Onn Jaafar
Dato' Sir Onn bin Dato' Jaafar (Jawi: عون بن جعفر; 12 February 1895 – 19 January 1962) was a Malayan politician who served as the 7th Menteri Besar of Johor from 1947 to 1950, then Malaya (now Malaysia). His organized opposition towards the creation of the Malayan Union (by the returning British colonial power after the end of the Japanese occupation of Malaya) led him to form the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1946; he was UMNO's founder and its first President until his resignation in 1951. He was famously known as the pioneer of organised anti-imperialism and early Malay nationalism within the entire Malaya, which eventually culminated with the Malayan independence from Britain. He was also responsible for the social and economic welfare of the Malays by setting up the Rural Industrial Development Authority (RIDA).
Onn Jaafar | |
|---|---|
| عون جعفر | |
Onn Jaafar, 1948. | |
| 7th Menteri Besar of Johor | |
| In office 1 June 1947 – 18 May 1950 | |
| Preceded by | Ungku Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid |
| Succeeded by | Syed Abdul Kadir Mohamed |
| 1st President of the United Malays National Organisation | |
| In office 11 May 1946 – 25 August 1951 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Tunku Abdul Rahman |
| Member of the Malayan Parliament for Kuala Terengganu Selatan | |
| In office 11 September 1959 – 19 January 1962 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Ismail Kassim |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Onn bin Jaafar 12 February 1895 Bukit Gambir, Johor Bahru, Johor |
| Died | 19 January 1962 (aged 66) Johor Bahru, Johor, Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia) |
| Resting place | Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum |
| Political party |
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| Spouses |
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| Relations |
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| Children | Hussein Onn |
| Parents |
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His son is Hussein Onn, the third and former Prime Minister of Malaysia, his grandson is the current Minister of Defence, Hishammuddin Hussein, and his great-grandson is Onn Hafiz Ghazi, the current Member of the Johor State Legislative Assembly for Layang-Layang and 19th Menteri Besar of Johor.
Early years
Onn's father was Jaafar Muhammad, the former Chief Minister of Johor. His mother was Roquaiya Hanim (also spelled Rogayah Hanim or Rukiye Hanım; 1864–1904), who came from the Caucasus region of the Ottoman Empire (there are different hypotheses regarding her ethnicity). She was likely presented as a concubine (see Circassian beauties) by the Ottoman court to the sultan of Johor.[1][2] His mother was married three times and the last time was with his father. As Onn Jaafar's family had close relations with the Johor palace, Sultan Ibrahim treated him as an adopted son. He started his education in a Malay school in Johor Bahru. In 1904, he went to England to attend Aldeburgh Lodge School, a private school in Suffolk, with the then Tunku Mahkota of Johor until 1910. He excelled in sports and captained the school's cricket and football teams.[3]
He returned to Malaya and was enrolled at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) where he studied there for two years from 1910 to 1911. According to biographer Ramlah Adam, one of the main reasons for him to enroll at MCKK was the need to improve his Malay language proficiency that had weakened considerably following his time in England.[3]
After graduating from MCKK, he worked as a trainee clerk at the Johor Government Secretary office and was made a permanent clerk a year later. He served in this capacity in several departments before joining the Johor Military Forces in 1917 with the rank of lieutenant. Two years later, he rejoined the civil service. Soon later, he found himself in trouble with the Johor palace after expressing his unhappiness over the sale of his family's ancestral home. The royal palace did not take the issue kindly and terminated his service in June 1920. He rejoined the service again in 1921 as an Assistant Collector of Land Revenue.[3]
Malay nationalism and politics
Early Malay nationalism took root in Johor during the 1920s, he became a journalist and wrote articles on the welfare of the Malays. Some of Onn's articles were critical of Sultan Ibrahim's policies, which led to strained personal relations with the Sultan. In particular, Sultan Ibrahim expelled Onn from Johor in 1927 after he published an article in the Sunday Mirror, a Singapore-based English tabloid, which criticised the Sultan's poor treatment of the Johor Military Forces personnel and the welfare of the Orang Asli. He went into exile in Singapore and became the editor of a Malay paper, Warta Malaya, in 1930. Over the next six years, he edited four other newspapers including Lembaga Malaya, Warta Ahad and Lembaga. Onn became very popular after he continued to cover issues on Malay grievances, and Sultan Ibrahim invited Onn to return to Johor in 1936.[3]
Following the Japanese occupation of Malaya in 1941, Onn was drafted into the administrative system and served as a food controller in Johor.
Along with his companions, Haji Anwar bin Abdul Malik, Haji Syed Alwi bin Syed Sheikh al-Hadi and Mohamed Noah Omar, they founded the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) as a means to rally the Malays against the Malayan Union, which was perceived as threatening Malay privileges and the position of the Malay rulers. Onn took up the role of UMNO's president on 1 May 1946.
Malayan Union
The Malayan Union proposal provided that United Kingdom had full administrative powers over the Malay states except in areas pertaining spiritual and moral authority of the Malay rulers, which the Malays held high esteem over it. Communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese were high, and the prospect of granting citizenship to non-Malays was deemed unacceptable to the Malays.[4] In particular, politicians in Johor were extremely unhappy with the willingness of Sultan Ibrahim to sign the treaties with Harold MacMichael, and voiced out that the Sultan had violated the terms in the Johor state constitution which explicitly forbade any foreign powers to assume legitimate control over the state. In early February 1946, seven political dissidents led by Awang bin Hassan organised a rally to protest against the Sultan's decision for signing the treaties, and Onn Jaafar, who was then serving as a district officer in Batu Pahat, was invited to attend the rally.[5] The rally was held on 1 February 1946 at the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, and protesters shouted nationalistic slogans and called for the dethronement of Sultan Ibrahim. Malay nationalistic slogans were raised during the rally, many of whom were directed against the Sultan himself, whom they accused him for committing treason against the Malay race by signing the treaties.
News of the rally reached the Sultan Ibrahim on 22 February, who was then residing at Grosvenor House in London. Sultan Ibrahim approached the colonial office and expressed his withdrawal of support for the proposal scheme, but this did not appease the political dissidents and Onn continued to organise more rallies in the other Malay states to muster further support for his calls against the Malayan Union, and formed United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in May.[6]
To appease the Malays and the UMNO leaders, including Onn himself, Sultan Ibrahim personally donated a lump sum of $5,000 to UMNO and Onn was appointed the Menteri Besar of Johor in 1946.[7]
The establishment of the Federation of Malaya did not go down well with the ethnic Chinese, whereby favourable conditions for obtaining citizenship for the Chinese and other non-Malays were withdrawn. The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was formed in 1949 under the leadership of a Straits Chinese businessman, Tan Cheng Lock who frequently raised grievances over the citizenship terms that were set when the Federation was established.[8] As a result, communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese surfaced, and Onn kept his distance from Tan. Tan encountered initial difficulties with meeting Sultan Ibrahim, who was not accustomed to working with Chinese businessmen.
Sultan Ibrahim also became increasingly disappointed in Onn's work commitment, whom he saw as neglecting state affairs as a result of his commitments towards UMNO. In early 1950, Sultan Ibrahim approached Onn, who was asked to choose between committing his efforts for UMNO and the state. Onn chose to the former, and resigned as the Menteri Besar of Johor in May.[9]
Leaving UMNO
Onn became increasingly disillusioned and disgusted with what he considered to be UMNO's race-based communalist policies, and called for party membership to be opened to all Malayans of all races, and for UMNO to be renamed as the United Malayans National Organisation. When his recommendations went unheeded, he left the party on 26 August 1951, to form the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP). However, the IMP failed to receive sufficient backing from Malayans, and eventually Onn left it to form the Parti Negara, which placed membership restrictions on non-Malays in an attempt to woo the Malays. He finally won the Kuala Terengganu Selatan seat in the Malayan parliament in the 1959 elections under his new party.[10]
Neither party gained popular support against Tunku Abdul Rahman's new Alliance coalition and he was eventually eclipsed in Malayan political life.
Death
Dato' Onn died at the age of 67, on 19 January 1962 at the Officers' Ward, General Hospital, Johor Bahru.[11] He was buried next to his father's grave, Dato' Jaafar Haji Muhammad at the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum in Johor Bahru.
Awards and recognitions
Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
- Bandar Dato' Onn, a suburb developed by the Johor Land Berhad in Johor Bahru, Johor
- Bulatan Dato Onn, a small roundabout located next to the Bank Negara Malaysia headquarters
- Jalan Dato Onn, a street in Kuala Lumpur and was previously known as Jalan Brockman or Brockman Road[12]
- Menara Dato' Onn, the UMNO general headquarters in Kuala Lumpur
- Kolej Dato' Onn, a residential college at National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor
- Kolej Dato' Onn Jaafar, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
- Kolej Dato' Onn, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Machang, Kelantan
- SK Dato' Onn Jaafar, One of the component schools within the Sekolah Wawasan in Subang Jaya.
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
- Johor :
- Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) – Dato' (1940)[13]
- Commander of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK II) (1947)[14][15]
- Perak :
- Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (2015)[16]
Foreign Honours
- United Kingdom :
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) – Sir (1953)[17]
In popular culture
- Portrayed by Nordin|Zaefrul Nordin in the 2007 film 1957: Hati Malaya directed by Shuhaimi Baba.
References
- ^ Mehmet Ozay; Ekrem Saltık (June 2015). "The Myth and Reality of Rukiye Hanim in the Context of Turkish Malay Relations (1864–1904)". Insan & Toplum – Journal of Humanity and Society. 5 (9): 55–74. doi:10.12658/human.society.5.9.M0116.
- ^ . The Star Online. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d Aristocrat who spoke his mind 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 18 June 2007. The Star.
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 133-4
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 211
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 211-2
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 361
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 502-3
- ^ Ong, One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar, pg 184
- ^ Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.
- ^ Mohamed Abid (2003). Reflections of pre-independence Malaya. Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications. p. 42. ISBN 967-978-865-2. OCLC 53896919.
- ^ Santhananaban, M. (16 April 2021). "LETTER | Putrajaya must honour Onn Jaafar". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Mohamed Abid (2003). Reflections of pre-independence Malaya. Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications. p. 12. ISBN 967-978-865-2. OCLC 53896919.
- ^ "STATE HONOUR FOR LADY IBRAHIM". The Singapore Free Press. 17 September 1947. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Pengemudi Bahtera Merdeka Johor (in Malay). Abu Bakar bin Abdul Hamid, Zam Ismail, 1943-, Kamdi Kamil, 1949- (1st ed.). Johor Bahru, Johor: Yayasan Warisan Johor. 2012. p. 73. ISBN 978-983-2440-46-8. OCLC 870691698.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Perak honours six with posthumous awards". The Star. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "No. 39863". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 2973.
Further reading
- Ramlah Adam. (1992). Dato' Onn Ja'afar, pengasas kemerdekaan (1st ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 983-62-2861-6. OCLC 29026780.
- Muhammad Faris Izzuwan, Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004). Sejarah Tingkatan 3. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 983-62-8285-8.
- Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.