A stop with no audible release, also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive, is a stop consonant with no release burst: no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold). In the International Phonetic Alphabet, lack of an audible release is denoted with an upper-right corner diacritic (U+031A◌̚COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE) after the consonant letter: [p̚], [t̚], [k̚].[1]
No audible release
◌̚
Encoding
Entity (decimal)
̚
Unicode (hex)
U+031A
Audibly released stops, on the other hand, are not normally indicated. If a final stop is aspirated, the aspiration diacritic ⟨◌ʰ⟩ is sufficient to indicate the release. Otherwise, the "unaspirated" diacritic of the Extended IPA may be employed for this: apt[ˈæp̚t˭].
In most dialects of English, the first stop of a cluster has no audible release, as in apt[ˈæp̚t], doctor[ˈdɒk̚tɚ], or logged on[ˌlɒɡ̚dˈɒn]. Although such sounds are frequently described as "unreleased", the reality is that since the two consonants overlap, the release of the former takes place during the hold of the latter, masking the former's release and making it inaudible.[2] That can lead to cross-articulations that seem very much like deletions or complete assimilation.
For example, hundred pounds may sound like [ˈhʌndɹɨb ˈpʰaundz] but X-ray[3] and electropalatographic[4] studies demonstrate that since inaudible and possibly-weakened contacts may still be made, the second /d/ in hundred pounds does not entirely assimilate a labial place of articulation but co-occurs with it.
In American English, a stop in syllable-final position is typically realized as an unreleased stop; that is especially the case for /t/,[5] but in that position, it is also analyzed as experiencing glottal reinforcement.
Such sounds may occur between vowels, as in some pronunciations of out a lot. The overlap there appears to be with a glottal stop, [t̚ʔ]: the /t/ is pronounced, and since it is between vowels, it must be released. However, its release is masked by the glottal stop.[6] (See: T-glottalization, in some dialects).
The term "unreleased" is also used for a stop before a homorganicnasal, as in catnip. In such cases, however, the stop is released as a nasal in a nasal release and so it would be more precisely transcribed [ˈkætⁿnɪp].
Other languages
In most languages in East and Southeast Asia with final stops, such as Cantonese,[7]Hokkien,[8]Korean,[9]Malay,[10]Thai,[11] and West Coast Bajau,[12] the stops are not audibly released: mak[mak̚]. That is true even between vowels. That is thought to be caused by an overlapping glottal stop[6] and is more precisely transcribed [mak̚ʔ]. A consequence of an inaudible release is that any aspirated–unaspirated distinction is neutralized. Some languages, such as Vietnamese,[citation needed] which are reported to have unreleased final stops, turn out to have short voiceless nasal releases instead. The excess pressure is released (voicelessly) through the nose and so there is no audible release to the stop.
Formosan languages
The Formosan languages of Taiwan, such as Tsou and Amis, are unusual in that all obstruents are released but not aspirated, as in Tsou [ˈsip˹tɨ] "four" and [smuˈjuʔ˹tsu] "to pierce", or Amis [tsᵊtsaj] "one" and [sᵊpat˹] "four".[citation needed] (The symbol for a release burst, ⟨˹⟩, is acknowledged but not supported by the IPA.[13])
In Pirahã, the only surviving dialect of the Mura language, there is a special register of speech using solely humming, which does not involve an audible release and may be transcribed as [m̚] of different length and tone.[15]
^The diacritic may not display properly with some fonts, appearing above the consonant rather than after it; in such cases, U+02FA◌˺MODIFIER LETTER END HIGH TONE, ⟨p˺⟩, may be used instead.
^Clynes, Adrian; Deterding, David (2011). "Standard Malay (Brunei)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (2): 261. doi:10.1017/S002510031100017X. ISSN 1475-3502.
^Smyth, David (2003), Teach yourself Thai, London: Hodder & Stoughton, p. xii, ISBN0-340-86857-0
^Miller, Mark T. (2007). A Grammar of West Coast Bajau (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 31–32. hdl:10106/577.
^International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
^Page 27, A Grammar of RGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects: A Web of Relations Marielle Prins 2016, 9789004324565
Browman, Catherine P.; Goldstein, Louis (1990), "Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech", in Kingston, John C.; Beckman, Mary E. (eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 341–376
Choo, Miho; O'Grady, William D. (2003), The Sounds of Korean: A Pronunciation Guide, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
Nolan, Francis (1992), "The descriptive role of segments: Evidence from assimilation.", in Docherty, Gerard J.; Ladd, D. Robert (eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology II: Gesture, segment, prosody, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261–280
O'Neill, Gareth (2014). "Humming, whistling, singing, and yelling in Pirahã context and channels of communicatin in FDG1". Pragmatics. 24 (2): 349–375. doi:10.1075/prag.24.2.08nei.
Zsiga, Elizabeth (2003), "Articulatory Timing in a Second Language: Evidence from Russian and English", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25: 399–432, doi:10.1017/s0272263103000160, S2CID 5998807
audible, release, stop, with, audible, release, also, known, unreleased, stop, applosive, stop, consonant, with, release, burst, audible, indication, occlusion, hold, international, phonetic, alphabet, lack, audible, release, denoted, with, upper, right, corne. A stop with no audible release also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive is a stop consonant with no release burst no audible indication of the end of its occlusion hold In the International Phonetic Alphabet lack of an audible release is denoted with an upper right corner diacritic U 031A COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE after the consonant letter p t k 1 No audible release EncodingEntity decimal amp 794 Unicode hex U 031AAudibly released stops on the other hand are not normally indicated If a final stop is aspirated the aspiration diacritic ʰ is sufficient to indicate the release Otherwise the unaspirated diacritic of the Extended IPA may be employed for this apt ˈaep t Contents 1 English 2 Other languages 2 1 Formosan languages 2 2 Gyalrong languages 2 3 Piraha 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksEnglish EditIn most dialects of English the first stop of a cluster has no audible release as in apt ˈaep t doctor ˈdɒk tɚ or logged on ˌlɒɡ dˈɒn Although such sounds are frequently described as unreleased the reality is that since the two consonants overlap the release of the former takes place during the hold of the latter masking the former s release and making it inaudible 2 That can lead to cross articulations that seem very much like deletions or complete assimilation For example hundred pounds may sound like ˈhʌndɹɨb ˈpʰaundz but X ray 3 and electropalatographic 4 studies demonstrate that since inaudible and possibly weakened contacts may still be made the second d in hundred pounds does not entirely assimilate a labial place of articulation but co occurs with it In American English a stop in syllable final position is typically realized as an unreleased stop that is especially the case for t 5 but in that position it is also analyzed as experiencing glottal reinforcement Such sounds may occur between vowels as in some pronunciations of out a lot The overlap there appears to be with a glottal stop t ʔ the t is pronounced and since it is between vowels it must be released However its release is masked by the glottal stop 6 See T glottalization in some dialects The term unreleased is also used for a stop before a homorganic nasal as in catnip In such cases however the stop is released as a nasal in a nasal release and so it would be more precisely transcribed ˈkaetⁿnɪp Other languages EditIn most languages in East and Southeast Asia with final stops such as Cantonese 7 Hokkien 8 Korean 9 Malay 10 Thai 11 and West Coast Bajau 12 the stops are not audibly released mak mak That is true even between vowels That is thought to be caused by an overlapping glottal stop 6 and is more precisely transcribed mak ʔ A consequence of an inaudible release is that any aspirated unaspirated distinction is neutralized Some languages such as Vietnamese citation needed which are reported to have unreleased final stops turn out to have short voiceless nasal releases instead The excess pressure is released voicelessly through the nose and so there is no audible release to the stop Formosan languages Edit The Formosan languages of Taiwan such as Tsou and Amis are unusual in that all obstruents are released but not aspirated as in Tsou ˈsip tɨ four and smuˈjuʔ tsu to pierce or Amis tsᵊtsaj one and sᵊpat four citation needed The symbol for a release burst is acknowledged but not supported by the IPA 13 Gyalrong languages Edit In Gyalrongic languages plosives and nasal stops could be unreleased after a glottal stop 14 for example pʰaroʔk gt pʰaˈ rɔʔk tewaʔm gt t eˈ waʔm Piraha Edit In Piraha the only surviving dialect of the Mura language there is a special register of speech using solely humming which does not involve an audible release and may be transcribed as m of different length and tone 15 See also EditChecked tone Glottal reinforcement Lateral release phonetics Nasal release T glottalizationReferences Edit The diacritic may not display properly with some fonts appearing above the consonant rather than after it in such cases U 02FA MODIFIER LETTER END HIGH TONE p may be used instead Zsiga 2003 404 Browman amp Goldstein 1990 Nolan 1992 Odden David 2005 Introduction to Phonology Page 32 a b no audible release John Wells s phonetic blog 2012 March 14 Matthews Stephen Yip Virginia 1994 Cantonese A Comprehensive Grammar London Routledge pp 15 6 ISBN 0 415 08945 X Ngo Chiau shin 2008 What is Taiwanese Language Phonetic Script PDF p 4 permanent dead link Choo amp O Grady 2003 26 Clynes Adrian Deterding David 2011 Standard Malay Brunei Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41 2 261 doi 10 1017 S002510031100017X ISSN 1475 3502 Smyth David 2003 Teach yourself Thai London Hodder amp Stoughton p xii ISBN 0 340 86857 0 Miller Mark T 2007 A Grammar of West Coast Bajau Ph D thesis University of Texas at Arlington pp 31 32 hdl 10106 577 International Phonetic Association 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press p 173 Page 27 A Grammar of RGyalrong Jiǎomuzu Kyom kyo Dialects A Web of Relations Marielle Prins 2016 9789004324565 O Neill 2014 p 353 Sources EditBrowman Catherine P Goldstein Louis 1990 Tiers in articulatory phonology with some implications for casual speech in Kingston John C Beckman Mary E eds Papers in laboratory phonology I Between the grammar and physics of speech New York Cambridge University Press pp 341 376 Choo Miho O Grady William D 2003 The Sounds of Korean A Pronunciation Guide Honolulu University of Hawaii Press Nolan Francis 1992 The descriptive role of segments Evidence from assimilation in Docherty Gerard J Ladd D Robert eds Papers in laboratory phonology II Gesture segment prosody New York Cambridge University Press pp 261 280 O Neill Gareth 2014 Humming whistling singing and yelling in Piraha context and channels of communicatin in FDG1 Pragmatics 24 2 349 375 doi 10 1075 prag 24 2 08nei Zsiga Elizabeth 2003 Articulatory Timing in a Second Language Evidence from Russian and English Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25 399 432 doi 10 1017 s0272263103000160 S2CID 5998807External links Edit Unreleased John C Wells No audible release John C Wells Unreleased stops University of Manitoba Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title No audible release amp oldid 1144854493, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
