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Masala film

April 21, 2023

Masala films of Indian cinema are those that bend multiple genres into one work. Masala films emerged in the 1970s and are still created as of the 2020s.[1] Typically these films freely bend action, comedy, romance, and drama or melodrama. They also tend to be musicals that include songs, often filmed in picturesque locations.[2][3]

The genre is named after the masala, a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine.[4] According to The Hindu, masala is the most popular genre of Indian cinema.[3] Masala films have origins in the 1970s, and are common in every major film industry in India.[5] Production of these films are still active in early 2020s.[6][7]

History

According to a number of critics and scholars, the masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker Nasir Hussain,[8][9][10] along with screenwriter duo Salim–Javed, consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar.[9] Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973), directed by Hussain and written by Salim-Javed, has been identified by many as the first masala film.[10][11] However, critic S. Shankar has claimed the genre has existed in Tamil cinema as early as the 1950s, citing Parasakthi (1952) and Enga Veettu Pillai (1965) as examples.[12] After Yaadon Ki Baaraat, Salim-Javed went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s.[9] A landmark for the masala film genre was Amar Akbar Anthony (1977),[13][10] directed by Manmohan Desai and written by Kader Khan. Manmohan Desai went on to successfully exploit the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.

Sholay (1975), directed by Ramesh Sippy and written by Salim-Javed, also falls under the masala genre. It is sometimes called a "Curry Western", a play on the term Spaghetti Western. A more accurate genre label is the "Dacoit Western", as it combined the conventions of Indian dacoit films such as Mother India (1957) and Gunga Jumna (1961) with that of Spaghetti Westerns. Sholay spawned a subgenre of "Dacoit Western" films in the 1970s.[14]

Masala films helped establish many leading actors as superstars in the 1970s and 1980s, such as Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, Sridevi achieved stardom in their early Bollywood career with masala movies. Since the 1990s, actors such as Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan (Salim Khan's son), Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgn and Ranveer Singh in Bollywood, M.G. Ramachandran, Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Ajith Kumar, Vijay, Suriya Sivakumar, Vikram, Dhanush, Sivakarthikeyan, in Kollywood , NTR, Krishna, Chiranjeevi, Mahesh Babu, Allu Arjun, Jr. NTR, Balakrishna, Prabhas, Nagarjuna, Ram Charan Tej, Venkatesh and Pawan Kalyan in Tollywood, Jayan, Mohanlal, Mammootty, Jayaram, Dileep, and Prithviraj Sukumaran in Malayalam cinema, Rajkumar, Vishnuvardhan, Ambareesh, Darshan, Puneeth Rajkumar, Sudeep and Yash in Kannada cinema, Dev, Jeet and Ankush Hazra in Bengali cinema and others have all tasted success in this format.[15][16]

This style is used very often in Hindi (Bollywood) and South Indian films, as it helps make them appeal to a broad variety of viewers. Famous masala filmmakers include David Dhawan, Anees Bazmee, Farah Khan and Prabhu Deva in Bollywood ; Shaji Kailas and Joshiy in Malayalam Cinema ; Raja Chanda, Raj Chakraborty, Sujit Mondal, Rajiv Kumar Biswas and Rabi Kinagi in Bengali cinema; K. Raghavendra Rao, S. S. Rajamouli, Puri Jagannadh, Trivikram Srinivas, Boyapati Srinu and Srinu Vaitla in Telugu cinema; S. Shankar, Hari, Siruthai Siva, Pandiraj, AR Murugadoss, K. V. Anand, N. Lingusamy and K. S. Ravikumar in Tamil cinema; and in Kannada cinema it was V. Somashekhar and K. S. R. Das in the 1970s; A. T. Raghu and Joe Simon in the 1980s; K. V. Raju, Om Prakash Rao and Shivamani in the 1990s; and K. Madesh and A. Harsha in the 2000s.

Beyond Indian cinema, Danny Boyle's Academy Award–winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008), based on Vikas Swarup's Boeke Prize winning novel Q & A (2005), has been described by several reviewers as a "masala" movie,[17] due to the way the film combines "familiar raw ingredients into a feverish masala"[18] and culminates in "the romantic leads finding each other."[19] This is due to the influence of the Bollywood masala genre on the film.[20][21][22][23] According to Loveleen Tandan, Slumdog Millionaire screenwriter Simon Beaufoy "studied Salim-Javed's kind of cinema minutely."[20] The influence of Bollywood masala films can also be seen in Western musical films. Baz Luhrmann stated that his successful musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals.[24]

Aamir Khan (Nasir Hussain's nephew), who debuted as a child actor in the first masala film Yaadon Ki Baraat,[25] has been credited for redefining and modernising the masala film with his own distinct brand of socially conscious cinema in the early 21st century.[26] His films blur the distinction between commercial masala films and realistic parallel cinema, combining the entertainment and production values of the former with the believable narratives and strong messages of the latter, earning both commercial success and critical acclaim, in India and overseas.[27]

Influences

While the masala film genre originated from Bollywood films in the 1970s, there have been several earlier influences that have shaped its conventions.[28][29] Examples of this influence include the techniques of a side story, back-story and story within a story. Indian popular films often have plots that branch off into sub-plots; such narrative dispersals can clearly be seen in the 1993 films Khalnayak and Gardish. The second influence was the impact of ancient Sanskrit drama, with its highly stylised nature and emphasis on spectacle, where music, dance and gesture combined "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience." Sanskrit dramas were known as natya, derived from the root word nrit (dance), characterising them as spectacular dance-dramas which has continued in Indian cinema. The third influence was the traditional folk theatre of India, which became popular from around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre. These regional traditions include the Jatra of Bengal, the Ramlila of Uttar Pradesh, and the Terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu. The fourth influence was Parsi theatre, which "blended realism and fantasy, music and dance, narrative and spectacle, earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation, integrating them into a dramatic discourse of melodrama. The Parsi plays contained crude humour, melodious songs and music, sensationalism and dazzling stagecraft."[30]

A major foreign influence was Hollywood, where musicals were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s, though Indian filmmakers departed from their Hollywood counterparts in several ways. "For example, the Hollywood musicals had as their plot the world of entertainment itself. Indian filmmakers, while enhancing the elements of fantasy so pervasive in Indian popular films, used song and music as a natural mode of articulation in a given situation in their films. There is a strong Indian tradition of narrating mythology, history, fairy stories and so on through song and dance." In addition, "whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant, Indian filmmakers made no attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation, an illusion, a fiction. However, they demonstrated how this creation intersected with people's day to day lives in complex and interesting ways."[31]

Javed Akhtar, a pioneer of masala films, was also greatly influenced by Urdu novels by Pakistani author Ibn-e-Safi, such as the Jasoosi Dunya and Imran series of detective novels.[32] They inspired, for example, famous Bollywood characters such as Gabbar Singh in Sholay (1975) and Mogambo in Mr. India (1987).[33]

During the 1970s, commercial Bollywood masala films drew from several foreign influences, including New Hollywood, Hong Kong martial arts cinema, and Italian exploitation films.[34] Following the success of Bruce Lee films such as Enter the Dragon in India,[35] Bollywood films starting with Deewaar (1975) up until the 1990s often incorporated fight sequences inspired by 1970s martial arts films from Hong Kong cinema.[36] Rather than following the Hollywood model, Bollywood action scenes tended to follow the Hong Kong model, with an emphasis on acrobatics and stunts, and combined kung fu (as it was perceived by Indians) with Indian martial arts (particularly Indian wrestling).[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ NAIR, SREEHARI. "Are masala movies dead?". Rediff. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ Tejaswini Gantiv (2004). Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Psychology Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-415-28854-5. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  3. ^ a b Sebastian, Pradeep (16 August 2002). "Masala vs. genre". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  4. ^ Nelmes, Jill. An introduction to film studies. p. 367.
  5. ^ "Interesting Facts About Bollywood from the age of Classic Cinema". audition post. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  6. ^ "The era of masala films has ended: Boman Irani". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  7. ^ Sterling, Bruce. "Hrithik Roshan says the masala film is over". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  8. ^ Joshi, Poorva (30 March 2017). "How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films". Hindustan Times.
  9. ^ a b c Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (1 October 2015). Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789352140084.
  10. ^ a b c Kaushik Bhaumik, An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities, The Wire, 12 March 2016
  11. ^ Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (1 October 2015). Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters. Penguin UK. p. 58. ISBN 9789352140084.
  12. ^ Shankar, S. (27 May 2014). "Tamil Cinema: Ten Essential Titles for New Fans of Indian Movies Who Want to Venture beyond Bombay". Sshankar.net. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  13. ^ Rachel Dwyer (2005). 100 Bollywood films. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-7436-433-3. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  14. ^ Teo, Stephen (2017). Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood. Taylor & Francis. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-317-59226-6.
  15. ^ Noor, Arifa (3 August 2021). "Films and reality". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  16. ^ Adlakha, Siddhant (9 July 2021). "Stream Three Great Performances by the Bollywood Star Dilip Kumar". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  17. ^ Sudhish Kamath (17 January 2009). . The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  18. ^ Scott Foundas (12 November 2008). "Fall Film: Slumdog Millionaire: Game Show Masala". LA Weekly. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  19. ^ Greg Quill (21 January 2009). "Slumdog wins hearts here". Toronto Star. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  20. ^ a b . The Hindu. 11 January 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  21. ^ "All you need to know about Slumdog Millionaire". The Independent. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
  22. ^ Lisa Tsering (29 January 2009). . IndiaWest. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  23. ^ Anthony Kaufman (29 January 2009). "DGA nominees borrow from the masters: Directors cite specific influences for their films". Variety. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  24. ^ "Baz Luhrmann Talks Awards and 'Moulin Rouge'".
  25. ^ Cain, Rob (3 October 2017). . Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017.
  26. ^ Rangan, Baradwaj (8 January 2017). "Masala redux". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Secret Superstar: A moving slice of life". The Asian Age. 2 November 2017.
  28. ^ India, The Hans (5 August 2021). "The enduring magic of cinema in India". www.thehansindia.com. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  29. ^ "Bitter 'Haqeeqat', Bollywood Is No 'Shershaah' Of War Movies With Masala And Melodrama". outlookindia.com. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  30. ^ K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books. p. 98. ISBN 1-85856-329-1.
  31. ^ K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books. pp. 98–99. ISBN 1-85856-329-1.
  32. ^ Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters. Penguin Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9789352140084.
  33. ^ "Urdu pulp fiction: Where Gabbar Singh and Mogambo came from". Daily News and Analysis. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  34. ^ Stadtman, Todd (2015). Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema. FAB Press. ISBN 978-1-903254-77-6.
  35. ^ Khalid Mohammed (15 September 1979). "Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return Of The Dragon". India Today. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  36. ^ Heide, William Van der (2002). Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053565803.
  37. ^ Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu (2005). Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema. Hong Kong University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-932643-19-0.

April 21, 2023
masala, film, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, april, 2013, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Masala film news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Masala films of Indian cinema are those that bend multiple genres into one work Masala films emerged in the 1970s and are still created as of the 2020s 1 Typically these films freely bend action comedy romance and drama or melodrama They also tend to be musicals that include songs often filmed in picturesque locations 2 3 The genre is named after the masala a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine 4 According to The Hindu masala is the most popular genre of Indian cinema 3 Masala films have origins in the 1970s and are common in every major film industry in India 5 Production of these films are still active in early 2020s 6 7 Contents 1 History 2 Influences 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory EditAccording to a number of critics and scholars the masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker Nasir Hussain 8 9 10 along with screenwriter duo Salim Javed consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar 9 Yaadon Ki Baaraat 1973 directed by Hussain and written by Salim Javed has been identified by many as the first masala film 10 11 However critic S Shankar has claimed the genre has existed in Tamil cinema as early as the 1950s citing Parasakthi 1952 and Enga Veettu Pillai 1965 as examples 12 After Yaadon Ki Baaraat Salim Javed went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s 9 A landmark for the masala film genre was Amar Akbar Anthony 1977 13 10 directed by Manmohan Desai and written by Kader Khan Manmohan Desai went on to successfully exploit the genre in the 1970s and 1980s Sholay 1975 directed by Ramesh Sippy and written by Salim Javed also falls under the masala genre It is sometimes called a Curry Western a play on the term Spaghetti Western A more accurate genre label is the Dacoit Western as it combined the conventions of Indian dacoit films such as Mother India 1957 and Gunga Jumna 1961 with that of Spaghetti Westerns Sholay spawned a subgenre of Dacoit Western films in the 1970s 14 Masala films helped establish many leading actors as superstars in the 1970s and 1980s such as Dharmendra Amitabh Bachchan Sridevi achieved stardom in their early Bollywood career with masala movies Since the 1990s actors such as Shah Rukh Khan Salman Khan Salim Khan s son Akshay Kumar Ajay Devgn and Ranveer Singh in Bollywood M G Ramachandran Rajinikanth Kamal Haasan Ajith Kumar Vijay Suriya Sivakumar Vikram Dhanush Sivakarthikeyan in Kollywood NTR Krishna Chiranjeevi Mahesh Babu Allu Arjun Jr NTR Balakrishna Prabhas Nagarjuna Ram Charan Tej Venkatesh and Pawan Kalyan in Tollywood Jayan Mohanlal Mammootty Jayaram Dileep and Prithviraj Sukumaran in Malayalam cinema Rajkumar Vishnuvardhan Ambareesh Darshan Puneeth Rajkumar Sudeep and Yash in Kannada cinema Dev Jeet and Ankush Hazra in Bengali cinema and others have all tasted success in this format 15 16 This style is used very often in Hindi Bollywood and South Indian films as it helps make them appeal to a broad variety of viewers Famous masala filmmakers include David Dhawan Anees Bazmee Farah Khan and Prabhu Deva in Bollywood Shaji Kailas and Joshiy in Malayalam Cinema Raja Chanda Raj Chakraborty Sujit Mondal Rajiv Kumar Biswas and Rabi Kinagi in Bengali cinema K Raghavendra Rao S S Rajamouli Puri Jagannadh Trivikram Srinivas Boyapati Srinu and Srinu Vaitla in Telugu cinema S Shankar Hari Siruthai Siva Pandiraj AR Murugadoss K V Anand N Lingusamy and K S Ravikumar in Tamil cinema and in Kannada cinema it was V Somashekhar and K S R Das in the 1970s A T Raghu and Joe Simon in the 1980s K V Raju Om Prakash Rao and Shivamani in the 1990s and K Madesh and A Harsha in the 2000s Beyond Indian cinema Danny Boyle s Academy Award winning film Slumdog Millionaire 2008 based on Vikas Swarup s Boeke Prize winning novel Q amp A 2005 has been described by several reviewers as a masala movie 17 due to the way the film combines familiar raw ingredients into a feverish masala 18 and culminates in the romantic leads finding each other 19 This is due to the influence of the Bollywood masala genre on the film 20 21 22 23 According to Loveleen Tandan Slumdog Millionaire screenwriter Simon Beaufoy studied Salim Javed s kind of cinema minutely 20 The influence of Bollywood masala films can also be seen in Western musical films Baz Luhrmann stated that his successful musical film Moulin Rouge 2001 was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals 24 Aamir Khan Nasir Hussain s nephew who debuted as a child actor in the first masala film Yaadon Ki Baraat 25 has been credited for redefining and modernising the masala film with his own distinct brand of socially conscious cinema in the early 21st century 26 His films blur the distinction between commercial masala films and realistic parallel cinema combining the entertainment and production values of the former with the believable narratives and strong messages of the latter earning both commercial success and critical acclaim in India and overseas 27 Influences EditWhile the masala film genre originated from Bollywood films in the 1970s there have been several earlier influences that have shaped its conventions 28 29 Examples of this influence include the techniques of a side story back story and story within a story Indian popular films often have plots that branch off into sub plots such narrative dispersals can clearly be seen in the 1993 films Khalnayak and Gardish The second influence was the impact of ancient Sanskrit drama with its highly stylised nature and emphasis on spectacle where music dance and gesture combined to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience Sanskrit dramas were known as natya derived from the root word nrit dance characterising them as spectacular dance dramas which has continued in Indian cinema The third influence was the traditional folk theatre of India which became popular from around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre These regional traditions include the Jatra of Bengal the Ramlila of Uttar Pradesh and the Terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu The fourth influence was Parsi theatre which blended realism and fantasy music and dance narrative and spectacle earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation integrating them into a dramatic discourse of melodrama The Parsi plays contained crude humour melodious songs and music sensationalism and dazzling stagecraft 30 A major foreign influence was Hollywood where musicals were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s though Indian filmmakers departed from their Hollywood counterparts in several ways For example the Hollywood musicals had as their plot the world of entertainment itself Indian filmmakers while enhancing the elements of fantasy so pervasive in Indian popular films used song and music as a natural mode of articulation in a given situation in their films There is a strong Indian tradition of narrating mythology history fairy stories and so on through song and dance In addition whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant Indian filmmakers made no attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation an illusion a fiction However they demonstrated how this creation intersected with people s day to day lives in complex and interesting ways 31 Javed Akhtar a pioneer of masala films was also greatly influenced by Urdu novels by Pakistani author Ibn e Safi such as the Jasoosi Dunya and Imran series of detective novels 32 They inspired for example famous Bollywood characters such as Gabbar Singh in Sholay 1975 and Mogambo in Mr India 1987 33 During the 1970s commercial Bollywood masala films drew from several foreign influences including New Hollywood Hong Kong martial arts cinema and Italian exploitation films 34 Following the success of Bruce Lee films such as Enter the Dragon in India 35 Bollywood films starting with Deewaar 1975 up until the 1990s often incorporated fight sequences inspired by 1970s martial arts films from Hong Kong cinema 36 Rather than following the Hollywood model Bollywood action scenes tended to follow the Hong Kong model with an emphasis on acrobatics and stunts and combined kung fu as it was perceived by Indians with Indian martial arts particularly Indian wrestling 37 See also EditParallel cinema Bourekas filmReferences Edit NAIR SREEHARI Are masala movies dead Rediff Retrieved 14 November 2021 Tejaswini Gantiv 2004 Bollywood a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema Psychology Press p 139 ISBN 978 0 415 28854 5 Retrieved 26 April 2011 a b Sebastian Pradeep 16 August 2002 Masala vs genre The Hindu Retrieved 29 September 2020 Nelmes Jill An introduction to film studies p 367 Interesting Facts About Bollywood from the age of Classic Cinema audition post Retrieved 13 September 2021 The era of masala films has ended Boman Irani The New Indian Express Retrieved 14 November 2021 Sterling Bruce Hrithik Roshan says the masala film is over Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved 14 November 2021 Joshi Poorva 30 March 2017 How film maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films Hindustan Times a b c Chaudhuri Diptakirti 1 October 2015 Written by Salim Javed The Story of Hindi Cinema s Greatest Screenwriters Penguin UK ISBN 9789352140084 a b c Kaushik Bhaumik An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities The Wire 12 March 2016 Chaudhuri Diptakirti 1 October 2015 Written by Salim Javed The Story of Hindi Cinema s Greatest Screenwriters Penguin UK p 58 ISBN 9789352140084 Shankar S 27 May 2014 Tamil Cinema Ten Essential Titles for New Fans of Indian Movies Who Want to Venture beyond Bombay Sshankar net Retrieved 22 September 2020 Rachel Dwyer 2005 100 Bollywood films Lotus Collection Roli Books p 14 ISBN 978 81 7436 433 3 Retrieved 6 August 2013 Teo Stephen 2017 Eastern Westerns Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood Taylor amp Francis p 122 ISBN 978 1 317 59226 6 Noor Arifa 3 August 2021 Films and reality DAWN COM Retrieved 5 August 2021 Adlakha Siddhant 9 July 2021 Stream Three Great Performances by the Bollywood Star Dilip Kumar The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 5 August 2021 Sudhish Kamath 17 January 2009 The great Indian dream Why Slumdog Millionaire a film made in India draws crowds in New York The Hindu Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 Retrieved 22 January 2009 Scott Foundas 12 November 2008 Fall Film Slumdog Millionaire Game Show Masala LA Weekly Retrieved 22 January 2009 Greg Quill 21 January 2009 Slumdog wins hearts here Toronto Star Retrieved 22 January 2009 a b Slumdog Millionaire has an Indian co director The Hindu 11 January 2009 Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 23 January 2009 All you need to know about Slumdog Millionaire The Independent 21 January 2009 Retrieved 21 January 2009 Lisa Tsering 29 January 2009 Slumdog Director Boyle Has Fingers Crossed for Oscars IndiaWest Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 Retrieved 30 January 2009 Anthony Kaufman 29 January 2009 DGA nominees borrow from the masters Directors cite specific influences for their films Variety Retrieved 30 January 2009 Baz Luhrmann Talks Awards and Moulin Rouge Cain Rob 3 October 2017 Aamir Khan s Secret Superstar Could Be India s Next 1 000 Crore 152M Box Office Hit Forbes Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 Rangan Baradwaj 8 January 2017 Masala redux The Hindu Retrieved 8 January 2017 Secret Superstar A moving slice of life The Asian Age 2 November 2017 India The Hans 5 August 2021 The enduring magic of cinema in India www thehansindia com Retrieved 5 August 2021 Bitter Haqeeqat Bollywood Is No Shershaah Of War Movies With Masala And Melodrama outlookindia com Retrieved 5 August 2021 K Moti Gokulsing K Gokulsing Wimal Dissanayake 2004 Indian Popular Cinema A Narrative of Cultural Change Trentham Books p 98 ISBN 1 85856 329 1 K Moti Gokulsing K Gokulsing Wimal Dissanayake 2004 Indian Popular Cinema A Narrative of Cultural Change Trentham Books pp 98 99 ISBN 1 85856 329 1 Chaudhuri Diptakirti 2015 Written by Salim Javed The Story of Hindi Cinema s Greatest Screenwriters Penguin Books pp 26 27 ISBN 9789352140084 Urdu pulp fiction Where Gabbar Singh and Mogambo came from Daily News and Analysis 10 July 2011 Retrieved 3 June 2019 Stadtman Todd 2015 Funky Bollywood The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema FAB Press ISBN 978 1 903254 77 6 Khalid Mohammed 15 September 1979 Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return Of The Dragon India Today Retrieved 20 January 2015 Heide William Van der 2002 Malaysian Cinema Asian Film Border Crossings and National Cultures Amsterdam University Press ISBN 9789053565803 Morris Meaghan Li Siu Leung Chan Stephen Ching kiu 2005 Hong Kong Connections Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema Hong Kong University Press p 149 ISBN 978 1 932643 19 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Masala film amp oldid 1144823706, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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