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Paramount Pictures

Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production and distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS). It is the fifth-oldest film studio in the world,[1] the second-oldest film studio in the United States (behind Universal Pictures), and the sole member of the "Big Five" film studios located within the city limits of Los Angeles.[2]

Paramount Pictures Corporation
The Paramount Pictures studio lot in Los Angeles
Paramount Pictures
Formerly
TypeDivision
IndustryFilm
Predecessors
FoundedMay 8, 1912; 110 years ago (1912-05-08)
Founders
Headquarters5555 Melrose Avenue, ,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Brian Robbins (Chairman and CEO)
ProductsMotion pictures
OwnerNational Amusements
Parent
Divisions
Subsidiaries
Websiteparamountpictures.com

In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor put 24 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo.[3] In 1967, the number of stars was reduced to 22 and their hidden meaning was dropped. In 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only.[4] The company's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood, California.[5]

Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA).[6]

History

Famous Players Film Company

The evolution of Paramount
 
1912Paramount Pictures is founded
1920Group W forms with the launch of KDKA-AM
1927CBS is founded
1929Paramount buys 49% of CBS
1932Paramount sells back shares of CBS
1950Desilu is founded & CBS distributes its television programs
1952CBS creates the CBS Television Film Sales division
1958CBS Television Film Sales renamed as CBS Films
1966Gulf+Western buys Paramount
1968Gulf+Western acquires Desilu and renames it Paramount Television & CBS Films becomes CBS Enterprises
1970CBS Enterprises renamed as Viacom
1971Viacom is spun off from CBS as a separate company
1985Viacom buys full ownership of Showtime & MTV Networks
1986National Amusements buys Viacom
1989Gulf+Western renamed as Paramount Communications
1994Viacom acquires Paramount Communications
1995Westinghouse buys CBS
1997Westinghouse renamed as CBS Corporation
1999Viacom buys CBS Corporation
2001Viacom buys BET Networks
2006Viacom splits into second CBS Corporation and Viacom
2019CBS Corporation and Viacom re-merge to form ViacomCBS
2022ViacomCBS changes its name to Paramount Global

Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world; after the French studios Gaumont Film Company (1895) and Pathé (1896), Titanus (1904), followed by the Nordisk Film company (1906), and Universal Studios (1912).[1] It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.[2]

 
Paramount Pictures' first logo, based on a design by its co-founder William Wadsworth Hodkinson, used from 1914 to 1967.

Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company. Hungarian-born founder Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants.[7] With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time (leading to the slogan "Famous Players in Famous Plays"). By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success. Its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt.

That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, later known as Samuel Goldwyn. The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a suitable site in Hollywood. This place was a rented old horse barn converted into a production facility with an enlarged open-air stage located between Vine Street, Selma Avenue, Argyle Avenue and Sunset Boulevard. It was later known as the Lasky-DeMille Barn.[8] In 1914, their first feature film, The Squaw Man was released.

On May 8, 1914, Paramount Pictures Corporation (previously known as Progressive Pictures) was founded by a Utah theatre owner, W. W. Hodkinson, who had bought and merged five smaller firms.[9] On May 15, 1914, Hodkinson signed a five-year contract with the Famous Players Film Company, the Lasky Company and Bosworth, Inc. to distribute their films.[10] Actor, director and producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies. Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor; until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation.

Famous Players-Lasky

In 1916, Zukor engineered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one. The new company Lasky and Zukor founded on June 28, Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, although it continued to use the name "Paramount" as well. As a result, it became he largest film company at the time with a value of $12.5 million.[11] The corporation was able to grow quickly, with Lasky and his partners Goldwyn and DeMille running the production side, Hiram Abrams in charge of distribution, and Zukor making great plans. With only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its "Paramount Pictures" soon dominated the business.[12] The fusion was finalized on November 7, 1916.[13]

 
Lasky's original studio (a.k.a. "The Barn") as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.

Because Zukor believed in stars, he signed and developed many of the leading early stars, including Mary Pickford, Marguerite Clark, Pauline Frederick, Douglas Fairbanks, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino, and Wallace Reid. With so many important players, Paramount was able to introduce "block booking", which meant that an exhibitor who wanted a particular star's films had to buy a year's worth of other Paramount productions. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, but which led the government to pursue it on antitrust grounds for more than twenty years.[14]

By the mid-1920s, the old Lasky-DeMille barn property was not big enough to handle all of the studios' West Coast productions.[15] On January 5, 1926, Lasky reached an agreement to buy the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility owned by United Pictures and located at 5451 Marathon Street, for US$1 million.[16] On March 29, the company began an eight-month building program to renovate the existing facilities and erect new ones.[17] On May 8, Lasky finally moved operations from the Sunset and Vine lot to the new building. At present, those facilities are still part of the Paramount Pictures headquarters. Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg, an unerring eye for new talent, to run the new West Coast operations.

The logo, with Portuguese captions: Distribuida Pela Paramount.

On April 1, 1927, the company name was changed to Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation.[18] In September 1927, the Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation studio in Astoria (New York City) was temporarily closed with the objective of equipping it with the technology for the production of sound films.[19][20] In the same year, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max and Dave Fleischer's Fleischer Studios in New York City. The Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957. Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as "talkies", and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris. Richard A. Whiting and Leo Robin composed the score for the film; Maurice Chevalier starred and sang the most famous song from the film, "Louise".

Publix, Balaban and Katz, Loew's competition and wonder theaters

The driving force behind Paramount's rise was Zukor. He built a chain of nearly 2,000 screens, ran two production studios (in Astoria, New York, now the Kaufman Astoria Studios, and Hollywood, California), and became an early investor in radio, acquiring for the corporation a 50% interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928 (selling it within a few years; this would not be the last time Paramount and CBS crossed paths).

By acquiring the successful Balaban & Katz chain in 1926, Zukor gained the services of Barney Balaban (who would eventually become Paramount's president in 1936), his brother A. J. Balaban (who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts), and their partner Sam Katz (who would run the Paramount-Publix theatre chain in New York City from the thirty-five-story Paramount Theatre Building on Times Square).

 
Detail of Publix Theatre logo on what is now Indiana Repertory Theatre.

Balaban and Katz had developed the Wonder Theater concept, first publicized around 1918 in Chicago. The Chicago Theater was created as a very ornate theater and advertised as a "wonder theater". When Publix acquired Balaban, they embarked on a project to expand the wonder theaters, and starting building in New York City in 1927. While Balaban and Public were dominant in Chicago, Loew's was the big player in New York City, and did not want the Publix theaters to overshadow theirs. The two companies brokered a non-competition deal for New York City and Chicago, and Loew's took over the New York City area projects, developing five wonder theaters. Publix continued Balaban's wonder theater development in its home area.[21]

On April 24, 1930, Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation became the Paramount Publix Corporation.[22][23]

1920s and 1931–40: Receivership and reorganization

 
Paramount Showman's Pictures advertisement, 1925

Eventually, Zukor shed most of his early partners; the Frohman brothers, Hodkinson and Goldwyn were out by 1917 while Lasky hung on until 1932, when, blamed for the near-collapse of Paramount in the Great Depression years, he too was tossed out. In 1931, to solve the financial problems of the company Zukor hired taxi/rental car magnate John D. Hertz as chairman of the finance committee in order to assist vice-president and treasurer Ralph A. Kohn.[24] However, on January 6, 1933, Hertz resigned from his position when it become evident that his measures to lift the company had failed.[25] The over-expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases created a $21 million debt which led the company into receivership on January 26, 1933[26] and later filing bankruptcy on March 14, 1933.[27] On April 17, 1933, bankruptcy trustees were appointed and Zukor lost control of the company.[28][29] The company remained under the control of trustees for more than a year in order to restructure the debt and pursue a reorganization plan.[30] On December 3, 1934, the reorganization plan was formally proposed.[31] After prolonged hearings in court, final confirmation was obtained on April 25, 1935, when Federal Judge Alfred C. Coxe Jr. approved the reorganization of the Paramount-Publix Corporation under Section 77-B of the Bankruptcy Act.[32][33]

On June 4, 1935 John E. Otterson[34] became president of the re-emerged and newly renamed Paramount Pictures Inc.[35] Zukor returned to the company and was named production chief but after Barney Balaban was appointed president on July 2, 1936, he was soon replaced by Y. Frank Freeman and symbolically named chairman of the board.[36][37] On August 28, 1935, Paramount Pictures was re-listed on the New York Stock Exchange and after the company was under Balaban's leadership, the studio was successfully relauched.[38]

 
Paramount Pictures ad in The Film Daily, 1932

As always, Paramount films continued to emphasize stars; in the 1920s there were Gloria Swanson, Wallace Reid, Rudolph Valentino, Florence Vidor, Thomas Meighan, Pola Negri, Bebe Daniels, Antonio Moreno, Richard Dix, Esther Ralston, Emil Jannings, George Bancroft, Betty Compson, Clara Bow, Adolphe Menjou, and Charles Buddy Rogers. By the late 1920s and the early 1930s, talkies brought in a range of powerful draws: Richard Arlen, Nancy Carroll, Maurice Chevalier, Gary Cooper, Marlene Dietrich, Charles Ruggles, Ruth Chatterton, William Powell, Mae West, Sylvia Sidney, Bing Crosby, Claudette Colbert, the Marx Brothers, W.C. Fields, Fredric March, Jack Oakie, Jeanette MacDonald (whose first two films were shot at Paramount's Astoria, New York, studio), Carole Lombard, George Raft, Miriam Hopkins, Cary Grant and Stuart Erwin, among them.[39] In this period Paramount can truly be described as a movie factory, turning out sixty to seventy pictures a year. Such were the benefits of having a huge theater chain to fill, and of block booking to persuade other chains to go along. In 1933, Mae West would also add greatly to Paramount's success with her suggestive movies She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel.[40][41] However, the sex appeal West gave in these movies would also lead to the enforcement of the Production Code, as the newly formed organization the Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced.[42] Paramount cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios continued to be successful, with characters such as Betty Boop and Popeye the Sailor becoming widely successful. One Fleischer series, Screen Songs, featured live-action music stars under contract to Paramount hosting sing-alongs of popular songs. The animation studio would rebound with Popeye, and in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse.[43] After an unsuccessful expansion into feature films, as well as the fact that Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer speaking to one another, Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount, which renamed the operation Famous Studios. That incarnation of the animation studio continued cartoon production until 1967, but has been historically dismissed as having largely failed to maintain the artistic acclaim the Fleischer brothers achieved under their management.[44]

1941–50: United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.

In 1940, Paramount agreed to a government-instituted consent decree: block booking and "pre-selling" (the practice of collecting up-front money for films not yet in production) would end. Immediately, Paramount cut back on production, from 71 films to a more modest 19 annually in the war years.[45] Still, with more new stars like Bob Hope, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Paulette Goddard, and Betty Hutton, and with war-time attendance at astronomical numbers, Paramount and the other integrated studio-theatre combines made more money than ever. At this, the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department decided to reopen their case against the five integrated studios. Paramount also had a monopoly over Detroit movie theaters through subsidiary company United Detroit Theaters.[46] This led to the Supreme Court decision United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948) holding that movie studios could not also own movie theater chains. This decision broke up Adolph Zukor's creation, with the theater chain being split into a new company, United Paramount Theaters, and effectively brought an end to the classic Hollywood studio system.

1951–66: Split and after

With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court, Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two.[47] Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company, with the 1,500-screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31, 1949. Leonard Goldenson, who had headed the chain since 1938, remained as the new company's president. The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT; its trademark eventually became the property of the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation. The Foundation has recently acquired ownership of the Famous Players Trademark. Cash-rich and controlling prime downtown real estate, Goldenson began looking for investments. Barred from film-making by prior antitrust rulings, he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February 1953, leading it first to financial health, and eventually, in the mid-1970s, to first place in the national Nielsen ratings, before selling out to Capital Cities in 1985 (Capital Cities would eventually sell out, in turn, to The Walt Disney Company in 1996). United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1977. The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters. In 1985, Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Plitt. In later years, Paramount's TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC, providing many hit series to the network.

The DuMont Network

Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television, launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles and Chicago. The Los Angeles station eventually became KTLA, the first commercial station on the West Coast. The Chicago station got a commercial license as WBKB in 1943, but was sold to UPT along with Balaban & Katz in 1948 and was eventually resold to CBS as WBBM-TV.

In 1938, Paramount bought a stake in television manufacturer DuMont Laboratories. Through this stake, it became a minority owner of the DuMont Television Network.[48] Also Paramount launched its own network, Paramount Television Network, in 1948 through its television unit, Television Productions, Inc.[49]

Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os"); the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco, Detroit, and Boston.[50] The FCC, however, denied Paramount's applications. A few years earlier, the federal regulator had placed a five-station cap on all television networks: no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused.[50] According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered antitrust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont.[51] Both DuMont and Paramount Television Network suffered as a result, with neither company able to acquire five O&Os. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC, and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s.[52]

When ABC accepted a merger offer from UPT in 1953, DuMont quickly realized that ABC now had more resources than it could possibly hope to match. It quickly reached an agreement in principle to merge with ABC.[53] However, Paramount vetoed the offer due to antitrust concerns.[54] For all intents and purposes, this was the end of DuMont, though it lingered on until 1956.

In 1951, Paramount bought a stake in International Telemeter, an experimental pay TV service which operated with a coin inserted into a box. The service began operating in Palm Springs, California on November 27, 1953, but due to pressure from the FCC, the service ended on May 15, 1954.[55]

With the loss of the theater chain, Paramount Pictures went into a decline, cutting studio-backed production, releasing its contract players, and making production deals with independents. By the mid-1950s, all the great names were gone; only Cecil B. DeMille, associated with Paramount since 1913, kept making pictures in the grand old style. Despite Paramount's losses, DeMille would, however, give the studio some relief and create his most successful film at Paramount, a 1956 remake of his 1923 film The Ten Commandments.[56] DeMille died in 1959. Like some other studios, Paramount saw little value in its film library, and sold 764 of its pre-1950 films to MCA Inc./EMKA, Ltd. (known today as Universal Television) in February 1958.[57]

1966–70: Early Gulf+Western era

By the early 1960s, Paramount's future was doubtful. The high-risk movie business was wobbly; the theater chain was long gone; investments in DuMont and in early pay-television came to nothing; and the Golden Age of Hollywood had just ended, even the flagship Paramount Building in Times Square was sold to raise cash, as was KTLA (sold to Gene Autry in 1964 for a then-phenomenal $12.5 million). Their only remaining successful property at that point was Dot Records, which Paramount had acquired in 1957, and even its profits started declining by the middle of the 1960s.[58] Founding father Adolph Zukor (born in 1873) was still chairman emeritus; he referred to chairman Barney Balaban (born 1888) as "the boy". Such aged leadership was incapable of keeping up with the changing times, and in 1966, a sinking Paramount was sold to Charles Bluhdorn's industrial conglomerate, Gulf + Western Industries Corporation. Bluhdorn immediately put his stamp on the studio, installing a virtually unknown producer named Robert Evans as head of production. Despite some rough times, Evans held the job for eight years, restoring Paramount's reputation for commercial success with The Odd Couple, Rosemary's Baby, Love Story, The Godfather, Chinatown, and 3 Days of the Condor.[59]

Gulf + Western Industries also bought the neighboring Desilu television studio (once the lot of RKO Pictures) from Lucille Ball in 1967. Using some of Desilu's established shows such as Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, and Mannix as a foot in the door at the networks, the newly reincorporated Paramount Television eventually became known as a specialist in half-hour situation comedies.[60]

In 1968, Paramount formed Films Distributing Corp to distribute sensitive film product, including Sin With a Stranger, which was one of the first films to receive an X rating in the United States when the MPAA introduced their new rating system.[61]

1971–80: CIC formation and high-concept era

In 1970, Paramount teamed with Universal Studios to form Cinema International Corporation, a new company that would distribute films by the two studios outside the United States. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer would become a partner in the mid-1970s. Both Paramount and CIC entered the video market with Paramount Home Video (now Paramount Home Entertainment) and CIC Video, respectively.

Robert Evans abandoned his position as head of production in 1974; his successor, Richard Sylbert, proved to be too literary and too tasteful for Gulf + Western's Bluhdorn. By 1976, a new, television-trained team was in place headed by Barry Diller and his "Killer-Dillers", as they were called by admirers or "Dillettes" as they were called by detractors. These associates, made up of Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Dawn Steel and Don Simpson would each go on and head up major movie studios of their own later in their careers.

The Paramount specialty was now simpler. "high concept" pictures such as Saturday Night Fever and Grease hit big, hit hard and hit fast all over the world,[62] while its fortuitous earlier acquisition of the Star Trek property, which had grown into a cult favorite, enabled Paramount to have a long running science fiction film and television franchise to compete with the outstanding popular success of Star Wars. Diller's television background led him to propose one of his longest-standing ideas to the board: Paramount Television Service, a fourth commercial network. Paramount Pictures purchased the Hughes Television Network (HTN) including its satellite time in planning for PTVS in 1976. Paramount sold HTN to Madison Square Garden in 1979.[63] But Diller believed strongly in the concept, and so took his fourth-network idea with him when he moved to 20th Century Fox in 1984, where Fox's then freshly installed proprietor, Rupert Murdoch was a more interested listener.

However, the television division would be playing catch-up for over a decade after Diller's departure in 1984 before launching its own television network – UPN – in 1995. Lasting eleven years before being merged with The WB network to become The CW in 2006, UPN would feature many of the shows it originally produced for other networks, and would take numerous gambles on series such as Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Enterprise that would have otherwise either gone direct-to-cable or become first-run syndication to independent stations across the country (as Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: The Next Generation were).

Paramount Pictures was not connected to either Paramount Records (1910s–1935) or ABC-Paramount Records (1955–66) until it purchased the rights to use the name (but not the latter's catalog) in the late 1960s. The Paramount name was used for soundtrack albums and some pop re-issues from the Dot Records catalog which Paramount had acquired in 1957. By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label[64] and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA (now Universal Music Group) in 1979.[65][66]

1980–94: Continual success

Paramount's successful run of pictures extended into the 1980s and 1990s, generating hits like Airplane!, American Gigolo, Ordinary People, An Officer and a Gentleman, Flashdance, Terms of Endearment, Footloose, Pretty in Pink, Top Gun, Crocodile Dundee, Fatal Attraction, Ghost, the Friday the 13th slasher series, as well as teaming up with Lucasfilm to create the Indiana Jones franchise. Other examples are the Star Trek film series and a string of films starring comedian Eddie Murphy like Trading Places, Coming to America and Beverly Hills Cop and its sequels. While the emphasis was decidedly on the commercial, there were occasional less commercial but more artistic and intellectual efforts like I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can, Atlantic City, Reds, Witness, Children of a Lesser God and The Accused. During this period, responsibility for running the studio passed from Eisner and Katzenberg to Frank Mancuso, Sr. (1984) and Ned Tanen (1984) to Stanley R. Jaffe (1991) and Sherry Lansing (1992). More so than most, Paramount's slate of films included many remakes and television spin-offs; while sometimes commercially successful, there have been few compelling films of the kind that once made Paramount the industry leader.

On August 25, 1983, Paramount Studios caught fire. Two or three sound stages and four outdoor sets were destroyed.[67][68]

When Charles Bluhdorn died unexpectedly, his successor Martin Davis dumped all of G+W's industrial, mining, and sugar-growing subsidiaries and refocused the company, renaming it Paramount Communications in 1989. With the influx of cash from the sale of G+W's industrial properties in the mid-1980s, Paramount bought a string of television stations and KECO Entertainment's theme park operations, renaming them Paramount Parks. These parks included Paramount's Great America, Paramount Canada's Wonderland, Paramount's Carowinds, Paramount's Kings Dominion, and Paramount's Kings Island.[69]

In May 1985, Paramount decided to start its own talent department, establishing which its feature directors could draw, which the studio decided to shut down on July 30, 1986, by then-studio president Dawn Steel.[70] In 1987, Paramount Pictures, along with MGM/UA Communications Co. and Universal Pictures teamed up in order to market feature film and television product to China, and the consumer reach is measured in terms of the 25-billion admission tickets that were clocked in China in 1986, and Worldwide Media Sales, a division of the New York-based Worldwide Media Group had been placed in charge of the undertaking.[71] That year, Paramount Pictures decided to consolidate its distribution operations, that closing a number of branch offices that was designed for the studio and relocating staff and major activities in an effort to cut costs and provide for a more efficient centralization, which was a response in a change to the distribution practices by working out cities where exhibitors also had offices.[72] In August 1987, Paramount Overseas Productions decided that they would declare that the subsidiary was not just for the upcoming film Experts, which was shot $12 million in Canada, but other films filmed there worldwide, including the United Kingdom and Canada, and the company was set up it was one of the several subsidiaries through it was filmed outside of the United States.[73]

In 1993, Sumner Redstone's entertainment conglomerate Viacom made a bid for a merger with Paramount Communications; this quickly escalated into a bidding war with Barry Diller's QVC. But Viacom prevailed, ultimately paying $10 billion for the Paramount holdings. Viacom and Paramount had planned to merge as early as 1989.[74]

Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood proper. When Paramount moved to its present home in 1927, it was in the heart of the film community. Since then, former next-door neighbor RKO closed up shop in 1957 (Paramount ultimately absorbed their former lot); Warner Bros. (whose old Sunset Boulevard studio was sold to Paramount in 1949 as a home for KTLA) moved to Burbank in 1930; Columbia joined Warners in Burbank in 1973 then moved again to Culver City in 1989; and the Pickford-Fairbanks-Goldwyn-United Artists lot, after a lively history, has been turned into a post-production and music-scoring facility for Warners, known simply as "The Lot". For a time the semi-industrial neighborhood around Paramount was in decline, but has now come back. The recently refurbished studio has come to symbolize Hollywood for many visitors, and its studio tour is a popular attraction.

1989–94: Paramount Communications

Paramount Communications, Inc.
 
TypeConglomerate
IndustryEntertainment, mass media
PredecessorGulf+Western
Founded1989; 34 years ago (1989)
FounderMartin S. Davis
DefunctJuly 7, 1994; 28 years ago (1994-07-07)
FateAbsorbed into Viacom
SuccessorViacom
HeadquartersNew York City, New York, United States
ParentIndependent (1989–1994)
SubsidiariesMadison Square Garden
Paramount Pictures
Paramount Television
Simon and Schuster
Websitewww.paramount.com

In 1983, Gulf and Western began a restructuring process that would transform the corporation from a bloated conglomerate consisting of subsidiaries from unrelated industries to a more focused entertainment and publishing company. The idea was to aid financial markets in measuring the company's success, which, in turn, would help place better value on its shares. Though its Paramount division did very well in recent years, Gulf and Western's success as a whole was translating poorly with investors. This process eventually led Davis to divest many of the company's subsidiaries. Its sugar plantations in Florida and the Dominican Republic were sold in 1985; the consumer and industrial products branch was sold off that same year.[75] In 1989, Davis renamed the company Paramount Communications Incorporated after its primary asset, Paramount Pictures.[76] In addition to the Paramount film, television, home video, and music publishing divisions, the company continued to own the Madison Square Garden properties (which also included MSG Network), a 50% stake in USA Networks (the other 50% was owned by MCA/Universal Studios) and Simon & Schuster, Prentice Hall, Pocket Books, Allyn & Bacon, Cineamerica (a joint venture with Warner Communications), and Canadian cinema chain Famous Players Theatres.[75]

That same year, the company launched a $12.2 billion hostile bid to acquire Time Inc. in an attempt to end a stock-swap merger deal between Time and Warner Communications. This caused Time to raise its bid for Warner to $14.9 billion in cash and stock. Gulf and Western responded by filing a lawsuit in a Delaware court to block the Time-Warner merger. The court ruled twice in favor of Time, forcing Gulf and Western to drop both the Time acquisition and the lawsuit, and allowing the formation of Time Warner.

Paramount used cash acquired from the sale of Gulf and Western's non-entertainment properties to take over the TVX Broadcast Group chain of television stations (which at that point consisted mainly of large-market stations which TVX had bought from Taft Broadcasting, plus two mid-market stations which TVX owned prior to the Taft purchase), and the KECO Entertainment chain of theme parks from Taft successor Great American Broadcasting. Both of these companies had their names changed to reflect new ownership: TVX became known as the Paramount Stations Group, while KECO was renamed to Paramount Parks.

Paramount Television launched Wilshire Court Productions in conjunction with USA Networks, before the latter was renamed NBCUniversal Cable, in 1989. Wilshire Court Productions (named for a side street in Los Angeles) produced television films that aired on the USA Networks, and later for other networks. USA Networks launched a second channel, the Sci-Fi Channel (now known as Syfy), in 1992. As its name implied, it focused on films and television series within the science fiction genre. Much of the initial programming was owned either by Paramount or Universal. Paramount bought one more television station in 1993: Cox Enterprises' WKBD-TV in Detroit, Michigan, at the time an affiliate of the Fox Broadcasting Company.

1994–2005: Dolgen/Lansing and "old" Viacom era

In February 1994, Viacom acquired 50.1% of Paramount Communications Inc. shares for $9.75 billion, following a five-month battle with QVC, and completed the merger in July.[77][78][79] At the time, Paramount's holdings included Paramount Pictures, Madison Square Garden, the New York Rangers, the New York Knicks, and the Simon & Schuster publishing house.[80] The deal had been planned as early as 1989, when the company was still known as Gulf and Western.[74] Though Davis was named a member of the board of National Amusements, which controlled Viacom, he ceased to manage the company.

Under Viacom, the Paramount Stations Group continued to build with more station acquisitions, eventually leading to Viacom's acquisition of its former parent, the CBS network, in 1999. Around the same time, Viacom bought out Spelling Entertainment, incorporating its library into that of Paramount itself.

Viacom split into two companies in 2006, one retaining the Viacom name (which continued to own Paramount Pictures), while another was named CBS Corporation (which now controlled Paramount Television Group, which was renamed CBS Paramount Television, now known as CBS Television Studios and worldwide distribution unit is now CBS Television Distribution and CBS Studios International, in 2006, Simon & Schuster (except for Prentice Hall and other educational units, which Viacom sold to Pearson PLC in 1998), and what's left of the original Paramount Stations Group, now known as CBS Television Stations). National Amusements retains majority control of the two.

Together, these two companies own many of the former media assets of Gulf and Western and its Paramount successor today. Meanwhile, the Madison Square Garden properties (including Madison Square Gardens, the MSG Network, Knicks and Rangers) were sold to Cablevision for $1.075 billion not long after the Viacom takeover.[81] CBS retained ownership of the Paramount Parks chain for a few months after becoming part of the new CBS Corporation, but sold the parks to Cedar Fair in the summer of 2006, and thus National Amusements got out of the theme park ownership business entirely. Over the next few years, Cedar Fair purged references to Viacom-owned properties from the former Paramount Parks, a task completed in 2010. Viacom also sold its stake in the USA Networks to Universal in 1997, and the channels came under the ownership of Universal's successor, NBCUniversal, which still retained those holdings as of late July 2013.

During this time period, Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen, chairman and Sherry Lansing, president.[82][83] During their administration over Paramount, the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount's ten highest-grossing films being produced during this period.[84] The most successful of these films, Titanic, a joint partnership with 20th Century Fox, and Lightstorm Entertainment became the highest-grossing film up to that time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide.[85] Also during this time, three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture; Titanic, Braveheart, and Forrest Gump.

Paramount's most important property, however, was Star Trek. Studio executives had begun to call it "the franchise" in the 1980s due to its reliable revenue, and other studios envied its "untouchable and unduplicatable" success. By 1998 Star Trek television shows, movies, books, videotapes, and licensing provided so much of the studio's profit that "it is not possible to spend any reasonable amount of time at Paramount and not be aware of [its] presence"; filming for Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine required up to nine of the largest of the studio's 36 sound stages.[86][87]: 49–50, 54 

In 1995, Viacom and Chris-Craft Industries' United Television launched United Paramount Network (UPN) with Star Trek: Voyager as its flagship series, fulfilling Barry Diller's plan for a Paramount network from 25 years earlier. In 1999, Viacom bought out United Television's interests, and handed responsibility for the start-up network to the newly acquired CBS unit, which Viacom bought in 1999 – an ironic confluence of events as Paramount had once invested in CBS, and Viacom had once been the syndication arm of CBS as well.[88] During this period the studio acquired some 30 TV stations to support the UPN network as well acquiring and merging in the assets of Republic Pictures, Spelling Television and Viacom Television, almost doubling the size of the studio's television library. The television division produced the dominant prime time show for the decade in Frasier as well as such long running hits as NCIS and Becker and the dominant prime time magazine show Entertainment Tonight. Paramount also gained the ownership rights to the Rysher library, after Viacom acquired the rights from Cox Enterprises.

During this period, Paramount and its related subsidiaries and affiliates, operating under the name "Viacom Entertainment Group" also included the fourth largest group of theme parks in the United States and Canada which in addition to traditional rides and attractions launched numerous successful location-based entertainment units including a long running "Star Trek" attraction at the Las Vegas Hilton. Famous Music – the company's celebrated music publishing arm almost doubled in size and developed artists including Pink, Bush, Green Day as well as catalog favorites including Duke Ellington and Henry Mancini. The Paramount/Viacom licensing group under the leadership of Tom McGrath created the "Cheers" franchise bars and restaurants and a chain of restaurants borrowing from the studio's Academy Award-winning film Forrest GumpThe Bubba Gump Shrimp Company. Through the combined efforts of Famous Music and the studio over ten "Broadway" musicals were created including Irving Berlin's White Christmas, Footloose, Saturday Night Fever, Andrew Lloyd Webber's Sunset Boulevard among others. The company's international arm, United International Pictures (UIP), was the dominant distributor internationally for ten straight years representing Paramount, Universal and MGM. Simon and Schuster became part of the Viacom Entertainment Group emerging as the US' dominant trade book publisher.

In 2002, Paramount; along with Buena Vista Distribution, 20th Century Fox, Columbia TriStar Pictures Entertainment, MGM/UA Entertainment, Universal Studios, DreamWorks Pictures, Artisan Entertainment, Lions Gate Entertainment, and Warner Bros. formed the Digital Cinema Initiatives. Operating under a waiver from the antitrust law, the studios combined under the leadership of Paramount Chief Operating Officer Tom McGrath to develop technical standards for the eventual introduction of digital film projection – replacing the now 100-year-old film technology.[89] DCI was created "to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance, reliability and quality control."[89] McGrath also headed up Paramount's initiative for the creation and launch of the Blu-ray Disc.

2005–present: Paramount today

 
Paramount Pictures' studio lot in Hollywood (Melrose Gate entrance)

CBS/Viacom split

Reflecting in part the troubles of the broadcasting business, in 2006 Viacom wrote off over $18 billion from its radio acquisitions and, early that year, announced that it would split itself in two. The split was completed in January 2006.[90][91]

With the announcement of the split of Viacom, Dolgen and Lansing were replaced by former television executives Brad Grey and Gail Berman.[92][93] The Viacom Inc. board split the company into CBS Corporation and a separate company under the Viacom name. The board scheduled the division for the first quarter of 2006. Under the plan, CBS Corporation would comprise the CBS and UPN networks, Viacom Television Stations, Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, Viacom Outdoor, Paramount Television, King World Productions, Showtime Networks, Simon & Schuster, Paramount Parks, and CBS News. The revamped Viacom would include "MTV, VH1, Nickelodeon, BET and several other cable networks as well as the Paramount movie studio".[94] Paramount's home entertainment unit continues to distribute the Paramount Television library through CBS DVD, as both Viacom and CBS Corporation were controlled by Sumner Redstone's National Amusements.[95]

In 2009, CBS stopped using the Paramount name in its series and changed the name of the production arm to CBS Television Studios, eliminating the Paramount name from television, to distance itself from the latter.

DreamWorks acquisition

On December 11, 2005, the Paramount Motion Pictures Group announced that it had purchased DreamWorks SKG (which was co-founded by former Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg) in a deal worth $1.6 billion. The announcement was made by Brad Grey, chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures who noted that enhancing Paramount's pipeline of pictures is a "key strategic objective in restoring Paramount's stature as a leader in filmed entertainment."[96] The agreement does not include DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc., the most profitable part of the company that went public the previous year.[97]

History since 2006

Grey also broke up the famous United International Pictures (UIP) international distribution company with 15 countries being taken over by Paramount or Universal by December 31, 2006, with the joint venture continuing in 20 markets. In Australia, Brazil, France, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and the U.K., Paramount took over UIP. While in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain and Switzerland, Universal took over and Paramount would build its own distribution operations there. In 2007 and 2008, Paramount may sub-distribute films via Universal's countries and vice versa. Paramount's international distribution unit would be headquartered in Los Angeles and have a European hub.[98] In Italy, Paramount distributed through Universal.[99] With Universal indicated that it was pulling out of the UIP Korea and started its own operation there in November 2016, Paramount agreed to have CJ Entertainment distribute there.[100] UIP president and chief operating officer Andrew Cripps[98] was hired as Paramount Pictures International head. Paramount Pictures International distributed films that made the 1 billion mark in July 2007; the fifth studio that year to do so and it its first year.[101]

On October 6, 2008, DreamWorks executives announced that they were leaving Paramount and relaunching an independent DreamWorks. The DreamWorks trademarks remained with DreamWorks Animation when that company was spun off before the Paramount purchase, and DreamWorks Animation transferred the license to the name to the new company.[102]

DreamWorks films, acquired by Paramount but still distributed internationally by Universal, are included in Paramount's market share. Grey also launched a Digital Entertainment division to take advantage of emerging digital distribution technologies. This led to Paramount becoming the second movie studio to sign a deal with Apple Inc. to sell its films through the iTunes Store.[103]

Also, in 2007, Paramount sold another one of its "heritage" units, Famous Music, to Sony/ATV Music Publishing (best known for publishing many songs by The Beatles, and for being co-owned by Michael Jackson), ending a nearly-eight-decade run as a division of Paramount, being the studio's music publishing arm since the period when the entire company went by the name "Famous Players".[104]

In early 2008, Paramount partnered with Los Angeles-based developer FanRocket to make short scenes taken from its film library available to users on Facebook. The application, called VooZoo, allows users to send movie clips to other Facebook users and to post clips on their profile pages.[105] Paramount engineered a similar deal with Makena Technologies to allow users of vMTV and There.com to view and send movie clips.[106]

In March 2010, Paramount founded Insurge Pictures, an independent distributor of "micro budget" films. The distributor planned ten movies with budgets of $100,000 each.[107] The first release was The Devil Inside, a movie with a budget of about US$1 million.[108] In March 2015, following waning box office returns, Paramount shuttered Insurge Pictures and moved its operations to the main studio.[109]

In July 2011, in the wake of critical and box office success of the animated feature, Rango, and the departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012, Paramount announced the formation of a new division, devoted to the creation of animated productions.[110] It marks Paramount's return to having its own animated division for the first time since 1967, when Paramount Cartoon Studios shut down (it was formerly Famous Studios until 1956).[111]

In December 2013, Walt Disney Studios (via its parent company's purchase of Lucasfilm a year earlier)[112] gained Paramount's remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films. Paramount will permanently retain the distribution rights to the first four films and will receive "financial participation" from any additional films.[113]

In February 2016, Viacom CEO and newly appointed chairman Philippe Dauman announced that the conglomerate is in talks to find an investor to purchase a minority stake in Paramount.[114] Sumner Redstone and his daughter Shari are reportedly opposed with the deal.[115] On July 13, 2016, Wanda Group was in talks to acquire a 49% stake of Paramount.[116] The talks with Wanda were dropped. On January 19, 2017, Shanghai Film Group Corp. and Huahua Media said they would finance at least 25% of all Paramount Pictures movies over a three-year period. Shanghai Film Group and Huahua Media, in the deal, would help distribute and market Paramount's features in China. At the time, the Wall Street Journal wrote that "nearly every major Hollywood studio has a co-financing deal with a Chinese company."[117]

On March 27, 2017, Jim Gianopulos was named as a chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, replacing Brad Grey.[118] In June 2017, Paramount Players was formed by the studio with the hiring of Brian Robbins, founder of AwesomenessTV, Tollin/Robbins Productions and Varsity Pictures, as the division's president. The division was expected to produce films based on the Viacom Media Networks properties including MTV, Nickelodeon, BET and Comedy Central.[119] In June 2017, Paramount Pictures signed a deal with 20th Century Fox for distribution of its films in Italy, which took effect on September. Prior to the deal, Paramount's films in Italy were distributed by Universal Pictures.[99]

On December 7, 2017, it was reported that Paramount sold the international distribution rights of Annihilation to Netflix.[120] Netflix subsequently bought the worldwide rights to The Cloverfield Paradox for $50 million.[121] On November 16, 2018, Paramount signed a multi-picture film deal with Netflix as part of Viacom's growth strategy, making Paramount the first major film studio to do so.[122] A sequel to Awesomeness Films' To All the Boys I've Loved Before is currently in development at the studio for Netflix.[123]

In April 2018, Paramount posted its first quarterly profit since 2015.[124] Bob Bakish, CEO of parent Viacom, said in a statement that turnaround efforts "have firmly taken hold as the studio improved margins and returned to profitability. This month's outstanding box-office performance of A Quiet Place, the first film produced and released under the new team at Paramount, is a clear sign of our progress."

Gianopulos was fired in September 2021 and replaced by Nickelodeon president Brian Robbins.[125]

In January 2022, Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to Tomi Adeyemi's young adult fantasy novel Children of Blood and Bone from Lucasfilm. As part of the acquisition, the film will have a guaranteed exclusive theatrical release while Adeyemi will write the screenplay and serve as executive producer. The film adaptation will also be produced by Temple Hill Entertainment and Sunswept Entertainment.[126][127]

On March 8, 2022, Paramount Players' operations were folded into Paramount Pictures Motion Picture Group.[128] However, it will continue to operate as a label as it has several upcoming films on its slate.

On November 15, 2022, Paramount entered a multi-year exclusive deal with former president of DC Films Walter Hamada. Hamada will oversee the development of horror films beginning in 2023.[129]

CBS/Viacom re-merger

On September 29, 2016, National Amusements sent a letter to both CBS Corporation and Viacom, encouraging the two companies to re-merge back into one company.[130] On December 12, the deal was called off.[131] On May 30, 2019, CNBC reported that CBS and Viacom would explore merger discussions in mid-June 2019.[132] Reports say that CBS and Viacom reportedly set August 8 as an informal deadline for reaching an agreement to recombine the two media companies.[133][134] CBS announced to acquire Viacom as part of the re-merger for up to $15.4 billion.[135] On August 2, 2019, the two companies agreed to remerge back into one entity,[136] which was named ViacomCBS; the deal was closed on December 4, 2019.[137]

In December 2019, ViacomCBS agreed to purchase a 49% stake in Miramax that was owned by beIN Media Group, with Paramount gaining the distribution of the studio's 700-film library as well as its future releases. Also, Paramount will produce television series based on Miramax's IPs.[138] The deal officially closed on April 3, 2020.[139] ViacomCBS later announced that it would rebrand the CBS All Access streaming service as Paramount+ to allow for international expansion using the widely recognized Paramount name and drawing from the studio's library as well as that of CBS, MTV, Nickelodeon, and more.[140]

On February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS changed its name to Paramount Global, after the studio.[141]

Investments

DreamWorks Pictures

In 2006, Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks Pictures. Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in live-action films released through DreamWorks, with the release of Just Like Heaven on September 16, 2005. The remaining live-action films released until March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control. However, Paramount still owns distribution and other ancillary rights to Soros and Dune films.

On February 8, 2010, Viacom repurchased Soros' controlling stake in DreamWorks' library of films released before 2005 for around $400 million.[142] Even as DreamWorks switched distribution of live-action films not part of existing franchises to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and later Universal Pictures, Paramount continues to own the films released before the merger, and the films that Paramount themselves distributed, including sequel rights such as that of Little Fockers (2010), distributed by Paramount and DreamWorks. It was a sequel to two existing DreamWorks films, Meet the Parents (2000) and Meet the Fockers (2004). (Paramount only owned the international distribution rights to Little Fockers, whereas Universal Pictures handled domestic distribution[143]).

Paramount also owned distribution rights to the DreamWorks Animation library of films made before 2013, and their previous distribution deal with future DWA titles expired at the end of 2012, with Rise of the Guardians. 20th Century Fox took over distribution for post-2012 titles beginning with The Croods (2013)[144] and ending with Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017). Universal Pictures subsequently took over distribution for DreamWorks Animation's films beginning with How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019) due to NBCUniversal's acquisition of the company in 2016. Paramount's rights to the 1998–2012 DWA library would have expired 16 years after each film's initial theatrical release date,[145] but in July 2014, DreamWorks Animation purchased Paramount's distribution rights to the pre-2013 library, with 20th Century Fox distributing the library until January 2018, which Universal then assumed ownership of distribution rights.[146]

Another asset of the former DreamWorks owned by Paramount is the pre-2008 DreamWorks Television library, which is currently distributed by Paramount's sister company CBS Media Ventures; it includes Spin City, High Incident, Freaks and Geeks, Undeclared and On the Lot.

CBS library

Independent company Hollywood Classics represents Paramount with the theatrical distribution of all the films produced by the various motion picture divisions of CBS over the years, as a result of the Viacom/CBS merger.

Paramount has outright video distribution to the aforementioned CBS library with some exceptions; less-demanded content is usually released manufactured-on-demand by CBS themselves or licensed to Visual Entertainment Inc. As of the 2019 Viacom/CBS merger, this library now includes the theatrical distribution of Terrytoons short films on behalf of Paramount Animation, while CBS Media Ventures owns the television distribution. Until 2009, the video rights to My Fair Lady were with original theatrical distributor Warner Bros., under license from CBS (the video license to that film has now reverted to Paramount).

Units

Divisions

  • Paramount Pictures
    • Paramount Home Entertainment
    • Paramount Licensing, Inc.
    • Paramount Pictures International
    • Paramount Players
    • Paramount Studio Group – physical studio and post production
      • The Studios at Paramount – production facilities & lot
      • Paramount on Location – production support facilities throughout North America including New York City, Vancouver, and Atlanta
      • Worldwide Technical Operations – archives, restoration and preservation programs, the mastering and distribution fulfillment services, on-lot post production facilities management
    • Paramount Parks & Resorts, licensing and design for parks and resorts[147]
  • Paramount Animation[110]
  • Paramount Music

Joint ventures

Former divisions, subsidiaries, and joint ventures

Other interests

In March 2012, Paramount licensed their name and logo to a luxury hotel investment group which subsequently named the company Paramount Hotels and Resorts. The investors plan to build 50 hotels throughout the world based on the themes of Hollywood and the California lifestyle. Among the features are private screening rooms and the Paramount library available in the hotel rooms. In April 2013, Paramount Hotels and Dubai-based DAMAC Properties announced the building of the first resort: "DAMAC Towers by Paramount."[151][152]

 
Artist Dario Campanile poses with a picture Paramount commissioned him in 1986 to paint for its 75th anniversary. The company later used the painting as a basis for its new logo. That logo was introduced as a prototype in the 1986 film The Golden Child; the 1987 film Critical Condition was the first to feature the finalized version of the logo. 1999's South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut was the first to use an enhanced version of the logo, which was last used on 2002's Crossroads.

The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the mainstay of the company's production logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were "Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade."

Legend has it that the mountain is based on a doodle made by W. W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor. It is said to be based on the memories of his childhood in Utah. Some claim that Utah's Ben Lomond is the mountain Hodkinson doodled, and that Peru's Artesonraju[153] is the mountain in the live-action logo, while others claim that the Italian side of Monviso inspired the logo. Some editions of the logo bear a striking resemblance to the Pfeifferhorn,[154] another Wasatch Range peak, and to the Matterhorn on the border between Switzerland and Italy. Mount Huntington in Alaska also bears a striking resemblance.

The motion picture logo has gone through many changes over the years:

  • The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars. The logo originally had twenty-four stars, as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors, since Paramount had twenty-four stars signed at the time.
  • In 1951, the logo was redesigned as a matte painting created by Jan Domela.
  • A newer, more realistic-looking logo debuted in 1953 for Paramount films made in 3D. It was reworked in early-to-mid 1954 for Paramount films made in widescreen process VistaVision. The text VistaVision – Motion Picture High Fidelity was often imposed over the Paramount logo briefly before dissolving into the title sequence. In early 1968, the text "A Paramount Picture/Release" was shortened to "Paramount", the byline A Gulf+Western Company appeared on the bottom, and the number of stars being reduced to 22. In 1974, another redesign was made, with the Paramount text and Gulf+Western byline appearing in different fonts.
  • In September 1975, the logo was simplified in a shade of blue, adopting the modified design of the 1968 print logo, which was in use for many decades afterward. A version of the print logo had been in use by Paramount Television since 1968.
  • A Black and White Paramount Pictures logo "A Paramount Picture" appeared in the live action film, Popeye, in the international trailer of Popeye, the Paramount Pictures logo (with Gulf+Western byline) appears in still and zoom-in variation of the logo exists along with the Walt Disney Productions logo (known as Mickey Head logo).[a]
  • The studio launched an entirely new logo in December 1986 with computer-generated imagery of a lake and stars. This version of the Paramount logo was designed by Dario Campanile and animated by Flip Your Lid Animation, Omnibus/Abel for the CGI stars and Apogee, Inc for the mountain; for this logo, the stars would move across the screen into the arc shape instead of it being superimposed over the mountain as it was before. A redone version of this logo debuted with South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, released on June 30, 1999.
 
For its 90th anniversary, Paramount adopted the logo shown here. In 2012, it was used in tandem with the current one. This picture shows the 2010 modification of the logo, which includes Viacom's revised byline introduced in 2006. The first film to use the revised Viacom byline was Iron Man 2.
  • In March 2002, an updated logo by BUF Compagnie was introduced in which shooting stars would fall from a night sky to form the arc while the Paramount logo would fly into place between them. An enhanced version of this logo debuted with Iron Man 2, released on May 7, 2010. The south col area of Mount Everest became the primary basis. The music is accompanied by Paramount on Parade, which was only used on Mean Girls. This logo continued to be featured on DVD and Blu-ray releases with the first incarnation of Viacom byline until March 5, 2019, ending with Instant Family.[citation needed]
  • On December 16, 2011, an updated logo[157][158][159] was introduced with animation done by Devastudios, using Terragen.[160] The new logo includes a surrounding mountain range and the sun shining in the background. Michael Giacchino composed the logo's new fanfare. His work on the fanfare was carried onto the Paramount Players and Paramount Animation logos, as well as the Paramount Television Studios logo, which is also used for the Paramount Network Original Productions logo with 68 Whiskey.
  • The word "Pictures" was restored to the bottom of the Paramount logo in 2022 after ViacomCBS took on the Paramount name and branding for its entire operation.

Studio tours

Paramount Studios offers tours of their studios.[161] The 2-hour Studio Tour offers, as the name implies, a regular tour of the studio.[161] The stages where Samson and Delilah, Sunset Blvd., White Christmas, Rear Window, Sabrina, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and many other classic films were shot are still in use today. The studio's backlot features numerous blocks of façades that depict a number of New York City locales, such as "Washington Square", "Brooklyn", and "Financial District". The After Dark Tour involves a tour of the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.[161]

Film library

A few years after the ruling of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. case in 1948, Music Corporation of America (MCA) approached Paramount offering $50 million for 750 sound feature films released prior to December 1, 1949, with payment to be spread over a period of several years. Paramount saw this as a bargain since the fleeting movie studio saw very little value in its library of old films at the time. To address any antitrust concerns, MCA set up EMKA, Ltd. as a dummy corporation to sell these films to television. EMKA's/Universal Television's library includes the five Paramount Marx Brothers films, most of the Bob Hope–Bing Crosby Road to... pictures, and other classics such as Trouble in Paradise, Shanghai Express, She Done Him Wrong, Sullivan's Travels, The Palm Beach Story, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Double Indemnity, The Lost Weekend, and The Heiress.

The studio has produced many critically acclaimed films such as Titanic, Footloose, Breakfast at Tiffany's, Braveheart, Ghost, The Truman Show, Mean Girls, Psycho, Rocketman, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Days of Thunder, Rosemary's Baby, Sunset Boulevard, Forrest Gump, Coming to America, World War Z, Babel, The Conversation, The Fighter, Interstellar, Terms of Endearment, The Wolf of Wall Street and A Quiet Place; as well as the Godfather, Star Trek, and Mission: Impossible film series.

Film series

Title Release date No. Films Notes
Sophie Lang 1934–37
Hopalong Cassidy 1935–41 41
Bulldog Drummond 1937–39 3
The Aldrich Family 1939–44 11
Road to ... 1940–52 6
The War of the Worlds 1953–2005 2
The Godfather 1972–90 3
Charlotte's Web 1973–2003; 2006
Bad News Bears 1976–2005 4
Peanuts 1977–80 12
Grease 1978–82 2
Star Trek 1979–present 13
Friday the 13th 1980–2009 12
Indiana Jones 1981–2008 4
Beverly Hills Cop 1984–present 3
Crocodile Dundee 1986–2001
Top Gun 1986–present 2
The Naked Gun 1988–present 3
Coming to America 1988–2021 2
Jack Ryan 1990–2014 5
The Addams Family 1991–93 2
Mission: Impossible 1996–present 6
Beavis and Butt-Head 1996–2022 2
Rugrats 1998–2003 3
Jackass 2002–present 6
SpongeBob SquarePants 2004–present 3
Shrek 2007–11 Distribution only
Transformers 2007–present 6
Cloverfield 2008–present 3
Kung Fu Panda 2008–11 2 Distribution only
Madagascar 2008–12
Marvel Cinematic Universe 2008–13 4 (6) Studio credit for The Avengers and Iron Man 3
G.I. Joe 2009–present 3
Paranormal Activity 7
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2014–present 2
Terminator 2015–19
XXX 2017–present 1
A Quiet Place 2018–present 2
Sonic the Hedgehog 2020–present
PAW Patrol 2021–present 1
Scream 2022–present

Highest-grossing films

Highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada[162][163]
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Top Gun: Maverick 2022 $718,526,609
2 Titanic 1 1997 $659,363,944
3 The Avengers 3 2012 $623,357,910
4 Iron Man 3 3 2013 $409,013,994
5 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $402,111,870
6 Transformers: Dark of the Moon 2011 $352,390,543
7 Forrest Gump 1994 $330,252,182
8 Shrek the Third 2 2007 $322,719,944
9 Transformers $319,246,193
10 Iron Man 3 2008 $318,412,101
11 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull $317,101,119
12 Iron Man 2 3 2010 $312,433,331
13 Star Trek 2009 $257,730,019
14 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 $248,159,971
15 Transformers: Age of Extinction 2014 $245,439,076
16 Shrek Forever After 2 2010 $238,736,787
17 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 $234,760,478
18 War of the Worlds 2005 $234,280,354
19 Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 $228,778,661
20 Mission: Impossible – Fallout 2018 $220,159,104
21 Ghost 1990 $217,631,306
22 How to Train Your Dragon 2 2010 $217,581,231
23 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted 2 2012 $216,391,482
24 Kung Fu Panda 2 2008 $215,434,591
25 Mission: Impossible 2 2000 $215,409,889
Highest-grossing films worldwide
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Titanic 1 1997 $2,187,463,944
2 The Avengers 3 2012 $1,518,815,515
3 Top Gun: Maverick 2022 $1,488,526,609
4 Iron Man 3 3 2013 $1,214,811,252
5 Transformers: Dark of the Moon 2011 $1,123,794,079
6 Transformers: Age of Extinction 2014 $1,104,054,072
7 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $836,303,693
8 Shrek the Third 2 2007 $813,367,380
9 Mission: Impossible – Fallout 2018 $791,017,452
10 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $786,636,033
11 Shrek Forever After 2 2010 $752,600,867
12 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted 2 2012 $746,921,274
13 Transformers 2007 $709,709,780
14 Interstellar 2014 $701,729,206
15 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol 2011 $694,713,380
16 Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation 2015 $682,330,139
17 Forrest Gump 1994 $677,945,399
18 Kung Fu Panda 2 2 2011 $665,692,281
19 Kung Fu Panda 2 2008 $631,744,560
20 Iron Man 2 3 2010 $623,933,331
21 Transformers: The Last Knight 2017 $605,425,157
22 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa 2 2008 $603,900,354
23 War of the Worlds 2005 $603,873,119
24 Iron Man 3 2008 $585,174,222
25 Puss in Boots 2 2011 $554,987,477

—Includes theatrical reissue(s).

Controversy

On July 31, 2018, Paramount was targeted by the National Hispanic Media Coalition and the National Latino Media Council, which have both claimed that the studio has the worst track record of hiring Latino and Hispanic talent both in front of and behind the camera (the last Paramount film directed by a Spanish director was Rings in 2017). In response to the controversy, Paramount released the statement: "We recently met with NHMC in a good faith effort to see how we could partner as we further drive Paramount's culture of diversity, inclusion, and belonging. Under our new leadership team, we continue to make progress — including ensuring representation in front of and behind the camera in upcoming films such as Dora the Explorer, Instant Family, Bumblebee, and Limited Partners – and welcome the opportunity to build and strengthen relationships with the Latino creative community further."[164][165][166]

The NHMC protested at the Paramount Pictures lot on August 25. More than 60 protesters attended, while chanting "Latinos excluded, time to be included!". NHMC president and CEO Alex Nogales vowed to continue the boycott until the studio signed a memorandum of understanding.[167]

On October 17, the NHMC protested at the Paramount film lot for the second time in two months, with 75 protesters attending. The leaders delivered a petition signed by 12,307 people and addressed it to Jim Gianopulos.[168]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The International trailer of Popeye and the rare Walt Disney Productions logo was concindered lost for many years, until on October 27, 2022, a user called MashVHSMash uploaded on YouTube, the opening VHS Geek print of Donald Duck Goes West, which that means the trailer and the Mickey Head logo was found, it became a subject of discussions and speculations on the internet, being considered the most mysterious out of all the Disney logos.[155][156]
  1. ^ The film grossed $2,186,772,302 worldwide, but the $1,528,100,000 of the film's box office belong to 20th Century Fox, which released the film internationally, Paramount owns North American distribution only.
  2. ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount and transferred to 20th Century Fox.[169] In January 2018, they were transferred to Universal Pictures.[170][171]
  3. ^ In July 2013, the film's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount to The Walt Disney Studios.[172][173][174]

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Further reading

  • Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
  • DeMille, Cecil B. Autobiography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959.
  • Dick, Bernard F. Engulfed: the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Press Kentucky Scholarly, 2001.
  • Eames, John Douglas, with additional text by Robert Abele. The Paramount Story: The Complete History of the Studio and Its Films. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  • Evans, Robert. The Kid Stays in the Picture. New York: Hyperion Press, 1994.
  • Gabler, Neal. An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Crown Publishers, 1988.
  • Lasky, Jesse L. with Don Weldon, I Blow My Own Horn. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1957.
  • Mordden, Ethan. The Hollywood Studios. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
  • Schatz, Thomas. The Genius of the System. New York: Pantheon, 1988.
  • Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America. New York: Vintage, 1989.
  • Zukor, Adolph, with Dale Kramer. The Public Is Never Wrong: The Autobiography of Adolph Zukor. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1953.

External links

paramount, pictures, parent, company, formerly, known, viacomcbs, paramount, global, corporation, american, film, television, production, distribution, company, main, namesake, division, paramount, global, formerly, viacomcbs, fifth, oldest, film, studio, worl. For the parent company formerly known as ViacomCBS see Paramount Global Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production and distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global formerly ViacomCBS It is the fifth oldest film studio in the world 1 the second oldest film studio in the United States behind Universal Pictures and the sole member of the Big Five film studios located within the city limits of Los Angeles 2 Paramount Pictures CorporationThe Paramount Pictures studio lot in Los AngelesTrade nameParamount PicturesFormerlyFamous Players Film Company 1912 1916 Famous Players Lasky Corporation 1916 1927 Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation 1927 1930 Paramount Publix Corporation 1930 1935 Paramount Pictures Inc 1935 1950 TypeDivisionIndustryFilmPredecessorsFamous Players Film Company Famous Players Lasky CorporationFoundedMay 8 1912 110 years ago 1912 05 08 FoundersWilliam Wadsworth Hodkinson Adolph Zukor Jesse L LaskyHeadquarters5555 Melrose Avenue Hollywood California United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleBrian Robbins Chairman and CEO ProductsMotion picturesOwnerNational AmusementsParentGulf Western 1966 1989 Paramount Communications 1989 1994 Viacom 1994 2006 2005 2019 Paramount Global 2019 present DivisionsParamount Home Entertainment Paramount Players Paramount Animation Paramount Television Studios Paramount MusicSubsidiariesMiramax 49 Rede Telecine 12 5 United International Pictures 50 Websiteparamountpictures comIn 1916 film producer Adolph Zukor put 24 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo 3 In 1967 the number of stars was reduced to 22 and their hidden meaning was dropped In 2014 Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only 4 The company s headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue Hollywood California 5 Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association MPA 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 Famous Players Film Company 1 2 Famous Players Lasky 1 2 1 Publix Balaban and Katz Loew s competition and wonder theaters 1 3 1920s and 1931 40 Receivership and reorganization 1 4 1941 50 United States v Paramount Pictures Inc 1 5 1951 66 Split and after 1 5 1 The DuMont Network 1 6 1966 70 Early Gulf Western era 1 7 1971 80 CIC formation and high concept era 1 8 1980 94 Continual success 1 9 1989 94 Paramount Communications 1 10 1994 2005 Dolgen Lansing and old Viacom era 1 11 2005 present Paramount today 1 11 1 CBS Viacom split 1 11 2 DreamWorks acquisition 1 11 3 History since 2006 1 11 4 CBS Viacom re merger 2 Investments 2 1 DreamWorks Pictures 2 2 CBS library 3 Units 3 1 Divisions 3 1 1 Joint ventures 3 2 Former divisions subsidiaries and joint ventures 3 3 Other interests 4 Logo 5 Studio tours 6 Film library 6 1 Film series 6 2 Highest grossing films 7 Controversy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistoryFamous Players Film Company Main article Famous Players Film Company The evolution of Paramount 1912Paramount Pictures is founded1920Group W forms with the launch of KDKA AM1927CBS is founded1929Paramount buys 49 of CBS1932Paramount sells back shares of CBS1950Desilu is founded amp CBS distributes its television programs1952CBS creates the CBS Television Film Sales division1958CBS Television Film Sales renamed as CBS Films1966Gulf Western buys Paramount1968Gulf Western acquires Desilu and renames it Paramount Television amp CBS Films becomes CBS Enterprises1970CBS Enterprises renamed as Viacom1971Viacom is spun off from CBS as a separate company1985Viacom buys full ownership of Showtime amp MTV Networks1986National Amusements buys Viacom1989Gulf Western renamed as Paramount Communications1994Viacom acquires Paramount Communications1995Westinghouse buys CBS1997Westinghouse renamed as CBS Corporation1999Viacom buys CBS Corporation2001Viacom buys BET Networks2006Viacom splits into second CBS Corporation and Viacom2019CBS Corporation and Viacom re merge to form ViacomCBS2022ViacomCBS changes its name to Paramount GlobalvteParamount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company 1895 and Pathe 1896 Titanus 1904 followed by the Nordisk Film company 1906 and Universal Studios 1912 1 It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles 2 Paramount Pictures first logo based on a design by its co founder William Wadsworth Hodkinson used from 1914 to 1967 Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company Hungarian born founder Adolph Zukor who had been an early investor in nickelodeons saw that movies appealed mainly to working class immigrants 7 With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time leading to the slogan Famous Players in Famous Plays By mid 1913 Famous Players had completed five films and Zukor was on his way to success Its first film was Les Amours de la reine Elisabeth which starred Sarah Bernhardt That same year another aspiring producer Jesse L Lasky opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother in law Samuel Goldfish later known as Samuel Goldwyn The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience Cecil B DeMille who would find a suitable site in Hollywood This place was a rented old horse barn converted into a production facility with an enlarged open air stage located between Vine Street Selma Avenue Argyle Avenue and Sunset Boulevard It was later known as the Lasky DeMille Barn 8 In 1914 their first feature film The Squaw Man was released On May 8 1914 Paramount Pictures Corporation previously known as Progressive Pictures was founded by a Utah theatre owner W W Hodkinson who had bought and merged five smaller firms 9 On May 15 1914 Hodkinson signed a five year contract with the Famous Players Film Company the Lasky Company and Bosworth Inc to distribute their films 10 Actor director and producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor until this time films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers Also Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation Famous Players Lasky Main article Famous Players Lasky In 1916 Zukor engineered a three way merger of his Famous Players the Lasky Company and Paramount Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount and merged the three companies into one The new company Lasky and Zukor founded on June 28 Famous Players Lasky Corporation although it continued to use the name Paramount as well As a result it became he largest film company at the time with a value of 12 5 million 11 The corporation was able to grow quickly with Lasky and his partners Goldwyn and DeMille running the production side Hiram Abrams in charge of distribution and Zukor making great plans With only the exhibitor owned First National as a rival Famous Players Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business 12 The fusion was finalized on November 7 1916 13 Lasky s original studio a k a The Barn as it appeared in the mid 1920s The Taft building built in 1923 is visible in the background Because Zukor believed in stars he signed and developed many of the leading early stars including Mary Pickford Marguerite Clark Pauline Frederick Douglas Fairbanks Gloria Swanson Rudolph Valentino and Wallace Reid With so many important players Paramount was able to introduce block booking which meant that an exhibitor who wanted a particular star s films had to buy a year s worth of other Paramount productions It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s but which led the government to pursue it on antitrust grounds for more than twenty years 14 By the mid 1920s the old Lasky DeMille barn property was not big enough to handle all of the studios West Coast productions 15 On January 5 1926 Lasky reached an agreement to buy the Robert Brunton Studios a 26 acre facility owned by United Pictures and located at 5451 Marathon Street for US 1 million 16 On March 29 the company began an eight month building program to renovate the existing facilities and erect new ones 17 On May 8 Lasky finally moved operations from the Sunset and Vine lot to the new building At present those facilities are still part of the Paramount Pictures headquarters Zukor hired independent producer B P Schulberg an unerring eye for new talent to run the new West Coast operations source source source source The logo with Portuguese captions Distribuida Pela Paramount On April 1 1927 the company name was changed to Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation 18 In September 1927 the Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation studio in Astoria New York City was temporarily closed with the objective of equipping it with the technology for the production of sound films 19 20 In the same year Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps animated cartoons produced by Max and Dave Fleischer s Fleischer Studios in New York City The Fleischers veterans in the animation industry were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957 Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies and in 1929 released their first musical Innocents of Paris Richard A Whiting and Leo Robin composed the score for the film Maurice Chevalier starred and sang the most famous song from the film Louise Publix Balaban and Katz Loew s competition and wonder theaters The driving force behind Paramount s rise was Zukor He built a chain of nearly 2 000 screens ran two production studios in Astoria New York now the Kaufman Astoria Studios and Hollywood California and became an early investor in radio acquiring for the corporation a 50 interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928 selling it within a few years this would not be the last time Paramount and CBS crossed paths By acquiring the successful Balaban amp Katz chain in 1926 Zukor gained the services of Barney Balaban who would eventually become Paramount s president in 1936 his brother A J Balaban who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts and their partner Sam Katz who would run the Paramount Publix theatre chain in New York City from the thirty five story Paramount Theatre Building on Times Square Detail of Publix Theatre logo on what is now Indiana Repertory Theatre Balaban and Katz had developed the Wonder Theater concept first publicized around 1918 in Chicago The Chicago Theater was created as a very ornate theater and advertised as a wonder theater When Publix acquired Balaban they embarked on a project to expand the wonder theaters and starting building in New York City in 1927 While Balaban and Public were dominant in Chicago Loew s was the big player in New York City and did not want the Publix theaters to overshadow theirs The two companies brokered a non competition deal for New York City and Chicago and Loew s took over the New York City area projects developing five wonder theaters Publix continued Balaban s wonder theater development in its home area 21 On April 24 1930 Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation became the Paramount Publix Corporation 22 23 1920s and 1931 40 Receivership and reorganization Paramount Showman s Pictures advertisement 1925 Eventually Zukor shed most of his early partners the Frohman brothers Hodkinson and Goldwyn were out by 1917 while Lasky hung on until 1932 when blamed for the near collapse of Paramount in the Great Depression years he too was tossed out In 1931 to solve the financial problems of the company Zukor hired taxi rental car magnate John D Hertz as chairman of the finance committee in order to assist vice president and treasurer Ralph A Kohn 24 However on January 6 1933 Hertz resigned from his position when it become evident that his measures to lift the company had failed 25 The over expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases created a 21 million debt which led the company into receivership on January 26 1933 26 and later filing bankruptcy on March 14 1933 27 On April 17 1933 bankruptcy trustees were appointed and Zukor lost control of the company 28 29 The company remained under the control of trustees for more than a year in order to restructure the debt and pursue a reorganization plan 30 On December 3 1934 the reorganization plan was formally proposed 31 After prolonged hearings in court final confirmation was obtained on April 25 1935 when Federal Judge Alfred C Coxe Jr approved the reorganization of the Paramount Publix Corporation under Section 77 B of the Bankruptcy Act 32 33 On June 4 1935 John E Otterson 34 became president of the re emerged and newly renamed Paramount Pictures Inc 35 Zukor returned to the company and was named production chief but after Barney Balaban was appointed president on July 2 1936 he was soon replaced by Y Frank Freeman and symbolically named chairman of the board 36 37 On August 28 1935 Paramount Pictures was re listed on the New York Stock Exchange and after the company was under Balaban s leadership the studio was successfully relauched 38 Paramount Pictures ad in The Film Daily 1932 As always Paramount films continued to emphasize stars in the 1920s there were Gloria Swanson Wallace Reid Rudolph Valentino Florence Vidor Thomas Meighan Pola Negri Bebe Daniels Antonio Moreno Richard Dix Esther Ralston Emil Jannings George Bancroft Betty Compson Clara Bow Adolphe Menjou and Charles Buddy Rogers By the late 1920s and the early 1930s talkies brought in a range of powerful draws Richard Arlen Nancy Carroll Maurice Chevalier Gary Cooper Marlene Dietrich Charles Ruggles Ruth Chatterton William Powell Mae West Sylvia Sidney Bing Crosby Claudette Colbert the Marx Brothers W C Fields Fredric March Jack Oakie Jeanette MacDonald whose first two films were shot at Paramount s Astoria New York studio Carole Lombard George Raft Miriam Hopkins Cary Grant and Stuart Erwin among them 39 In this period Paramount can truly be described as a movie factory turning out sixty to seventy pictures a year Such were the benefits of having a huge theater chain to fill and of block booking to persuade other chains to go along In 1933 Mae West would also add greatly to Paramount s success with her suggestive movies She Done Him Wrong and I m No Angel 40 41 However the sex appeal West gave in these movies would also lead to the enforcement of the Production Code as the newly formed organization the Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced 42 Paramount cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios continued to be successful with characters such as Betty Boop and Popeye the Sailor becoming widely successful One Fleischer series Screen Songs featured live action music stars under contract to Paramount hosting sing alongs of popular songs The animation studio would rebound with Popeye and in 1935 polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse 43 After an unsuccessful expansion into feature films as well as the fact that Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer speaking to one another Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount which renamed the operation Famous Studios That incarnation of the animation studio continued cartoon production until 1967 but has been historically dismissed as having largely failed to maintain the artistic acclaim the Fleischer brothers achieved under their management 44 1941 50 United States v Paramount Pictures Inc In 1940 Paramount agreed to a government instituted consent decree block booking and pre selling the practice of collecting up front money for films not yet in production would end Immediately Paramount cut back on production from 71 films to a more modest 19 annually in the war years 45 Still with more new stars like Bob Hope Alan Ladd Veronica Lake Paulette Goddard and Betty Hutton and with war time attendance at astronomical numbers Paramount and the other integrated studio theatre combines made more money than ever At this the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department decided to reopen their case against the five integrated studios Paramount also had a monopoly over Detroit movie theaters through subsidiary company United Detroit Theaters 46 This led to the Supreme Court decision United States v Paramount Pictures Inc 1948 holding that movie studios could not also own movie theater chains This decision broke up Adolph Zukor s creation with the theater chain being split into a new company United Paramount Theaters and effectively brought an end to the classic Hollywood studio system 1951 66 Split and after With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U S Supreme Court Paramount Pictures Inc was split in two 47 Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company with the 1 500 screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31 1949 Leonard Goldenson who had headed the chain since 1938 remained as the new company s president The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT its trademark eventually became the property of the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation The Foundation has recently acquired ownership of the Famous Players Trademark Cash rich and controlling prime downtown real estate Goldenson began looking for investments Barred from film making by prior antitrust rulings he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February 1953 leading it first to financial health and eventually in the mid 1970s to first place in the national Nielsen ratings before selling out to Capital Cities in 1985 Capital Cities would eventually sell out in turn to The Walt Disney Company in 1996 United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1977 The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters In 1985 Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Plitt In later years Paramount s TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC providing many hit series to the network The DuMont Network Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles and Chicago The Los Angeles station eventually became KTLA the first commercial station on the West Coast The Chicago station got a commercial license as WBKB in 1943 but was sold to UPT along with Balaban amp Katz in 1948 and was eventually resold to CBS as WBBM TV In 1938 Paramount bought a stake in television manufacturer DuMont Laboratories Through this stake it became a minority owner of the DuMont Television Network 48 Also Paramount launched its own network Paramount Television Network in 1948 through its television unit Television Productions Inc 49 Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned and operated stations O amp Os the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco Detroit and Boston 50 The FCC however denied Paramount s applications A few years earlier the federal regulator had placed a five station cap on all television networks no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate the FCC ruled that Paramount s partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont but Paramount refused 50 According to television historian William Boddy Paramount s checkered antitrust history helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont 51 Both DuMont and Paramount Television Network suffered as a result with neither company able to acquire five O amp Os Meanwhile CBS ABC and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid 1950s 52 When ABC accepted a merger offer from UPT in 1953 DuMont quickly realized that ABC now had more resources than it could possibly hope to match It quickly reached an agreement in principle to merge with ABC 53 However Paramount vetoed the offer due to antitrust concerns 54 For all intents and purposes this was the end of DuMont though it lingered on until 1956 In 1951 Paramount bought a stake in International Telemeter an experimental pay TV service which operated with a coin inserted into a box The service began operating in Palm Springs California on November 27 1953 but due to pressure from the FCC the service ended on May 15 1954 55 With the loss of the theater chain Paramount Pictures went into a decline cutting studio backed production releasing its contract players and making production deals with independents By the mid 1950s all the great names were gone only Cecil B DeMille associated with Paramount since 1913 kept making pictures in the grand old style Despite Paramount s losses DeMille would however give the studio some relief and create his most successful film at Paramount a 1956 remake of his 1923 film The Ten Commandments 56 DeMille died in 1959 Like some other studios Paramount saw little value in its film library and sold 764 of its pre 1950 films to MCA Inc EMKA Ltd known today as Universal Television in February 1958 57 1966 70 Early Gulf Western era By the early 1960s Paramount s future was doubtful The high risk movie business was wobbly the theater chain was long gone investments in DuMont and in early pay television came to nothing and the Golden Age of Hollywood had just ended even the flagship Paramount Building in Times Square was sold to raise cash as was KTLA sold to Gene Autry in 1964 for a then phenomenal 12 5 million Their only remaining successful property at that point was Dot Records which Paramount had acquired in 1957 and even its profits started declining by the middle of the 1960s 58 Founding father Adolph Zukor born in 1873 was still chairman emeritus he referred to chairman Barney Balaban born 1888 as the boy Such aged leadership was incapable of keeping up with the changing times and in 1966 a sinking Paramount was sold to Charles Bluhdorn s industrial conglomerate Gulf Western Industries Corporation Bluhdorn immediately put his stamp on the studio installing a virtually unknown producer named Robert Evans as head of production Despite some rough times Evans held the job for eight years restoring Paramount s reputation for commercial success with The Odd Couple Rosemary s Baby Love Story The Godfather Chinatown and 3 Days of the Condor 59 Gulf Western Industries also bought the neighboring Desilu television studio once the lot of RKO Pictures from Lucille Ball in 1967 Using some of Desilu s established shows such as Star Trek Mission Impossible and Mannix as a foot in the door at the networks the newly reincorporated Paramount Television eventually became known as a specialist in half hour situation comedies 60 In 1968 Paramount formed Films Distributing Corp to distribute sensitive film product including Sin With a Stranger which was one of the first films to receive an X rating in the United States when the MPAA introduced their new rating system 61 1971 80 CIC formation and high concept era In 1970 Paramount teamed with Universal Studios to form Cinema International Corporation a new company that would distribute films by the two studios outside the United States Metro Goldwyn Mayer would become a partner in the mid 1970s Both Paramount and CIC entered the video market with Paramount Home Video now Paramount Home Entertainment and CIC Video respectively Robert Evans abandoned his position as head of production in 1974 his successor Richard Sylbert proved to be too literary and too tasteful for Gulf Western s Bluhdorn By 1976 a new television trained team was in place headed by Barry Diller and his Killer Dillers as they were called by admirers or Dillettes as they were called by detractors These associates made up of Michael Eisner Jeffrey Katzenberg Dawn Steel and Don Simpson would each go on and head up major movie studios of their own later in their careers The Paramount specialty was now simpler high concept pictures such as Saturday Night Fever and Grease hit big hit hard and hit fast all over the world 62 while its fortuitous earlier acquisition of the Star Trek property which had grown into a cult favorite enabled Paramount to have a long running science fiction film and television franchise to compete with the outstanding popular success of Star Wars Diller s television background led him to propose one of his longest standing ideas to the board Paramount Television Service a fourth commercial network Paramount Pictures purchased the Hughes Television Network HTN including its satellite time in planning for PTVS in 1976 Paramount sold HTN to Madison Square Garden in 1979 63 But Diller believed strongly in the concept and so took his fourth network idea with him when he moved to 20th Century Fox in 1984 where Fox s then freshly installed proprietor Rupert Murdoch was a more interested listener However the television division would be playing catch up for over a decade after Diller s departure in 1984 before launching its own television network UPN in 1995 Lasting eleven years before being merged with The WB network to become The CW in 2006 UPN would feature many of the shows it originally produced for other networks and would take numerous gambles on series such as Star Trek Voyager and Star Trek Enterprise that would have otherwise either gone direct to cable or become first run syndication to independent stations across the country as Star Trek Deep Space Nine and Star Trek The Next Generation were Paramount Pictures was not connected to either Paramount Records 1910s 1935 or ABC Paramount Records 1955 66 until it purchased the rights to use the name but not the latter s catalog in the late 1960s The Paramount name was used for soundtrack albums and some pop re issues from the Dot Records catalog which Paramount had acquired in 1957 By 1970 Dot had become an all country label 64 and in 1974 Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records which in turn was sold to MCA now Universal Music Group in 1979 65 66 1980 94 Continual success Paramount s successful run of pictures extended into the 1980s and 1990s generating hits like Airplane American Gigolo Ordinary People An Officer and a Gentleman Flashdance Terms of Endearment Footloose Pretty in Pink Top Gun Crocodile Dundee Fatal Attraction Ghost the Friday the 13th slasher series as well as teaming up with Lucasfilm to create the Indiana Jones franchise Other examples are the Star Trek film series and a string of films starring comedian Eddie Murphy like Trading Places Coming to America and Beverly Hills Cop and its sequels While the emphasis was decidedly on the commercial there were occasional less commercial but more artistic and intellectual efforts like I m Dancing as Fast as I Can Atlantic City Reds Witness Children of a Lesser God and The Accused During this period responsibility for running the studio passed from Eisner and Katzenberg to Frank Mancuso Sr 1984 and Ned Tanen 1984 to Stanley R Jaffe 1991 and Sherry Lansing 1992 More so than most Paramount s slate of films included many remakes and television spin offs while sometimes commercially successful there have been few compelling films of the kind that once made Paramount the industry leader On August 25 1983 Paramount Studios caught fire Two or three sound stages and four outdoor sets were destroyed 67 68 When Charles Bluhdorn died unexpectedly his successor Martin Davis dumped all of G W s industrial mining and sugar growing subsidiaries and refocused the company renaming it Paramount Communications in 1989 With the influx of cash from the sale of G W s industrial properties in the mid 1980s Paramount bought a string of television stations and KECO Entertainment s theme park operations renaming them Paramount Parks These parks included Paramount s Great America Paramount Canada s Wonderland Paramount s Carowinds Paramount s Kings Dominion and Paramount s Kings Island 69 In May 1985 Paramount decided to start its own talent department establishing which its feature directors could draw which the studio decided to shut down on July 30 1986 by then studio president Dawn Steel 70 In 1987 Paramount Pictures along with MGM UA Communications Co and Universal Pictures teamed up in order to market feature film and television product to China and the consumer reach is measured in terms of the 25 billion admission tickets that were clocked in China in 1986 and Worldwide Media Sales a division of the New York based Worldwide Media Group had been placed in charge of the undertaking 71 That year Paramount Pictures decided to consolidate its distribution operations that closing a number of branch offices that was designed for the studio and relocating staff and major activities in an effort to cut costs and provide for a more efficient centralization which was a response in a change to the distribution practices by working out cities where exhibitors also had offices 72 In August 1987 Paramount Overseas Productions decided that they would declare that the subsidiary was not just for the upcoming film Experts which was shot 12 million in Canada but other films filmed there worldwide including the United Kingdom and Canada and the company was set up it was one of the several subsidiaries through it was filmed outside of the United States 73 In 1993 Sumner Redstone s entertainment conglomerate Viacom made a bid for a merger with Paramount Communications this quickly escalated into a bidding war with Barry Diller s QVC But Viacom prevailed ultimately paying 10 billion for the Paramount holdings Viacom and Paramount had planned to merge as early as 1989 74 Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood proper When Paramount moved to its present home in 1927 it was in the heart of the film community Since then former next door neighbor RKO closed up shop in 1957 Paramount ultimately absorbed their former lot Warner Bros whose old Sunset Boulevard studio was sold to Paramount in 1949 as a home for KTLA moved to Burbank in 1930 Columbia joined Warners in Burbank in 1973 then moved again to Culver City in 1989 and the Pickford Fairbanks Goldwyn United Artists lot after a lively history has been turned into a post production and music scoring facility for Warners known simply as The Lot For a time the semi industrial neighborhood around Paramount was in decline but has now come back The recently refurbished studio has come to symbolize Hollywood for many visitors and its studio tour is a popular attraction 1989 94 Paramount Communications Paramount Communications Inc TypeConglomerateIndustryEntertainment mass mediaPredecessorGulf WesternFounded1989 34 years ago 1989 FounderMartin S DavisDefunctJuly 7 1994 28 years ago 1994 07 07 FateAbsorbed into ViacomSuccessorViacomHeadquartersNew York City New York United StatesParentIndependent 1989 1994 SubsidiariesMadison Square GardenParamount PicturesParamount TelevisionSimon and SchusterWebsitewww wbr paramount wbr comIn 1983 Gulf and Western began a restructuring process that would transform the corporation from a bloated conglomerate consisting of subsidiaries from unrelated industries to a more focused entertainment and publishing company The idea was to aid financial markets in measuring the company s success which in turn would help place better value on its shares Though its Paramount division did very well in recent years Gulf and Western s success as a whole was translating poorly with investors This process eventually led Davis to divest many of the company s subsidiaries Its sugar plantations in Florida and the Dominican Republic were sold in 1985 the consumer and industrial products branch was sold off that same year 75 In 1989 Davis renamed the company Paramount Communications Incorporated after its primary asset Paramount Pictures 76 In addition to the Paramount film television home video and music publishing divisions the company continued to own the Madison Square Garden properties which also included MSG Network a 50 stake in USA Networks the other 50 was owned by MCA Universal Studios and Simon amp Schuster Prentice Hall Pocket Books Allyn amp Bacon Cineamerica a joint venture with Warner Communications and Canadian cinema chain Famous Players Theatres 75 That same year the company launched a 12 2 billion hostile bid to acquire Time Inc in an attempt to end a stock swap merger deal between Time and Warner Communications This caused Time to raise its bid for Warner to 14 9 billion in cash and stock Gulf and Western responded by filing a lawsuit in a Delaware court to block the Time Warner merger The court ruled twice in favor of Time forcing Gulf and Western to drop both the Time acquisition and the lawsuit and allowing the formation of Time Warner Paramount used cash acquired from the sale of Gulf and Western s non entertainment properties to take over the TVX Broadcast Group chain of television stations which at that point consisted mainly of large market stations which TVX had bought from Taft Broadcasting plus two mid market stations which TVX owned prior to the Taft purchase and the KECO Entertainment chain of theme parks from Taft successor Great American Broadcasting Both of these companies had their names changed to reflect new ownership TVX became known as the Paramount Stations Group while KECO was renamed to Paramount Parks Paramount Television launched Wilshire Court Productions in conjunction with USA Networks before the latter was renamed NBCUniversal Cable in 1989 Wilshire Court Productions named for a side street in Los Angeles produced television films that aired on the USA Networks and later for other networks USA Networks launched a second channel the Sci Fi Channel now known as Syfy in 1992 As its name implied it focused on films and television series within the science fiction genre Much of the initial programming was owned either by Paramount or Universal Paramount bought one more television station in 1993 Cox Enterprises WKBD TV in Detroit Michigan at the time an affiliate of the Fox Broadcasting Company 1994 2005 Dolgen Lansing and old Viacom era In February 1994 Viacom acquired 50 1 of Paramount Communications Inc shares for 9 75 billion following a five month battle with QVC and completed the merger in July 77 78 79 At the time Paramount s holdings included Paramount Pictures Madison Square Garden the New York Rangers the New York Knicks and the Simon amp Schuster publishing house 80 The deal had been planned as early as 1989 when the company was still known as Gulf and Western 74 Though Davis was named a member of the board of National Amusements which controlled Viacom he ceased to manage the company Under Viacom the Paramount Stations Group continued to build with more station acquisitions eventually leading to Viacom s acquisition of its former parent the CBS network in 1999 Around the same time Viacom bought out Spelling Entertainment incorporating its library into that of Paramount itself Viacom split into two companies in 2006 one retaining the Viacom name which continued to own Paramount Pictures while another was named CBS Corporation which now controlled Paramount Television Group which was renamed CBS Paramount Television now known as CBS Television Studios and worldwide distribution unit is now CBS Television Distribution and CBS Studios International in 2006 Simon amp Schuster except for Prentice Hall and other educational units which Viacom sold to Pearson PLC in 1998 and what s left of the original Paramount Stations Group now known as CBS Television Stations National Amusements retains majority control of the two Together these two companies own many of the former media assets of Gulf and Western and its Paramount successor today Meanwhile the Madison Square Garden properties including Madison Square Gardens the MSG Network Knicks and Rangers were sold to Cablevision for 1 075 billion not long after the Viacom takeover 81 CBS retained ownership of the Paramount Parks chain for a few months after becoming part of the new CBS Corporation but sold the parks to Cedar Fair in the summer of 2006 and thus National Amusements got out of the theme park ownership business entirely Over the next few years Cedar Fair purged references to Viacom owned properties from the former Paramount Parks a task completed in 2010 Viacom also sold its stake in the USA Networks to Universal in 1997 and the channels came under the ownership of Universal s successor NBCUniversal which still retained those holdings as of late July 2013 During this time period Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen chairman and Sherry Lansing president 82 83 During their administration over Paramount the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount s ten highest grossing films being produced during this period 84 The most successful of these films Titanic a joint partnership with 20th Century Fox and Lightstorm Entertainment became the highest grossing film up to that time grossing over 1 8 billion worldwide 85 Also during this time three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture Titanic Braveheart and Forrest Gump Paramount s most important property however was Star Trek Studio executives had begun to call it the franchise in the 1980s due to its reliable revenue and other studios envied its untouchable and unduplicatable success By 1998 Star Trek television shows movies books videotapes and licensing provided so much of the studio s profit that it is not possible to spend any reasonable amount of time at Paramount and not be aware of its presence filming for Star Trek Voyager and Star Trek Deep Space Nine required up to nine of the largest of the studio s 36 sound stages 86 87 49 50 54 In 1995 Viacom and Chris Craft Industries United Television launched United Paramount Network UPN with Star Trek Voyager as its flagship series fulfilling Barry Diller s plan for a Paramount network from 25 years earlier In 1999 Viacom bought out United Television s interests and handed responsibility for the start up network to the newly acquired CBS unit which Viacom bought in 1999 an ironic confluence of events as Paramount had once invested in CBS and Viacom had once been the syndication arm of CBS as well 88 During this period the studio acquired some 30 TV stations to support the UPN network as well acquiring and merging in the assets of Republic Pictures Spelling Television and Viacom Television almost doubling the size of the studio s television library The television division produced the dominant prime time show for the decade in Frasier as well as such long running hits as NCIS and Becker and the dominant prime time magazine show Entertainment Tonight Paramount also gained the ownership rights to the Rysher library after Viacom acquired the rights from Cox Enterprises During this period Paramount and its related subsidiaries and affiliates operating under the name Viacom Entertainment Group also included the fourth largest group of theme parks in the United States and Canada which in addition to traditional rides and attractions launched numerous successful location based entertainment units including a long running Star Trek attraction at the Las Vegas Hilton Famous Music the company s celebrated music publishing arm almost doubled in size and developed artists including Pink Bush Green Day as well as catalog favorites including Duke Ellington and Henry Mancini The Paramount Viacom licensing group under the leadership of Tom McGrath created the Cheers franchise bars and restaurants and a chain of restaurants borrowing from the studio s Academy Award winning film Forrest Gump The Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Through the combined efforts of Famous Music and the studio over ten Broadway musicals were created including Irving Berlin s White Christmas Footloose Saturday Night Fever Andrew Lloyd Webber s Sunset Boulevard among others The company s international arm United International Pictures UIP was the dominant distributor internationally for ten straight years representing Paramount Universal and MGM Simon and Schuster became part of the Viacom Entertainment Group emerging as the US dominant trade book publisher In 2002 Paramount along with Buena Vista Distribution 20th Century Fox Columbia TriStar Pictures Entertainment MGM UA Entertainment Universal Studios DreamWorks Pictures Artisan Entertainment Lions Gate Entertainment and Warner Bros formed the Digital Cinema Initiatives Operating under a waiver from the antitrust law the studios combined under the leadership of Paramount Chief Operating Officer Tom McGrath to develop technical standards for the eventual introduction of digital film projection replacing the now 100 year old film technology 89 DCI was created to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance reliability and quality control 89 McGrath also headed up Paramount s initiative for the creation and launch of the Blu ray Disc 2005 present Paramount today Paramount Pictures studio lot in Hollywood Melrose Gate entrance CBS Viacom split Reflecting in part the troubles of the broadcasting business in 2006 Viacom wrote off over 18 billion from its radio acquisitions and early that year announced that it would split itself in two The split was completed in January 2006 90 91 With the announcement of the split of Viacom Dolgen and Lansing were replaced by former television executives Brad Grey and Gail Berman 92 93 The Viacom Inc board split the company into CBS Corporation and a separate company under the Viacom name The board scheduled the division for the first quarter of 2006 Under the plan CBS Corporation would comprise the CBS and UPN networks Viacom Television Stations Infinity Broadcasting Corporation Viacom Outdoor Paramount Television King World Productions Showtime Networks Simon amp Schuster Paramount Parks and CBS News The revamped Viacom would include MTV VH1 Nickelodeon BET and several other cable networks as well as the Paramount movie studio 94 Paramount s home entertainment unit continues to distribute the Paramount Television library through CBS DVD as both Viacom and CBS Corporation were controlled by Sumner Redstone s National Amusements 95 In 2009 CBS stopped using the Paramount name in its series and changed the name of the production arm to CBS Television Studios eliminating the Paramount name from television to distance itself from the latter DreamWorks acquisition On December 11 2005 the Paramount Motion Pictures Group announced that it had purchased DreamWorks SKG which was co founded by former Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg in a deal worth 1 6 billion The announcement was made by Brad Grey chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures who noted that enhancing Paramount s pipeline of pictures is a key strategic objective in restoring Paramount s stature as a leader in filmed entertainment 96 The agreement does not include DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc the most profitable part of the company that went public the previous year 97 History since 2006 Grey also broke up the famous United International Pictures UIP international distribution company with 15 countries being taken over by Paramount or Universal by December 31 2006 with the joint venture continuing in 20 markets In Australia Brazil France Ireland Mexico New Zealand and the U K Paramount took over UIP While in Austria Belgium Germany Italy the Netherlands Russia Spain and Switzerland Universal took over and Paramount would build its own distribution operations there In 2007 and 2008 Paramount may sub distribute films via Universal s countries and vice versa Paramount s international distribution unit would be headquartered in Los Angeles and have a European hub 98 In Italy Paramount distributed through Universal 99 With Universal indicated that it was pulling out of the UIP Korea and started its own operation there in November 2016 Paramount agreed to have CJ Entertainment distribute there 100 UIP president and chief operating officer Andrew Cripps 98 was hired as Paramount Pictures International head Paramount Pictures International distributed films that made the 1 billion mark in July 2007 the fifth studio that year to do so and it its first year 101 On October 6 2008 DreamWorks executives announced that they were leaving Paramount and relaunching an independent DreamWorks The DreamWorks trademarks remained with DreamWorks Animation when that company was spun off before the Paramount purchase and DreamWorks Animation transferred the license to the name to the new company 102 DreamWorks films acquired by Paramount but still distributed internationally by Universal are included in Paramount s market share Grey also launched a Digital Entertainment division to take advantage of emerging digital distribution technologies This led to Paramount becoming the second movie studio to sign a deal with Apple Inc to sell its films through the iTunes Store 103 Also in 2007 Paramount sold another one of its heritage units Famous Music to Sony ATV Music Publishing best known for publishing many songs by The Beatles and for being co owned by Michael Jackson ending a nearly eight decade run as a division of Paramount being the studio s music publishing arm since the period when the entire company went by the name Famous Players 104 In early 2008 Paramount partnered with Los Angeles based developer FanRocket to make short scenes taken from its film library available to users on Facebook The application called VooZoo allows users to send movie clips to other Facebook users and to post clips on their profile pages 105 Paramount engineered a similar deal with Makena Technologies to allow users of vMTV and There com to view and send movie clips 106 In March 2010 Paramount founded Insurge Pictures an independent distributor of micro budget films The distributor planned ten movies with budgets of 100 000 each 107 The first release was The Devil Inside a movie with a budget of about US 1 million 108 In March 2015 following waning box office returns Paramount shuttered Insurge Pictures and moved its operations to the main studio 109 In July 2011 in the wake of critical and box office success of the animated feature Rango and the departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012 Paramount announced the formation of a new division devoted to the creation of animated productions 110 It marks Paramount s return to having its own animated division for the first time since 1967 when Paramount Cartoon Studios shut down it was formerly Famous Studios until 1956 111 In December 2013 Walt Disney Studios via its parent company s purchase of Lucasfilm a year earlier 112 gained Paramount s remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films Paramount will permanently retain the distribution rights to the first four films and will receive financial participation from any additional films 113 In February 2016 Viacom CEO and newly appointed chairman Philippe Dauman announced that the conglomerate is in talks to find an investor to purchase a minority stake in Paramount 114 Sumner Redstone and his daughter Shari are reportedly opposed with the deal 115 On July 13 2016 Wanda Group was in talks to acquire a 49 stake of Paramount 116 The talks with Wanda were dropped On January 19 2017 Shanghai Film Group Corp and Huahua Media said they would finance at least 25 of all Paramount Pictures movies over a three year period Shanghai Film Group and Huahua Media in the deal would help distribute and market Paramount s features in China At the time the Wall Street Journal wrote that nearly every major Hollywood studio has a co financing deal with a Chinese company 117 On March 27 2017 Jim Gianopulos was named as a chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures replacing Brad Grey 118 In June 2017 Paramount Players was formed by the studio with the hiring of Brian Robbins founder of AwesomenessTV Tollin Robbins Productions and Varsity Pictures as the division s president The division was expected to produce films based on the Viacom Media Networks properties including MTV Nickelodeon BET and Comedy Central 119 In June 2017 Paramount Pictures signed a deal with 20th Century Fox for distribution of its films in Italy which took effect on September Prior to the deal Paramount s films in Italy were distributed by Universal Pictures 99 On December 7 2017 it was reported that Paramount sold the international distribution rights of Annihilation to Netflix 120 Netflix subsequently bought the worldwide rights to The Cloverfield Paradox for 50 million 121 On November 16 2018 Paramount signed a multi picture film deal with Netflix as part of Viacom s growth strategy making Paramount the first major film studio to do so 122 A sequel to Awesomeness Films To All the Boys I ve Loved Before is currently in development at the studio for Netflix 123 In April 2018 Paramount posted its first quarterly profit since 2015 124 Bob Bakish CEO of parent Viacom said in a statement that turnaround efforts have firmly taken hold as the studio improved margins and returned to profitability This month s outstanding box office performance of A Quiet Place the first film produced and released under the new team at Paramount is a clear sign of our progress Gianopulos was fired in September 2021 and replaced by Nickelodeon president Brian Robbins 125 In January 2022 Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to Tomi Adeyemi s young adult fantasy novel Children of Blood and Bone from Lucasfilm As part of the acquisition the film will have a guaranteed exclusive theatrical release while Adeyemi will write the screenplay and serve as executive producer The film adaptation will also be produced by Temple Hill Entertainment and Sunswept Entertainment 126 127 On March 8 2022 Paramount Players operations were folded into Paramount Pictures Motion Picture Group 128 However it will continue to operate as a label as it has several upcoming films on its slate On November 15 2022 Paramount entered a multi year exclusive deal with former president of DC Films Walter Hamada Hamada will oversee the development of horror films beginning in 2023 129 CBS Viacom re merger Main article 2019 merger of CBS and Viacom On September 29 2016 National Amusements sent a letter to both CBS Corporation and Viacom encouraging the two companies to re merge back into one company 130 On December 12 the deal was called off 131 On May 30 2019 CNBC reported that CBS and Viacom would explore merger discussions in mid June 2019 132 Reports say that CBS and Viacom reportedly set August 8 as an informal deadline for reaching an agreement to recombine the two media companies 133 134 CBS announced to acquire Viacom as part of the re merger for up to 15 4 billion 135 On August 2 2019 the two companies agreed to remerge back into one entity 136 which was named ViacomCBS the deal was closed on December 4 2019 137 In December 2019 ViacomCBS agreed to purchase a 49 stake in Miramax that was owned by beIN Media Group with Paramount gaining the distribution of the studio s 700 film library as well as its future releases Also Paramount will produce television series based on Miramax s IPs 138 The deal officially closed on April 3 2020 139 ViacomCBS later announced that it would rebrand the CBS All Access streaming service as Paramount to allow for international expansion using the widely recognized Paramount name and drawing from the studio s library as well as that of CBS MTV Nickelodeon and more 140 On February 16 2022 ViacomCBS changed its name to Paramount Global after the studio 141 InvestmentsDreamWorks Pictures In 2006 Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks Pictures Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in live action films released through DreamWorks with the release of Just Like Heaven on September 16 2005 The remaining live action films released until March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control However Paramount still owns distribution and other ancillary rights to Soros and Dune films On February 8 2010 Viacom repurchased Soros controlling stake in DreamWorks library of films released before 2005 for around 400 million 142 Even as DreamWorks switched distribution of live action films not part of existing franchises to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and later Universal Pictures Paramount continues to own the films released before the merger and the films that Paramount themselves distributed including sequel rights such as that of Little Fockers 2010 distributed by Paramount and DreamWorks It was a sequel to two existing DreamWorks films Meet the Parents 2000 and Meet the Fockers 2004 Paramount only owned the international distribution rights to Little Fockers whereas Universal Pictures handled domestic distribution 143 Paramount also owned distribution rights to the DreamWorks Animation library of films made before 2013 and their previous distribution deal with future DWA titles expired at the end of 2012 with Rise of the Guardians 20th Century Fox took over distribution for post 2012 titles beginning with The Croods 2013 144 and ending with Captain Underpants The First Epic Movie 2017 Universal Pictures subsequently took over distribution for DreamWorks Animation s films beginning with How to Train Your Dragon The Hidden World 2019 due to NBCUniversal s acquisition of the company in 2016 Paramount s rights to the 1998 2012 DWA library would have expired 16 years after each film s initial theatrical release date 145 but in July 2014 DreamWorks Animation purchased Paramount s distribution rights to the pre 2013 library with 20th Century Fox distributing the library until January 2018 which Universal then assumed ownership of distribution rights 146 Another asset of the former DreamWorks owned by Paramount is the pre 2008 DreamWorks Television library which is currently distributed by Paramount s sister company CBS Media Ventures it includes Spin City High Incident Freaks and Geeks Undeclared and On the Lot CBS library Independent company Hollywood Classics represents Paramount with the theatrical distribution of all the films produced by the various motion picture divisions of CBS over the years as a result of the Viacom CBS merger Paramount has outright video distribution to the aforementioned CBS library with some exceptions less demanded content is usually released manufactured on demand by CBS themselves or licensed to Visual Entertainment Inc As of the 2019 Viacom CBS merger this library now includes the theatrical distribution of Terrytoons short films on behalf of Paramount Animation while CBS Media Ventures owns the television distribution Until 2009 the video rights to My Fair Lady were with original theatrical distributor Warner Bros under license from CBS the video license to that film has now reverted to Paramount UnitsDivisions Paramount Pictures Paramount Home Entertainment Paramount Licensing Inc Paramount Pictures International Paramount Players Nickelodeon Movies BET Films Paramount Studio Group physical studio and post production The Studios at Paramount production facilities amp lot Paramount on Location production support facilities throughout North America including New York City Vancouver and Atlanta Worldwide Technical Operations archives restoration and preservation programs the mastering and distribution fulfillment services on lot post production facilities management Paramount Parks amp Resorts licensing and design for parks and resorts 147 Paramount Animation 110 Paramount MusicJoint ventures Miramax co owned with beIN Media Group Miramax Television Miramax Family Miramax Animation United International Pictures co owned with Comcast s Universal Pictures Rede TelecineFormer divisions subsidiaries and joint ventures Paramount Digital Entertainment Dormant Paramount Television original now CBS Studios Big Ticket Entertainment semi in name only since 2006 currently produces Judge Judy and Hot Bench Spelling Television in name only since 2006 Viacom Productions folded into PNT in 2004 Wilshire Court Productions shut down in 2003 Paramount Domestic Television now CBS Media Ventures Folded Viacom Enterprises in 1995 and Rysher Entertainment and Worldvision Enterprises in 1999 RTV News Inc producer of Real TV and Maximum Exposure United Paramount Network UPN formerly a joint venture with United Television now part of the CBS WarnerMedia joint venture The CW Television Network Paramount Stations Group now CBS Television Stations USA Networks also including the Sci Fi Channel Paramount owned a stake starting in 1982 50 owner with Universal Pictures from 1987 until 1997 when Paramount Viacom sold their stake to Universal now part of NBCUniversal Paramount International Television merged with CBS Broadcast International in 2004 to form CBS Studios International Fleischer Studios purchased in 1942 and organized as Famous Studios which shut down in 1967 library folded into Paramount Animation Terrytoons purchased by CBS Films later Viacom International in 1956 theatrical library moved to Paramount Animation following re merger of ViacomCBS in 2019 Paramount Famous Productions direct to video division Paramount Parks Purchased by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company in 2006 Paramount Classics Paramount Vantage 148 Paramount Classics merged into Paramount Vantage the latter then went dormant in December 2013 DW Studios LLC also DW Pictures defunct holding film library and rights principal officers left to recreate DreamWorks as an independent company DW Funding LLC DreamWorks live action library pre 09 16 2005 DW Funding LLC sold to Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II and purchased back in 2010 149 Go Fish Pictures Arthouse Independent film unit for used distributing DreamWorks Pictures foreign films defunct in 2007 after parent company s sale Paramount Theatres Limited Founded 1930 in the United Kingdom with the opening of a cinema in Manchester Several Paramount Theatres had opened or had been acquired in the United Kingdom during the 1930s before being sold to The Rank Organisation becoming part of the Odeon Cinemas chain in 1939 Epix 49 76 owner with Metro Goldwyn Mayer and Lionsgate from 2009 until 2017 when Paramount Viacom and Lionsgate sold their stakes to MGM Insurge Pictures micro budget film division March 2010 2015 107 absorbed into Paramount itself Republic Pictures Continental Cafe the commissary run by Pauline Kessinger until the cafe was replaced by the Zukor Building in 1983 150 Other interests In March 2012 Paramount licensed their name and logo to a luxury hotel investment group which subsequently named the company Paramount Hotels and Resorts The investors plan to build 50 hotels throughout the world based on the themes of Hollywood and the California lifestyle Among the features are private screening rooms and the Paramount library available in the hotel rooms In April 2013 Paramount Hotels and Dubai based DAMAC Properties announced the building of the first resort DAMAC Towers by Paramount 151 152 Logo Artist Dario Campanile poses with a picture Paramount commissioned him in 1986 to paint for its 75th anniversary The company later used the painting as a basis for its new logo That logo was introduced as a prototype in the 1986 film The Golden Child the 1987 film Critical Condition was the first to feature the finalized version of the logo 1999 s South Park Bigger Longer amp Uncut was the first to use an enhanced version of the logo which was last used on 2002 s Crossroads The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the mainstay of the company s production logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo In the sound era the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name released in 1930 The words to the fanfare originally sung in the 1930 film were Proud of the crowd that will never be loud it s Paramount on Parade Legend has it that the mountain is based on a doodle made by W W Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor It is said to be based on the memories of his childhood in Utah Some claim that Utah s Ben Lomond is the mountain Hodkinson doodled and that Peru s Artesonraju 153 is the mountain in the live action logo while others claim that the Italian side of Monviso inspired the logo Some editions of the logo bear a striking resemblance to the Pfeifferhorn 154 another Wasatch Range peak and to the Matterhorn on the border between Switzerland and Italy Mount Huntington in Alaska also bears a striking resemblance The motion picture logo has gone through many changes over the years The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars The logo originally had twenty four stars as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors since Paramount had twenty four stars signed at the time In 1951 the logo was redesigned as a matte painting created by Jan Domela A newer more realistic looking logo debuted in 1953 for Paramount films made in 3D It was reworked in early to mid 1954 for Paramount films made in widescreen process VistaVision The text VistaVision Motion Picture High Fidelity was often imposed over the Paramount logo briefly before dissolving into the title sequence In early 1968 the text A Paramount Picture Release was shortened to Paramount the byline A Gulf Western Company appeared on the bottom and the number of stars being reduced to 22 In 1974 another redesign was made with the Paramount text and Gulf Western byline appearing in different fonts In September 1975 the logo was simplified in a shade of blue adopting the modified design of the 1968 print logo which was in use for many decades afterward A version of the print logo had been in use by Paramount Television since 1968 A Black and White Paramount Pictures logo A Paramount Picture appeared in the live action film Popeye in the international trailer of Popeye the Paramount Pictures logo with Gulf Western byline appears in still and zoom in variation of the logo exists along with the Walt Disney Productions logo known as Mickey Head logo a The studio launched an entirely new logo in December 1986 with computer generated imagery of a lake and stars This version of the Paramount logo was designed by Dario Campanile and animated by Flip Your Lid Animation Omnibus Abel for the CGI stars and Apogee Inc for the mountain for this logo the stars would move across the screen into the arc shape instead of it being superimposed over the mountain as it was before A redone version of this logo debuted with South Park Bigger Longer amp Uncut released on June 30 1999 For its 90th anniversary Paramount adopted the logo shown here In 2012 it was used in tandem with the current one This picture shows the 2010 modification of the logo which includes Viacom s revised byline introduced in 2006 The first film to use the revised Viacom byline was Iron Man 2 In March 2002 an updated logo by BUF Compagnie was introduced in which shooting stars would fall from a night sky to form the arc while the Paramount logo would fly into place between them An enhanced version of this logo debuted with Iron Man 2 released on May 7 2010 The south col area of Mount Everest became the primary basis The music is accompanied by Paramount on Parade which was only used on Mean Girls This logo continued to be featured on DVD and Blu ray releases with the first incarnation of Viacom byline until March 5 2019 ending with Instant Family citation needed On December 16 2011 an updated logo 157 158 159 was introduced with animation done by Devastudios using Terragen 160 The new logo includes a surrounding mountain range and the sun shining in the background Michael Giacchino composed the logo s new fanfare His work on the fanfare was carried onto the Paramount Players and Paramount Animation logos as well as the Paramount Television Studios logo which is also used for the Paramount Network Original Productions logo with 68 Whiskey The word Pictures was restored to the bottom of the Paramount logo in 2022 after ViacomCBS took on the Paramount name and branding for its entire operation Studio toursThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Paramount Pictures news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Paramount Studios offers tours of their studios 161 The 2 hour Studio Tour offers as the name implies a regular tour of the studio 161 The stages where Samson and Delilah Sunset Blvd White Christmas Rear Window Sabrina Breakfast at Tiffany s and many other classic films were shot are still in use today The studio s backlot features numerous blocks of facades that depict a number of New York City locales such as Washington Square Brooklyn and Financial District The After Dark Tour involves a tour of the Hollywood Forever Cemetery 161 Film libraryMain article Lists of Paramount Pictures films A few years after the ruling of the United States v Paramount Pictures Inc case in 1948 Music Corporation of America MCA approached Paramount offering 50 million for 750 sound feature films released prior to December 1 1949 with payment to be spread over a period of several years Paramount saw this as a bargain since the fleeting movie studio saw very little value in its library of old films at the time To address any antitrust concerns MCA set up EMKA Ltd as a dummy corporation to sell these films to television EMKA s Universal Television s library includes the five Paramount Marx Brothers films most of the Bob Hope Bing Crosby Road to pictures and other classics such as Trouble in Paradise Shanghai Express She Done Him Wrong Sullivan s Travels The Palm Beach Story For Whom the Bell Tolls Double Indemnity The Lost Weekend and The Heiress The studio has produced many critically acclaimed films such as Titanic Footloose Breakfast at Tiffany s Braveheart Ghost The Truman Show Mean Girls Psycho Rocketman Ferris Bueller s Day Off The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Days of Thunder Rosemary s Baby Sunset Boulevard Forrest Gump Coming to America World War Z Babel The Conversation The Fighter Interstellar Terms of Endearment The Wolf of Wall Street and A Quiet Place as well as the Godfather Star Trek and Mission Impossible film series Film series Title Release date No Films NotesSophie Lang 1934 37Hopalong Cassidy 1935 41 41Bulldog Drummond 1937 39 3The Aldrich Family 1939 44 11Road to 1940 52 6The War of the Worlds 1953 2005 2The Godfather 1972 90 3Charlotte s Web 1973 2003 2006Bad News Bears 1976 2005 4Peanuts 1977 80 12Grease 1978 82 2Star Trek 1979 present 13Friday the 13th 1980 2009 12Indiana Jones 1981 2008 4Beverly Hills Cop 1984 present 3Crocodile Dundee 1986 2001Top Gun 1986 present 2The Naked Gun 1988 present 3Coming to America 1988 2021 2Jack Ryan 1990 2014 5The Addams Family 1991 93 2Mission Impossible 1996 present 6Beavis and Butt Head 1996 2022 2Rugrats 1998 2003 3Jackass 2002 present 6SpongeBob SquarePants 2004 present 3Shrek 2007 11 Distribution onlyTransformers 2007 present 6Cloverfield 2008 present 3Kung Fu Panda 2008 11 2 Distribution onlyMadagascar 2008 12Marvel Cinematic Universe 2008 13 4 6 Studio credit for The Avengers and Iron Man 3G I Joe 2009 present 3Paranormal Activity 7Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2014 present 2Terminator 2015 19XXX 2017 present 1A Quiet Place 2018 present 2Sonic the Hedgehog 2020 presentPAW Patrol 2021 present 1Scream 2022 presentHighest grossing films Highest grossing films in the United States and Canada 162 163 Rank Title Year Box office gross1 Top Gun Maverick 2022 718 526 6092 Titanic 1 1997 659 363 9443 The Avengers 3 2012 623 357 9104 Iron Man 3 3 2013 409 013 9945 Transformers Revenge of the Fallen 2009 402 111 8706 Transformers Dark of the Moon 2011 352 390 5437 Forrest Gump 1994 330 252 1828 Shrek the Third 2 2007 322 719 9449 Transformers 319 246 19310 Iron Man 3 2008 318 412 10111 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 317 101 11912 Iron Man 2 3 2010 312 433 33113 Star Trek 2009 257 730 01914 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 248 159 97115 Transformers Age of Extinction 2014 245 439 07616 Shrek Forever After 2 2010 238 736 78717 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 234 760 47818 War of the Worlds 2005 234 280 35419 Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 228 778 66120 Mission Impossible Fallout 2018 220 159 10421 Ghost 1990 217 631 30622 How to Train Your Dragon 2 2010 217 581 23123 Madagascar 3 Europe s Most Wanted 2 2012 216 391 48224 Kung Fu Panda 2 2008 215 434 59125 Mission Impossible 2 2000 215 409 889 Highest grossing films worldwide Rank Title Year Box office gross1 Titanic 1 1997 2 187 463 9442 The Avengers 3 2012 1 518 815 5153 Top Gun Maverick 2022 1 488 526 6094 Iron Man 3 3 2013 1 214 811 2525 Transformers Dark of the Moon 2011 1 123 794 0796 Transformers Age of Extinction 2014 1 104 054 0727 Transformers Revenge of the Fallen 2009 836 303 6938 Shrek the Third 2 2007 813 367 3809 Mission Impossible Fallout 2018 791 017 45210 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 786 636 03311 Shrek Forever After 2 2010 752 600 86712 Madagascar 3 Europe s Most Wanted 2 2012 746 921 27413 Transformers 2007 709 709 78014 Interstellar 2014 701 729 20615 Mission Impossible Ghost Protocol 2011 694 713 38016 Mission Impossible Rogue Nation 2015 682 330 13917 Forrest Gump 1994 677 945 39918 Kung Fu Panda 2 2 2011 665 692 28119 Kung Fu Panda 2 2008 631 744 56020 Iron Man 2 3 2010 623 933 33121 Transformers The Last Knight 2017 605 425 15722 Madagascar Escape 2 Africa 2 2008 603 900 35423 War of the Worlds 2005 603 873 11924 Iron Man 3 2008 585 174 22225 Puss in Boots 2 2011 554 987 477 Includes theatrical reissue s ControversyOn July 31 2018 Paramount was targeted by the National Hispanic Media Coalition and the National Latino Media Council which have both claimed that the studio has the worst track record of hiring Latino and Hispanic talent both in front of and behind the camera the last Paramount film directed by a Spanish director was Rings in 2017 In response to the controversy Paramount released the statement We recently met with NHMC in a good faith effort to see how we could partner as we further drive Paramount s culture of diversity inclusion and belonging Under our new leadership team we continue to make progress including ensuring representation in front of and behind the camera in upcoming films such as Dora the Explorer Instant Family Bumblebee and Limited Partners and welcome the opportunity to build and strengthen relationships with the Latino creative community further 164 165 166 The NHMC protested at the Paramount Pictures lot on August 25 More than 60 protesters attended while chanting Latinos excluded time to be included NHMC president and CEO Alex Nogales vowed to continue the boycott until the studio signed a memorandum of understanding 167 On October 17 the NHMC protested at the Paramount film lot for the second time in two months with 75 protesters attending The leaders delivered a petition signed by 12 307 people and addressed it to Jim Gianopulos 168 See alsoPortals Companies United States Los Angeles Greater Los Angeles California Film CBS Studios Paramount Television Studios List of Paramount executives List of Paramount Global television programsNotes The International trailer of Popeye and the rare Walt Disney Productions logo was concindered lost for many years until on October 27 2022 a user called MashVHSMash uploaded on YouTube the opening VHS Geek print of Donald Duck Goes West which that means the trailer and the Mickey Head logo was found it became a subject of discussions and speculations on the internet being considered the most mysterious out of all the Disney logos 155 156 The film grossed 2 186 772 302 worldwide but the 1 528 100 000 of the film s box office belong to 20th Century Fox which released the film internationally Paramount owns North American distribution only In July 2014 the film s distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount and transferred to 20th Century Fox 169 In January 2018 they were transferred to Universal Pictures 170 171 In July 2013 the film s distribution rights were transferred from Paramount to The Walt Disney Studios 172 173 174 References a b Abel Richard 1994 The Cine Goes to Town French Cinema 1896 1914 University of California Press p 10 ISBN 0 520 07936 1 a b Bingen Steven 2016 Paramount City of Dreams Guilford Connecticut Taylor Trade Publishing p 8 ISBN 9781630762018 Archived from the original on July 16 2022 Retrieved January 10 2022 Archived copy Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 25 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Fingas Jon January 19 2014 Paramount now 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Animation Purchase Deadline Hollywood August 22 2016 Archived from the original on August 23 2016 Retrieved August 23 2016 Comcast s NBCUniversal completes purchase of DreamWorks Animation Los Angeles Times August 23 2016 Archived from the original on August 23 2016 Retrieved August 23 2016 Tadena Nathalie Disney Acquires Distribution Rights to Four Marvel Films From Paramount The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on September 26 2013 Retrieved July 2 2013 Finke Nikki July 2 2013 Disney Completes Purchase of Marvel Home Entertainment Distribution Rights Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved July 2 2013 Palmeri Christopher July 2 2013 Disney Buys Rights to Four Marvel Movies From Viacom s Paramount Bloomberg Archived from the original on April 21 2014 Retrieved July 2 2013 Further readingBerg A Scott Goldwyn New York Alfred A Knopf 1989 DeMille Cecil B Autobiography Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall 1959 Dick Bernard F Engulfed the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood Lexington Kentucky University of Press Kentucky Scholarly 2001 Eames John Douglas with additional text by Robert Abele The Paramount Story The Complete History of the Studio and Its Films New York Simon amp Schuster 2002 Evans Robert The Kid Stays in the Picture New York Hyperion Press 1994 Gabler Neal An Empire of Their Own How the Jews Invented Hollywood New York Crown Publishers 1988 Lasky Jesse L with Don Weldon I Blow My Own Horn Garden City NY Doubleday 1957 Mordden Ethan The Hollywood Studios New York Alfred A Knopf 1988 Schatz Thomas The Genius of the System New York Pantheon 1988 Sklar Robert Movie Made America New York Vintage 1989 Zukor Adolph with Dale Kramer The Public Is Never Wrong The Autobiography of Adolph Zukor New York G P Putnam s Sons 1953 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paramount Pictures Official website Paramount Pictures papers at the Margaret Herrick Library Leo Morgan Paramount Publix and Strand Theatre materials 1926 1947 held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paramount Pictures amp oldid 1136220989, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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