions of Shandong and List of township level divisions of Shandong Shandong is divided into sixteen prefecture level divisions all prefecture level cities including two sub provincial cities On January 1 2019 Laiwu was wholly annexed to Jinan Administrative divisions of Shandong Jinan Qingdao Zibo Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jining Tai an Weihai Rizhao Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou HezeDivision code 57 Division Area in km2 58 Population 2010 59 Seat Divisions 60 Districts Counties CL cities370000 Shandong Province 157100 00 95 792 719 Jinan city 58 52 26370100 Jinan city 10247 01 8 112 513 Lixia District 10 2370200 Qingdao city 11175 30 8 715 087 Shinan District 7 3370300 Zibo city 5965 17 4 530 597 Zhangdian District 5 3370400 Zaozhuang city 4563 22 3 729 140 Xuecheng District 5 1370500 Dongying city 7923 26 2 035 338 Dongying District 3 2370600 Yantai city 13746 47 6 968 202 Laishan District 5 6370700 Weifang city 16143 14 9 086 241 Kuiwen District 4 2 6370800 Jining city 11186 98 8 081 905 Rencheng District 2 7 2370900 Tai an city 7761 83 5 494 207 Taishan District 2 2 2371000 Weihai city 5796 98 2 804 771 Huancui District 2 2371100 Rizhao city 5347 99 2 801 013 Donggang District 2 2371300 Linyi city 17191 21 10 039 440 Lanshan District 3 9371400 Dezhou city 10356 32 5 568 235 Decheng District 2 7 2371500 Liaocheng city 8714 57 5 789 863 Dongchangfu District 2 5 1371600 Binzhou city 9444 65 3 748 474 Bincheng District 2 4 1371700 Heze city 12193 85 8 287 693 Mudan District 2 7 Sub provincial citiesAdministrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizationsEnglish Chinese PinyinShandong Province 山东省 Shandōng ShengJinan city 济南市 Jǐnan ShiQingdao city 青岛市 Qingdǎo ShiZibo city 淄博市 Zibo ShiZaozhuang city 枣庄市 Zǎozhuang ShiDongying city 东营市 Dōngying ShiYantai city 烟台市 Yantai ShiWeifang city 潍坊市 Weifang ShiJining city 济宁市 Jǐning ShiTai an city 泰安市 Tai an ShiWeihai city 威海市 Weihǎi ShiRizhao city 日照市 Rizhao ShiLinyi city 临沂市 Linyi ShiDezhou city 德州市 Dezhōu ShiLiaocheng city 聊城市 Liaocheng ShiBinzhou city 滨州市 Binzhōu ShiHeze city 菏泽市 Heze ShiThe 16 prefecture level cities of Shandong are subdivided into 137 county level divisions 55 districts 26 county level cities and 56 counties Those are in turn divided into 1941 township level divisions 1223 towns 293 townships two ethnic townships and 423 subdistricts Urban areas Edit Population by urban areas of prefecture amp county cities City Urban area 61 District area 61 City proper 61 Census date1 Jinan a 3 527 566 4 335 989 8 396 142 2010 11 01 1 Jinan new districts a 1 261 040 2 880 687 see Jinan 2010 11 012 Qingdao b 3 519 919 3 718 835 8 715 087 2010 11 01 2 Qingdao new district b 1 036 158 2 045 549 see Qingdao 2010 11 013 Zibo 2 261 717 3 129 228 4 530 597 2010 11 014 Yantai 1 797 861 2 227 733 6 968 202 2010 11 015 Linyi 1 522 488 2 303 648 10 039 440 2010 11 016 Weifang 1 261 582 2 044 028 9 086 241 2010 11 017 Tai an 1 123 541 1 735 425 5 494 207 2010 11 018 Zaozhuang 980 893 2 125 481 3 729 140 2010 11 019 Jining c 939 034 1 241 012 8 081 905 2010 11 01 9 Jining new district c 388 449 618 394 see Jining 2010 11 0110 Rizhao 902 272 1 320 578 2 801 013 2010 11 0111 Dongying d 848 958 1 004 271 2 035 338 2010 11 01 11 Dongying new district d 114 073 242 292 see Dongying 2010 11 0112 Tengzhou 783 473 1 603 659 see Zaozhuang 2010 11 0113 Weihai e 698 863 844 310 2 804 771 2010 11 01 13 Weihai new district e 310 628 673 625 see Weihai 2010 11 0114 Xintai 672 207 1 315 942 see Tai an 2010 11 0115 Liaocheng 606 366 1 229 768 5 789 863 2010 11 0116 Zhucheng 586 652 1 086 222 see Weifang 2010 11 0117 Heze f 559 636 1 346 717 8 287 693 2010 11 01 17 Heze new district f 166 037 565 793 see Heze 2010 11 0118 Dezhou g 526 232 679 535 5 568 235 2010 11 01 18 Dezhou new district g 170 317 569 007 see Dezhou 2010 11 0119 Zoucheng 513 418 1 116 692 see Jining 2010 11 0120 Shouguang 476 274 1 139 454 see Weifang 2010 11 0121 Feicheng 472 775 946 627 see Tai an 2010 11 0122 Gaomi 466 786 895 582 see Weifang 2010 11 0123 Pingdu 427 694 868 348 see Qingdao 2010 11 0124 Binzhou h 407 820 682 717 3 748 474 2010 11 01 24 Binzhou new district h 146 577 351 672 see Binzhou 2010 11 0125 Jiaozhou 404 216 1357 424 see Qingdao 2010 11 01 26 Zouping i 389 003 778 777 see Binzhou 2010 11 0127 Longkou 388 770 688 255 see Yantai 2010 11 0128 Qingzhou 384 358 940 355 see Weifang 2010 11 0129 Laizhou 379 789 883 896 see Yantai 2010 11 0130 Linqing 376 337 719 611 see Liaocheng 2010 11 0131 Rongcheng 363 420 714 355 see Weihai 2010 11 0132 Laiyang 358 092 878 591 see Yantai 2010 11 0133 Laixi 347 452 750 225 see Qingdao 2010 11 0134 Qufu 302 805 640 498 see Jining 2010 11 0135 Anqiu 300 160 926 894 see Weifang 2010 11 0136 Changyi 287 720 603 482 see Weifang 2010 11 0137 Zhaoyuan 281 780 566 244 see Yantai 2010 11 0138 Rushan 259 876 572 481 see Weihai 2010 11 0139 Haiyang 244 600 638 729 see Yantai 2010 11 0140 Leling 214 238 652 415 see Dezhou 2010 11 0141 Qixia 204 633 589 620 see Yantai 2010 11 0142 Yucheng 203 724 490 031 see Dezhou 2010 11 0143 Penglai 185 894 451 109 see Yantai 2010 11 01 a b Laiwu PLC is currently no longer exist after census it merged with Jinan in 2019 Laiwu PLC s districts merged after census Laiwu Laicheng Gangcheng and new districts established after census Zhangqiu Zhangqiu CLC Jiyang Jiyang County Laiwu PLC s districts and the new districts not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Jimo Jimo CLC Jiaonan CLC merged into Xihai an Huangdao after census The new district and annexed area not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Yanzhou Yanzhou CLC The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Kenli Kenli County The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Wendeng Wendeng CLC The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Dingtao Dingtao County The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Lingcheng Lingxian County The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city a b New district established after census Zhanhua Zhanhua County The new district not included in the urban area amp district area count of the pre expanded city Zouping County is currently known as Zouping CLC after census Most populous cities in Shandong Source China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population 62 Rank Pop Rank Pop Qingdao Jinan 1 Qingdao 5 127 000 11 Weihai 968 500 Linyi Yantai2 Jinan 4 154 900 12 Heze 917 9003 Linyi 2 188 300 13 Dongying 911 9004 Yantai 2 186 100 14 Liaocheng 910 6005 Zibo 1 824 600 15 Rizhao 900 0006 Jining 1 577 400 16 Binzhou 887 6007 Weifang 1 497 600 17 Laiwu 720 0008 Dezhou 1 074 200 18 Shouguang 574 9009 Tai an 1 027 100 19 Xintai 555 00010 Zaozhuang 1 025 800 20 Zhucheng 496 900Culture Edit Map of Shandong Dialects Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest as well as in neighboring Hebei such as the Jinan dialect Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest as well as in neighboring Henan and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula as well as the Liaodong Peninsula across the sea such as the Qingdao dialect When people speak of the Shandong dialect 山東話 it is generally the first or the second that is meant the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the Jiaodong dialect 膠東話 Shandong cuisine 鲁菜 is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine It is known for its breads and fish dishes 63 It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine e g Jinan cuisine the seafood centered Jiaodong cuisine in the peninsula and Confucius s Mansion cuisine an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts Shandong Bangzi and Luju are popular types of Chinese opera in Shandong both originated from southwestern Shandong Transport EditThe Jingjiu railway Beijing Kowloon and Jinghu railway Beijing Shanghai are both major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong The Jingjiu passes through Liaocheng and Heze the Jinghu passes through Dezhou Jinan Tai an Yanzhou the Jinghu high speed railway will through Qufu and Zaozhuang The Jiaoji railway is an important railway of Shandong linking its two largest cities of Qingdao and Jinan with the longest history of all Shandong has one of the densest and highest quality expressway networks among all Chinese provinces At over 3 000 km 1 900 mi the total length of Shandong s expressways is the highest among the provinces These National Trunk Highway System NTHS expressways pass through or begin in Shandong Expressways that begin in Shandong are in bold G2 Jinghu Expressway Beijing Shanghai G3 Jingtai Expressway Beijing Taipei Taiwan G15 Shenhai Expressway Shenyang Liaoning Haikou Hainan G18 Rongwu Expressway Rongcheng Wuhai Inner Mongolia G20 Qingyin Expressway Qingdao Yinchuan Ningxia G22 Qinglan Expressway Qingdao Lanzhou Gansu G25 Changshen Expressway Changchun Jilin Shenzhen Guangdong There are also many shorter regional expressways within Shandong The Shandong Peninsula with its bays and harbours has many important ports including Qingdao Yantai Weihai Rizhao Dongying and Longkou Many of these ports have historical significance and the sites of former foreign naval bases or historical battles Ferries link the cities on the north coast of the peninsula with the Liaodong Peninsula further north across the sea Important airports include Jinan Yaoqiang Airport and Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport Other airports are Dongying Shengli Airport Jining Qufu Airport Linyi Shubuling Airport Weifang Airport Weihai Dashuibo Airport and Yantai Laishan International Airport As of the end of 2018 Qingdao is the only city in Shandong with a metro system with four lines in operation Jinan will be operating its metro system in early 2019 Tourism EditTourist attractions in Shandong include Jinan the capital city of Shandong since Ming dynasty renowned for its 72 Famous Springs Baotu Spring a culturally significant artesian karst spring declared as Number One Spring under the Heaven 天下第一泉 by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty Daming Lake the largest lake in Jinan whose water is from the area s springs Marco Polo described its beauty in his works Thousand Buddha Mountain renowned for its numerous Buddha images which have been carved out of the hill s rock faces or free standing structures erect since the times of the Sui dynasty and its Xingguochan Temple Lingyan Temple one of the four most famous temples 四大名刹 in Tang dynasty in which there is 11th century Pizhi Pagoda and the Thousand Buddha Hall which houses a Ming dynasty bronze Buddha statue as well as 40 painted clay statues of life size luohan from the Song dynasty remnant of Great Wall of Qi the oldest existing Great Wall in China which is built in 685 BCE and stretches from Jinan to Qingdao Penglai a town on the north of the Shandong peninsula famed in Taoism Qingdao a former German port city is a beach resort city on the south of the peninsula that has German era heritage architecture and is also famous for its Tsingtao beer Ba Da Guan made up of eight streets named after the eight great military forts of ancient times Zhan Qiao a long strip pier stretches into the sea and was the first wharf at Qingdao Laoshan a scenic area and Daoist center to the east of Qingdao Qingzhou an ancient trading and administrative center with some famous archaeological discoveries Weihai a former British port city important in the second Sino Japanese War has British era heritage architecture World Heritage Sites Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu The northern quarters of the Cemetery of Confucius Tai Shan sacred mountain in Tai an Weifang has numerous natural and historic sites such as Shihu Garden from the Late Ming and early Qing dynasty Fangong Pavilion from the Song dynasty fossil sites including dinosaur fossils in Shanwang Linqu Mount Yi National Forest Park and Mount Qingyun Yangjiabu has painted New Year woodcuts which are also famous all around China Five Year Clean Heating Plan EditIn 2017 air pollution contributed to about 21 of deaths in China 64 In 2017 the Chinese government began a five year plan to convert half of northern China to clean energy for winter heating 65 Haiyang city is expected to convert completely to nuclear power by 2021 66 reducing fossil fuel emissions by more than 60 000 tons annually 67 Education EditColleges and universities Edit See also List of universities and colleges in ShandongShandong is considered one of China s leading provinces in education and research Shandong hosts 153 higher education institutions ranking second in the East China region after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese provinces municipalities after Jiangsu Guangdong and Henan 16 As of 2022 two major cities ranked in the top 70 cities in the world Jinan 36th and Qingdao 68th by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index 17 Shandong University Jinan Ocean University of China Qingdao China University of Petroleum Dongying and Qingdao University of Jinan Jinan Shandong Normal University Shandong Agricultural University Tai an Shandong University of Finance and Economics Jinan Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan Harbin Institute of Technology Weihai China Agricultural University Yantai Harbin University of Science and Technology Weihai Yantai University Yantai Qufu Normal University Qufu Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong University of Technology Zibo Liaocheng University Liaocheng Linyi University Linyi Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao Binzhou Medical College Binzhou Jining Medical University Jining Weifang Medical University Weifang Weifang University Weifang Shandong Institute of Business and Technology Yantai Shandong Women s University Jinan Qingdao Technical College Qingdao Rizhao Polytechnic Rizhao Zibo Vocational Institute Zibo Qingdao Binhai University Qingdao Shandong Foreign Languages Vocational College Rizhao Sports Edit Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium Events held in Shandong Edit 2009 National Games of China 2002 Table Tennis World Cup 2004 AFC Asian Cup 2007 A3 Champions Cup Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics 2011 Sudirman Cup 2012 Badminton Asia Championships 2012 Asian Beach GamesProfessional sports teams based in Shandong Edit Chinese Basketball Association Shandong Hi Speed Kirin Qingdao Eagles Chinese Super League Shandong Taishan China League One Qingdao Zhongneng Qingdao HuanghaiFormer professional sports teams based in Shandong Edit Qingdao Haisha Qingdao Sunrise Qingdao Hailifeng Yantai Yiteng F C Jining Dranix Shandong TengdingSee also EditMajor national historical and cultural sites in Shandong Shandong people Shantungosaurus Shantung Problem East Asian snowstorms of 2009 2010 East Asian snowstorms of late 2009Notes Edit Purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan as Int l dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 Purchasing power parity PPP for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO 30 data Exchange rate of CN to US is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange published in the China Statistical Yearbook 31 The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey CGSS of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey CSLS of 2007 reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang 2015 50 in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures Christian churches and the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage i e people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage churches and ancestral shrines Data for other religions with a significant presence in China deity cults Buddhism Taoism folk religious sects Islam et al was not reported by Wang The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010 51 This may include Buddhists Confucians Deity worshippers Taoists Members of folk religious sects People not bounded to nor practicing any institutional or diffuse religionReferences Edit Naznacheny novye sekretari partkomov provincij Shandun i Shansi in Russian dknews kz 2022 12 30 Doing Business in China Survey Ministry Of Commerce People s Republic Of China n d Archived from the original on 2015 10 16 Retrieved 2013 08 05 Communique of the Seventh National Population 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Britannica Portal China Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shandong amp oldid 1130431460, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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