In a right-to-left, top-to-bottomscript (commonly shortened to right to left or abbreviated RTL, RL-TB or R2L), writing starts from the right of the page and continues to the left, proceeding from top to bottom for new lines. Arabic, Hebrew, and Adlam are the most widespread RTL writing systems in modern times.
The Hebrew language is still written right-to-left, top-to-bottomAncient Chinese was written top to bottom, right to left
Right-to-left can also refer to top-to-bottom, right-to-left(TB-RL or vertical) scripts of tradition, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, though in modern times they are also commonly written left to right (with lines going from top to bottom). Books designed for predominantly vertical TBRL text open in the same direction as those for RTL horizontal text: the spine is on the right and pages are numbered from right to left.
These scripts can be contrasted with many common modern left-to-right writing systems, where writing starts from the left of the page and continues to the right.
The Arabic script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right.
Syriac and Mandaean (Mandaic) scripts are derived from Aramaic and are written RTL. Samaritan is similar, but developed from Proto-Hebrew rather than Aramaic. Many other ancient and historic scripts derived from Aramaic inherited its right-to-left direction.
Several languages have both Arabic RTL and non-Arabic LTR writing systems. For example, Sindhi is commonly written in Arabic and Devanagari scripts, and a number of others have been used. Kurdish may be written in the Arabic or Latin script.
Thaana appeared around 1600 CE. Most modern scripts are LTR, but N'Ko (1949), Mende Kikakui (19th century), Adlam (1980s) and Hanifi Rohingya (1980s) were created in modern times and are RTL.
Ancient examples of text using alphabets such as Phoenician, Greek, or Old Italic may exist variously in left-to-right, right-to-left, or boustrophedon order; therefore, it is not always possible to classify some ancient writing systems as purely RTL or LTR.
Computing supportedit
Right-to-left, top-to-bottom text is supported in common computer software.[2] Often, this support must be explicitly enabled. Right-to-left text can be mixed with left-to-right text in bi-directional text.
List of RTL scriptsedit
Examples of right-to-left scripts (with ISO 15924 codes in brackets) are:
Mende Kikakui (Mend 438) – for Mende in Sierra Leone. Devised by Mohammed Turay and Kisimi Kamara in the late 19th century. Still used, but only by about 500 people.
Sogdian (Sogd 141 and Sogo 142) and Manichaean (Mani 139, associated with the Manichaean religion) – derived from Syriac. Sogdian eventually rotated from RTL to top-to-bottom, giving rise to the Old Uyghur, Mongolian, and Manchu vertical scripts.
^"Which Languages Are Written From Right to Left?". WorldAtlas. 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
^"Introduction to typing and using RTL (Right to Left) text, and configuring software applications to support RTL".
^Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN9788122411980.
^Sir Alan H. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, Third Edition Revised, Griffith Institute (2005), p. 25.
^"Ethiopic". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 April 2021. Since the 4th cent. AD, when Ethiopia was Christianized, the Ethiopic script has been written from left to right, though previously the direction of writing was from right to left.
^Davis, Mark; Everson, Michael; Freytag, Asmus; Jenkins, John H. (2001-05-16). "Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1". Most early Etruscan texts have right-to-left directionality. From the third century BCE, left-to-right texts appear, showing the influence of Latin. Oscan, Umbrian, and Faliscan also generally have right-to-left directionality. Boustrophedon appears rarely, and not especially early .... Despite this, for reasons of implementation simplicity, many scholars prefer left-to-right presentation of texts, as this is also their practice when transcribing the texts into Latin script. Accordingly, the Old Italic script has a default directionality of strong left-to-right in this standard. When directional overrides are used to produce right-to-left presentation, the glyphs in fonts must be mirrored ...
^ abHalsey, William D. (1965). Collier's encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index. US: The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. p. 595.
right, left, script, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, ad. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Right to left script news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message In a right to left top to bottom script commonly shortened to right to left or abbreviated RTL RL TB or R2L writing starts from the right of the page and continues to the left proceeding from top to bottom for new lines Arabic Hebrew and Adlam are the most widespread RTL writing systems in modern times The Hebrew language is still written right to left top to bottom Ancient Chinese was written top to bottom right to leftRight to left can also refer to top to bottom right to left TB RL or vertical scripts of tradition such as Chinese Japanese and Korean though in modern times they are also commonly written left to right with lines going from top to bottom Books designed for predominantly vertical TBRL text open in the same direction as those for RTL horizontal text the spine is on the right and pages are numbered from right to left These scripts can be contrasted with many common modern left to right writing systems where writing starts from the left of the page and continues to the right The Arabic script is mostly but not exclusively right to left mathematical expressions numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right Contents 1 Uses 2 Computing support 3 List of RTL scripts 3 1 Current scripts 3 2 Ancient scripts 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksUses editHebrew Arabic and Persian are the most widespread RTL writing systems in modern times 1 As usage of the Arabic script spread the repertoire of 28 characters used to write the Arabic language was supplemented to accommodate the sounds of many other languages such as Kashmiri Pashto etc While the Hebrew alphabet is used to write the Hebrew language it is also used to write other Jewish languages such as Yiddish and Judaeo Spanish Syriac and Mandaean Mandaic scripts are derived from Aramaic and are written RTL Samaritan is similar but developed from Proto Hebrew rather than Aramaic Many other ancient and historic scripts derived from Aramaic inherited its right to left direction Several languages have both Arabic RTL and non Arabic LTR writing systems For example Sindhi is commonly written in Arabic and Devanagari scripts and a number of others have been used Kurdish may be written in the Arabic or Latin script Thaana appeared around 1600 CE Most modern scripts are LTR but N Ko 1949 Mende Kikakui 19th century Adlam 1980s and Hanifi Rohingya 1980s were created in modern times and are RTL Ancient examples of text using alphabets such as Phoenician Greek or Old Italic may exist variously in left to right right to left or boustrophedon order therefore it is not always possible to classify some ancient writing systems as purely RTL or LTR Computing support editRight to left top to bottom text is supported in common computer software 2 Often this support must be explicitly enabled Right to left text can be mixed with left to right text in bi directional text List of RTL scripts editExamples of right to left scripts with ISO 15924 codes in brackets are Current scripts edit Persian alphabet used for Persian Urdu Kashmiri Arabic script Arab 160 Aran 161 used for Arabic and many other languages Hebrew alphabet Hebr 125 used for Hebrew Yiddish and some other Jewish languages Thaana Thaa 170 used for Dhivehi Syriac alphabet Syrc 135 variants 136 138 Syrn Syrj Syre used for varieties of the Syriac language Mandaic alphabet Mand 140 closely related to Syriac used for the Mandaic language Samaritan alphabet Samr 123 closely related to Hebrew used for the Samaritans writings Mende Kikakui Mend 438 for Mende in Sierra Leone Devised by Mohammed Turay and Kisimi Kamara in the late 19th century Still used but only by about 500 people N Ko script Nkoo 165 devised in 1949 for the Manding languages of West Africa Garay alphabet designed in 1961 for the Wolof language Adlam Adlm 166 devised in the 1980s for writing the Fula languages of West and Central Africa Hanifi Rohingya Rohg 167 developed in the 1980s for the Rohingya language Yezidi Yezi 192 used for two 12th or 13th century Yazidi Kurdish texts attempts have been made to revive it since 2013 Ancient scripts edit Indus script 3 Egyptian hieroglyphs 4 Cypriot syllabary Cprt 403 predates Phoenician influence Phoenician alphabet Phnx 115 ancient precursor to Hebrew Imperial Aramaic and Greek Imperial Aramaic alphabet Armi 124 ancient closely related to Hebrew and Phoenician Spread widely by the Neo Assyrian and Achaemenid empires The later Palmyrene form Palm 126 was also used to write Aramaic Old South Arabian Sarb Old North Arabian Narb Pahlavi scripts 130 133 Prti Phli Phlp Phlv derived from Aramaic Avestan alphabet Avst 134 from Pahlavi with added letters Used for recording the Zoroastrian sacred texts during the Sassanid era Hatran alphabet Hatr 127 used to write the Aramaic of Hatra Sogdian Sogd 141 and Sogo 142 and Manichaean Mani 139 associated with the Manichaean religion derived from Syriac Sogdian eventually rotated from RTL to top to bottom giving rise to the Old Uyghur Mongolian and Manchu vertical scripts Nabatean alphabet Nbat intermediate between Syriac and Arabic Old Ge ez alphabet 5 Ethi 495 Kharosthi Khar 305 an ancient script of India derived from Aramaic Old Turkic runes also called Orkhon runes Orkh 175 Old Hungarian runes Hung 176 Old Italic alphabets Ital 210 Early Etruscan was RTL but LTR examples later became more common Umbrian Oscan and Faliscan were written right to left Unicode treats Old Italic as left to right to match modern usage Some texts are boustrophedon 6 nbsp The Old Latin inscription on the Praeneste fibula The writing runs from right to left unlike later Latin writing 7 Old Latin could be written from right to left as were Etruscan and early Greek or boustrophedon 7 Lydian alphabet Lydi 116 ancient some texts are left to right or boustrophedon See also editBidirectional text Complex text layout CTL Script Unicode Writing systemReferences edit Which Languages Are Written From Right to Left WorldAtlas 2018 05 17 Retrieved 2023 08 16 Introduction to typing and using RTL Right to Left text and configuring software applications to support RTL Nath sen Sailendra 1999 Ancient Indian History and Civilization Routledge p 35 ISBN 9788122411980 Sir Alan H Gardiner Egyptian Grammar Third Edition Revised Griffith Institute 2005 p 25 Ethiopic Encyclopedia com Retrieved 10 April 2021 Since the 4th cent AD when Ethiopia was Christianized the Ethiopic script has been written from left to right though previously the direction of writing was from right to left Davis Mark Everson Michael Freytag Asmus Jenkins John H 2001 05 16 Unicode Standard Annex 27 Unicode 3 1 Most early Etruscan texts have right to left directionality From the third century BCE left to right texts appear showing the influence of Latin Oscan Umbrian and Faliscan also generally have right to left directionality Boustrophedon appears rarely and not especially early Despite this for reasons of implementation simplicity many scholars prefer left to right presentation of texts as this is also their practice when transcribing the texts into Latin script Accordingly the Old Italic script has a default directionality of strong left to right in this standard When directional overrides are used to produce right to left presentation the glyphs in fonts must be mirrored a b Halsey William D 1965 Collier s encyclopedia with Bibliography and Index US The Crowell Collier Publishing Company p 595 External links editEverson Michael 2001 01 08 Roadmapping early Semitic scripts https www unicode org L2 L2001 01024 n2311 pdf Buntz Carl Martin 2000 12 21 L2 01 007 Iranianist Meeting Report Encoding Iranian Scripts in Unicode https www unicode org L2 L2001 01007 iran txt Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Right to left script amp oldid 1195408226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
