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Wikipedia

Bopomofo

Bopomofo, also called zhuyin or occasionally zhuyin fuhao (注音符號; 'Mandarin Phonetic Symbols'), is a transliteration system for Standard Chinese and other Sinitic languages. It is commonly used in Taiwan. It consists of 37 characters and five tone marks, which together can transcribe all possible sounds in Mandarin Chinese.

Bopomofo
"Encyclopedia" written in bopomofo
Script type with diacritics for tones
Creator
Time period
DirectionLeft-to-right, right-to-left script 
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Cantonese bopomofo, Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, Suzhou Phonetic Symbols, Hmu Phonetic Symbols, Matsu Fuchounese bopomofo [zh]
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Bopo (285), ​Bopomofo
Unicode
Unicode alias
Bopomofo
  • U+3100–U+312F (Bopomofo)
  • U+31A0–U+31BF (Bopomofo Extended)
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols
Traditional Chinese注音符號
Simplified Chinese注音符号
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhùyīn fúhào
Bopomofoㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJuh'in fwuhaw
Wade–GilesChu4-yin1 fu2-hao4
Tongyong PinyinJhù-yin fú-hào
MPS2Jùyīn fúhàu
IPA[ʈʂû.ín fǔ.xâʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationJyuyām Fùhhóu
JyutpingZyu3 jam1 fu4 hou2
IPA[tsyː˧ jɐm˥ fuː˩ hou˧˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJChù-im hû-hō
Tâi-lôTsù-im hû-hō

Bopomofo was first introduced in China during the 1910s by the Beiyang government, where it was used alongside Wade–Giles, a romanization system which used a modified Latin alphabet. Today, bopomofo is more common in Taiwan than on the mainland, and is used as a secondary electronic input method for Taiwanese Mandarin, as well as in dictionaries and other non-official documents.

Etymology edit

Bopomofo is the name used by the ISO and Unicode. Zhuyin (注音) literally means phonetic notation. The original formal name of the system was 國音字母; Guóyīn Zìmǔ; 'National Language Phonetic Alphabet' and 註音字母; Zhùyīn Zìmǔ; 'Phonetic Alphabet or Annotated Phonetic Letters'.[1] It was later renamed 注音符號; Zhùyīn Fúhào; 'phonetic symbols'. In official documents, Bopomofo is occasionally called "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I" (國語注音符號第一式), abbreviated as "MPS I" (注音一式),[1][2] to distinguish it from the romanized phonetic system released in 1984 as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II).

The name Bopomofo comes from the first four letters of the system: , , and .[3] Similar to the way that the word "alphabet" is ultimately derived from the names of the first two letters of the alphabet (alpha and beta), the name "Bopomofo" is derived from the first four syllables in the conventional ordering of available syllables in Mandarin Chinese. The four Bopomofo characters (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) that correspond to these syllables are usually placed first in a list of these characters. The same sequence is sometimes used by other speakers of Chinese to refer to other phonetic systems.[citation needed]

History edit

Origins edit

The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Wu Zhihui from 1912 to 1913, created a system called Zhuyin Zimu,[1] which was based on Zhang Binglin's shorthand. It was used as the official phonetic script to annotate the sounds of the characters in accordance with the Old National Pronunciation.[4] A draft was released on 11 July 1913, by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until 23 November 1928.[1] It was first named Guóyīn Zìmǔ 'national pronunciation alphabet', but in April 1930 was renamed Zhùyīn Fúhào 'phonetic symbols' to address fears that the alphabetic system might independently replace Chinese characters.[5]

Modern use edit

 
A guide on how to typeset Bopomofo alongside characters. (1936, Li Jinxi)

Bopomofo is the predominant phonetic system in teaching, reading and writing in elementary school in Taiwan. In elementary school, particularly in the lower years, Chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with Bopomofo as ruby characters as an aid to learning. Additionally, one children's newspaper in Taiwan, the Mandarin Daily News, annotates all articles with Bopomofo ruby characters.

It is also the most popular way for Taiwanese to enter Chinese characters into computers and smartphones and to look up characters in a dictionary.

In teaching Mandarin, Taiwan institutions and some overseas communities such as Filipino Chinese use Bopomofo.

Bopomofo is shown in a secondary position to Hanyu Pinyin in all editions of Xiandai Hanyu Cidian from the 1960 edition to the current 2016 edition (7th edition).

Bopomofo is also used to transcribe other Chinese dialects, most commonly Taiwanese Hokkien and Cantonese, however its use can be applied to practically any dialect in handwriting (because not all letters are encoded). Outside of Chinese, Bopomofo letters are also used in Hmu and Ge languages by a small number of Hmu Christians.[6]

Symbols edit

 
Table of Bopomofo, with romanization given in Gwoyeu Romatzyh
 
Bopomofo in Regular, Handwritten Regular & Cursive formats

The Bopomofo characters were created by Zhang Binglin, taken mainly from "regularized" forms of ancient Chinese characters, the modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents. The consonants are listed in order of place of articulation, from the front of the mouth to the back, /b/, /p/, /m/, /f/, /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/ etc.

Origin of bopomofo symbols
Consonants
Bopomofo Origin[7] IPA Pinyin WG Example
From , the ancient form and current top portion of  bāo, "to wrap up; package" p b p  bāo
ㄅㄠ
From , a variant form of  , "to knock lightly". p  
ㄆㄨ
From , the archaic character and current "cover" radical  . m m m  
ㄇㄧˊ
From the "right open box" radical  fāng. f f f  fěi
ㄈㄟˇ
From 𠚣, archaic form of  dāo, "blade". Compare the Shuowen seal  . t d t  
ㄉㄧˋ
From 𠫓 , an upside-down form of   and an ancient form of   (  and   in seal script)[8][9] t  
ㄊㄧˊ
From  /𠄎, ancient form of  nǎi, "to be" (a copula in Classical Chinese). n n n  
ㄋㄧˇ
From 𠠲, archaic form of  , "power". l l l  
ㄌㄧˋ
From the obsolete character  guì/kuài, "ditch". k g k  gào
ㄍㄠˋ
From the archaic character, now "breath" or "sigh" component  kǎo. k  kǎo
ㄎㄠˇ
From the archaic character and current radical  hǎn. x h h  hǎo
ㄏㄠˇ
From the archaic character  jiū. j ch  jiào
ㄐㄧㄠˋ
From the archaic character 𡿨 quǎn, graphic root of the character chuān, "river" (modern ). tɕʰ q chʻ  qiǎo
ㄑㄧㄠˇ
From , an ancient form of  xià, "under". ɕ x hs  xiǎo
ㄒㄧㄠˇ
From  /𡳿, archaic form of  zhī, a genitive marker in Classical Chinese. ʈʂ zhi, zh- ch  zhī
;
 zhǔ
ㄓㄨˇ
From the character and radical  chì ʈʂʰ chi, ch- chʻ  chī
;
 chū
ㄔㄨ
From 𡰣, an ancient form of  shī ʂ shi, sh- sh shì
ㄕˋ;
shù
ㄕㄨˋ
Modified from the seal script   form of  , "day" or "sun". ɻ~ʐ ri, r- j  
ㄖˋ;
 
ㄖㄨˋ
From the archaic character and current radical  jié, dialectically zié ([tsjě]; tsieh² in Wade–Giles) ts zi, z- ts  
ㄗˋ;
 zài
ㄗㄞˋ
From 𠀁, archaic form of  , dialectically ciī ([tsʰí]; tsʻi¹ in Wade–Giles). Compare semi-cursive form   and seal-script  . tsʰ ci, c- tsʻ  
ㄘˊ;
 cái
ㄘㄞˊ
From the archaic character  , which was later replaced by its compound  . s si, s- s  
ㄙˋ;
 sāi
ㄙㄞ
Rhymes and medials
Bopomofo Origin IPA Pinyin WG Example
From   a a a  
ㄉㄚˋ
From the obsolete character 𠀀 , inhalation, the reverse of  kǎo, which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound  .[10] o o o  duō
ㄉㄨㄛ
Derived from its allophone in Standard Chinese,  o ɤ e o/ê  
ㄉㄜˊ
From  , "also". Compare the Warring States bamboo form   e -ie/ê eh  diē
ㄉㄧㄝ
From 𠀅 hài, archaic form of . ai ai ai  shài
ㄕㄞˋ
From  , an obsolete character meaning  , "to move". ei ei ei  shéi
ㄕㄟˊ
From  yāo au ao ao  shǎo
ㄕㄠˇ
From  yòu ou ou ou  shōu
ㄕㄡ
From the archaic character 𢎘 hàn "to bloom", preserved as a phonetic in the compound  fàn an an an  shān
ㄕㄢ
From 𠃉, archaic variant of   or  [11] ( is  yǐn according to other sources[12]) ən en ên  shēn
ㄕㄣ
From  wāng ang ang  shàng
ㄕㄤˋ
From 𠃋, archaic form of  gōng[13] əŋ eng êng  shēng
ㄕㄥ
From , the bottom portion of  ér used as a cursive and simplified form er êrh  ér
ㄦˊ
From  , "one" i y, yi, -i i  
ㄧˇ;

ㄋㄧˋ
From , ancient form of  , "five". Compare the transitory form 𠄡. u w, wu, -u u/w  
ㄋㄨˇ;
 
ㄨㄛˇ
From the ancient character  , which remains as a radical y yu, -ü ü/yü  
ㄩˇ;
 
ㄋㄩˇ

 
From the character . It represents the fricative vowel of ,though it is not used after them in transcription.[14] ɻ̩~ʐ̩, ɹ̩~ -i ih/ŭ  
;
 zhī
;
 
ㄙˇ

Writing edit

Stroke order edit

Bopomofo is written in the same stroke order rule as Chinese characters. is written with three strokes, unlike the character from which it is derived (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), which has four strokes.

can be written as a vertical line ( ) or a horizontal line ( ); both are accepted forms. Traditionally, it should be written as a horizontal line in vertical writing, and a vertical line in horizontal writing. The People's Republic of China almost exclusively uses horizontal writing, so the vertical form (in the rare occasion that Bopomofo is used) has become the standard form there. Language education in the Republic of China generally uses vertical writing, so most people learn it as a horizontal line, and use a horizontal form even in horizontal writing. In 2008, the Taiwanese Ministry of Education decided that the primary form should always be the horizontal form, but that the vertical form is accepted alternative.[15] Unicode 8.0.0 published an errata in 2014 that updates the representative glyph to be the horizontal form.[16] Computer fonts may only display one form or the other, or may be able to display both if the font is aware of changes needed for vertical writing.

Bopomofo is occasionally unofficially handwritten as syllable blocks, similar to Hangul, however this is not considered an accepted form by the People's Republic of China nor the Republic of China, and is unsupported by Unicode.

Tonal marks edit

As shown in the following table, tone marks for the second, third, and fourth tones are shared between bopomofo and pinyin. In bopomofo, the mark for first tone is usually omitted but can be included,[17][18] while a dot above indicates the fifth tone (also known as the neutral tone). In pinyin, a macron (overbar) indicates the first tone, and the lack of a marker usually indicates the fifth (light) tone.

Tone Bopomofo Pinyin
Tone Marker Unicode Name Tone Marker Unicode Name
1 ˉ Modifier Letter Macron
(usually omitted)[17][18]
◌̄ Combining Macron
2 ˊ Modifier Letter Acute Accent ◌́ Combining Acute Accent
3 ˇ Caron ◌̌ Combining Caron
4 ˋ Modifier Letter Grave Accent ◌̀ Combining Grave Accent
5 ˙ Dot Above[19] · Middle Dot
(usually omitted)[20]

Unlike Hanyu Pinyin, Bopomofo aligns well with the Chinese characters in books whose texts are printed vertically, making Bopomofo better suited for annotating the pronunciation of vertically oriented Chinese text.

When used in conjunction with Chinese characters, Bopomofo is typically placed to the right of the Chinese character vertically in both vertical print[21][22] and horizontal print[23] or to the top of the Chinese character in a horizontal print (see Ruby characters).

Example edit

Below is an example for the word "bottle" (pinyin: píngzi):



ㄥˊ
˙
,


ㄥˊ
˙
or
ㄆㄧㄥˊ ˙ㄗ

Erhua transcription edit

Words rhotacized as a result of erhua are spelled with attached to the syllable (like 歌兒ㄍㄜㄦ gēr). In case the syllable uses other tones than the 1st tone, the tone mark is attached to the penultimate letter standing for syllable nucleus, but not to (e.g. 哪兒ㄋㄚˇㄦ nǎr; 點兒ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ yīdiǎnr; ㄏㄠˇ玩兒ㄨㄢˊㄦ hǎowánr).[24]

Comparison edit

Pinyin edit

Bopomofo and pinyin are based on the same Mandarin pronunciations; hence there is a one-to-one correspondence between the two systems:

IPA and pinyin counterparts of Bopomofo finals
Rhyme
Medial [ɨ]
() 1

-i
[a]

a
-a
[o]
3
o
-o 3
[ɤ]

e
-e
[ɛ]

ê
 
[ai̯]

ai
-ai
[ei̯]

ei
-ei
[ɑu̯]

ao
-ao
[ou̯]

ou
-ou
[an]

an
-an
[ən]

en
-en
[ɑŋ]

ang
-ang
[ɤŋ]

eng
-eng
[aɚ]

er
 
[i]

yi
-i
[i̯a]
ㄧㄚ
ya
-ia
[i̯o]
ㄧㄛ
yo
 
[i̯ɛ]
ㄧㄝ
ye
-ie
[i̯ai̯]
ㄧㄞ
yai
 
[i̯ɑu̯]
ㄧㄠ
yao
-iao
[i̯ou̯]
ㄧㄡ
you
-iu
[i̯ɛn]
ㄧㄢ
yan
-ian
[in]
ㄧㄣ
yin
-in
[i̯ɑŋ]
ㄧㄤ
yang
-iang
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ
ying
-ing
[u]

wu
-u
[u̯a]
ㄨㄚ
wa
-ua
[u̯o]
ㄨㄛ 3
wo
-uo 3
[u̯ai̯]
ㄨㄞ
wai
-uai
[u̯ei̯]
ㄨㄟ
wei
-ui
[u̯an]
ㄨㄢ
wan
-uan
[u̯ən]
ㄨㄣ
wen
-un
[u̯ɑŋ]
ㄨㄤ
wang
-uang
[u̯ɤŋ], [ʊŋ]
ㄨㄥ
weng
-ong 4
[y]

yu
2
[y̯ɛ]
ㄩㄝ
yue
-üe 2
[y̯ɛn]
ㄩㄢ
yuan
-üan 2
[yn]
ㄩㄣ
yun
-ün 2
[i̯ʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ
yong
-iong

1 Not written.

2 ⟨ü⟩ is written as ⟨u⟩ after ⟨j⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨x⟩, or ⟨y⟩.

3 ㄨㄛ/⟨-uo⟩ is written as /⟨-o⟩ after /⟨b-⟩, /⟨p-⟩, /⟨m-⟩, /⟨f-⟩.

4 ⟨weng⟩ is pronounced [ʊŋ] (written as ⟨-ong⟩) when it follows an initial.

Chart edit

Vowels a, e, o
IPA a ɔ ɛ ɤ ai ei au ou an ən əŋ ʊŋ
Pinyin a o ê e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er
Tongyong Pinyin
Wade–Giles eh ê/o ên êng ung êrh
Bopomofo ㄨㄥ
example
Vowels i, u, y
IPA i je jou jɛn in jʊŋ u wo wei wən wəŋ y ɥe ɥɛn yn
Pinyin yi ye you yan yin ying yong wu wo/o wei wen weng yu yue yuan yun
Tongyong Pinyin wun wong
Wade–Giles i/yi yeh yu yen yung wên wêng yüeh yüan yün
Bopomofo ㄧㄝ ㄧㄡ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄥ ㄩㄥ ㄨㄛ/ㄛ ㄨㄟ ㄨㄣ ㄨㄥ ㄩㄝ ㄩㄢ ㄩㄣ
example
Non-sibilant consonants
IPA p m fəŋ tjou twei twən tʰɤ ny ly kɤɹ kʰɤ
Pinyin b p m feng diu dui dun te ge ke he
Tongyong Pinyin fong diou duei nyu lyu
Wade–Giles p fêng tiu tui tun tʻê ko kʻo ho
Bopomofo ㄈㄥ ㄉㄧㄡ ㄉㄨㄟ ㄉㄨㄣ ㄊㄜ ㄋㄩ ㄌㄩ ㄍㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄏㄜ
example
Sibilant consonants
IPA tɕjɛn tɕjʊŋ tɕʰin ɕɥɛn ʈʂɤ ʈʂɨ ʈʂʰɤ ʈʂʰɨ ʂɤ ʂɨ ɻɤ ɻɨ tsɤ tswo tsɨ tsʰɤ tsʰɨ
Pinyin jian jiong qin xuan zhe zhi che chi she shi re ri ze zuo zi ce ci se si
Tongyong Pinyin jyong cin syuan jhe jhih chih shih rih zih cih sih
Wade–Giles chien chiung chʻin shüan chê chih chʻê chʻih shê shih jih tsê tso tzŭ tsʻê tzʻŭ ssŭ
Bopomofo ㄐㄧㄢ ㄐㄩㄥ ㄑㄧㄣ ㄒㄩㄢ ㄓㄜ ㄔㄜ ㄕㄜ ㄖㄜ ㄗㄜ ㄗㄨㄛ ㄘㄜ ㄙㄜ
example
Tones
IPA ma˥˥ ma˧˥ ma˨˩˦ ma˥˩ ma
Pinyin ma
Tongyong Pinyin ma
Wade–Giles ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4 ma
Bopomofo ㄇㄚ ㄇㄚˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄇㄚˋ ˙ㄇㄚ
example (Chinese characters)

Use outside Standard Mandarin edit

Bopomofo symbols for non-Mandarin Chinese varieties are added to Unicode in the Bopomofo Extended block.

Taiwanese Hokkien edit

In Taiwan, Bopomofo is used to teach Taiwanese Hokkien, and is also used to transcribe it phonetically in contexts such as on storefront signs, karaoke lyrics, and film subtitles.

Three letters no longer used for Mandarin are carried over from the 1913 standard:

Bopomofo IPA GR Pinyin
v v v
ŋ ng ng
ɲ gn gn

23 more letters were added specifically for Taiwanese Hokkien:

Bopomofo IPA TL Derivation
b b with voicing circle
g g with voicing circle
d͡ʑ ji with voicing circle
d͡z j with voicing circle
ɨ ir and combined (?)
ɔ oo from
e e from
ã ann with nasal curl
ɔ̃ onn with nasal curl
enn with nasal curl
/ ĩ inn with nasal curl
ũ unn with nasal curl
ãĩ ainn with nasal curl
ãũ aunn with nasal curl
am am and combined
ɔm om and combined
ɔŋ ong
m with syllabic stroke
ŋ̍ ng with syllabic stroke
-p̚ -p small
-t̚ -t small
/ -k̚ -k small (and variant small )
-ʔ -h small

Two tone marks were added for the additional tones: ˪, ˫

Cantonese edit

The following letters are used in Cantonese.[25]

Bopomofo IPA Jyutping
gw
kʷʰ kw
ɵ eo
ɐ a

If a syllable ends with a consonant other than -an or -aan, the consonant's letter is added, then followed by a final middle dot.

-ㄞ is used for [aːi] (aai) (e.g. , ㄅㄞ baai6, "to be defeated").

-ㄣ is used for [ɐn] (an) (e.g. , ㄍㄣ gan1, "to follow"), and -ㄢ is used for [aːn] (aan) (e.g. , ㄍㄢ gaan1, "within"). Other vowels that end with -n use -ㄋ· for the final . (e.g. , ㄍㄧㄋ· gin3, "to see").

-ㄡ is used for [ɐu] (au). (e.g. , ㄫㄡ, ngau4, "cow") To transcribe [ou] (ou), it is written as ㄛㄨ (e.g. , ㄌㄛㄨ lou6, "path").

is used for both initial ng- (as in , ㄫㄡ, ngau4) and final -ng (as in , ㄧㄛㄫ·, jung6 "to use").

is used for [t͡s] (z) (e.g. , ㄐㄩ zyu2, "to cook") and is used for [t͡sʰ] (c) (e.g. 全, ㄑㄩㄋ· cyun4, "whole").

During the time when Bopomofo was proposed for Cantonese, tones were not marked.

Computer uses edit

Input method edit

 
An example of a Bopomofo keypad for Taiwan
 
A typical keyboard layout for Bopomofo on computers

Bopomofo can be used as an input method for Chinese characters. It is one of the few input methods that can be found on most modern personal computers without having to download or install any additional software. It is also one of the few input methods that can be used for inputting Chinese characters on certain cell phones.[citation needed]. On the QWERTY keyboard, the symbols are ordered column-wise top-down (e.g. 1+Q+A+Z)

Unicode edit

Bopomofo was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Bopomofo is U+3100–U+312F:

Bopomofo[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+310x
U+311x
U+312x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Additional characters were added in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.

The Unicode block for these additional characters, called Bopomofo Extended, is U+31A0–U+31BF:

Bopomofo Extended[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+31Ax
U+31Bx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

Unicode 3.0 also added the characters U+02EA ˪ MODIFIER LETTER YIN DEPARTING TONE MARK and U+02EB ˫ MODIFIER LETTER YANG DEPARTING TONE MARK, in the Spacing Modifier Letters block. These two characters are now (since Unicode 6.0) classified as Bopomofo characters.[26]

Tonal marks for bopomofo
Spacing Modifier Letters
Tone Tone Marker Unicode Note
1 Yin Ping (Level) ˉ U+02C9 Usually omitted
2 Yang Ping (Level) ˊ U+02CA
3 Shang (Rising) ˇ U+02C7
4 Qu (Departing) ˋ U+02CB
4a Yin Qu (Departing) ˪ U+02EA For Minnan and Hakka languages
4b Yang Qu (Departing) ˫ U+02EB For Minnan and Hakka languages
5 Qing (Neutral) ˙ U+02D9

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d The Republic of China government, Government Information Office. . Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. |Also available at
  2. ^ Taiwan Headlines. . Government Information Office, Taiwan(ROC). Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
  3. ^ "Zhuyin fuhao / Bopomofo (注音符號/ㄅㄆㄇㄈ)" 1 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Omniglot
  4. ^ Dong, Hongyuan (2014). A History of the Chinese Language. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-66039-6.
  5. ^ John DeFrancis. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984. p. 242.
  6. ^ The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium (PDF) (14.0 ed.). Mountain View, CA: Unicode. 2021. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0.
  7. ^ 國音學 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (8th ed.). Taiwan: 國立臺灣師範大學. 國音敎材編輯委員會. 2008. pp. 27–30.
  8. ^ Wenlin dictionary, entry 𠫓.
  9. ^ KangXi: page 164, character 1 2 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine kangxizidian.com
  10. ^ "Unihan data for U+20000". from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  11. ^ Wenlin dictionary, entry 𠃉.
  12. ^ "Unihan data for U+4E5A". from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  13. ^ Wenlin dictionary, entry 𠃋.
  14. ^ Michael Everson, H. W. Ho, Andrew West, "Proposal to encode one Bopomofo character in the UCS 2021-01-26 at the Wayback Machine", SC2 WG2 N3179.
  15. ^ "Unicode document L2/14-189" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  16. ^ Unicode Consortium, "Errata Fixed in Unicode 8.0.0 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine"
  17. ^ a b Department of Lifelong Education, Ministry of Education 教育部終身教育司, ed. (January 2017). 國語注音手冊 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Ministry of Education; Digital version: Wanderer Digital Publishing Inc. 汪達數位出版股份有限公司. pp. 2, 7. ISBN 978-986-051-481-0. 韻符「ㄭ」,陰平調號「¯」,注音時省略不標{...}陰平 以一短橫代表高平之聲調,注音時可省略不標。標注在字音最後一個符號右上角。
  18. ^ a b Department of Lifelong Education, Ministry of Education 教育部終身教育司, ed. (January 2017). The Manual of the Phonetic Symbols of Mandarin Chinese (in English and Chinese (Taiwan)). Ministry of Education; Digital version: Wanderer Digital Publishing Inc. 汪達數位出版股份有限公司. pp. 2, 7. ISBN 978-986-051-869-6. the rhyme symbol, "ㄭ", and the mark of Yin-ping tone, "¯", could be left out on Bopomofo notes.{...}This high and level tone is noted as a short dash mark and could be left out in Bopomofo note. If it is noted, it should be put on the upper right corner of the last Bopomofo note.
  19. ^ "A study of neutral-tone syllables in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). p. 3. (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  20. ^ The middle dot may optionally precede light-tone syllables only in reference books (辞书), see section 7.3 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine of the PRC national standard GB/T 16159-2012 Basic rules of the Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography.
  21. ^ "Bopomofo Extended Name". 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  22. ^ "Zhuyin and Hanzi location". 22 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  23. ^ "Bopomofo on Taiwanese street – with English – Nov 2016 2". 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  24. ^ "The Zhuyin Alphabet 注音字母 Transcription System (Bo-po-mo-fo) (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  25. ^ Yang, Ben; Chan, Eiso. "Proposal to encode Cantonese Bopomofo Characters" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  26. ^ "Scripts-6.0.0.txt". Unicode Consortium. from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.

External links edit

  • The Manual of The Phonetic Symbols of Mandarin Chinese
  • Unicode reference glyphs for "bopomofo" (PDF). (69.6 KB) and "extended bopomofo" (PDF). (61.6 KB)
  • Bopomofo annotations – adds inline and pop-up annotations with bopomofo pronunciation and English definitions to Chinese text or web pages.
  • Mandarin Dictionary – needs Chinese font for Big5 encoding
  • Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool – converts between Pinyin, Bopomofo and other phonetic systems
  • Chinese Romanization Converter – converts between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems
  • NPA->IPA National Phonetic Alphabet (bopomofo) spellings of words transliterated into the International Phonetic Alphabet. The vowel values have been verified against the official IPA site. See IPA help preview, SIL International website. See (Accessed 23 December 2010).
  • bopomofo syllable chart, with Hanyu Pinyin equivalents
  •  – adds bopomofo (bopomofo) or pinyin on top of any Chinese text, prompts alternative pronunciations to homonyms, has the option of exporting into OpenOffice Writer for further editing
  • 《請利用螢幕上的小鍵盤輸入注音符號》 – online keyboard for bopomofo which can turn it into Chinese characters
  • Online Bopomofo Input Method Editor 免费在线中文输入法,使用注音

bopomofo, zhuyin, redirects, here, mythological, creature, zhulong, mythology, also, called, zhuyin, occasionally, zhuyin, fuhao, 注音符號, mandarin, phonetic, symbols, transliteration, system, standard, chinese, other, sinitic, languages, commonly, used, taiwan, . Zhuyin redirects here For the mythological creature see Zhulong mythology Bopomofo also called zhuyin or occasionally zhuyin fuhao 注音符號 Mandarin Phonetic Symbols is a transliteration system for Standard Chinese and other Sinitic languages It is commonly used in Taiwan It consists of 37 characters and five tone marks which together can transcribe all possible sounds in Mandarin Chinese Bopomofo Encyclopedia written in bopomofoScript typeSemisyllabary with diacritics for tonesCreatorCommission on the Unification of Pronunciation Introduced by the Beiyang government of the Republic of ChinaTime periodMainland China 1918 1958 Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 1960 2016 as a supplement to Hanyu Pinyin Taiwan 1945 present DirectionLeft to right right to left script Related scriptsParent systemsOracle bone scriptSeal scriptClerical scriptBopomofoChild systemsCantonese bopomofo Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols Suzhou Phonetic Symbols Hmu Phonetic Symbols Matsu Fuchounese bopomofo zh ISO 15924ISO 15924Bopo 285 BopomofoUnicodeUnicode aliasBopomofoUnicode rangeU 3100 U 312F Bopomofo U 31A0 U 31BF Bopomofo Extended This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Mandarin Phonetic SymbolsTraditional Chinese注音符號Simplified Chinese注音符号TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhuyin fuhaoBopomofoㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋGwoyeu RomatzyhJuh in fwuhawWade GilesChu4 yin1 fu2 hao4Tongyong PinyinJhu yin fu haoMPS2Juyin fuhauIPA ʈʂu i n fu xa ʊ Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationJyuyam FuhhouJyutpingZyu3 jam1 fu4 hou2IPA tsyː jɐm fuː hou Southern MinHokkien POJChu im hu hōTai loTsu im hu hō Bopomofo was first introduced in China during the 1910s by the Beiyang government where it was used alongside Wade Giles a romanization system which used a modified Latin alphabet Today bopomofo is more common in Taiwan than on the mainland and is used as a secondary electronic input method for Taiwanese Mandarin as well as in dictionaries and other non official documents Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 2 Modern use 3 Symbols 4 Writing 4 1 Stroke order 4 2 Tonal marks 4 3 Example 4 4 Erhua transcription 5 Comparison 5 1 Pinyin 5 2 Chart 6 Use outside Standard Mandarin 6 1 Taiwanese Hokkien 6 2 Cantonese 7 Computer uses 7 1 Input method 7 2 Unicode 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksEtymology editBopomofo is the name used by the ISO and Unicode Zhuyin 注音 literally means phonetic notation The original formal name of the system was 國音字母 Guoyin Zimǔ National Language Phonetic Alphabet and 註音字母 Zhuyin Zimǔ Phonetic Alphabet or Annotated Phonetic Letters 1 It was later renamed 注音符號 Zhuyin Fuhao phonetic symbols In official documents Bopomofo is occasionally called Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I 國語注音符號第一式 abbreviated as MPS I 注音一式 1 2 to distinguish it from the romanized phonetic system released in 1984 as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II MPS II The name Bopomofo comes from the first four letters of the system ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ and ㄈ 3 Similar to the way that the word alphabet is ultimately derived from the names of the first two letters of the alphabet alpha and beta the name Bopomofo is derived from the first four syllables in the conventional ordering of available syllables in Mandarin Chinese The four Bopomofo characters ㄅㄆㄇㄈ that correspond to these syllables are usually placed first in a list of these characters The same sequence is sometimes used by other speakers of Chinese to refer to other phonetic systems citation needed History editOrigins edit Main article Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation Phonetic symbols The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation led by Wu Zhihui from 1912 to 1913 created a system called Zhuyin Zimu 1 which was based on Zhang Binglin s shorthand It was used as the official phonetic script to annotate the sounds of the characters in accordance with the Old National Pronunciation 4 A draft was released on 11 July 1913 by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education but it was not officially proclaimed until 23 November 1928 1 It was first named Guoyin Zimǔ national pronunciation alphabet but in April 1930 was renamed Zhuyin Fuhao phonetic symbols to address fears that the alphabetic system might independently replace Chinese characters 5 Modern use edit nbsp A guide on how to typeset Bopomofo alongside characters 1936 Li Jinxi This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Bopomofo is the predominant phonetic system in teaching reading and writing in elementary school in Taiwan In elementary school particularly in the lower years Chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with Bopomofo as ruby characters as an aid to learning Additionally one children s newspaper in Taiwan the Mandarin Daily News annotates all articles with Bopomofo ruby characters It is also the most popular way for Taiwanese to enter Chinese characters into computers and smartphones and to look up characters in a dictionary In teaching Mandarin Taiwan institutions and some overseas communities such as Filipino Chinese use Bopomofo Bopomofo is shown in a secondary position to Hanyu Pinyin in all editions of Xiandai Hanyu Cidian from the 1960 edition to the current 2016 edition 7th edition Bopomofo is also used to transcribe other Chinese dialects most commonly Taiwanese Hokkien and Cantonese however its use can be applied to practically any dialect in handwriting because not all letters are encoded Outside of Chinese Bopomofo letters are also used in Hmu and Ge languages by a small number of Hmu Christians 6 Symbols edit nbsp Table of Bopomofo with romanization given in Gwoyeu Romatzyh nbsp Bopomofo in Regular Handwritten Regular amp Cursive formats The Bopomofo characters were created by Zhang Binglin taken mainly from regularized forms of ancient Chinese characters the modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents The consonants are listed in order of place of articulation from the front of the mouth to the back b p m f d t n l etc Origin of bopomofo symbols Consonants Bopomofo Origin 7 IPA Pinyin WG Example ㄅ From 勹 the ancient form and current top portion of 包 bao to wrap up package p b p 包 bao ㄅㄠ ㄆ From 攵 a variant form of 攴 pu to knock lightly pʰ p pʻ 撲 pu ㄆㄨ ㄇ From 冂 the archaic character and current cover radical 冖 mi m m m 冞 mi ㄇㄧˊ ㄈ From the right open box radical 匚 fang f f f 匪 fei ㄈㄟˇ ㄉ From 𠚣 archaic form of 刀 dao blade Compare the Shuowen seal nbsp t d t 地 di ㄉㄧˋ ㄊ From 𠫓 tu an upside down form of 子 zǐ and an ancient form of 突 tu nbsp and nbsp in seal script 8 9 tʰ t tʻ 提 ti ㄊㄧˊ ㄋ From nbsp 𠄎 ancient form of 乃 nǎi to be a copula in Classical Chinese n n n 你 nǐ ㄋㄧˇ ㄌ From 𠠲 archaic form of 力 li power l l l 利 li ㄌㄧˋ ㄍ From the obsolete character 巜 gui kuai ditch k g k 告 gao ㄍㄠˋ ㄎ From the archaic character now breath or sigh component 丂 kǎo kʰ k kʻ 考 kǎo ㄎㄠˇ ㄏ From the archaic character and current radical 厂 hǎn x h h 好 hǎo ㄏㄠˇ ㄐ From the archaic character 丩 jiu tɕ j ch 叫 jiao ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄑ From the archaic character 𡿨 quǎn graphic root of the character 巛 chuan river modern 川 tɕʰ q chʻ 巧 qiǎo ㄑㄧㄠˇ ㄒ From 丅 an ancient form of 下 xia under ɕ x hs 小 xiǎo ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄓ From nbsp 𡳿 archaic form of 之 zhi a genitive marker in Classical Chinese ʈʂ zhi zh ch 知 zhi ㄓ 主 zhǔ ㄓㄨˇ ㄔ From the character and radical 彳 chi ʈʂʰ chi ch chʻ 吃 chi ㄔ 出 chu ㄔㄨ ㄕ From 𡰣 an ancient form of 尸 shi ʂ shi sh sh 是 shiㄕˋ 束 shuㄕㄨˋ ㄖ Modified from the seal script nbsp form of 日 ri day or sun ɻ ʐ ri r j 日 ri ㄖˋ 入 ru ㄖㄨˋ ㄗ From the archaic character and current radical 卩 jie dialectically zie tsje tsieh in Wade Giles ts zi z ts 字 zi ㄗˋ 在 zai ㄗㄞˋ ㄘ From 𠀁 archaic form of 七 qi dialectically cii tsʰi tsʻi in Wade Giles Compare semi cursive form nbsp and seal script nbsp tsʰ ci c tsʻ 詞 ci ㄘˊ 才 cai ㄘㄞˊ ㄙ From the archaic character 厶 si which was later replaced by its compound 私 si s si s s 四 si ㄙˋ 塞 sai ㄙㄞ Rhymes and medials Bopomofo Origin IPA Pinyin WG Example ㄚ From 丫 ya a a a 大 da ㄉㄚˋ ㄛ From the obsolete character 𠀀 he inhalation the reverse of 丂 kǎo which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound 可 ke 10 o o o 多 duō ㄉㄨㄛ ㄜ Derived from its allophone in Standard Chinese ㄛ o ɤ e o e 得 de ㄉㄜˊ ㄝ From 也 ye also Compare the Warring States bamboo form nbsp e ie e eh 爹 die ㄉㄧㄝ ㄞ From 𠀅 hai archaic form of 亥 ai ai ai 晒 shai ㄕㄞˋ ㄟ From 乁 yi an obsolete character meaning 移 yi to move ei ei ei 誰 shei ㄕㄟˊ ㄠ From 幺 yao au ao ao 少 shǎo ㄕㄠˇ ㄡ From 又 you ou ou ou 收 shōu ㄕㄡ ㄢ From the archaic character 𢎘 han to bloom preserved as a phonetic in the compound 犯 fan an an an 山 shan ㄕㄢ ㄣ From 𠃉 archaic variant of 鳦 yǐ or 乚 ya 11 乚 is yǐn according to other sources 12 en en en 申 shen ㄕㄣ ㄤ From 尢 wang aŋ ang ang 上 shang ㄕㄤˋ ㄥ From 𠃋 archaic form of 肱 gōng 13 eŋ eng eng 生 sheng ㄕㄥ ㄦ From 儿 the bottom portion of 兒 er used as a cursive and simplified form aɚ er erh 而 er ㄦˊ ㄧ From 一 yi one i y yi i i 以 yǐ ㄧˇ 逆 niㄋㄧˋ ㄨ From 㐅 ancient form of 五 wǔ five Compare the transitory form 𠄡 u w wu u u w 努 nǔ ㄋㄨˇ 我 wǒ ㄨㄛˇ ㄩ From the ancient character 凵 qu which remains as a radical y yu u u yu 雨 yǔ ㄩˇ 女 nǚ ㄋㄩˇ ㄭ nbsp From the character 帀 It represents the fricative vowel of ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ though it is not used after them in transcription 14 ɻ ʐ ɹ z i ih ŭ 資 zi ㄗ 知 zhi ㄓ 死 sǐ ㄙˇWriting editStroke order edit Bopomofo is written in the same stroke order rule as Chinese characters ㄖ is written with three strokes unlike the character from which it is derived Chinese 日 pinyin ri which has four strokes ㄧ can be written as a vertical line nbsp or a horizontal line nbsp both are accepted forms Traditionally it should be written as a horizontal line in vertical writing and a vertical line in horizontal writing The People s Republic of China almost exclusively uses horizontal writing so the vertical form in the rare occasion that Bopomofo is used has become the standard form there Language education in the Republic of China generally uses vertical writing so most people learn it as a horizontal line and use a horizontal form even in horizontal writing In 2008 the Taiwanese Ministry of Education decided that the primary form should always be the horizontal form but that the vertical form is accepted alternative 15 Unicode 8 0 0 published an errata in 2014 that updates the representative glyph to be the horizontal form 16 Computer fonts may only display one form or the other or may be able to display both if the font is aware of changes needed for vertical writing nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Bopomofo is occasionally unofficially handwritten as syllable blocks similar to Hangul however this is not considered an accepted form by the People s Republic of China nor the Republic of China and is unsupported by Unicode Tonal marks edit As shown in the following table tone marks for the second third and fourth tones are shared between bopomofo and pinyin In bopomofo the mark for first tone is usually omitted but can be included 17 18 while a dot above indicates the fifth tone also known as the neutral tone In pinyin a macron overbar indicates the first tone and the lack of a marker usually indicates the fifth light tone Tone Bopomofo Pinyin Tone Marker Unicode Name Tone Marker Unicode Name 1 ˉ Modifier Letter Macron usually omitted 17 18 Combining Macron 2 ˊ Modifier Letter Acute Accent Combining Acute Accent 3 ˇ Caron Combining Caron 4 ˋ Modifier Letter Grave Accent Combining Grave Accent 5 Dot Above 19 Middle Dot usually omitted 20 Unlike Hanyu Pinyin Bopomofo aligns well with the Chinese characters in books whose texts are printed vertically making Bopomofo better suited for annotating the pronunciation of vertically oriented Chinese text When used in conjunction with Chinese characters Bopomofo is typically placed to the right of the Chinese character vertically in both vertical print 21 22 and horizontal print 23 or to the top of the Chinese character in a horizontal print see Ruby characters Example edit Below is an example for the word bottle pinyin pingzi 瓶 ㄆㄧㄥˊ 子 ㄗ 瓶 ㄆㄧㄥˊ 子 ㄗ or ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄗ 瓶 子 Erhua transcription edit Words rhotacized as a result of erhua are spelled with ㄦ attached to the syllable like 歌兒 ㄍㄜㄦ ger In case the syllable uses other tones than the 1st tone the tone mark is attached to the penultimate letter standing for syllable nucleus but not to ㄦ e g 哪兒 ㄋㄚˇㄦ nǎr 一 ㄧ 點兒 ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ yidiǎnr 好 ㄏㄠˇ 玩兒 ㄨㄢˊㄦ hǎowanr 24 Comparison editPinyin edit Bopomofo and pinyin are based on the same Mandarin pronunciations hence there is a one to one correspondence between the two systems IPA and pinyin counterparts of Bopomofo finals Rhyme ㄚ ㄛ ㄜ ㄝ ㄞ ㄟ ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄦ Medial ɨ ㄭ 1 i a ㄚ a a o ㄛ 3o o 3 ɤ ㄜ e e ɛ ㄝ e ai ㄞ ai ai ei ㄟ ei ei ɑu ㄠ ao ao ou ㄡ ou ou an ㄢ an an en ㄣ en en ɑŋ ㄤ ang ang ɤŋ ㄥ eng eng aɚ ㄦ er ㄧ i ㄧ yi i i a ㄧㄚ ya ia i o ㄧㄛ yo i ɛ ㄧㄝ ye ie i ai ㄧㄞ yai i ɑu ㄧㄠ yao iao i ou ㄧㄡ you iu i ɛn ㄧㄢ yan ian in ㄧㄣ yin in i ɑŋ ㄧㄤ yang iang iŋ ㄧㄥ ying ing ㄨ u ㄨ wu u u a ㄨㄚ wa ua u o ㄨㄛ 3wo uo 3 u ai ㄨㄞ wai uai u ei ㄨㄟ wei ui u an ㄨㄢ wan uan u en ㄨㄣ wen un u ɑŋ ㄨㄤ wang uang u ɤŋ ʊŋ ㄨㄥ weng ong 4 ㄩ y ㄩ yu u 2 y ɛ ㄩㄝ yue ue 2 y ɛn ㄩㄢ yuan uan 2 yn ㄩㄣ yun un 2 i ʊŋ ㄩㄥ yong iong 1 Not written 2 u is written as u after j q x or y 3 ㄨㄛ uo is written as ㄛ o after ㄅ b ㄆ p ㄇ m ㄈ f 4 weng is pronounced ʊŋ written as ong when it follows an initial Chart edit Vowels a e o IPA a ɔ ɛ ɤ ai ei au ou an en aŋ eŋ ʊŋ aɹ Pinyin a o e e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er Tongyong Pinyin Wade Giles eh e o en eng ung erh Bopomofo ㄚ ㄛ ㄝ ㄜ ㄞ ㄟ ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄨㄥ ㄦ example 阿 喔 誒 俄 艾 黑 凹 偶 安 恩 昂 冷 中 二 Vowels i u y IPA i je jou jɛn in iŋ jʊŋ u wo wei wen weŋ y ɥe ɥɛn yn Pinyin yi ye you yan yin ying yong wu wo o wei wen weng yu yue yuan yun Tongyong Pinyin wun wong Wade Giles i yi yeh yu yen yung wen weng yu yueh yuan yun Bopomofo ㄧ ㄧㄝ ㄧㄡ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄥ ㄩㄥ ㄨ ㄨㄛ ㄛ ㄨㄟ ㄨㄣ ㄨㄥ ㄩ ㄩㄝ ㄩㄢ ㄩㄣ example 一 也 又 言 音 英 用 五 我 位 文 翁 玉 月 元 雲 Non sibilant consonants IPA p pʰ m feŋ tjou twei twen tʰɤ ny ly kɤɹ kʰɤ xɤ Pinyin b p m feng diu dui dun te nu lu ge ke he Tongyong Pinyin fong diou duei nyu lyu Wade Giles p pʻ feng tiu tui tun tʻe nu lu ko kʻo ho Bopomofo ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ ㄈㄥ ㄉㄧㄡ ㄉㄨㄟ ㄉㄨㄣ ㄊㄜ ㄋㄩ ㄌㄩ ㄍㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄏㄜ example 玻 婆 末 封 丟 兌 頓 特 女 旅 歌 可 何 Sibilant consonants IPA tɕjɛn tɕjʊŋ tɕʰin ɕɥɛn ʈʂɤ ʈʂɨ ʈʂʰɤ ʈʂʰɨ ʂɤ ʂɨ ɻɤ ɻɨ tsɤ tswo tsɨ tsʰɤ tsʰɨ sɤ sɨ Pinyin jian jiong qin xuan zhe zhi che chi she shi re ri ze zuo zi ce ci se si Tongyong Pinyin jyong cin syuan jhe jhih chih shih rih zih cih sih Wade Giles chien chiung chʻin shuan che chih chʻe chʻih she shih je jih tse tso tzŭ tsʻe tzʻŭ se ssŭ Bopomofo ㄐㄧㄢ ㄐㄩㄥ ㄑㄧㄣ ㄒㄩㄢ ㄓㄜ ㄓ ㄔㄜ ㄔ ㄕㄜ ㄕ ㄖㄜ ㄖ ㄗㄜ ㄗㄨㄛ ㄗ ㄘㄜ ㄘ ㄙㄜ ㄙ example 件 窘 秦 宣 哲 之 扯 赤 社 是 惹 日 仄 左 字 策 次 色 斯 Tones IPA ma ma ma ma ma Pinyin ma ma mǎ ma ma Tongyong Pinyin ma mȧ Wade Giles ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4 ma Bopomofo ㄇㄚ ㄇㄚˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄇㄚˋ ㄇㄚ example Chinese characters 媽 麻 馬 罵 嗎Use outside Standard Mandarin editBopomofo symbols for non Mandarin Chinese varieties are added to Unicode in the Bopomofo Extended block Taiwanese Hokkien edit Main article Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols In Taiwan Bopomofo is used to teach Taiwanese Hokkien and is also used to transcribe it phonetically in contexts such as on storefront signs karaoke lyrics and film subtitles Three letters no longer used for Mandarin are carried over from the 1913 standard Bopomofo IPA GR Pinyin ㄪ v v v ㄫ ŋ ng ng ㄬ ɲ gn gn 23 more letters were added specifically for Taiwanese Hokkien Bopomofo IPA TL Derivation ㆠ b b ㄅ with voicing circle ㆣ g g ㄍ with voicing circle ㆢ d ʑ ji ㄐ with voicing circle ㆡ d z j ㄗ with voicing circle ㆨ ɨ ir ㄨ and ㄧ combined ㆦ ɔ oo from ㄛ ㆤ e e from ㄝ ㆩ a ann ㄚ with nasal curl ㆧ ɔ onn ㆦ with nasal curl ㆥ ẽ enn ㆤ with nasal curl ㆪ ㆳ ĩ inn ㄧ with nasal curl ㆫ ũ unn ㄨ with nasal curl ㆮ aĩ ainn ㄞ with nasal curl ㆯ aũ aunn ㄠ with nasal curl ㆰ am am ㄚ and ㄇ combined ㆱ ɔm om ㆦ and ㄇ combined ㆲ ɔŋ ong ㆬ m m ㄇ with syllabic stroke ㆭ ŋ ng ㄫ with syllabic stroke ㆴ p p small ㄅ ㆵ t t small ㄉ ㆻ ㆶ k k small ㄍ and variant small ㄎ ㆷ ʔ h small ㄏ Two tone marks were added for the additional tones Cantonese edit Main article Cantonese Bopomofo The following letters are used in Cantonese 25 Bopomofo IPA Jyutping ㆼ kʷ gw ㆽ kʷʰ kw ㆾ ɵ eo ㆿ ɐ a If a syllable ends with a consonant other than an or aan the consonant s letter is added then followed by a final middle dot ㄞ is used for aːi aai e g 敗 ㄅㄞ baai6 to be defeated ㄣ is used for ɐn an e g 跟 ㄍㄣ gan1 to follow and ㄢ is used for aːn aan e g 間 ㄍㄢ gaan1 within Other vowels that end with n use ㄋ for the final ㄋ e g 見 ㄍㄧㄋ gin3 to see ㄡ is used for ɐu au e g 牛 ㄫㄡ ngau4 cow To transcribe ou ou it is written as ㄛㄨ e g 路 ㄌㄛㄨ lou6 path ㄫ is used for both initial ng as in 牛 ㄫㄡ ngau4 and final ng as in 用 ㄧㄛㄫ jung6 to use ㄐ is used for t s z e g 煑 ㄐㄩ zyu2 to cook and ㄑ is used for t sʰ c e g 全 ㄑㄩㄋ cyun4 whole During the time when Bopomofo was proposed for Cantonese tones were not marked Computer uses editInput method edit nbsp An example of a Bopomofo keypad for Taiwan nbsp A typical keyboard layout for Bopomofo on computers Bopomofo can be used as an input method for Chinese characters It is one of the few input methods that can be found on most modern personal computers without having to download or install any additional software It is also one of the few input methods that can be used for inputting Chinese characters on certain cell phones citation needed On the QWERTY keyboard the symbols are ordered column wise top down e g 1 Q A Z Unicode edit Main articles Bopomofo Unicode block and Bopomofo Extended Unicode block Bopomofo was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1 0 The Unicode block for Bopomofo is U 3100 U 312F Bopomofo 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U 310x ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ ㄈ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ ㄌ ㄍ ㄎ ㄏ U 311x ㄐ ㄑ ㄒ ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ ㄚ ㄛ ㄜ ㄝ ㄞ ㄟ U 312x ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄦ ㄧ ㄨ ㄩ ㄪ ㄫ ㄬ ㄭ ㄮ ㄯ Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code points Additional characters were added in September 1999 with the release of version 3 0 The Unicode block for these additional characters called Bopomofo Extended is U 31A0 U 31BF Bopomofo Extended 1 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U 31Ax ㆠ ㆡ ㆢ ㆣ ㆤ ㆥ ㆦ ㆧ ㆨ ㆩ ㆪ ㆫ ㆬ ㆭ ㆮ ㆯ U 31Bx ㆰ ㆱ ㆲ ㆳ ㆴ ㆵ ㆶ ㆷ ㆸ ㆹ ㆺ ㆻ ㆼ ㆽ ㆾ ㆿ Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 Unicode 3 0 also added the characters U 02EA MODIFIER LETTER YIN DEPARTING TONE MARK and U 02EB MODIFIER LETTER YANG DEPARTING TONE MARK in the Spacing Modifier Letters block These two characters are now since Unicode 6 0 classified as Bopomofo characters 26 Tonal marks for bopomofoSpacing Modifier Letters Tone Tone Marker Unicode Note 1 Yin Ping Level ˉ U 02C9 Usually omitted 2 Yang Ping Level ˊ U 02CA 3 Shang Rising ˇ U 02C7 4 Qu Departing ˋ U 02CB 4a Yin Qu Departing U 02EA For Minnan and Hakka languages 4b Yang Qu Departing U 02EB For Minnan and Hakka languages 5 Qing Neutral U 02D9See also editChinese input methods for computers Fanqie Furigana Hangul Kana Ruby character Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols Zhuyin tableReferences edit a b c d The Republic of China government Government Information Office Taiwan Yearbook 2006 The People amp Languages Archived from the original on 9 May 2007 Also available at Taiwan Headlines Taiwan Headlines Society News New Taiwanese dictionary unveiled Government Information Office Taiwan ROC Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 Retrieved 15 September 2007 Zhuyin fuhao Bopomofo 注音符號 ㄅㄆㄇㄈ Archived 1 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Omniglot Dong Hongyuan 2014 A History of the Chinese Language Routledge p 133 ISBN 978 0 415 66039 6 John DeFrancis The Chinese Language Fact and Fantasy Honolulu University of Hawaii Press 1984 p 242 The Unicode Standard the Unicode Consortium PDF 14 0 ed Mountain View CA Unicode 2021 p 30 ISBN 978 1 936213 29 0 國音學 in Chinese Taiwan 8th ed Taiwan 國立臺灣師範大學 國音敎材編輯委員會 2008 pp 27 30 Wenlin dictionary entry 𠫓 KangXi page 164 character 1 Archived 2 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine kangxizidian com Unihan data for U 20000 Archived from the original on 6 September 2018 Retrieved 23 March 2018 Wenlin dictionary entry 𠃉 Unihan data for U 4E5A Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 Retrieved 23 March 2018 Wenlin dictionary entry 𠃋 Michael Everson H W Ho Andrew West Proposal to encode one Bopomofo character in the UCS Archived 2021 01 26 at the Wayback Machine SC2 WG2 N3179 Unicode document L2 14 189 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 8 June 2023 Retrieved 19 May 2023 Unicode Consortium Errata Fixed in Unicode 8 0 0 Archived 2020 11 01 at the Wayback Machine a b Department of Lifelong Education Ministry of Education 教育部終身教育司 ed January 2017 國語注音手冊 in Chinese Taiwan Ministry of Education Digital version Wanderer Digital Publishing Inc 汪達數位出版股份有限公司 pp 2 7 ISBN 978 986 051 481 0 韻符 ㄭ 陰平調號 注音時省略不標 陰平 以一短橫代表高平之聲調 注音時可省略不標 標注在字音最後一個符號右上角 a b Department of Lifelong Education Ministry of Education 教育部終身教育司 ed January 2017 The Manual of the Phonetic Symbols of Mandarin Chinese in English and Chinese Taiwan Ministry of Education Digital version Wanderer Digital Publishing Inc 汪達數位出版股份有限公司 pp 2 7 ISBN 978 986 051 869 6 the rhyme symbol ㄭ and the mark of Yin ping tone could be left out on Bopomofo notes This high and level tone is noted as a short dash mark and could be left out in Bopomofo note If it is noted it should be put on the upper right corner of the last Bopomofo note A study of neutral tone syllables in Taiwan Mandarin PDF p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 19 November 2020 The middle dot may optionally precede light tone syllables only in reference books 辞书 see section 7 3 Archived 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine of the PRC national standard GB T 16159 2012 Basic rules of the Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography Bopomofo Extended Name 12 December 2011 Archived from the original on 22 April 2022 Retrieved 13 August 2022 Zhuyin and Hanzi location 22 December 2009 Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 Retrieved 13 August 2022 Bopomofo on Taiwanese street with English Nov 2016 2 3 August 2016 Archived from the original on 13 January 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2020 The Zhuyin Alphabet 注音字母 Transcription System Bo po mo fo www chinaknowledge de www chinaknowledge de Archived from the original on 4 October 2018 Retrieved 3 October 2018 Yang Ben Chan Eiso Proposal to encode Cantonese Bopomofo Characters PDF Archived PDF from the original on 13 January 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2020 Scripts 6 0 0 txt Unicode Consortium Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 Retrieved 23 March 2018 External links edit nbsp Look up bopomofo in Wiktionary the free dictionary The Manual of The Phonetic Symbols of Mandarin Chinese Unicode reference glyphs for bopomofo PDF 69 6 KB and extended bopomofo PDF 61 6 KB Bopomofo annotations adds inline and pop up annotations with bopomofo pronunciation and English definitions to Chinese text or web pages Mandarin Dictionary needs Chinese font for Big5 encoding Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool converts between Pinyin Bopomofo and other phonetic systems Chinese Romanization Converter converts between Hanyu Pinyin Wade Giles Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or un common Romanization systems Bopomofo gt Wade Giles gt Pinyin gt Word List NPA gt IPA National Phonetic Alphabet bopomofo spellings of words transliterated into the International Phonetic Alphabet The vowel values have been verified against the official IPA site See IPA help preview SIL International website See IPA help preview SIL International website Accessed 23 December 2010 Bopomofo to Pinyin converter and reverse bopomofo syllable chart with Hanyu Pinyin equivalents Pinyin Annotator adds bopomofo bopomofo or pinyin on top of any Chinese text prompts alternative pronunciations to homonyms has the option of exporting into OpenOffice Writer for further editing 請利用螢幕上的小鍵盤輸入注音符號 online keyboard for bopomofo which can turn it into Chinese characters Online Bopomofo Input Method Editor 免费在线中文输入法 使用注音 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bopomofo amp oldid 1222763201, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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