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Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

January 19, 2024

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is [ɬ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K.

Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
ɬ
IPA Number148
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɬ
Unicode (hex)U+026C
X-SAMPAK
Braille
Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
l̥
IPA Number155 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAl_0
voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant
ɫ̥

The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound – the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L".[1]

Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative.[2] More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract.[3] Ball & Rahilly (1999) state that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent".[4] The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨l̥⟩.

In Sino-Tibetan language group, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants [l̥] and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonicaly the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. Scholten (2000) includes the voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ̥].

However, the voiceless dental & alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphian English[5][6][7] after voiceless coronal and labial stops, who is velarized before back vowels, the allophone of [l] after voiceless dorsal and laryngeal stops is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant.[8] See English phonology.

Features edit

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:[9]

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence edit

The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl and Navajo,[10] and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar.[11] It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.[12]

The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written ⟨ll⟩.[13] Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd [ɬʊɨd], Llywelyn [ɬəˈwɛlɨn]) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an /l/ (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with ⟨fl⟩ (pronounced /fl/) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

The phoneme /ɬ/ was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: /ɬ/ was written with ⟨ש⟩, but the letter was also used for the sound /ʃ/. Later, /ɬ/ merged with /s/, a sound that had been written only with ⟨ס⟩. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: /s/ written ⟨ס⟩, /ʃ/ written ⟨ש⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and /s/ evolving from /ɬ/ and written ⟨ש⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of ⟨ש⟩ evolving to /s/ from [ɬ] is known based on comparative evidence since /ɬ/ is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages,[14] and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme /ɬ/ began to merge with /s/ in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic ⟨ש⟩ and ⟨ס⟩, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew.[15][16] In all Jewish reading traditions, /ɬ/ and /s/ have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew /ɬ/ has instead merged into /ʃ/.[15]

The [ɬ] sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh) and Quenya (inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin).[17][18] In Sindarin, it is written as ⟨lh⟩ initially and ⟨ll⟩ medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written ⟨hl⟩.

Dental or denti-alveolar edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Amis Kangko dialect tipid [tipiɬ̪] 'bowl' Allophonic variation of word-final and sometimes word-initial /ɮ̪/.[19]
Mapudungun[20] kagüḻ [kɜˈɣɘɬ̪] 'phlegm that is spit' Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of /l̪/.[20]
Norwegian Trondheim dialect[21] sælt [s̪aɬ̪t̪] 'sold' Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as an approximant.[22] See Norwegian phonology
Sahaptin [ɬḵʼɑm] 'moccasins' Contrasts approximant /l/.[23]

Alveolar edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe плъыжь [pɬəʑ] 'red'
Ahtna[24] dzeł [tsɛɬ] 'mountain'
Avar[25] лъабго [ˈɬabɡo] 'three'[26]
Basay lanum [ɬanum] 'water'
Berber Ait Seghrouchen altu [æˈɬʊw] 'not yet' Allophone of /lt/.[27]
Brahui teļ [t̪e:ɬ] 'scorpion' Contrasts /l ɬ/.[28]
Bunun Isbukun dialect ludun [ɬuɗun] 'mountain' Voiceless allophone of /l/ among some speakers.[29]
Bura[30] [example needed] Contrasts with [ɮ] and [ʎ̝̊].[30]
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[31] talliq [taɬeq] 'arm'
Cherokee Oklahoma Cherokee tlha, kiihli [tɬá]~[ɬá], [ɡiːl̥í]~[ɡiːɬí] 'not', 'dog' In free variation with affricate /tɬ/ among some speakers.[32] Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant [l̥], a realization of cluster /hl/.[33]
Chickasaw[34] lhipa [ɬipa] 'it is dry'
Chinese Taishanese[35] 三 [ɬäm˧] 'three' Corresponds to [s] in Standard Cantonese
Pinghua
Pu-Xian Min 沙 [ɬua˥˧˧] 'sand'
Chipewyan[36] łue [ɬue] 'fish'
Chukchi[37] [p(ə)ɬekət] 'shoes'
Dahalo[38] [ɬunno] 'stew' Contrasts palatal /ʎ̝̊/ and labialized /ɬʷ/.[39]
Dogrib ło [ɬo] 'smoke' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[40]
Eyak qeł [qʰɛʔɬ] 'woman' Contrasts approximant /l/.[41]
Fali [paɬkan] 'shoulder'
Forest Nenets хару [xaɬʲu] 'rain' Contrasts palatalized /ɬʲ/.[42]
Greenlandic illu [iɬɬu] 'house' Realization of underlying geminate /l/.[43] See Greenlandic phonology
Hadza[44] sleme [ɬeme] 'man'
Haida[45] tla'únhl [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] 'six'
Halkomelem[46] ɬ'eqw [ɬeqw] 'wet'
Hla'alua[47] lhatenge[48] [ɬɑtɨŋɨ] 'vegetable'
Hlai [ɬa⁵³~ɬa³³][49] 'fish' Contrasts voiced approximant /l/.[50]
Hmong hli [ɬi]ⓘ 'moon'
Inuktitut akłak [akɬak] 'grizzly bear' See Inuit phonology
Kabardian лъы [ɬə]ⓘ 'blood' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/ and glottalic /ɬʼ/.[51]
Kaska tsį̄ł [tsʰĩːɬ] 'axe'
Kham Gamale Kham[52] ह्ला [ɬɐ] 'leaf'
Khroskyabs[53] ? [ɬ-sá] 'kill' (causative)
Lillooet[54] lhésp [ɬə́sp] 'rash'[55]
Lushootseed[56] łukʷał [ɬukʷaɬ] 'sun'
Mapudungun[20] kaül [kɜˈɘɬ] 'a different song' Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.[20]
Mochica paxllær [paɬøɾ] Phaseolus lunatus
Moloko sla [ɬa] 'cow'
Mongolian лхагва [ˈɬaw̜ɐk] 'Wednesday' Only in loanwords from Tibetan;[57] here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
Muscogee[58] páɬko [pəɬko] 'grape'
Nahuatl āltepētl [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] 'city' Allophone of /l/
Navajo łaʼ [ɬaʔ] 'some' See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a hloks [ɬoks] 'sun'
Norwegian Trøndersk tatlete [ˈtɑɬɑt] 'weak', 'small' Contrasts alveolar approximant /l/, apical postalveolar approximant /ɭ/, and laminal postalveolar approximant /l̠/.[59]
Nuosu [ɬu³³] 'to fry' Contrasts approximant /l/.[60]
Nuxalk płt [pɬt] 'thick' Contrasts with affricates /t͡ɬʰ/ and /t͡ɬʼ/, and approximant /l/.[61]
Saanich[62] Ƚel [ɬəl] 'splash'
Sandawe lhaa [ɬáː] 'goat'
Sassarese morthu [ˈmoɬtu]ⓘ 'dead'
Sawi ɬo [ɬo] 'three'[63] Contrasts approximant /l/.[64] Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.[65]
Shuswap ɬept [ɬept] 'fire is out'[clarification needed]
Sotho ho hlahloba [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] 'to examine' See Sotho phonology
Swedish Jämtlandic kallt [kaɬt] 'cold' Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
Västerbotten dialect behl [beɬ:] 'bridle'
Taos łiwéna [ɬìˈwēnæ] 'wife' See Taos phonology
Tera[66] tleebi [ɬè̞ːbi] 'side'
Thao kilhpul [kiɬpul] 'star'
Tlingit lingít [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] 'Tlingit'
Toda kał [kaɬ] 'to learn' Contrasts /l ɬ ɭ ɭ̊˔ (ꞎ)/.[67]
Ukrainian Poltava subdialect[68] молоко [mɔɬɔˈkɔ] 'milk' Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez лъи [ɬi]ⓘ 'water'
Vietnamese Gin dialect[69] 小 [ɬiu˧] 'small'
Welsh[70] tegell [ˈtɛɡɛɬ] 'kettle' See Welsh phonology
Xhosa[71] sihlala [síˈɬaːla] 'we stay'
Xumi Lower[72] [ʁul̥o˦] 'head' Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /l/.[72][73]
Upper[73] [bə˦l̥ä̝˦] 'to open a lock'
Yurok[74] kerhl [kɚɬ] 'earring'
Zulu ihlahla [iɬaɬa] 'twig' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[75]
Zuni asdemła [ʔastemɬan] 'ten'

Alveolar approximant edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut Western Aleut hlax̂ [l̥aχ] 'boy' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.[76]
Burmese လှ [l̥a̰] 'beautiful' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish Standard[77] plads [ˈpl̥æs] 'square' Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[77] See Danish phonology
English Cardiff[7] plus [pl̥ʌ̝s] 'plus' See English phonology
Norfolk[6]
Estonian[78] mahl [mɑ̝hːl̥] 'juice' Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[78] See Estonian phonology
Faroese hjálpa [jɔl̥pa] 'to help' Allophone of /l/ before fortis plosives.[79]
Iaai [l̥iʈ] 'black' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic hlaða [l̥aːða] 'warm' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Allophonic variation of /l/ before fortis plosives.[80] See Icelandic phonology.
Northern Sámi Eastern Inland bálkká [pæl̥kæ] 'salary' Allophone of underlying cluster /lh/[81]
Pipil[82] [example needed] Contrasted voiced /l/ in some now-extinct dialects.[82]
Southern Nambikwara[83] [haˈlawl̥u] 'cane toad'[83] Allophonic variation of /l/.[83]
Tibetan Lhasa [l̥asa] 'Lhasa'
Ukrainian Standard[84] смисл [s̪mɪs̪l̥] 'sense' Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[84] See Ukrainian phonology

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Some Philadelphia speakers[5] plus [pɫ̥ɯs] 'plus' See English phonology[5]
Turkish[85] yol [ˈjo̞ɫ̟̊] 'way' Devoiced allophone of velarized dental /ɫ/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[85] See Turkish phonology

Semitic languages edit

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ś; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ], Hebrew [s]:

Proto-Semitic Akkadian Arabic Phoenician Hebrew Aramaic Ge'ez
ś s̠ ش š   š שׂ‎ s ܫ s ሠ ś

Among Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri[citation needed] and Mehri.[86] In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.[citation needed]

Capital letter edit

 
Capital letter L with belt

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.[87][88]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Dark L". home.cc.umanitoba.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  2. ^ Pike (1943), pp. 71, 138–9.
  3. ^ Shadle (2000), pp. 37–8.
  4. ^ Ball, Martin J.; Rahilly, Joan (1999). Phonetics: the science of speech. London: Arnold. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-340-70009-9.
  5. ^ a b c Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  6. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  7. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
  8. ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 154.
  9. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (3 January 2014). A Course in Phonetics. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-17718-5.
  10. ^ McDonough, Joyce (2003). The Navajo Sound System. Cambridge: Kluwer. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5.
  11. ^ Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
  12. ^ Henry Y., Chang (2000). 噶瑪蘭語參考語法 [Kavalan Grammar]. Taipei: 遠流 (Yuan-Liou). pp. 43–45. ISBN 9573238985.
  13. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203.
  14. ^ Blau (2010:77)
  15. ^ a b Blau (2010:69)
  16. ^ Rendsburg (1997:73)
  17. ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  18. ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Quenya Course". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  19. ^ Maddieson & Wright (1995), p. 47.
  20. ^ a b c d Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88, 91.
  21. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
  22. ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
  23. ^ Jansen (2010), p. 38.
  24. ^ Tuttle (2008), p. 464.
  25. ^ Gippert (2000).
  26. ^ Dellert et al. (2020).
  27. ^ Abdel-Massih (2011), p. 20.
  28. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 77.
  29. ^ Lin (2018), p. 128.
  30. ^ a b Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.
  31. ^ Miyaoka (2012), p. 52.
  32. ^ Uchihara (2016), p. 42.
  33. ^ Uchihara (2016), p. 45.
  34. ^ Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2002), p. 287.
  35. ^ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
  36. ^ Li (1946), p. 398.
  37. ^ Dunn (1999), p. 43.
  38. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
  39. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 41.
  40. ^ Coleman (1976), p. 8.
  41. ^ Krauss (2016), p. 167.
  42. ^ Salminen (2007), p. 365.
  43. ^ Stefanelli (2019), p. 30.
  44. ^ Sands, Maddieson & Ladefoged (1993), p. 68.
  45. ^ Enrico (2003), p. 10.
  46. ^ Galloway (1977), pp. 2–3.
  47. ^ Pan (2012), pp. 22–23.
  48. ^ Pan (2012), p. 169.
  49. ^ Ostapirat (2008), p. 625.
  50. ^ Yuan (1994), pp. 1–2.
  51. ^ Kuipers (1960), p. 18.
  52. ^ Wilde, Christopher P. (2016). "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. ISSN 1836-6821.
  53. ^ Lai, Yunfan (June 2013b). La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi (Master's thesis) (in French). Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III.
  54. ^ Van Eijk (1997), p. 2.
  55. ^ Van Eijk (1997), p. 64.
  56. ^ Beck (1999), p. 2.
  57. ^ Svantesson et al. (2005), pp. 30–33.
  58. ^ Martin (2011), p. 47.
  59. ^ Endresen & Simonsen (2000), p. 246.
  60. ^ Edmondson, Esling & Lama (2017), p. 88.
  61. ^ Newman (1947), p. 129.
  62. ^ Montler (1986).
  63. ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 34.
  64. ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 31.
  65. ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 36.
  66. ^ Tench (2007), p. 228.
  67. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  68. ^ Кримський Агатангел Юхимович; Синявський О.; Михальчук Костянтин Петрович (1841–1914); Курило Олена Борисівна; Гладкий П.; Бузук П.; Расторгуєв П.; Рудницький Є.; Ahatanhel Krymsky (1929). Український діялектологічний збірник. Кн. I–II.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Wei (2006), p. 14.
  70. ^ Hannahs (2013), p. 18.
  71. ^ Le Doeuff (2020), p. 6.
  72. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  73. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
  74. ^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  75. ^ Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 480.
  76. ^ Taff et al. (2001), p. 234.
  77. ^ a b Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
  78. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  79. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 124.
  80. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 110.
  81. ^ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 154.
  82. ^ a b Aquino (2019), p. 228.
  83. ^ a b c Netto (2018), p. 127.
  84. ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  85. ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  86. ^ Howe, Darin (2003). Segmental Phonology. University of Calgary. p. 22.
  87. ^ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
  88. ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT' (U+A7AD)". www.fileformat.info. FileFormat.Info. Retrieved 20 June 2020.

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  • Dellert, Johannes; Daneyko, Thora; Münch, Alla; Ladygina, Alina; Buch, Armin; Clarius, Natalie; Grigorjew, Ilja; Balabel, Mohamed; Moga, Hizniye Isabella; Baysarova, Zalina; Mühlenbern, Roland; Wahle, Johannes; Jäger, Gerhard (2020) [30 November 2019]. "NorthEuraLex: a wide-coverage lexical database of Northern Eurasia". Language Resources and Evaluation. 54 (1): 273–301. doi:10.1007/s10579-019-09480-6. PMC 7067722. PMID 32214931.
    • Official database: "Language Avar". NorthEuraLax. [Table:] Concept: THREE | Orthographic form: лъабго | Automatically generated IPA: ɬabɡo
  • Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (2011) [1971]. A Reference Grammar of Tamazight (PDF). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. hdl:2027.42/94551. ISBN 978-1-60785-222-3.
  • Lin, Hui-shan (1 April 2018). "郡社布農語的「三疊式」" [Triplication in Isbukun Bunun] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature] (in Chinese). Taiwan Languages & Literature Society. 13 (1): 125–153. doi:10.6710/JTLL.201804_13(1).0004. ISSN 1726-5185.
  • Wei, Shu-guan (March 2006) [25 October 2005]. "中国京语的变异" [The Variations of Chinese Jing Dialect]. 广西民族学院学报（哲学社会科学版） [Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Editition)]. 28 (2): 13–18.
  • Stefanelli, Alex Matthew (August 2019). Consonant gemination in West Greenlandic (PDF) (Master's). University of Montreal. hdl:1866/23739.
  • Pan, Chia-jung (1 March 2012). A grammar of Lha'alua, an Austronesian language of Taiwan (PDF) (PhD). James Cook University.
  • Hannahs, S. J. (31 October 2013). "A Survey of Welsh Phonetics: Phonetics and Segment Inventories". The Phonology of Welsh. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–27. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601233.003.0002. ISBN 978-0199601233. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Miyaoka, Osahito (2012). "Phonological preliminaries". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernard; Dryer, Matthew (eds.). A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY). Vol. 58. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 36–82. doi:10.1515/9783110278576. ISBN 978-3-11-027820-0. ISSN 0933-7636. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Uchihara, Hiroto (March 2016). "Segmental inventory". Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. Oxford Studies of Endangered Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–53. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739449.003.0002. ISBN 978-0198739449.
  • Gordon, Matthew; Munro, Pamela; Ladefoged, Peter (15 February 2002) [December 2001]. "Chickasaw". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 31 (2): 287–290. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002110.
  • Li, Fang-Kuei (1946). Hoijer, Harry; Osgood, Cornelius (eds.). Chipewyan. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology. Viking Fund. pp. 398–423. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Dunn, Michael John (May 1999). "Phonology & Morphonology". A Grammar of Chukchi (PhD). Australian National University. pp. 37–59. doi:10.25911/5d77842288837. hdl:1885/10769.
  • Montler, Timothy (1986). "An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish". Occasional Papers in Linguistics. Missoula: University of Montana (4).
  • Martin, Jack B. (2011). "Phonemes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). University of Nebraska Press. pp. 47–61. ISBN 9780803211063 – via Google Books.
  • Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (June 1993). "Phonetic Structures of Dahalo". Working Papers in Phonetics: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages. UCLA. 84: 25–66 – via eScholarship.
  • Árnason, Kristján (August 2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199229314.001.0001. ISBN 9780199229314. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Endresen, Rolf Theil; Simonsen, Hanne Gram (2000) [1996]. "Språklydlære: fonetikk og fonologi" [Sounds in language: phonetics and phonology]. In Sveen, Andreas (ed.). Innføring i lingvistikk [Introduction to linguistics] (in Norwegian Nynorsk) (2 ed.). Universitetsforlaget. pp. 207–306.
  • Jansen, Joana Worth (June 2010). "Phonetics, phonology and orthography" (PDF). A Grammar of Yakima Ichishkíin / Sahaptin (PhD). University of Oregon. pp. 18–72.
  • Coleman, Phyllis (July 1976). "An outline of Dogrib structure" (PDF). Dogrib Phonology (PhD). University of Iowa. pp. 6–36. OCLC 7080610 – via ProQuest.
  • Krauss, Michael E. (27 June 2016) [1965]. "Eyak: a preliminary report". Canadian Journal of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 10 (2–3): 167–187. doi:10.1017/S0008413100005648. S2CID 148703746.
  • Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Notes on forest Nenets phonology". In Ylikoski, Jussi (ed.). Sámit, sánit, sátnehámit: Riepmočála Pekka Sammallahtii miessemánu 21. beaivve 2007 [Sámi, words, wordings: Book dedicated to Pekka Sammallahtii on 21 May 2007] (PDF). Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 253. Helsinki. pp. 349–372. ISBN 9789525150957.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Beck, David (January 1999). "Words and Prosodic Phrasing in Lushootseed Narrative". In Hall, Tracy Alan; Kleinhenz, Ursula (eds.). Studies on the Phonological Word. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 174. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 23–46. doi:10.1075/cilt.174.03bec. ISBN 9789027236807 – via ResearchGate.
  • Le Doeuff, Hermelind (April 2020). A sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological overview of isiXhosa clicks (Thesis). Paris: Sorbonne Nouvelle. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.21510.19520.
  • Poulos, George; Msimang, Christian T. (1998). "Aspects of the sound system of Zulu". A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu (1 ed.). Pretoria: Via Afrika. pp. 443–570. ISBN 0-7994-1526-X.
  • Kuipers, Aert H. (1960). "Phonology". Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian. Janua linguarum: Studia memoriae Nicolai van Wijk dedicata. 's-Gravenhage: Mouton & Co. pp. 17–24. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.122.7521.
  • Sands, Bonny; Maddieson, Ian; Ladefoged, Peter (June 1993). "The Phonetic Structures of Hadza". UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages. UCLA. 84: 67–88 – via eScholarship.
  • Enrico, John (2003). "Introduction". Haida Syntax. Vol. 1. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–73. ISBN 9780803218222.
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  • Yuan, Zhong-Shu (12 February 1994). "緒論" [Introduction]. 黎语语法纲要 [An outline of Hlai grammar] (1 ed.). Beijing: Minzu University Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 7810018922. OCLC 33976573.
  • Van Eijk, Jan (1 September 1997). The Lillooet Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774806251.
  • Newman, Stanley (July 1947). "Bella Coola I: Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. University of Chicago Press. 13 (3): 129–134. doi:10.1086/463942. JSTOR 1262907. S2CID 144523894.
  • Liljegren, Henrik (2009). "The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke: Tracing the proto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush". Acta Orientalia (70): 7–62.
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  • Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (24 June 2022). Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). North Saami. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 147–177. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0010. ISBN 9780198767664. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Further reading edit

  • Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound [ɬ].)
  • A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing [ɬ] in Chadic languages.)

External links edit

  • List of languages with [ɬ] on PHOIBLE
  • List of languages with [l̥] on PHOIBLE

January 19, 2024
voiceless, dental, alveolar, lateral, fricatives, voiceless, alveolar, lateral, fricative, type, consonantal, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, voiceless, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, lateral,. The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental alveolar and postalveolar lateral fricatives is ɬ and the equivalent X SAMPA symbol is K Voiceless alveolar lateral fricativeɬIPA Number148Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 620 Unicode hex U 026CX SAMPAKBrailleImageVoiceless alveolar lateral approximantl IPA Number155 402AEncodingX SAMPAl 0voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximantɫ The symbol ɬ is called belted l and is distinct from l with tilde ɫ which transcribes a different sound the velarized or pharynɡealized alveolar lateral approximant often called dark L 1 Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative 2 More recent research distinguishes between turbulent and laminar airflow in the vocal tract 3 Ball amp Rahilly 1999 state that the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar smooth and does not become turbulent 4 The approximant may be represented in the IPA as l In Sino Tibetan language group Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants l and Li Fang Kuei amp William Baxter contrast apophonicaly the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese Scholten 2000 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFScholten2000 help includes the voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant ɫ However the voiceless dental amp alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphian English 5 6 7 after voiceless coronal and labial stops who is velarized before back vowels the allophone of l after voiceless dorsal and laryngeal stops is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant 8 See English phonology Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 2 1 Dental or denti alveolar 2 2 Alveolar 2 3 Alveolar approximant 2 4 Velarized dental or alveolar approximant 2 5 Semitic languages 3 Capital letter 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksFeatures editFeatures of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative 9 Its manner of articulation is fricative which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation causing turbulence Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge termed respectively apical and laminal Its phonation is voiceless which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated so it is always voiceless in others the cords are lax so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds It is an oral consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only It is a lateral consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue rather than down the middle The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most sounds Occurrence editThe sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas such as Nahuatl and Navajo 10 and in North Caucasian languages such as Avar 11 It is also found in African languages such as Zulu and Asian languages such as Chukchi some Yue dialects like Taishanese the Hlai languages of Hainan and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan 12 The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written ll 13 Several Welsh names beginning with this sound Llwyd ɬʊɨd Llywelyn ɬeˈwɛlɨn have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh ll spelling but are pronounced with an l Lloyd Llewellyn or they are substituted with fl pronounced fl Floyd Fluellen It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish The phoneme ɬ was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites The orthography of Biblical Hebrew however did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own The phoneme however is clearly attested by later developments ɬ was written with ש but the letter was also used for the sound ʃ Later ɬ merged with s a sound that had been written only with ס As a result three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished s written ס ʃ written ש with later niqqud pointing ש and s evolving from ɬ and written ש with later niqqud pointing ש The specific pronunciation of ש evolving to s from ɬ is known based on comparative evidence since ɬ is the corresponding Proto Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages 14 and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew e g balsam lt Greek balsamon lt Hebrew basam The phoneme ɬ began to merge with s in Late Biblical Hebrew as is indicated by interchange of orthographic ש and ס possibly under the influence of Aramaic and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew 15 16 In all Jewish reading traditions ɬ and s have merged completely but in Samaritan Hebrew ɬ has instead merged into ʃ 15 The ɬ sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J R R Tolkien Sindarin inspired by Welsh and Quenya inspired by Finnish Ancient Greek and Latin 17 18 In Sindarin it is written as lh initially and ll medially and finally and in Quenya it appears only initially and is written hl Dental or denti alveolar edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesAmis Kangko dialect tipid tipiɬ bowl Allophonic variation of word final and sometimes word initial ɮ 19 Mapudungun 20 kaguḻ kɜˈɣɘɬ phlegm that is spit Interdental possible utterance final allophone of l 20 Norwegian Trondheim dialect 21 saelt s aɬ t sold Laminal denti alveolar allophone of l Also described as an approximant 22 See Norwegian phonologySahaptin ɬḵʼɑm moccasins Contrasts approximant l 23 Alveolar edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesAdyghe plyzh pɬeʑ red Ahtna 24 dzel tsɛɬ mountain Avar 25 labgo ˈɬabɡo three 26 Basay lanum ɬanum water Berber Ait Seghrouchen altu aeˈɬʊw not yet Allophone of lt 27 Brahui tel t e ɬ scorpion Contrasts l ɬ 28 Bunun Isbukun dialect ludun ɬuɗun mountain Voiceless allophone of l among some speakers 29 Bura 30 example needed Contrasts with ɮ and ʎ 30 Central Alaskan Yup ik 31 talliq taɬeq arm Cherokee Oklahoma Cherokee tlha kiihli tɬa ɬa ɡiːl i ɡiːɬi not dog In free variation with affricate tɬ among some speakers 32 Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant l a realization of cluster hl 33 Chickasaw 34 lhipa ɬipa it is dry Chinese Taishanese 35 三 ɬam three Corresponds to s in Standard CantonesePinghuaPu Xian Min 沙 ɬua sand Chipewyan 36 lue ɬue fish Chukchi 37 p e ɬeket shoes Dahalo 38 ɬunno stew Contrasts palatal ʎ and labialized ɬʷ 39 Dogrib lo ɬo smoke Contrasts voiced ɮ 40 Eyak qel qʰɛʔɬ woman Contrasts approximant l 41 Fali paɬkan shoulder Forest Nenets haru xaɬʲu rain Contrasts palatalized ɬʲ 42 Greenlandic illu iɬɬu house Realization of underlying geminate l 43 See Greenlandic phonologyHadza 44 sleme ɬeme man Haida 45 tla unhl tɬʰʌʔʊ nɬ six Halkomelem 46 ɬ eqw ɬeqw wet Hla alua 47 lhatenge 48 ɬɑtɨŋɨ vegetable Hlai ɬa ɬa 49 fish Contrasts voiced approximant l 50 Hmong hli ɬi moon Inuktitut aklak akɬak grizzly bear See Inuit phonologyKabardian ly ɬe blood Contrasts voiced ɮ and glottalic ɬʼ 51 Kaska tsį l tsʰĩːɬ axe Kham Gamale Kham 52 ह ल ɬɐ leaf Khroskyabs 53 ɬ sa kill causative Lillooet 54 lhesp ɬe sp rash 55 Lushootseed 56 lukʷal ɬukʷaɬ sun Mapudungun 20 kaul kɜˈɘɬ a different song Possible utterance final allophone of l 20 Mochica paxllaer paɬoɾ Phaseolus lunatusMoloko sla ɬa cow Mongolian lhagva ˈɬaw ɐk Wednesday Only in loanwords from Tibetan 57 here from ལ ག པ lhag pa Muscogee 58 paɬko peɬko grape Nahuatl altepetl aːɬˈtɛpɛːt ɬ city Allophone of l Navajo laʼ ɬaʔ some See Navajo phonologyNisga a hloks ɬoks sun Norwegian Trondersk tatlete ˈtɑɬɑt weak small Contrasts alveolar approximant l apical postalveolar approximant ɭ and laminal postalveolar approximant l 59 Nuosu ɬu to fry Contrasts approximant l 60 Nuxalk plt pɬt thick Contrasts with affricates t ɬʰ and t ɬʼ and approximant l 61 Saanich 62 Ƚel ɬel splash Sandawe lhaa ɬaː goat Sassarese morthu ˈmoɬtu dead Sawi ɬo ɬo three 63 Contrasts approximant l 64 Developed from earlier tr consonant cluster 65 Shuswap ɬept ɬept fire is out clarification needed Sotho ho hlahloba ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ to examine See Sotho phonologySwedish Jamtlandic kallt kaɬt cold Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Harjedalen See Swedish phonologyVasterbotten dialect behl beɬ bridle Taos liwena ɬiˈwenae wife See Taos phonologyTera 66 tleebi ɬe ːbi side Thao kilhpul kiɬpul star Tlingit lingit ɬɪ nkɪ tʰ Tlingit Toda kal kaɬ to learn Contrasts l ɬ ɭ ɭ ꞎ 67 Ukrainian Poltava subdialect 68 moloko mɔɬɔˈkɔ milk Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect Tsez li ɬi water Vietnamese Gin dialect 69 小 ɬiu small Welsh 70 tegell ˈtɛɡɛɬ kettle See Welsh phonologyXhosa 71 sihlala siˈɬaːla we stay Xumi Lower 72 ʁul o head Described as an approximant Contrasts with the voiced l 72 73 Upper 73 be l a to open a lock Yurok 74 kerhl kɚɬ earring Zulu ihlahla iɬaɬa twig Contrasts voiced ɮ 75 Zuni asdemla ʔastemɬan ten Alveolar approximant edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesAleut Western Aleut hlax l ax boy Contrasts with voiced l Merged in Eastern Aleut 76 Burmese လ l a beautiful Contrasts with voiced l Danish Standard 77 plads ˈpl aes square Before l aspiration of p t k is realized as devoicing of l 77 See Danish phonologyEnglish Cardiff 7 plus pl ʌ s plus See English phonologyNorfolk 6 Estonian 78 mahl mɑ hːl juice Word final allophone of l after t s h 78 See Estonian phonologyFaroese hjalpa jɔl pa to help Allophone of l before fortis plosives 79 Iaai l iʈ black Contrasts with voiced l Icelandic hlada l aːda warm Contrasts with voiced l Allophonic variation of l before fortis plosives 80 See Icelandic phonology Northern Sami Eastern Inland balkka pael kae salary Allophone of underlying cluster lh 81 Pipil 82 example needed Contrasted voiced l in some now extinct dialects 82 Southern Nambikwara 83 haˈlawl u cane toad 83 Allophonic variation of l 83 Tibetan Lhasa l asa Lhasa Ukrainian Standard 84 smisl s mɪs l sense Word final allophone of l after voiceless consonants 84 See Ukrainian phonologyVelarized dental or alveolar approximant edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesEnglish Some Philadelphia speakers 5 plus pɫ ɯs plus See English phonology 5 Turkish 85 yol ˈjo ɫ way Devoiced allophone of velarized dental ɫ frequent finally and before voiceless consonants 85 See Turkish phonologySemitic languages edit The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto Semitic language usually transcribed as s it has evolved into Arabic ʃ Hebrew s Proto Semitic Akkadian Arabic Phoenician Hebrew Aramaic Ge ezs s ش s nbsp s ש s ܫ s ሠ sAmong Semitic languages the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri citation needed and Mehri 86 In Ge ez it is written with the letter Sawt citation needed Capital letter edit nbsp Capital letter L with beltSince the IPA letter ɬ has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages a capital letter L with belt Ɬ was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7 0 in 2014 at U A7AD 87 88 See also editVoiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Index of phonetics articlesNotes edit Dark L home cc umanitoba ca Retrieved 7 March 2023 Pike 1943 pp 71 138 9 sfnp error no target CITEREFPike1943 help Shadle 2000 pp 37 8 sfnp error no target CITEREFShadle2000 help Ball Martin J Rahilly Joan 1999 Phonetics the science of speech London Arnold pp 50 51 ISBN 978 0 340 70009 9 a b c Gordon 2004 p 290 sfnp error no target CITEREFGordon2004 help a b Lodge 2009 p 168 sfnp error no target CITEREFLodge2009 help a b Collins amp Mees 1990 p 93 sfnp error no target CITEREFCollinsMees1990 help Gronnum 2005 p 154 Ladefoged Peter Johnson Keith 3 January 2014 A Course in Phonetics Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 305 17718 5 McDonough Joyce 2003 The Navajo Sound System Cambridge Kluwer ISBN 1 4020 1351 5 Laver John 1994 Principles of Phonetics Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 257 258 ISBN 0 521 45655 X Henry Y Chang 2000 噶瑪蘭語參考語法 Kavalan Grammar Taipei 遠流 Yuan Liou pp 43 45 ISBN 9573238985 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 203 Blau 2010 77 a b Blau 2010 69 Rendsburg 1997 73 Helge Fauskanger Sindarin the Noble Tongue Ardalambion Retrieved 2 January 2019 Helge Fauskanger Quenya Course Ardalambion Retrieved 2 January 2019 Maddieson amp Wright 1995 p 47 a b c d Sadowsky et al 2013 pp 88 91 Kristoffersen 2000 p 79 Vanvik 1979 p 36 Jansen 2010 p 38 Tuttle 2008 p 464 Gippert 2000 Dellert et al 2020 Abdel Massih 2011 p 20 Krishnamurti 2003 p 77 Lin 2018 p 128 a b Gronnum 2005 pp 154 155 Miyaoka 2012 p 52 Uchihara 2016 p 42 Uchihara 2016 p 45 Gordon Munro amp Ladefoged 2002 p 287 Taishanese Dictionary amp Resources Li 1946 p 398 Dunn 1999 p 43 Maddieson et al 1993 p 27 Maddieson et al 1993 p 41 Coleman 1976 p 8 Krauss 2016 p 167 Salminen 2007 p 365 Stefanelli 2019 p 30 Sands Maddieson amp Ladefoged 1993 p 68 Enrico 2003 p 10 Galloway 1977 pp 2 3 Pan 2012 pp 22 23 Pan 2012 p 169 Ostapirat 2008 p 625 Yuan 1994 pp 1 2 Kuipers 1960 p 18 Wilde Christopher P 2016 Gamale Kham phonology revisited with Devanagari based orthography and lexicon Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society ISSN 1836 6821 Lai Yunfan June 2013b La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi Master s thesis in French Universite Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris III Van Eijk 1997 p 2 Van Eijk 1997 p 64 Beck 1999 p 2 Svantesson et al 2005 pp 30 33 Martin 2011 p 47 Endresen amp Simonsen 2000 p 246 Edmondson Esling amp Lama 2017 p 88 Newman 1947 p 129 Montler 1986 Liljegren 2009 p 34 Liljegren 2009 p 31 Liljegren 2009 p 36 Tench 2007 p 228 Krishnamurti 2003 p 66 Krimskij Agatangel Yuhimovich Sinyavskij O Mihalchuk Kostyantin Petrovich 1841 1914 Kurilo Olena Borisivna Gladkij P Buzuk P Rastorguyev P Rudnickij Ye Ahatanhel Krymsky 1929 Ukrayinskij diyalektologichnij zbirnik Kn I II a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Wei 2006 p 14 Hannahs 2013 p 18 Le Doeuff 2020 p 6 a b Chirkova amp Chen 2013 pp 365 367 368 a b Chirkova Chen amp Kocjancic Antolik 2013 pp 382 383 Yurok consonants Yurok Language Project UC Berkeley Retrieved 15 April 2021 Poulos amp Msimang 1998 p 480 Taff et al 2001 p 234 a b Basboll 2005 pp 65 66 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 p 368 Arnason 2011 p 124 Arnason 2011 p 110 Aikio amp Ylikoski 2022 p 154 a b Aquino 2019 p 228 a b c Netto 2018 p 127 a b Danyenko amp Vakulenko 1995 p 10 a b Zimmer amp Orgun 1999 pp 154 155 Howe Darin 2003 Segmental Phonology University of Calgary p 22 Joshua M Jensen Karl Pentzlin 2012 02 08 Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt Unicode Character LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT U A7AD www fileformat info FileFormat Info Retrieved 20 June 2020 References editAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Basboll Hans 2005 The Phonology of Danish Oxford University Press ISBN 0 203 97876 5 Blau Joshua 2010 Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew Winona Lake Indiana Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 129 0 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya 2013 Xumi Part 1 Lower Xumi the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 363 379 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000157 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya Kocjancic Antolik Tanja 2013 Xumi Part 2 Upper Xumi the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 381 396 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000169 Danyenko Andrii Vakulenko Serhii 1995 Ukrainian Lincom Europa ISBN 9783929075083 Gronnum Nina 2005 Fonetik og fonologi Almen og Dansk 3rd ed Copenhagen Akademisk Forlag ISBN 87 500 3865 6 Krishnamurti Bhadriraju 2003 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge Language Surveys 1 ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 77111 5 Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Rendsburg Gary A 1997 Ancient Hebrew Phonology In Kaye Alan ed Phonologies of Asia and Africa Eisenbrauns pp 65 83 ISBN 978 1 57506 019 4 Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 Sadowsky Scott Painequeo Hector Salamanca Gaston Avelino Heriberto 2013 Mapudungun Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 87 96 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000369 Svantesson Jan Olof Tsendina Anna Mukhanova Karlsson Anastasia Franzen Vivan 2005 The phonology of Mongolian Oxford University Press ISBN 0199260176 Tench Paul 2007 Tera Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 228 234 doi 10 1017 s0025100307002952 Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 82 990584 0 6 Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 0 521 65236 7 Netto Luiz Antonio de Souza 2018 Fonologia do grupo Nambikwara do Campo Master s degree thesis in Brazilian Portuguese Recife Federal University of Pernambuco p 127 Aquino Leticia 2019 Campbell L and Muntzel M 1989 As Consequencias estruturais da morte de linguas Revista Brasileira de Linguistica Antropologica 11 2 228 doi 10 26512 rbla v11i02 28820 S2CID 216377618 Tuttle Siri G 2008 Phonetics and word definition in Ahtna Athabascan Linguistics De Gruyter Mouton 46 2 439 470 doi 10 1515 LING 2008 015 eISSN 1613 396X ISSN 0024 3949 S2CID 144375935 Taff Alice Rozelle Lorna Cho Taehong Ladefoged Peter Dirks Moses Wegelin Jacob 2001 1999 Phonetic structures of Aleut Journal of Phonetics Elsevier 29 3 231 271 doi 10 1006 jpho 2001 0142 ISSN 0095 4470 Maddieson Ian Wright Richard 1 October 1995 The Vowels and Consonants of Amis A Preliminary Phonetic Report Working Papers in Phonetics UCLA 91 45 66 via eScholarship Gippert Jost 2000 Consonant Systems of the North East Caucasian Languages TITUS Goethe University Frankfurt Dellert Johannes Daneyko Thora Munch Alla Ladygina Alina Buch Armin Clarius Natalie Grigorjew Ilja Balabel Mohamed Moga Hizniye Isabella Baysarova Zalina Muhlenbern Roland Wahle Johannes Jager Gerhard 2020 30 November 2019 NorthEuraLex a wide coverage lexical database of Northern Eurasia Language Resources and Evaluation 54 1 273 301 doi 10 1007 s10579 019 09480 6 PMC 7067722 PMID 32214931 Official database Language Avar NorthEuraLax Table Concept THREE Orthographic form labgo Automatically generated IPA ɬabɡo Abdel Massih Ernest T 2011 1971 A Reference Grammar of Tamazight PDF Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press hdl 2027 42 94551 ISBN 978 1 60785 222 3 Lin Hui shan 1 April 2018 郡社布農語的 三疊式 Triplication in Isbukun Bunun PDF 臺灣語文研究 Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature in Chinese Taiwan Languages amp Literature Society 13 1 125 153 doi 10 6710 JTLL 201804 13 1 0004 ISSN 1726 5185 Wei Shu guan March 2006 25 October 2005 中国京语的变异 The Variations of Chinese Jing Dialect 广西民族学院学报 哲学社会科学版 Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities Philosophy and Social Science Editition 28 2 13 18 Stefanelli Alex Matthew August 2019 Consonant gemination in West Greenlandic PDF Master s University of Montreal hdl 1866 23739 Pan Chia jung 1 March 2012 A grammar of Lha alua an Austronesian language of Taiwan PDF PhD James Cook University Hannahs S J 31 October 2013 A Survey of Welsh Phonetics Phonetics and Segment Inventories The Phonology of Welsh Oxford University Press pp 13 27 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199601233 003 0002 ISBN 978 0199601233 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Miyaoka Osahito 2012 Phonological preliminaries In Bossong Georg Comrie Bernard Dryer Matthew eds A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik CAY Vol 58 De Gruyter Mouton pp 36 82 doi 10 1515 9783110278576 ISBN 978 3 11 027820 0 ISSN 0933 7636 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Uchihara Hiroto March 2016 Segmental inventory Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee Oxford Studies of Endangered Languages Oxford University Press pp 34 53 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198739449 003 0002 ISBN 978 0198739449 Gordon Matthew Munro Pamela Ladefoged Peter 15 February 2002 December 2001 Chickasaw Journal of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press 31 2 287 290 doi 10 1017 S0025100301002110 Li Fang Kuei 1946 Hoijer Harry Osgood Cornelius eds Chipewyan Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology Viking Fund pp 398 423 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Dunn Michael John May 1999 Phonology amp Morphonology A Grammar of Chukchi PhD Australian National University pp 37 59 doi 10 25911 5d77842288837 hdl 1885 10769 Montler Timothy 1986 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich North Straits Salish Occasional Papers in Linguistics Missoula University of Montana 4 Martin Jack B 2011 Phonemes A Grammar of Creek Muskogee University of Nebraska Press pp 47 61 ISBN 9780803211063 via Google Books Maddieson Ian Spajic Sinisa Sands Bonny Ladefoged Peter June 1993 Phonetic Structures of Dahalo Working Papers in Phonetics Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages UCLA 84 25 66 via eScholarship Arnason Kristjan August 2011 The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199229314 001 0001 ISBN 9780199229314 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Endresen Rolf Theil Simonsen Hanne Gram 2000 1996 Spraklydlaere fonetikk og fonologi Sounds in language phonetics and phonology In Sveen Andreas ed Innforing i lingvistikk Introduction to linguistics in Norwegian Nynorsk 2 ed Universitetsforlaget pp 207 306 Jansen Joana Worth June 2010 Phonetics phonology and orthography PDF A Grammar of Yakima Ichishkiin Sahaptin PhD University of Oregon pp 18 72 Coleman Phyllis July 1976 An outline of Dogrib structure PDF Dogrib Phonology PhD University of Iowa pp 6 36 OCLC 7080610 via ProQuest Krauss Michael E 27 June 2016 1965 Eyak a preliminary report Canadian Journal of Linguistics Oxford University Press 10 2 3 167 187 doi 10 1017 S0008413100005648 S2CID 148703746 Salminen Tapani 2007 Notes on forest Nenets phonology In Ylikoski Jussi ed Samit sanit satnehamit Riepmocala Pekka Sammallahtii miessemanu 21 beaivve 2007 Sami words wordings Book dedicated to Pekka Sammallahtii on 21 May 2007 PDF Suomalais Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia Vol 253 Helsinki pp 349 372 ISBN 9789525150957 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Beck David January 1999 Words and Prosodic Phrasing in Lushootseed Narrative In Hall Tracy Alan Kleinhenz Ursula eds Studies on the Phonological Word Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Vol 174 Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 23 46 doi 10 1075 cilt 174 03bec ISBN 9789027236807 via ResearchGate Le Doeuff Hermelind April 2020 A sociolinguistic phonetic and phonological overview of isiXhosa clicks Thesis Paris Sorbonne Nouvelle doi 10 13140 RG 2 2 21510 19520 Poulos George Msimang Christian T 1998 Aspects of the sound system of Zulu A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu 1 ed Pretoria Via Afrika pp 443 570 ISBN 0 7994 1526 X Kuipers Aert H 1960 Phonology Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian Janua linguarum Studia memoriae Nicolai van Wijk dedicata s Gravenhage Mouton amp Co pp 17 24 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 122 7521 Sands Bonny Maddieson Ian Ladefoged Peter June 1993 The Phonetic Structures of Hadza UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages UCLA 84 67 88 via eScholarship Enrico John 2003 Introduction Haida Syntax Vol 1 University of Nebraska Press pp 1 73 ISBN 9780803218222 Galloway Brent Douglas 1977 Phonetics and Phonemics A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem PhD University of California Berkeley pp 1 35 via eScholarship Ostapirat Weera 2008 The Hlai Language In Diller Anthony V N Edmonsdon Jerold A Luo Yongxian eds The Kai Kadai Languages Routledge Language Family Series Routledge pp 623 652 doi 10 4324 978020364187 inactive 1 August 2023 ISBN 978 0 7007 1457 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of August 2023 link Yuan Zhong Shu 12 February 1994 緒論 Introduction 黎语语法纲要 An outline of Hlai grammar 1 ed Beijing Minzu University Press pp 1 22 ISBN 7810018922 OCLC 33976573 Van Eijk Jan 1 September 1997 The Lillooet Language Phonology Morphology Syntax UBC Press ISBN 9780774806251 Newman Stanley July 1947 Bella Coola I Phonology International Journal of American Linguistics University of Chicago Press 13 3 129 134 doi 10 1086 463942 JSTOR 1262907 S2CID 144523894 Liljegren Henrik 2009 The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke Tracing the proto language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush Acta Orientalia 70 7 62 Edmondson Jerold A Esling John H Lama Ziwo 2017 Nuosu Yi Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47 1 87 97 doi 10 1017 S0025100315000444 Aikio Ante Ylikoski Jussi 24 June 2022 Bakro Nagy Marianne Laakso Johanna Skribnik Elena eds North Saami Oxford Guides to the World s Languages Oxford University Press pp 147 177 doi 10 1093 oso 9780198767664 003 0010 ISBN 9780198767664 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Further reading editBeth am y llall John Wells s phonetic blog 1 July 2009 How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound ɬ A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline co uk 3 May 2012 Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing ɬ in Chadic languages External links editList of languages with ɬ on PHOIBLE List of languages with l on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives amp oldid 1194157344, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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