Aardman Animations
Aardman Animations Limited is a British animation studio based in Bristol, England. It is known for films made using stop-motion and clay animation techniques, particularly those featuring its plasticine characters Wallace and Gromit, Shaun the Sheep, and Morph. After some experimental computer-animated short films during the late 1990s, beginning with Owzat (1997), Aardman entered the computer animation market with Flushed Away (2006). As of February 2020, it had earned $1.1 billion worldwide, with an average $134.7 million per film.[1]
Logo used since 2022 | |
| Type | Private company limited by shares |
|---|---|
| Industry | Animation |
| Founded | 12 April 1972 |
| Founders | Peter Lord David Sproxton |
| Headquarters | Gas Ferry Road, , England |
Number of locations | 5 |
Area served | Bristol, Stamford |
Key people | Peter Lord Nick Park David Sproxton Barry Purves |
| Divisions |
|
| Website | www |
Aardman's films have been consistently very well received, and their stop-motion films are among the highest-grossing produced, with their 2000 debut, Chicken Run, being their top-grossing film,[2] as well as the highest-grossing stop-motion film of all time.[3]
History
1972–1996
Aardman was founded in 1972 as a low-budget project by Peter Lord and David Sproxton, who wanted to realise their dream of producing an animated motion picture. The partnership provided animated sequences for the BBC series for deaf children Vision On. The company name originates from the name of their nerdish Superman character in that sequence.[5] The process of using clay animation to produce a segment called "Greeblies" (1975) became the inspiration for creating Morph, a simple clay character. Around the same time, Lord and Sproxton made their first foray into adult animation with the shorts Down and Out and Confessions of a Foyer Girl, entries in the BBC's Animated Conversations series using real-life conversations as soundtracks. Aardman also created the title sequence for The Great Egg Race[6] and supplied animation for the multiple award-winning music video of Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer".[7] They produced the music video for the song "My Baby Just Cares For Me" by Nina Simone in 1987. Also in the 1980s, they created the trombone-playing character "Douglas" in a television commercial for Lurpak butter.[8][9]
Later Aardman produced a number of shorts for Channel 4, including the Conversation Pieces series. These five shorts worked in the same area as the Animated Conversations pieces, but were more sophisticated. Lord and Sproxton began hiring more animators at this point; three of the newcomers made their directorial debut at Aardman with the Lip Synch series. Of the five Lip Synch shorts, two were directed by Lord, one by Barry Purves, one by Richard Goleszowski and one by Nick Park.
In 1990, Park's short, Creature Comforts, was the first Aardman production to win an Academy Award. Park also developed the clay modelled shorts featuring the adventures of Wallace and Gromit, a comical pair of friends: Wallace being a naive English inventor with a love of cheese, and Gromit his best friend, the intelligent but silent dog. These films include A Grand Day Out (1989), The Wrong Trousers (1993) and A Close Shave (1995), the latter two winning Academy Awards.[10][11]
1997–2007
In December 1997, Aardman, DreamWorks (later DreamWorks Animation) and Pathé announced that their companies were teaming up to co-finance and distribute Chicken Run, Aardman's first feature film, which had already been in pre-production for a year.[12] On 27 October 1999, Aardman and DreamWorks signed a $250 million[13] deal to make an additional four films that were estimated to be completed during the next 12 years.[14] Along with the deal their first project was announced, titled The Tortoise and the Hare. Intended to be based on Aesop's fable and directed by Richard Goleszowski,[15] it was paused two years later because of the script problems.[16] On 23 June 2000, Chicken Run was released to a great critical and financial success. In 2005, after ten years of absence, Wallace and Gromit returned in Academy Award-winning The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. The following year Flushed Away, Aardman's first computer-animated feature, was released.
On 10 October 2005, a serious fire at a storage facility used by Aardman and other Bristol-based companies destroyed over 30 years of props, models, and scenery often built by the Bristol-based Cod Steaks. This warehouse was used for storage of past projects and so did not prevent the production of their current projects at the time. In addition, the company's library of finished films was stored elsewhere and was undamaged. An electrical fault was determined to be the cause of the blaze.[17] Referring to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Park was quoted as saying, "Even though it is a precious and nostalgic collection and valuable to the company, in light of other tragedies, today isn't a big deal."[18][19][20]
On 1 October 2006, right before the release of Flushed Away, The New York Times reported that due to creative differences DreamWorks Animation and Aardman would not be extending their contract.[21] The deal was officially terminated on 30 January 2007.[22] According to an Aardman spokesperson: "The business model of DreamWorks no longer suits Aardman and vice versa. But the split couldn't have been more amicable."[22] Unofficial reasons for departure were weak performances of the last two movies, for which DreamWorks had to take writedowns,[22] and citing the article, "Aardman executives chafed at the creative control DreamWorks tried to exert, particularly with Flushed Away..."[21] The studio had another film in development, Crood Awakening (eventually The Croods), which had been announced in 2005, with John Cleese co-writing the screenplay.[23] With the end of the partnership, the film's rights reverted to DreamWorks.[22]
From 2006 to 2007, the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan, had an exhibit featuring the works of Aardman Studios. Sproxton and Lord visited the exhibit in May 2006 and met with animator Hayao Miyazaki during the visit.[24] Miyazaki has long been a fan of Aardman Animations' works.[25]
2007–present
In April 2007, Aardman signed[26] and in 2010 renewed[27] a three-year deal with Sony Pictures to finance, co-produce, and distribute feature films. The next year, Aardman released a new Wallace and Gromit short film, called A Matter of Loaf and Death. The first film made in partnership with Sony was the computer-animated Arthur Christmas (2011), which is Aardman's first 3D feature film. 2012 saw the release of The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (known internationally as The Pirates! Band of Misfits), Aardman's first 3D stop-motion film and Peter Lord's first film as a director since Chicken Run. Two additional films were announced in June 2007: The Cat Burglars, a stop-motion animated heist comedy film directed by Steve Box, about cat burglars that steal milk, and their plans to pull off 'the great milk float robbery'; and an untitled Nick Park project (which would later become Early Man).[28]
The studio is also known to provide generous resources and training to young animators by providing awards at various animation festivals. For example, The Aardman Award at the UK's Animex Festival in Teesside provides story consultation to a promising young animator for their next film.[29]
In 2008, Aardman joined with Channel 4 and Lupus Films to launch a user-generated content animation portal called 4mations.[30] They also designed the BBC One Christmas Idents for that year, which featured Wallace and Gromit to tie in with the showing of the new Wallace and Gromit film called A Matter of Loaf and Death on Christmas Day at 8:30pm. In April 2008, Aardman launched the Aardman YouTube channel, which is a YouTube Partner channel featuring the entire Creature Comforts TV series, the Morph series, Cracking Contraptions and clips from the Wallace and Gromit films.[31] From December 2008, Aardman also started posting various flash games on Newgrounds, the majority of which are based on Wallace and Gromit and Shaun the Sheep.[32]
In 2009, Nintendo announced that Aardman would make twelve short films using only Flipnote Studio. The films were posted on Flipnote's Hatena web service provider. The first film was called The Sandwich Twins and was released on 16 September 2009. The remaining eleven films were released on a weekly basis until Christmas, and can also be downloaded using Hatena.[33] In the same year, the headquarters of the studio moved into a new building, designed by Alec French architects, in Gas Ferry Road, Bristol, although work needing large-scale sets is still carried out in sheds in Aztec West and Bedminster.[34] In April 2009, Aardman Animations edited the existing Watch identity by UKTV to make the inflatable eyeball (called "Blinky") in the idents blink.
In October 2013, Peter Lord (co-founder of Aardman Animations) created a fundraising project on the crowdfunding site Kickstarter. The campaign has a target of £75,000 which will be used to fund 12 new one-minute episodes of Morph. Lord was hoping to start production in January 2014 using the original stop-frame animation. Backers of the project will receive a variety of rewards, including early access to the new animations and a small box of clay used in the production, depending on the individual's level of funding.[35][36]
In 2015, the studio bought a majority share in New York-based animation studio Nathan Love,[37] announcing the merger with a short film called Introducing: Aardman Nathan Love on 25 September of the same year[38] of that being that the British stop-motion animated series Digby Dragon debuted on Nick Jr. UK in 2016.
In advance of Aardman's fortieth anniversary, BBC One aired the one-hour television documentary A Grand Night In: The Story of Aardman, first broadcast in December 2015. Narrated by Julie Walters, this career retrospective includes commentary by the company's founders and staff, as well as various friends, fans and colleagues including Terry Gilliam, John Lasseter, and Matt Groening.[39][40]
From 29 June 2017 to 29 October 2017, an exhibition entitled "Wallace and Gromit and Friends" was shown at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) in Melbourne. A report on this exhibition was shown on Australian ABC News Breakfast on Wednesday, 28 June, featuring an 8-minute interview with producers Peter Lord and David Sproxton.[41] The exhibition revealed that in Nick Park's very early sketches, Gromit was originally a cat, but Park soon changed him into a dog, since it was generally agreed that a dog was clearly more suitable as a loyal pet/companion than a cat and also because a dog would be easier to make and animate in Plasticine. Embedded in the ABC News article is a video interview with Lord and Sproxton,[42] which gives information not only on Wallace and Gromit, but also Shaun the Sheep and others.
On 9 November 2018, Aardman Animations announced that Peter Lord and David Sproxton would be transferring majority ownership of the company to its employees in order to keep the studio independent.[43] In January 2019, Lord and Sproxton released a book detailing the history of the studio, called A Grand Success! The Aardman Journey, One Frame at a Time.[44]
In December 2020, Netflix announced an Aardman Christmas musical special entitled Robin Robin.[45] The 30-minute short, starring Bronte Carmichael, Richard E. Grant, Gillian Anderson and Adeel Akhtar, was released on the platform on November 24, 2021.
On 20 January 2022, Netflix announced a sequel to Chicken Run entitled Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget.[46] The film, starring Thandiwe Newton and Zachary Levi, is slated to premiere on the platform in 2023. A new, untitled Wallace and Gromit film was also confirmed to be 'in the works', and is currently slated for a 2024 release. Also in 2022–2023, the 52 episode children's series Lloyd of the Flies[47] aired on CITV.
Aardman is one of the nine studios involved with Lucasfilm’s Star Wars: Visions Volume 2.[48]
Company name
The company name is taken from one of its early characters, a superhero created for Vision On in 1972.[49] Unlike the claymation productions that the company are famous for, Aardman was cel-animated.[50] Peter Lord has stated that the most interesting thing about the company name is that it "means nothing" and is only a joke that two teenagers found funny. He has stated that the name came from a combination of "Aardvark" and "Superman" for the reason that they found aardvark to be a particularly funny word. Aardman Animations became their company name when the BBC asked them to whom they should make their first cheque out.[51] Co-founder David Sproxton has claimed that the name was a result of being unable to "find another word with more A's in it than 'aardvark'" as a schoolboy.[52]
Non-Aardman productions by Aardman directors
A number of Aardman directors have worked at other studios, taking the distinctive Aardman style with them.
Aardman's Steve Box directed the animated music video for the Spice Girls' final single as a five-piece, "Viva Forever". The video took over five months to produce, considerably longer than the group's box office hit movie, Spice World. He is also the co-creator of the Finnish-British animated series Moominvalley, based on the Moomins books.
Barry Purves, director of the Aardman short Next, also directed Hamilton Mattress for Harvest Films. The film, a half-hour special that premiered on Christmas Day 2001, was produced by Chris Moll, producer of the Wallace and Gromit short film The Wrong Trousers. The models were provided by Mackinnon & Saunders, a firm that did the same for Bob the Builder and Corpse Bride.
Similarly, Robbie the Reindeer in Hooves of Fire, a BBC Bristol/Comic Relief production, was directed by Richard Goleszowski, creator of Rex the Runt. Its sequel, Robbie the Reindeer in Legend of the Lost Tribe, was directed by Peter Peake, whose directorial credits for Aardman include Pib and Pog and Humdrum.
Aardman alumni also produced many of the claymation shorts used in the 1986–1990 American television series Pee-wee's Playhouse.[53][54]
Films
Aardman Animation has produced a number of animated features, shorts, videos and TV series, as well as adverts. Their major feature films are:
- Chicken Run (2000)
- Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
- Flushed Away (2006)
- Arthur Christmas (2011)
- The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (2012)
- Shaun the Sheep Movie (2015)
- Early Man (2018)
- A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon (2019)
- Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget (2023)
Franchises
| Title | Release Date |
|---|---|
| Morph | 1977–present |
| Creature Comforts | 1989–2011 |
| Wallace and Gromit | 1989–present |
| Angry Kid | 1998–2019 |
| Rex the Runt | 1998–2001 |
| Chicken Run | 2000–present |
| Shaun the Sheep | 2007–present |
| Timmy Time | 2009–2012 |
Video games
| Title | Release Date | Platform[s] | Developer | Publisher |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicken Run | 2000 | PlayStation, Dreamcast, Game Boy Color, Windows | Blitz Games | Eidos Interactive |
| Wallace & Gromit in Project Zoo | 2003 | PS2, Xbox, GameCube, Windows | Frontier Developments | BAM! Entertainment |
| Rex the Runt: Lost Marbles | 2005 | Mobile Phone | AirPlay UK | Coyote Wireless |
| Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit | 2005 | PS2, Xbox, Mobile Phone | Frontier Developments | Konami |
| Flushed Away | 2006 | PS2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, DS | Monkey Bar Games | D3 Publisher |
| Shaun the Sheep | 2008 | DS | Art Co., Ltd | D3 Publisher |
| Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures | 2009 | Windows, Xbox 360, iOS | Telltale Games | Telltale Games |
| Shaun the Sheep: Off His Head | 2009 | DS | Art Co., Ltd | D3 Publisher |
| Home Sheep Home | 2011 | iOS, Flash | Aardman Digital (Browser), Virtual Programming (iOS port) | Aardman Animations (Browser) / Virtual Programming |
| Home Sheep Home 2 | 2011 | iOS, Flash | Aardman Digital (PC), Mobile Pie., Ltd (iOS port) | Aardman Animations (Browser) / Chillingo |
| Fleece Lightning | 2013 | Android, iOS | Aardman Interactive | Aardman Interactive |
| Shaun the Sheep: Llama League | 2015 | iOS, Android | Aardman Animations | Aardman Animations |
| Shaun the Sheep: Shear Speed | 2015 | Android, iOS | Aardman Animations | Aardman Animations |
| 11-11: Memories Retold | 2018 | Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One | DigixArt and Aardman Animations | Bandai Namco Entertainment |
| Shaun the Sheep: Home Sheep Home - Farmageddon Party Edition | 2019 | Windows, Switch | Aardman Animations | Aardman Animations |
| Wallace & Gromit: The Big Fix Up | 2021 | iOS, Android | Aardman Animations, Tiny Rebel Games, Potato, Sugar Creative | Fictioneers |
Awards and nominations
The works of Aardman have received numerous awards and nominations, the major awards won include the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and BAFTA Award for Best British Film for Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Books
- Tristan Davies, Nick Park, Nick Newman (1997); Wallace & Gromit and the Lost Slipper. Adler's Foreign Books. ISBN 978-0-8417-2026-8
- Peter Lord; Brian Sibley (1998). Cracking Animation: The Aardman Book of 3-D Animation. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-28168-0
- Tristan Davies; Nick Newman (1998). Wallace & Gromit in Anoraknophobia. Adler's Foreign Books. ISBN 978-0-8417-2031-2
- Tristan Davies; Nick Newman (1999). Wallace & Gromit: Crackers in Space. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-71289-4
- Andy Lane (2003). Creating Creature Comforts. Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-1564-8
- Andy Lane (2004). The World of Wallace & Gromit. Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-1558-7
- Andy Lane; Paul Simpson (2005). The Art of Wallace & Gromit: Curse of the Were-Rabbit. Titan Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84576-136-3
See also
References
- ^ "Aardman Animations Production Company Box Office History".
- ^ "Box Office History for Aardman Animations Movies". The Numbers. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ Wheatley, Cliff (17 June 2014). "Top 10 DreamWorks Animation Movies". IGN. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Impressively, Chicken Run is still the highest grossing stop motion animated movie of all time.
- ^ Hopewell, John (15 June 2016). "Annecy: Aardman Takes MIFA and Variety's 2016 Animation Personality of the Year Award". Variety. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ "Aardman Animations - Aardman History". www.telepathy.co.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
- ^ Lane, Megan (14 October 2010). "What's an egg race got to do with inventing?". BBC News. from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Time. Retrieved 23 November 2011
- ^ "10 of the most memorable butter adverts throughout the ages".
- ^ Ultimate Lurpak Butter Adverts Commercials 1986 - 2003 Douglas Aardman. YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
- ^ "The 66th Academy Awards | 1994". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ^ "The 68th Academy Awards | 1996". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ^ "Chicken Run: Deal clinched with DreamWorks & Pathe". Telepathy Ltd. 3 December 1997. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ Gibbons, Fiachra (29 October 1999). "Wallace and Gromit's Hollywood deal:Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks signs $250m agreement with animation company that began on kitchen table in Bristol". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Moerk, Christian (27 October 1999). "DW-Aardman pact drawn". Variety. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Dawtrey, Adam (20 December 1999). "Aardman's 'Hare' to run with Goleszowski". Variety. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ Linder, Brian (7 July 2001). "Aardman Halts Tortoise vs. Hare". IGN. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ BBC News (9 December 2005). "Aardman fire caused by electrics". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ breakingNEWS.ie (10 October 2005). "Nick Park: Aardman fire 'no big deal' in world context". breakingNEWS.ie. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "'Entire Wallace and Gromit history' lost in warehouse fire". Breaking News. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ Morris, Steven (11 October 2005). "Curses, Gromit! Fire destroys animation firm's history on eve of box office triumph". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ a b M. Holson, Laura (3 October 2006). "Is Th-Th-That All, Folks?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d Fritz, Ben (30 January 2007). "Aardman, DWA end partnership". Variety. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "DreamWorks and Aardman Are in for a 'Crood Awakening'". ir.dreamworksanimation.com (Press release). DreamWorks Animation SKG. 12 May 2005. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ The Japan Times (24 November 2006). "Ghibli brings claymation to Tokyo: Aardman exhibits, new Miyazaki anime on view". The Japan Times. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ Mulrooney, Marty (27 November 2009). "INTERVIEW – In Conversation With Merlin Crossingham, Lead Animator at Aardman Animation". Alternative Magazine Online. from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ BBC News (2 April 2007). "Gromit animators sign Sony deal". BBC News. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ Debruge, Peter (18 December 2010). "Aardman charts new course with Sony". Variety. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ "Aardman reveals new slate". Variety. 18 June 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Hofferman, Jon (12 September 2007). "Animex Adds Aardman Award". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
- ^ Kiss, Jemima (28 August 2008). "Channel 4 creates 'home for animation'". guardian.co.uk. London. from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
- ^ Holmwood, Leigh (15 October 2008). "Wallace and Gromit get YouTube channel after Aardman deal". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Wildgoose, David (27 August 2010). "LunchTimeWaster: The Physics of Sheep". Kotaku. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Nintendo (10 September 2009). "Oscar-winning Aardman Studios to create 12 Films of Christmas with Nintendo". nintendo.co.uk. Nintendo. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ Mellor, Penny (2013). Inside Bristol: Twenty Years of Open Doors Day. Redcliffe Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1908326423.
- ^ "All New Adventures of Morph from Aardman Animations". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ "'Bring back Morph' campaign launched by Aardman". BBC News. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ Spangler, Todd (23 September 2015). "Aardman Buys U.S. Animation Studio Nathan Love". Variety. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ^ Amidi, Amid (22 September 2015). "Aardman Buys Majority of Nathan Love to Create US-Based Aardman Nathan Love". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ Hegarty, Tasha (9 December 2015). "Aardman is celebrating its 40th anniversary this Christmas with BBC documentary A Grand Night in on Boxing Day". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- ^ A Grand Night In: The Story of Aardman, retrieved 6 September 2022
- ^ Wood, Patrick (ABC News). "Wallace and Gromit creative duo open Australian exhibition".
- ^ "Video interview with Peter Lord and David Sproxton".
- ^ Ritman, Alex (9 November 2018). "'Wallace & Gromit' Producer Aardman Animations Transfers Ownership to Employees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ Canfield, David. "Inside the making of 'Chicken Run,' the highest-grossing stop-animation film of all time". EW.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Aardman and Netflix are making an animated Christmas musical". Little White Lies. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "A New 'Chicken Run' Movie Is Hatching Very Soon". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ <https://lloydoftheflies.tv/
- ^ Ankers-Range, Adele (2 February 2023). "Star Wars: Visions Volume 2 Arrives This May". IGN. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ Parsons, Caron. "An animated history". BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ "Aardman Animations". screenonline.org. BFI. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ Harris, Richard. "'Made by hand and with love': Aardman's Peter Lord on the magic of animation". xpats.com. The Bulletin. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ "Aardman Podcast Episode 1: The Early Days". Aardman. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ Lloyd, Robert (10 July 2006). "Pee-wee's back in the limelight". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
The show is nevertheless full of marvelous animated sequences, some by Peter Lord and Nick Park of Aardman Animation/"Wallace & Gromit" fame.
- ^ Dawtrey, Adam (20 December 1999). "Aardman's 'Hare' to run with Goleszowski". Variety. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Goleszowski has been part of the Aardman family since joining the company in 1983. He stayed for nine years, working on projects including Peter Gabriel's "Sledgehammer" video and "Pee Wee's Playhouse" in New York before going freelance.
External links
- Official website
- Aardman Animations at Newgrounds