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Wikipedia

Star Wars

June 17, 2023

This article is about the media franchise as a whole. For the original 1977 film, see Star Wars (film). For other uses, see Star Wars (disambiguation).

Star Wars is an American epic space opera[1] multimedia franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the eponymous 1977 film[b] and quickly became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. The franchise has been expanded into various films and other media, including television series, video games, novels, comic books, theme park attractions, and themed areas, comprising an all-encompassing fictional universe.[c] Star Wars is one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

Star Wars
Created byGeorge Lucas
Original workStar Wars (1977)[a][b]
OwnerLucasfilm Ltd.
(The Walt Disney Company)
Years1977–present
Print publications
Book(s)List of reference books
Novel(s)List of novels
Short storiesSee list of novels
ComicsList of comics
Comic strip(s)See list of comics
Magazine(s)Star Wars Insider
(1987–present)
Films and television
Film(s)Full list
Live-action

Animated

Television seriesFull list
Animated

Live-action

Television special(s)Holiday Special (1978)
Television film(s)
Games
Role-playingList of RPGs
Video game(s)Full list
Audio
Radio program(s)List of radio dramas
Original musicMusic
Miscellaneous
Toy(s)Merchandise
Theme park attraction(s)List of attractions

The original film (Star Wars), retroactively subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope (1977), was followed by the sequels Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983), forming the original Star Wars trilogy. Lucas later returned to the series to direct a prequel trilogy, consisting of Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002), and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005). In 2012, Lucas sold his production company to Disney, relinquishing his ownership of the franchise. This led to a sequel trilogy, consisting of Episode VII: The Force Awakens (2015), Episode VIII: The Last Jedi (2017), and Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker (2019).

All nine films of the "Skywalker Saga" were nominated for Academy Awards, with wins going to the first two releases. Together with the theatrical live action "anthology" films Rogue One (2016) and Solo (2018), the combined box office revenue of the films equated to over US$10 billion, which makes it the second-highest-grossing film franchise of all time.[3][4]

Premise

The Star Wars franchise depicts the adventures of characters "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away",[5] in which humans and many species of aliens (often humanoid) co-exist with robots (typically referred to in the films as 'droids'), who may assist them in their daily routines; space travel between planets is common due to lightspeed hyperspace technology.[6][7][8] The planets range from wealthy, planet-wide cities to deserts scarcely populated by primitive tribes. Virtually any Earth biome, along with many fictional ones, has its counterpart as a Star Wars planet which, in most cases, teem with sentient and non-sentient alien life.[9] The franchise also makes use of other astronomical objects such as asteroid fields and nebulae.[10][11] Spacecraft range from small starfighters, to huge capital ships such as the Star Destroyers, to space stations such as the moon-sized Death Stars. Telecommunication includes two-way audio and audiovisual screens, holographic projections, and HoloNet (internet counterpart).

The universe of Star Wars is generally similar to the real universe but its laws of physics are less strict allowing for more imaginative stories.[12] One result of that is a mystical power known as the Force which is described in the original film as "an energy field created by all living things ... [that] binds the galaxy together".[13] The field is depicted as a kind of pantheistic god.[14] Through training and meditation, those whom "the Force is strong with" exhibit various superpowers (such as telekinesis, precognition, telepathy, and manipulation of physical energy).[15] It is believed nothing is impossible for the Force.[16] The mentioned powers are wielded by two major knightly orders at conflict with each other: the Jedi, peacekeepers of the Galactic Republic who act on the light side of the Force through non-attachment and arbitration, and the Sith, who use the dark side by manipulating fear and aggression. While Jedi Knights can be numerous, the Dark Lords of the Sith (or 'Darths') are intended to be limited to two: a master and their apprentice.[17]

Force-wielders are very limited in numbers in comparison to the population. The Jedi and Sith prefer the use of a weapon called a lightsaber, a blade of plasma that can cut through virtually any surface and deflect energy bolts. The rest of the population, as well as renegades and soldiers, use plasma-powered blaster firearms. As a result of galaxy-scaled politics (involving republics, empires, kingdoms, alliances, etc.), all this weaponry is made use of in various military conflicts during which most Star Wars material takes place. In the outer reaches of the galaxy, crime syndicates such as the Hutt cartel are dominant. Bounty hunters are often employed by both gangsters and governments. Illicit activities include smuggling and slavery.

The combination of science fiction and fantasy elements makes Star Wars a very universal franchise, capable of telling stories of various genres.[18]

Films

Main article: List of Star Wars films

The Skywalker Saga

Film U.S. release date Directed by Screenplay by Story by Produced by Refs
Original trilogy: Episodes IV–VI
Star Wars May 25, 1977 (1977-05-25) George Lucas George Lucas Gary Kurtz [19][20]
The Empire Strikes Back May 21, 1980 (1980-05-21) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan [21][22]
Return of the Jedi May 25, 1983 (1983-05-25) Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian [23][24]
Prequel trilogy: Episodes I–III
The Phantom Menace May 19, 1999 (1999-05-19) George Lucas George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum [25]
Attack of the Clones May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales [26][27]
Revenge of the Sith May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19) George Lucas [28][29]
Sequel trilogy: Episodes VII–IX
The Force Awakens December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) J. J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk [23][30]
The Last Jedi December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman [31][32]
The Rise of Skywalker December 20, 2019 (2019-12-20) J. J. Abrams Chris Terrio & J. J. Abrams Derek Connolly & Colin Trevorrow and J. J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy, J. J. Abrams and Michelle Rejwan [33][34]

Anthology films

Film U.S. release date Directed by Screenplay by Story by Produced by Refs
Star Wars: The Clone Wars August 10, 2008 (2008-08-10) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy, Steven Melching & Scott Murphy Catherine Winder [35]
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy, Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel [36]
Solo: A Star Wars Story May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25) Ron Howard Jonathan Kasdan & Lawrence Kasdan [37]

Upcoming films

Film U.S. release date Directed by Screenplay by Story by Produced by Status Refs
Untitled Dawn of the Jedi film TBA James Mangold Kathleen Kennedy In development [38]
Untitled New Republic film Dave Filoni [38]
Untitled New Jedi Order film Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy Steven Knight [38]
Untitled Star Wars film Taika Waititi Taika Waititi and Krysty Wilson-Cairns [39]
Rogue Squadron Patty Jenkins Matthew Robinson [40]
Untitled Star Wars film Shawn Levy TBA TBA [41]

The Star Wars film series centers around three sets of trilogies, the nine films of which are collectively referred to as the "Skywalker Saga".[42] They were produced non-chronologically, with Episodes IV–VI (the original trilogy) being released between 1977 and 1983, Episodes I–III (the prequel trilogy) being released between 1999 and 2005, and Episodes VII–IX (the sequel trilogy), being released between 2015 and 2019. Each trilogy focuses on a generation of the Force-sensitive Skywalker family. The original trilogy depicts the heroic development of Luke Skywalker, the prequels tell the backstory of his father Anakin, while the sequels feature Luke's nephew, Ben Solo, and Luke's protegé Rey.

An anthology series set between the main episodes entered development in parallel to the production of the sequel trilogy,[43] described by Disney chief financial officer Jay Rasulo as origin stories.[44] The first entry, Rogue One (2016), tells the story of the rebels who steal the Death Star plans just before Episode IV.[45][46] Solo (2018) focuses on Han Solo's backstory, also featuring original trilogy co-protagonists Chewbacca and Lando Calrissian and involving prequel trilogy villain Darth Maul.

As of June 2023, three dates have been reserved for Star Wars films: May 22, 2026, December 18, 2026, and December 17, 2027.[47][48] In April 2023, three new films were announced with stories spanning different eras within the franchise. James Mangold will write and direct an untitled "Dawn of the Jedi" film, which will take place 25,000 years prior to A New Hope and will explore the earliest Jedi. Dave Filoni will direct an untitled "New Republic" movie, described as an event film culminating the various television series on Disney+, which will serve as the end of The Mandalorian show. Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy will direct a third movie, currently untitled but set during an age the studio named as the "New Jedi Order". Steven Knight wrote the script, which will take place fifteen years after The Rise of Skywalker, and explore Rey Skywalker's experiences as a new Jedi Master re-establishing the Jedi Order.[38][49]

Other potential projects

Lucasfilm has a number of Star Wars films in development, two of which were confirmed during Disney Investor Day 2020.

  • Untitled Rian Johnson trilogy: In November 2017, a trilogy of movies written by The Last Jedi writer/director Rian Johnson was announced to be in development.[50][51] In April 2023, Kennedy stated that trilogy of films is still in open development at the studio, with the writer/director working on the story, although it is not currently a priority.[52]
  • Untitled David Benioff & D.B. Weiss trilogy: In February 2018, it was announced that David Benioff and D.B. Weiss would serve as writers and producers on a trilogy of new Star Wars movies.[53] The plot would take place chronologically before the Prequel Trilogy, and center around the origin of the Jedi.[54] By May 2019, the duo were also slated to serve as co-directors of the first installment in their three films.[55] In October of the same year however, the filmmaking duo exited development of the projects due to scheduling conflicts with projects they are developing for Netflix. Kennedy stated that the studio is open to working with the duo, and developing their films once their schedule allows it.[56]
  • Untitled Kevin Feige film: In September 2019, it was announced that Kathleen Kennedy and Kevin Feige would collaborate to develop a Star Wars film.[57] In January 2021, Michael Waldron was hired as screenwriter for the project;[58] however, the film's active development was stalled as of May 2022.[59] In April 2023, Kennedy stated that the project had never advanced past preliminary discussions,[60] despite the fact that Alan Horn, the former-Chairman of The Walt Disney Company, officially announcing the project in September 2019.[61][62] In the same interview, she acknowledged that the studio is still open to the project, and would like to work with Feige.[60]
  • Unititled Taika Waititi film: In May 2020, Taika Waititi signed onto the project which was stated to be the first priority for the studio, with the filmmaker Waititi serving as director from a script he is co-writing with Krysty Wilson-Cairns.[63] In May 2022, the movie was named as the next Star Wars film to begin production ahead of Rogue Squadron, with Kennedy stating that the studio was tentatively looking towards late 2023 for a debut, but had not yet officially set a release date.[59][64] By April 2023, she stated that the project is still in development, with Waititi continuing to work on the script.[47][52]
  • Rogue Squadron: An anthology film, following the events of Rogue One, will be directed by Patty Jenkins with a script written by Matthew Robinson.[65] In April 2023, Kennedy stated that the script is still in development, with the studio considering changing the project into a television series.[66]
  • Untitled J.D. Dillard film: In February 2020, a film was announced to be in development from director J. D. Dillard and writer Matt Owens;[67] although, Dillard announced he was no longer to direct that film in November 2022.[68]
  • Star Wars: A Droid Story: In December 2020, an animated film centered around the adventures of R2-D2 and C-3PO was announced as being in development; the story will introduce a new heroic character to the franchise, alongside these characters. The project will be a joint-venture production between Lucasfilm Animation, and Industrial Light & Magic. The film is being developed to debut via streaming, exclusively through Disney+.[69][70][71]
  • Untitled Shawn Levy film: In November 2022, Shawn Levy entered talks to direct a Star Wars film, following his work on Deadpool 3 (2024) and the fifth and final season of Stranger Things.[72]

History

Original trilogy

Main article: Star Wars original trilogy
 
 
 
 
The original trilogy's main cast includes (from left to right) Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker), Harrison Ford (Han Solo), Carrie Fisher (Princess Leia), and James Earl Jones (Darth Vader's voice).

In 1971, George Lucas wanted to film an adaptation of the Flash Gordon serial, but could not obtain the rights, so he began developing his own space opera.[73][d] After directing American Graffiti (1973), he wrote a two-page synopsis, which 20th Century Fox decided to invest in.[74][75] By 1974, he had expanded the story into the first draft of a screenplay.[76] Fox expected the film would be of limited financial success, and so it was given a relatively low budget, with production being moved to Elstree Studios in England to help save on cost.[77] Many of the scenes were shot in England, and so featured a number of British actors. The Star Wars robots were built by the small English company Peteric Engineering. A 2019 BBC documentary revealed how the parts required to create these machines and other now iconic film props, including the light sabers (originally called 'laser guns'), were ingeniously recycled from items scavenged in junk shops, ever conscious of the need to spend as little money as possible.[78] The 1977 movie's success led Lucas to make it the basis of an elaborate film serial.[79] With the backstory he created for the sequel, Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy of trilogies.[80] Most of the main cast would return for the two additional installments of the original trilogy, which were self-financed by Lucasfilm.

Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977, and first subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in the 1979 book The Art of Star Wars.[81] Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21, 1980, also achieving wide financial and critical success. The final film in the trilogy, Episode VI: Return of the Jedi was released on May 25, 1983. The story of the original trilogy focuses on Luke Skywalker's quest to become a Jedi, his struggle with the evil Imperial agent Darth Vader, and the struggle of the Rebel Alliance to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire.

Prequel trilogy

Main article: Star Wars prequel trilogy
 
 
 
 
The prequel trilogy's main cast includes (from left to right) Ewan McGregor (Obi-Wan Kenobi), Natalie Portman (Padmé Amidala), Hayden Christensen (Anakin Skywalker),[e] and Ian McDiarmid (Palpatine).

According to producer Gary Kurtz, loose plans for a prequel trilogy were developed during the outlining of the original two films.[82] In 1980, Lucas confirmed that he had the nine-film series plotted,[83] but due to the stress of producing the original trilogy, he had decided to cancel further sequels by 1981.[84] In 1983, Lucas explained that "There was never a script completed that had the entire story as it exists now ... As the stories unfolded, I would take certain ideas and save them ... I kept taking out all the good parts, and I just kept telling myself I would make other movies someday."[85]

Technical advances in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the ability to create computer-generated imagery (CGI), inspired Lucas to consider that it might be possible to revisit his saga. In 1989, Lucas stated that the prequels would be "unbelievably expensive".[86] In 1992, he acknowledged that he had plans to create the prequel trilogy.[87] A theatrical rerelease of the original trilogy in 1997 "updated" the 20-year-old films with the style of CGI envisioned for the new trilogy.

Episode I: The Phantom Menace was released on May 19, 1999, and Episode II: Attack of the Clones on May 16, 2002. Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, the first PG-13 film in the franchise, was released on May 19, 2005.[88] The first two movies were met with mixed reviews, with the third being received somewhat more positively. The trilogy begins 32 years before Episode IV and follows the Jedi training of Anakin Skywalker, Luke's father, and his eventual fall from grace and transformation into the Sith lord Darth Vader, as well as the corruption of the Galactic Republic and rise of the Empire led by Darth Sidious. Together with the original trilogy, Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as "the tragedy of Darth Vader".[89]

Sequel trilogy

Main article: Star Wars sequel trilogy
 
 
 
 
The sequel trilogy's main cast includes (from left to right) Adam Driver (Kylo Ren), Daisy Ridley (Rey), John Boyega (Finn), and Oscar Isaac (Poe Dameron).

Prior to releasing the original film, and made possible by its success, Lucas planned "three trilogies of nine films".[80][90] However, he announced to Time in 1978 that he planned "10 sequels".[91] He confirmed that he had outlined the prequels and sequels in 1981.[92] At various stages of development, the sequel trilogy was to focus on the rebuilding of the Republic,[93] the return of Luke in a role similar to that of Obi-Wan Kenobi in the original trilogy,[90] Luke's sister (not yet determined to be Leia),[82] Han, Leia,[94] R2-D2 and C-3PO.[80][95] However, after beginning work on the prequel trilogy, Lucas insisted that Star Wars was meant to be a six-part series and that there would be no sequel trilogy.[96][97]

Lucas decided to leave the franchise in the hands of other filmmakers, announcing in January 2012 that he would make no more Star Wars films.[98] That October, the Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Episode VII would be released in 2015.[99] The co-chairman of Lucasfilm, Kathleen Kennedy, became president and served as executive producer of new Star Wars feature films.[100] Lucas provided Kennedy his story treatments for the sequels during the 2012 sale,[101] but in 2015 it was revealed Lucas's sequel outline had been discarded.[102][103] The sequel trilogy also meant the end of the existing Star Wars Expanded Universe, which was discarded from canon to give "maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience."[2]

Episode VII: The Force Awakens was released on December 16, 2015, Episode VIII: The Last Jedi on December 13, 2017, and Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker on December 18, 2019, in many countries.[f] The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi were both critical and box office successes.[104][105] Episode IX received a mixed reception from critics and audiences.[106] The sequel trilogy starts 30 years after Episode VI and focuses on the journey of the Force-sensitive orphan Rey, guided by Luke Skywalker. Along with ex-stormtrooper Finn and ace X-Wing pilot Poe Dameron, Rey helps the Resistance, led by Leia, fight the First Order, commanded by Han and Leia's son (and Luke's nephew), Kylo Ren.

Anthology films

 
 
 
 
The anthology films' main casts include (from left to right) Felicity Jones (Jyn Erso) and Diego Luna (Cassian Andor) from Rogue One: A Star Wars Story and Alden Ehrenreich (Han Solo) and Woody Harrelson (Tobias Beckett) from Solo: A Star Wars Story.

Lucasfilm and Kennedy have stated that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars anthology series[45] (though the word anthology has not been used in any of the titles, instead carrying the promotional "A Star Wars Story" subtitle). Focused on how the Rebels obtained the Death Star plans introduced in the 1977 film, the first anthology film, Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, was released on December 16, 2016, to favorable reviews and box office success. The second, Solo: A Star Wars Story, centered on a young Han Solo with Chewbacca and Lando as supporting characters, was released on May 25, 2018, to generally favorable reviews and underperformance at the box office. The television series Obi-Wan Kenobi was originally going to be a film instead but changed to a limited series due to Solo underperforming.[107] Despite this, more anthology films are expected to be released,[108] following a hiatus after 2019's The Rise of Skywalker.[109]

Television

The Star Wars franchise has been spun off to various television productions, including two animated series released in the mid-1980s. Further animated series began to be released in the 2000s, the first two of which focused on the Clone Wars. After Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm, only the later CGI series remained canon. Eight live-action Star Wars series will be released on Disney+. The first, The Mandalorian, premiered on November 12, 2019, and won the 2020 Webby Award for Television & Film in the category Social.[110] Disney+ later released the Ewoks movies and animated series, along with the animated first appearance of Boba Fett from the Star Wars Holiday Special, and the Clone Wars animated micro-series in a section called "Star Wars Vintage", which also includes the Droids animated series.[111][112] Certain aspects of the original Clone Wars micro-series are considered to not contradict the canon, while others do.[113]

Series

Main article: List of Star Wars television series

Many Star Wars series have been produced, both animated and live-action, the first being Droids and Ewoks in 1985. The Mandalorian, the first live-action series to take place in the Star Wars universe, has spawned multiple spinoffs and inspired other live-action series to be created. Confirmed upcoming live-action series include Ahsoka, Skeleton Crew, The Acolyte, and Lando.

SeriesSeasonsEpisodesOriginally releasedNetwork
Animated series
Droids113September 7, 1985 – June 7, 1986 (1985-09-07 – 1986-06-07)ABC
Ewoks226September 7, 1985 – December 13, 1986 (1985-09-07 – 1986-12-13)
The Clone Wars7133October 3, 2008 – May 4, 2020 (2008-10-03 – 2020-05-04)Cartoon Network / Netflix / Disney+
Rebels475October 3, 2014 – March 5, 2018 (2014-10-03 – 2018-03-05)Disney XD
Resistance240October 7, 2018 – January 26, 2020 (2018-10-07 – 2020-01-26)Disney Channel
The Bad Batch232May 4, 2021 – present (2021-05-04 – present)Disney+
Visions218September 22, 2021 – present (2021-09-22 – present)
Tales of the Jedi16October 26, 2022 – present (2022-10-26 – present)
Young Jedi Adventures17May 4, 2023 – present (2023-05-04 – present)Disney+ / Disney Junior
Animated micro-series and shorts
Clone Wars325November 7, 2003 – March 25, 2005 (2003-11-07 – 2005-03-25)Cartoon Network
Blips18May 3 – September 4, 2017 (2017-05-03 – 2017-09-04)YouTube
Forces of Destiny232July 3, 2017 – May 25, 2018 (2017-07-03 – 2018-05-25)
Galaxy of Adventures255November 30, 2018 – October 2, 2020 (2018-11-30 – 2020-10-02)
Roll Out116August 9, 2019 – April 1, 2020 (2019-08-09 – 2020-04-01)
Galaxy of Creatures224October 14, 2021 – February 21, 2023 (2021-10-14 – 2023-02-21)StarWarsKids.com
Galactic Pals112April 12 – November 1, 2022 (2022-04-12 – 2022-11-01)
"Zen – Grogu and Dust Bunnies"Short1November 12, 2022 (2022-11-12)Disney+
Live-action series
The Mandalorian324November 12, 2019 – present (2019-11-12 – present)Disney+
The Book of Boba Fett17December 29, 2021 – February 9, 2022 (2021-12-29 – 2022-02-09)
Obi-Wan Kenobi16May 27 – June 22, 2022 (2022-05-27 – 2022-06-22)
Andor112September 21, 2022 – present (2022-09-21 – present)
Game shows
Jedi Temple Challenge110June 10 – August 5, 2020 (2020-06-10 – 2020-08-05)StarWarsKids.com

Films and specials

Film U.S. release date Director(s) Teleplay by Story by Producer(s) Network
Star Wars Holiday Special November 17, 1978 (1978-11-17) Steve Binder Pat Proft, Leonard Ripps, Bruce Vilanch, Rod Warren, and Mitzie Welch Joe Layton, Jeff Starsh, Ken Welch, and Mitzie Welch CBS
The Ewok Adventure November 25, 1984 (1984-11-25) John Korty Bob Carrau George Lucas Thomas G. Smith and Patricia Rose Duignan ABC
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor November 24, 1985 (1985-11-24) Jim Wheat and Ken Wheat Thomas G. Smith and Ian Bryce

Fictional timeline

See also: Star Wars in other media § Legends fictional timeline
Skywalker sagaCount DookuTales of the Jedi (TV series)The Acolyte (TV series)The High Republic (Star Wars)The High Republic (Star Wars)
Ahsoka TanoTales of the Jedi (TV series)Star Wars ResistanceStar Wars RebelsThe Bad Batch (Star Wars)The Clone Wars (TV series)Star Wars sequel trilogyList of Star Wars television seriesAhsoka (TV series)The Book of Boba FettThe MandalorianRogue OneStar Wars original trilogyAndor (TV series)Obi-Wan Kenobi (TV series)Solo: A Star Wars StoryStar Wars prequel trilogy

The Star Wars canon fictional universe spans multiple eras, of which three are focused around each of the film trilogies. The following eras were defined in January 2021,[114] and further refined and expanded in April 2023.[115]

The Expanded Universe of spin-off media depicts different levels of continuity, which were deemed non-canonical and rebranded as Legends on April 25, 2014, to make most subsequent works align to the episodic films, The Clone Wars film, and television series.[2]

Other media

Main article: Star Wars in other media

From 1976 to 2014, the term Expanded Universe (EU) was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling material set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films, including novels, comics, and video games.[125] Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25, 2014, when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production. Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label,[125] with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game The Old Republic the only Legends material to still be produced. The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films, the animated film The Clone Wars (2008), and its companion animated series. All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the story group, announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise.[2] Multiple comics series from Marvel and novels published by Del Rey were produced after the announcement.

Print media

Star Wars in print predates the release of the first film, with the November 1976 novelization of Star Wars, initially subtitled "From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker". Credited to Lucas, it was ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster.[126] The first "Expanded Universe" story appeared in Marvel Comics' Star Wars #7 in January 1978 (the first six issues being an adaptation of the film), followed by Foster's sequel novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following month.

Novels

Further information: List of Star Wars books
 
Timothy Zahn authored the Thrawn trilogy, which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise in the early 1990s.

After penning the novelization of the original film, Foster followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978). The novelizations of The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn followed, as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy (1979–1980) by Brian Daley,[127] and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian trilogy (1983) by L. Neil Smith.[128][129]

Timothy Zahn's bestselling Thrawn trilogy (1991–1993) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn, Mara Jade, Talon Karrde, and Gilad Pellaeon.[130][131][132][133] The first novel, Heir to the Empire, reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list,[134] and the series finds Luke, Leia, and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn, who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire.[135] In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes, but she and Han ultimately marry.[136][137] Steve Perry's Shadows of the Empire (1996), set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game.[138][139] The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor, another popular character who would appear in multiple other works.[138][140] Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson,[141][142] the 14-book Young Jedi Knights series (1995–1998) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta,[142][143] and the X-wing series (1996–2012) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston.[144][145][146]

Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999, releasing what would become a 19-installment novel series called The New Jedi Order (1999–2003). Written by multiple authors, the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[147][148] The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force (2006–2008) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force; among his evil deeds, he kills Luke's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith. Although no longer canon, the story is paralleled in The Force Awakens with Han and Leia's son Ben Solo, who becomes the evil Kylo Ren.[149][150][151][152]

Three series set in the prequel era were published by Scholastic for younger audiences: the 18-book Jedi Apprentice (1999–2002) chronicles the adventures of Obi-Wan Kenobi and his master Qui-Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace; the 11-book Jedi Quest (2001–2004) follows Obi-Wan and his own apprentice, Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones; and the 10-book The Last of the Jedi (2005–2008), set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith, features Obi-Wan and the last few surviving Jedi. In 2019, a new prequel era novel, starring Qui-Gon and the young Obi-Wan, was published by Del Rey under the title Star Wars: Master and Apprentice.[153]

Although Thrawn had been designated a Legends character in 2014, he was reintroduced into the canon in 2016 for the third season of the Rebels animated series, with Zahn returning to write more novels based on the character and set in the new canon.[154][155]

Comics

Main articles: Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books

Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986.[156][157][158][159] Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979. The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form, as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series.[160] From 1985 to 1987, the animated children's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel's Star Comics line.[161][162][163] According to Marvel comics former Editor-In-Chief Jim Shooter, the strong sales of Star Wars comics saved Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978.[164] Marvel's Star Wars series was one of the industry's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980.[165] The only downside for Marvel was that the 100,000 copy sales quota was surpassed quickly, allowing Lippincott to renegotiate the royalty arrangements from a position of strength.[166]

In the late 1980s, Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development, which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire series (1991–1995).[167] Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy, including Tales of the Jedi (1993–1998), X-wing Rogue Squadron (1995–1998), Star Wars: Republic (1998–2006), Star Wars Tales (1999–2005), Star Wars: Empire (2002–2006), and Knights of the Old Republic (2006–2010).[168][169]

After Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm, it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics,[170] whose parent company, Marvel Entertainment, Disney had purchased in 2009.[171] Launched in 2015, the first three publications were titled Star Wars, Darth Vader, and the limited series Princess Leia.[172][173][174]

First announced as Project Luminous at Star Wars Celebration in April 2019, the Star Wars: The High Republic publishing initiative were revealed in a press conference in February 2020. Involving the majority of the then current officially licensed publishers, a new era set 200 years before the Skywalker Saga was explored in various books and comics. Including ongoing titles by Marvel and IDW Publishing, written by Cavan Scott and Daniel José Older respectively.[175]

Audio

Soundtracks and singles

Further information: Music of Star Wars

John Williams composed the soundtracks for the nine episodic films; he has stated that he will retire from the franchise with The Rise of Skywalker.[176] He also composed Han Solo's theme for Solo: A Star Wars Story; John Powell adapted and composed the rest of the score.[177] Michael Giacchino composed the score of Rogue One.[177] Ludwig Göransson scored and composed the music of The Mandalorian.[178] Williams also created the main theme for Galaxy's Edge.[179]

Audio novels

Further information: The Story of Star Wars and List of Star Wars books

The first Star Wars audio work is The Story of Star Wars, an LP using audio samples from the original film and a new narration to retell the story, released in 1977. Most later printed novels were adapted into audio novels, usually released on cassette tape and re-released on CD. As of 2019, audio-only novels have been released not directly based on printed media.[180]

Radio

Further information: Star Wars (radio)

Radio adaptations of the films were also produced. Lucas, a fan of the NPR-affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California, licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC-FM for US$1. The production used John Williams's original film score, along with Ben Burtt's sound effects.[181][182]

The first was written by science-fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981, adapting the original 1977 film into 13 episodes.[183][181][182] Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles.[183][181]

The overwhelming success, led to a 10-episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back debuted in 1983.[184] Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars, reprising his role as Lando Calrissian.[citation needed]

In 1983, Buena Vista Records released an original, 30-minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell, written by Daley.[182][185] In the 1990s, Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas: the three-part Dark Empire saga, Tales of the Jedi, Dark Lords of the Sith, the Dark Forces trilogy, and Crimson Empire (1998).[185] Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6-episodes in 1996, featuring Daniels.[181][185]

Video games

Further information: Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games

The Star Wars franchise has spawned over one hundred[186] computer, video, and board games, dating back to some of the earliest home consoles. Some are based directly on the movie material, while others rely heavily on the non-canonical Expanded Universe (rebranded as Star Wars Legends and removed from the canon in 2014). Star Wars games have gone through three significant development eras, marked by a change in leadership among the developers: the early licensed games, those developed after the creation of LucasArts, and those created after the closure of the Lucasfilm division by Disney and the transfer of the license to Electronic Arts.

Early licensed games (1979–1993)

The first officially licensed electronic Star Wars game was Kenner's 1979 table-top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command.[187][188] In 1982, Parker Brothers published the first Star Wars video game for the Atari 2600, Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back,[189] followed soon the year later by Star Wars: Jedi Arena, the first video game to depict lightsaber combat. They were followed in 1983 by Atari's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars, with vector graphics to replicate the Death Star trench run scene from the 1977 film.[190] The next game, Star Wars: Return of the Jedi (1984), has more traditional raster graphics,[191] while the following Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (1985) has vector graphics.[192]

Platform games were made for the Nintendo Entertainment System, including the Japan-exclusive Star Wars (1987), an international Star Wars (1991), and Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (1992). Super Star Wars (1992) was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, with two sequels over the next two years.

LucasArts and modern self-published games (1993–2014)

Main article: LucasArts

Lucasfilm founded its own video game company in 1982, becoming best known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games, but as George Lucas took more interest in the increasing success of the video game market, he wanted to have more creative control over the games and founded his own development company, LucasArts. Improved graphics allowed games to tell complex narratives, which allowed for the retelling of the films, and eventually original narratives set in the same continuity, with voice-overs and CGI cutscenes. In 1993, LucasArts released Star Wars: X-Wing, the first self-published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulator based on the franchise.[193] It was one of the bestselling video games of 1993 and established its own series of games.[193] The Rogue Squadron series was released between 1998 and 2003, also focusing on space battles set during the films.

Dark Forces (1995), a hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy,[194] was the first Star Wars first-person shooter.[195] It featured gameplay and graphical features not then common in other games, made possible by LucasArts' custom-designed game engine, the Jedi.[195][194][196][197] The game was well received,[198][199][200] and it was followed by four sequels.[201][202] The series introduced Kyle Katarn, who would appear in multiple games, novels, and comics.[203] Katarn is a former stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and becomes a Jedi,[195][204][205] a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the sequel trilogy films.[149] A massively multiplayer online role-playing game, Star Wars Galaxies, was in operation from 2003 until 2011. After Disney bought Lucasfilm, LucasArts ceased its role as a developer in 2013, although it still operates as a licensor.[206]

EA Star Wars (2014–present)

Following its acquisition of the franchise, Disney reassigned video game rights to Electronic Arts. Games made during this era are considered canonical, and feature more influence from the Star Wars filmmakers. Disney partnered with Lenovo to create the augmented reality video game Jedi Challenges, released in November 2017.[207][208] In August 2018, it was announced that Zynga would publish free-to-play Star Wars mobile games.[209] The Battlefront games received a canonical reboot with Star Wars: Battlefront in November 2015, which was followed by a sequel, Battlefront II, in November 2017. A single-player action-adventure game, Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order, with an original story and cast of characters, was released in November 2019. A space combat game titled Star Wars: Squadrons, which builds upon the space battles from Battlefront, was released in October 2020.

Theme park attractions

Main article: List of Star Wars theme parks attractions

In addition to the Disneyland ride Star Tours (1987) and its successor, Star Tours: The Adventures Continue (2011), many live attractions have been held at Disney parks, including the traveling exhibition Where Science Meets Imagination, the Space Mountain spin-off Hyperspace Mountain, a walkthrough Launch Bay, and the night-time A Galactic Spectacular. An immersive themed area called Galaxy's Edge (2019) opened at Disneyland and opened at Walt Disney World in mid-2019.[210] A themed hotel, Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser, is currently under construction at Walt Disney World.[211]

Title Park(s) Opening date Closing date
Star Tours Disneyland January 9, 1987 (1987-01-09) July 27, 2010 (2010-07-27)
Tokyo Disneyland July 12, 1989 (1989-07-12) April 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)
Disney's Hollywood Studios December 15, 1989 (1989-12-15) September 7, 2010 (2010-09-07)
Disneyland Paris April 12, 1992 (1992-04-12) March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16)
Star Wars Weekends Disney's Hollywood Studios 1997 (1997) November 2015 (2015)
Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19, 2005 (2005-10-19) March 23, 2014 (2014-03-23)
Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1, 2006 (2006-19-01) November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
Disney's Hollywood Studios October 9, 2007 (2007-10-09) October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)
Star Tours: The Adventures Continue Disney's Hollywood Studios May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20) N/A (Operating)
Disneyland June 3, 2011 (2011-06-03)
Tokyo Disneyland May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)
Disneyland Paris March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
Star Wars: Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14, 2015 (2015-11-14) May 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)
Hong Kong Disneyland June 11, 2016 (2016-06-11) N/A (Operating)
Disneyland Paris May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)
Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
Disney's Hollywood Studios December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)
Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16, 2016 (2016-06-16)
Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple Disney's Hollywood Studios December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
Disneyland December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
Disneyland Paris July 11, 2015 (2015-07-11)
Hong Kong Disneyland June 25, 2016 (2016-06-25)
Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular Disney's Hollywood Studios June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge Disneyland May 31, 2019 (2019-05-31)
Disney's Hollywood Studios August 29, 2019 (2019-08-29)
Star Wars: Millennium Falcon - Smugglers Run Disneyland May 31, 2019 (2019-05-31)
Disney's Hollywood Studios August 29, 2019 (2019-08-29)
Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance Disney's Hollywood Studios December 5, 2019 (2019-12-05)
Disneyland January 17, 2020 (2020-01-17)

Multimedia projects

A multimedia project involves works released across multiple types of media. Shadows of the Empire (1996) was a multimedia project set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry, a comic book series, a video game, and action figures.[138][139] The Force Unleashed (2008–2010) was a similar project set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope that included a novel, a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel, a graphic novel, a role-playing game supplement, and toys.[212][213]

Merchandising

Main articles: Kenner Star Wars action figures, List of Kenner Star Wars action figures, Star Wars: The Vintage Collection, Lego Star Wars, Star Wars trading card, and Star Wars role-playing games
 
George Lucas made much of his fortune by retaining his rights to the franchise's merchandising.

The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world. While filming the original 1977 film, George Lucas decided to take a $500,000 pay cut to his salary as director in exchange for full ownership of the franchise's merchandising rights. By 1987, the first three films have made US$2.6 billion in merchandising revenue.[214] By 2012, the first six films produced approximately US$20 billion in merchandising revenue.[215]

Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the original film, and today the original figures are highly valuable. Since the 1990s, Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga. Pez dispensers began to be produced in 1997.[216] Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego history.[217] Lego has produced animated parody short films and mini-series to promote their Star Wars sets.[218] The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed bestsellers.[219][220]

In 1977, the board game Star Wars: Escape from the Death Star was released.[221][j] A Star Wars Monopoly and themed versions of Trivial Pursuit and Battleship were released in 1997, with updated versions released in subsequent years. The board game Risk has been adapted in two editions by Hasbro: The Clone Wars Edition (2005)[223] and the Original Trilogy Edition (2006).[224] Three Star Wars tabletop role-playing games have been developed: a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s, one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s, and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s.

Star Wars Trading Cards have been published since the first "blue" series, by Topps, in 1977.[225] Dozens of series have been produced, with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States. Each card series are of film stills or original art. Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare "promos", such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II "floating Yoda" P3 card often commanding US$1,000 or more. While most "base" or "common card" sets are plentiful, many "insert" or "chase cards" are very rare.[226] From 1995 until 2001, Decipher, Inc. had the license for, created, and produced the Star Wars Customizable Card Game.

Themes

See also: Star Wars sources and analogues

Star Wars features elements such as knighthood, chivalry, and Jungian archetypes such as "the shadow".[227] There are also many references to Christianity, such as in the appearance of Darth Maul, whose design draws heavily from traditional depictions of the devil.[228] Anakin was conceived of a virgin birth, and is assumed to be the "Chosen One", a messianic individual. However, unlike Jesus, Anakin falls from grace, remaining evil as Darth Vader until Return of the Jedi. According to Adam Driver, sequel trilogy villain Kylo Ren, who idolizes Vader, believes he is "doing what he thinks is right".[229] George Lucas has said that the theme of the saga is redemption.[230]

The saga draws heavily from the hero's journey, an archetypical template developed by comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell.[228] Each character—primarily Anakin, Luke, and Rey—follows the steps of the cycle or undergoes its reversal, becoming the villain.[231] A defining step of the journey is "Atonement with the Father".[232] Obi-Wan's loss of a father figure could have impacted his relationship with Anakin,[233] whom both Obi-Wan and Palpatine are fatherlike mentors to.[234] Luke's discovery that Vader is his father has strong repercussions on the saga and is regarded as one of the most influential plot twists in cinema.[235] Supreme Leader Snoke encourages Kylo Ren to kill his father, Han Solo.[229] Kylo uses the fact that Rey is an orphan to tempt her into joining the dark side.[236] According to Inverse, the final scene in The Last Jedi, which depicts servant children playing with a toy of Luke and one boy using the Force, symbolizes that "the Force can be found in people with humble beginnings."[237]

Historical influences

Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise launched in 1977, focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship. Battles featuring the Ewoks and Gungans against the Empire and Trade Federation, respectively, represent the clash between a primitive society and a more advanced one, similar to the Vietnam-American War.[238][239] Darth Vader's design was initially inspired by Samurai armor, and also incorporated a German military helmet.[240][241] Originally, Lucas conceived of the Sith as a group that served the Emperor in the same way that the Schutzstaffel served Adolf Hitler; this was condensed into one character in the form of Vader.[242] Stormtroopers borrow the name of World War I German "shock" troopers. Imperial officers wear uniforms resembling those of German forces during World War II,[243] and political and security officers resemble the black-clad SS down to the stylized silver death's head on their caps. World War II terms were used for names in the films; e.g. the planets Kessel (a term that refers to a group of encircled forces) and Hoth (after a German general who served on the snow-laden Eastern Front).[244] Shots of the commanders looking through AT-AT walker viewscreens in The Empire Strikes Back resemble tank interiors,[245] and space battles in the original film were based on World War I and World War II dogfights.[246]

Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Hitler's role before appointing himself Führer.[243] Lucas has also drawn parallels to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, and politicians like Richard Nixon.[247][248][k] The Great Jedi Purge mirrors the events of the Night of the Long Knives.[250] The corruption of the Galactic Republic is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire.[251][252]

On the inspiration for the First Order formed "from the ashes of the Empire", The Force Awakens director J. J. Abrams spoke of conversations the writers had about how the Nazis could have escaped to Argentina after WWII and "started working together again."[123]

Cultural impact

Main article: Cultural impact of Star Wars
 
 
The lightsaber and the blaster are iconic elements of the franchise.

The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on popular culture,[253] with references to its fictional universe deeply embedded in everyday life.[254] Phrases like "evil empire" and "May the Force be with you" have become part of the popular lexicon.[255] The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier,[256] enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people.[257] The film can be said to have helped launch the science-fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, making science-fiction films a mainstream genre.[258] The widespread impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages, with popular examples including Hardware Wars, Spaceballs, The Family Guy Trilogy and Robot Chicken: Star Wars.

In 1989, the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[259] The Empire Strikes Back was selected in 2010,[260][261] and Return of the Jedi was selected in 2021.[262] 35 mm reels of the 1997 Special Editions were the versions initially presented for preservation because of the difficulty of transferring from the original prints,[263][264] but it was later revealed that the Library possesses a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical releases.[265]

Industry

The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox, and was credited for reinvigorating the company. Within three weeks of the film's release, the studio's stock price doubled to a record high. Prior to 1977, 20th Century Fox's greatest annual profits were $37 million, while in 1977, the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million.[246] The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate.[266]

Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films, switching the focus of Hollywood-made films from deep, meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict, themes and irony to sprawling special-effects-laden blockbusters, as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways. Before Star Wars, special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s.[267] The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state-of-the-art special effects in the late 1970s.[266] Along with Jaws, Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry, where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important.[268][257] It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did.[256]

Film critic Roger Ebert wrote in his book The Great Movies, "Like The Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane, Star Wars was a technical watershed that influenced many of the movies that came after." It began a new generation of special effects and high-energy motion pictures. The film was one of the first films to link genres together to invent a new, high-concept genre for filmmakers to build upon.[269] Finally, along with Steven Spielberg's Jaws, it shifted the film industry's focus away from personal filmmaking of the 1970s and towards fast-paced, big-budget blockbusters for younger audiences.[246][270][271]

Some critics have blamed Star Wars and Jaws for "ruining" Hollywood by shifting its focus from "sophisticated" films such as The Godfather, Taxi Driver, and Annie Hall to films about spectacle and juvenile fantasy, and for the industry shift from stand-alone, one and done films, towards blockbuster franchises with multiple sequels and prequels.[272] One such critic, Peter Biskind, complained, "When all was said and done, Lucas and Spielberg returned the 1970s audience, grown sophisticated on a diet of European and New Hollywood films, to the simplicities of the pre-1960s Golden Age of movies... They marched backward through the looking-glass."[272][273] In an opposing view, Tom Shone wrote that through Star Wars and Jaws, Lucas and Spielberg "didn't betray cinema at all: they plugged it back into the grid, returning the medium to its roots as a carnival sideshow, a magic act, one big special effect", which was "a kind of rebirth".[271]

The original Star Wars trilogy is widely considered one of the best film trilogies in history.[274] Numerous filmmakers have been influenced by Star Wars, including Damon Lindelof, Dean Devlin, Roland Emmerich, John Lasseter,[275] David Fincher, Joss Whedon, John Singleton, Kevin Smith,[269] and later Star Wars directors J. J. Abrams and Gareth Edwards.[276] Lucas's concept of a "used universe" particularly influenced Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982) and Alien (1979), James Cameron's Aliens (1986) as well as The Terminator (1984), George Miller's Mad Max 2 (1981), and Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003).[269] Christopher Nolan cited Star Wars as an influence when making the 2010 blockbuster film Inception.[277]

Fan works

Main article: Star Wars fan films

The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy. In recent years, this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films. In 2002, Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre. Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues, however, the contest was initially open only to parodies, mockumentaries, and documentaries. Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible, but in 2007, Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in-universe fiction entries.[278] Lucasfilm has allowed but not endorsed the creation of fan fiction, as long as it does not attempt to make a profit.[279]

Academia

As the characters and the storyline of the original trilogy are so well known, educators have used the films in the classroom as a learning resource. For example, a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students storytelling skills by role-playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio/visual scenery to enhance their performance.[280] Others have used the films to encourage second-level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype lightsabers.[281] Similarly, psychiatrists in New Zealand and the U.S. have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology.[282][283]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The film's release was preceded by its novelization in November 1976.
  2. ^ a b Later titled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope
  3. ^ Most existing spin-off media was made non-canon and rebranded as 'Legends' in April 2014.[2]
  4. ^ Lucas started by researching the inspiration behind Alex Raymond's Flash Gordon comic, leading him to the works of author Edgar Rice Burroughs—the John Carter of Mars series in particular.[73]
  5. ^ Played by Jake Lloyd as a child in Episode I
  6. ^ Each film was released two days later in the U.S.
  7. ^ The prequels feature a relatively sleek and new design aesthetic in comparison to the original trilogy.[116]
  8. ^ The original trilogy depicts the galaxy as dirty and grimy in George Lucas's depiction of a "used universe".[119]
  9. ^ The sequel trilogy made a return to what J. J. Abrams called "the wonderful preposterousness" of practical effects that were used to create the original trilogy.[122]
  10. ^ Not to be confused with the board game with the same name published in 1990[222]
  11. ^ In his early drafts, Lucas used the plot point of a dictator staying in power with the support of the military. In his comment (made in the prequel trilogy era) Lucas attributed this to Nixon's supposed intention to defy the 22nd Amendment,[249] but the president resigned and never ran for a third term.

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June 17, 2023
star, wars, this, article, about, media, franchise, whole, original, 1977, film, film, other, uses, disambiguation, american, epic, space, opera, multimedia, franchise, created, george, lucas, which, began, with, eponymous, 1977, film, quickly, became, worldwi. This article is about the media franchise as a whole For the original 1977 film see Star Wars film For other uses see Star Wars disambiguation Star Wars is an American epic space opera 1 multimedia franchise created by George Lucas which began with the eponymous 1977 film b and quickly became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon The franchise has been expanded into various films and other media including television series video games novels comic books theme park attractions and themed areas comprising an all encompassing fictional universe c Star Wars is one of the highest grossing media franchises of all time Star WarsCreated byGeorge LucasOriginal workStar Wars 1977 a b OwnerLucasfilm Ltd The Walt Disney Company Years1977 presentPrint publicationsBook s List of reference booksNovel s List of novelsShort storiesSee list of novelsComicsList of comicsComic strip s See list of comicsMagazine s Star Wars Insider 1987 present Films and televisionFilm s Full list Live action Skywalker Saga 9 films 1977 2019 Anthology 2 films 2016 present Animated The Clone Wars 2008 Television seriesFull list Animated Droids 1985 1986 Ewoks 1985 1986 Clone Wars 2003 2005 The Clone Wars 2008 2020 Rebels 2014 2018 Resistance 2018 2020 The Bad Batch 2021 present Visions 2021 2023 Tales of the Jedi 2022 present Young Jedi Adventures 2023 present Live action The Mandalorian 2019 present The Book of Boba Fett 2021 2022 Obi Wan Kenobi 2022 Andor 2022 present Television special s Holiday Special 1978 Television film s The Ewok Adventure 1984 The Battle for Endor 1985 GamesRole playingList of RPGsVideo game s Full list X Wing 4 games 1993 1999 Jedi Knight 4 games 1995 2003 Rogue Squadron 3 games 1998 2003 Knights of the Old Republic 3 games 2003 present Battlefront 8 games 2004 2017 Lego Star Wars 6 games 2005 present The Force Unleashed 2 games 2008 2010 AudioRadio program s List of radio dramasOriginal musicMusicMiscellaneousToy s MerchandiseTheme park attraction s List of attractionsThe original film Star Wars retroactively subtitled Episode IV A New Hope 1977 was followed by the sequels Episode V The Empire Strikes Back 1980 and Episode VI Return of the Jedi 1983 forming the original Star Wars trilogy Lucas later returned to the series to direct a prequel trilogy consisting of Episode I The Phantom Menace 1999 Episode II Attack of the Clones 2002 and Episode III Revenge of the Sith 2005 In 2012 Lucas sold his production company to Disney relinquishing his ownership of the franchise This led to a sequel trilogy consisting of Episode VII The Force Awakens 2015 Episode VIII The Last Jedi 2017 and Episode IX The Rise of Skywalker 2019 All nine films of the Skywalker Saga were nominated for Academy Awards with wins going to the first two releases Together with the theatrical live action anthology films Rogue One 2016 and Solo 2018 the combined box office revenue of the films equated to over US 10 billion which makes it the second highest grossing film franchise of all time 3 4 Contents 1 Premise 2 Films 2 1 The Skywalker Saga 2 2 Anthology films 2 3 Upcoming films 2 3 1 Other potential projects 2 4 History 2 4 1 Original trilogy 2 4 2 Prequel trilogy 2 4 3 Sequel trilogy 2 4 4 Anthology films 3 Television 3 1 Series 3 2 Films and specials 4 Fictional timeline 5 Other media 5 1 Print media 5 1 1 Novels 5 1 2 Comics 5 2 Audio 5 2 1 Soundtracks and singles 5 2 2 Audio novels 5 2 3 Radio 5 3 Video games 5 3 1 Early licensed games 1979 1993 5 3 2 LucasArts and modern self published games 1993 2014 5 3 3 EA Star Wars 2014 present 5 4 Theme park attractions 5 5 Multimedia projects 5 6 Merchandising 6 Themes 6 1 Historical influences 7 Cultural impact 7 1 Industry 7 1 1 Fan works 7 2 Academia 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External linksPremiseThe Star Wars franchise depicts the adventures of characters A long time ago in a galaxy far far away 5 in which humans and many species of aliens often humanoid co exist with robots typically referred to in the films as droids who may assist them in their daily routines space travel between planets is common due to lightspeed hyperspace technology 6 7 8 The planets range from wealthy planet wide cities to deserts scarcely populated by primitive tribes Virtually any Earth biome along with many fictional ones has its counterpart as a Star Wars planet which in most cases teem with sentient and non sentient alien life 9 The franchise also makes use of other astronomical objects such as asteroid fields and nebulae 10 11 Spacecraft range from small starfighters to huge capital ships such as the Star Destroyers to space stations such as the moon sized Death Stars Telecommunication includes two way audio and audiovisual screens holographic projections and HoloNet internet counterpart The universe of Star Wars is generally similar to the real universe but its laws of physics are less strict allowing for more imaginative stories 12 One result of that is a mystical power known as the Force which is described in the original film as an energy field created by all living things that binds the galaxy together 13 The field is depicted as a kind of pantheistic god 14 Through training and meditation those whom the Force is strong with exhibit various superpowers such as telekinesis precognition telepathy and manipulation of physical energy 15 It is believed nothing is impossible for the Force 16 The mentioned powers are wielded by two major knightly orders at conflict with each other the Jedi peacekeepers of the Galactic Republic who act on the light side of the Force through non attachment and arbitration and the Sith who use the dark side by manipulating fear and aggression While Jedi Knights can be numerous the Dark Lords of the Sith or Darths are intended to be limited to two a master and their apprentice 17 Force wielders are very limited in numbers in comparison to the population The Jedi and Sith prefer the use of a weapon called a lightsaber a blade of plasma that can cut through virtually any surface and deflect energy bolts The rest of the population as well as renegades and soldiers use plasma powered blaster firearms As a result of galaxy scaled politics involving republics empires kingdoms alliances etc all this weaponry is made use of in various military conflicts during which most Star Wars material takes place In the outer reaches of the galaxy crime syndicates such as the Hutt cartel are dominant Bounty hunters are often employed by both gangsters and governments Illicit activities include smuggling and slavery The combination of science fiction and fantasy elements makes Star Wars a very universal franchise capable of telling stories of various genres 18 FilmsMain article List of Star Wars films The Skywalker Saga Film U S release date Directed by Screenplay by Story by Produced by RefsOriginal trilogy Episodes IV VIStar Wars May 25 1977 1977 05 25 George Lucas George Lucas Gary Kurtz 19 20 The Empire Strikes Back May 21 1980 1980 05 21 Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan 21 22 Return of the Jedi May 25 1983 1983 05 25 Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian 23 24 Prequel trilogy Episodes I IIIThe Phantom Menace May 19 1999 1999 05 19 George Lucas George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 25 Attack of the Clones May 16 2002 2002 05 16 George Lucas and Jonathan Hales 26 27 Revenge of the Sith May 19 2005 2005 05 19 George Lucas 28 29 Sequel trilogy Episodes VII IXThe Force Awakens December 18 2015 2015 12 18 J J Abrams Lawrence Kasdan amp J J Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy J J Abrams and Bryan Burk 23 30 The Last Jedi December 15 2017 2017 12 15 Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman 31 32 The Rise of Skywalker December 20 2019 2019 12 20 J J Abrams Chris Terrio amp J J Abrams Derek Connolly amp Colin Trevorrow and J J Abrams amp Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy J J Abrams and Michelle Rejwan 33 34 Anthology films Film U S release date Directed by Screenplay by Story by Produced by RefsStar Wars The Clone Wars August 10 2008 2008 08 10 Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy Steven Melching amp Scott Murphy Catherine Winder 35 Rogue One A Star Wars Story December 16 2016 2016 12 16 Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel 36 Solo A Star Wars Story May 25 2018 2018 05 25 Ron Howard Jonathan Kasdan amp Lawrence Kasdan 37 Upcoming films Film U S release date Directed by Screenplay by Story by Produced by Status RefsUntitled Dawn of the Jedi film TBA James Mangold Kathleen Kennedy In development 38 Untitled New Republic film Dave Filoni 38 Untitled New Jedi Order film Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy Steven Knight 38 Untitled Star Wars film Taika Waititi Taika Waititi and Krysty Wilson Cairns 39 Rogue Squadron Patty Jenkins Matthew Robinson 40 Untitled Star Wars film Shawn Levy TBA TBA 41 The Star Wars film series centers around three sets of trilogies the nine films of which are collectively referred to as the Skywalker Saga 42 They were produced non chronologically with Episodes IV VI the original trilogy being released between 1977 and 1983 Episodes I III the prequel trilogy being released between 1999 and 2005 and Episodes VII IX the sequel trilogy being released between 2015 and 2019 Each trilogy focuses on a generation of the Force sensitive Skywalker family The original trilogy depicts the heroic development of Luke Skywalker the prequels tell the backstory of his father Anakin while the sequels feature Luke s nephew Ben Solo and Luke s protege Rey An anthology series set between the main episodes entered development in parallel to the production of the sequel trilogy 43 described by Disney chief financial officer Jay Rasulo as origin stories 44 The first entry Rogue One 2016 tells the story of the rebels who steal the Death Star plans just before Episode IV 45 46 Solo 2018 focuses on Han Solo s backstory also featuring original trilogy co protagonists Chewbacca and Lando Calrissian and involving prequel trilogy villain Darth Maul As of June 2023 three dates have been reserved for Star Wars films May 22 2026 December 18 2026 and December 17 2027 47 48 In April 2023 three new films were announced with stories spanning different eras within the franchise James Mangold will write and direct an untitled Dawn of the Jedi film which will take place 25 000 years prior to A New Hope and will explore the earliest Jedi Dave Filoni will direct an untitled New Republic movie described as an event film culminating the various television series on Disney which will serve as the end of The Mandalorian show Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy will direct a third movie currently untitled but set during an age the studio named as the New Jedi Order Steven Knight wrote the script which will take place fifteen years after The Rise of Skywalker and explore Rey Skywalker s experiences as a new Jedi Master re establishing the Jedi Order 38 49 Other potential projects Lucasfilm has a number of Star Wars films in development two of which were confirmed during Disney Investor Day 2020 Untitled Rian Johnson trilogy In November 2017 a trilogy of movies written by The Last Jedi writer director Rian Johnson was announced to be in development 50 51 In April 2023 Kennedy stated that trilogy of films is still in open development at the studio with the writer director working on the story although it is not currently a priority 52 Untitled David Benioff amp D B Weiss trilogy In February 2018 it was announced that David Benioff and D B Weiss would serve as writers and producers on a trilogy of new Star Wars movies 53 The plot would take place chronologically before the Prequel Trilogy and center around the origin of the Jedi 54 By May 2019 the duo were also slated to serve as co directors of the first installment in their three films 55 In October of the same year however the filmmaking duo exited development of the projects due to scheduling conflicts with projects they are developing for Netflix Kennedy stated that the studio is open to working with the duo and developing their films once their schedule allows it 56 Untitled Kevin Feige film In September 2019 it was announced that Kathleen Kennedy and Kevin Feige would collaborate to develop a Star Wars film 57 In January 2021 Michael Waldron was hired as screenwriter for the project 58 however the film s active development was stalled as of May 2022 59 In April 2023 Kennedy stated that the project had never advanced past preliminary discussions 60 despite the fact that Alan Horn the former Chairman of The Walt Disney Company officially announcing the project in September 2019 61 62 In the same interview she acknowledged that the studio is still open to the project and would like to work with Feige 60 Unititled Taika Waititi film In May 2020 Taika Waititi signed onto the project which was stated to be the first priority for the studio with the filmmaker Waititi serving as director from a script he is co writing with Krysty Wilson Cairns 63 In May 2022 the movie was named as the next Star Wars film to begin production ahead of Rogue Squadron with Kennedy stating that the studio was tentatively looking towards late 2023 for a debut but had not yet officially set a release date 59 64 By April 2023 she stated that the project is still in development with Waititi continuing to work on the script 47 52 Rogue Squadron An anthology film following the events of Rogue One will be directed by Patty Jenkins with a script written by Matthew Robinson 65 In April 2023 Kennedy stated that the script is still in development with the studio considering changing the project into a television series 66 Untitled J D Dillard film In February 2020 a film was announced to be in development from director J D Dillard and writer Matt Owens 67 although Dillard announced he was no longer to direct that film in November 2022 68 Star Wars A Droid Story In December 2020 an animated film centered around the adventures of R2 D2 and C 3PO was announced as being in development the story will introduce a new heroic character to the franchise alongside these characters The project will be a joint venture production between Lucasfilm Animation and Industrial Light amp Magic The film is being developed to debut via streaming exclusively through Disney 69 70 71 Untitled Shawn Levy film In November 2022 Shawn Levy entered talks to direct a Star Wars film following his work on Deadpool 3 2024 and the fifth and final season of Stranger Things 72 History Original trilogy Main article Star Wars original trilogy The original trilogy s main cast includes from left to right Mark Hamill Luke Skywalker Harrison Ford Han Solo Carrie Fisher Princess Leia and James Earl Jones Darth Vader s voice In 1971 George Lucas wanted to film an adaptation of the Flash Gordon serial but could not obtain the rights so he began developing his own space opera 73 d After directing American Graffiti 1973 he wrote a two page synopsis which 20th Century Fox decided to invest in 74 75 By 1974 he had expanded the story into the first draft of a screenplay 76 Fox expected the film would be of limited financial success and so it was given a relatively low budget with production being moved to Elstree Studios in England to help save on cost 77 Many of the scenes were shot in England and so featured a number of British actors The Star Wars robots were built by the small English company Peteric Engineering A 2019 BBC documentary revealed how the parts required to create these machines and other now iconic film props including the light sabers originally called laser guns were ingeniously recycled from items scavenged in junk shops ever conscious of the need to spend as little money as possible 78 The 1977 movie s success led Lucas to make it the basis of an elaborate film serial 79 With the backstory he created for the sequel Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy of trilogies 80 Most of the main cast would return for the two additional installments of the original trilogy which were self financed by Lucasfilm Star Wars was released on May 25 1977 and first subtitled Episode IV A New Hope in the 1979 book The Art of Star Wars 81 Episode V The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21 1980 also achieving wide financial and critical success The final film in the trilogy Episode VI Return of the Jedi was released on May 25 1983 The story of the original trilogy focuses on Luke Skywalker s quest to become a Jedi his struggle with the evil Imperial agent Darth Vader and the struggle of the Rebel Alliance to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire Prequel trilogy Main article Star Wars prequel trilogy The prequel trilogy s main cast includes from left to right Ewan McGregor Obi Wan Kenobi Natalie Portman Padme Amidala Hayden Christensen Anakin Skywalker e and Ian McDiarmid Palpatine According to producer Gary Kurtz loose plans for a prequel trilogy were developed during the outlining of the original two films 82 In 1980 Lucas confirmed that he had the nine film series plotted 83 but due to the stress of producing the original trilogy he had decided to cancel further sequels by 1981 84 In 1983 Lucas explained that There was never a script completed that had the entire story as it exists now As the stories unfolded I would take certain ideas and save them I kept taking out all the good parts and I just kept telling myself I would make other movies someday 85 Technical advances in the late 1980s and early 1990s including the ability to create computer generated imagery CGI inspired Lucas to consider that it might be possible to revisit his saga In 1989 Lucas stated that the prequels would be unbelievably expensive 86 In 1992 he acknowledged that he had plans to create the prequel trilogy 87 A theatrical rerelease of the original trilogy in 1997 updated the 20 year old films with the style of CGI envisioned for the new trilogy Episode I The Phantom Menace was released on May 19 1999 and Episode II Attack of the Clones on May 16 2002 Episode III Revenge of the Sith the first PG 13 film in the franchise was released on May 19 2005 88 The first two movies were met with mixed reviews with the third being received somewhat more positively The trilogy begins 32 years before Episode IV and follows the Jedi training of Anakin Skywalker Luke s father and his eventual fall from grace and transformation into the Sith lord Darth Vader as well as the corruption of the Galactic Republic and rise of the Empire led by Darth Sidious Together with the original trilogy Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as the tragedy of Darth Vader 89 Sequel trilogy Main article Star Wars sequel trilogy The sequel trilogy s main cast includes from left to right Adam Driver Kylo Ren Daisy Ridley Rey John Boyega Finn and Oscar Isaac Poe Dameron Prior to releasing the original film and made possible by its success Lucas planned three trilogies of nine films 80 90 However he announced to Time in 1978 that he planned 10 sequels 91 He confirmed that he had outlined the prequels and sequels in 1981 92 At various stages of development the sequel trilogy was to focus on the rebuilding of the Republic 93 the return of Luke in a role similar to that of Obi Wan Kenobi in the original trilogy 90 Luke s sister not yet determined to be Leia 82 Han Leia 94 R2 D2 and C 3PO 80 95 However after beginning work on the prequel trilogy Lucas insisted that Star Wars was meant to be a six part series and that there would be no sequel trilogy 96 97 Lucas decided to leave the franchise in the hands of other filmmakers announcing in January 2012 that he would make no more Star Wars films 98 That October the Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Episode VII would be released in 2015 99 The co chairman of Lucasfilm Kathleen Kennedy became president and served as executive producer of new Star Wars feature films 100 Lucas provided Kennedy his story treatments for the sequels during the 2012 sale 101 but in 2015 it was revealed Lucas s sequel outline had been discarded 102 103 The sequel trilogy also meant the end of the existing Star Wars Expanded Universe which was discarded from canon to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience 2 Episode VII The Force Awakens was released on December 16 2015 Episode VIII The Last Jedi on December 13 2017 and Episode IX The Rise of Skywalker on December 18 2019 in many countries f The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi were both critical and box office successes 104 105 Episode IX received a mixed reception from critics and audiences 106 The sequel trilogy starts 30 years after Episode VI and focuses on the journey of the Force sensitive orphan Rey guided by Luke Skywalker Along with ex stormtrooper Finn and ace X Wing pilot Poe Dameron Rey helps the Resistance led by Leia fight the First Order commanded by Han and Leia s son and Luke s nephew Kylo Ren Anthology films The anthology films main casts include from left to right Felicity Jones Jyn Erso and Diego Luna Cassian Andor from Rogue One A Star Wars Story and Alden Ehrenreich Han Solo and Woody Harrelson Tobias Beckett from Solo A Star Wars Story Lucasfilm and Kennedy have stated that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars anthology series 45 though the word anthology has not been used in any of the titles instead carrying the promotional A Star Wars Story subtitle Focused on how the Rebels obtained the Death Star plans introduced in the 1977 film the first anthology film Rogue One A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 2016 to favorable reviews and box office success The second Solo A Star Wars Story centered on a young Han Solo with Chewbacca and Lando as supporting characters was released on May 25 2018 to generally favorable reviews and underperformance at the box office The television series Obi Wan Kenobi was originally going to be a film instead but changed to a limited series due to Solo underperforming 107 Despite this more anthology films are expected to be released 108 following a hiatus after 2019 s The Rise of Skywalker 109 TelevisionThe Star Wars franchise has been spun off to various television productions including two animated series released in the mid 1980s Further animated series began to be released in the 2000s the first two of which focused on the Clone Wars After Disney s acquisition of Lucasfilm only the later CGI series remained canon Eight live action Star Wars series will be released on Disney The first The Mandalorian premiered on November 12 2019 and won the 2020 Webby Award for Television amp Film in the category Social 110 Disney later released the Ewoks movies and animated series along with the animated first appearance of Boba Fett from the Star Wars Holiday Special and the Clone Wars animated micro series in a section called Star Wars Vintage which also includes the Droids animated series 111 112 Certain aspects of the original Clone Wars micro series are considered to not contradict the canon while others do 113 Series Main article List of Star Wars television series Many Star Wars series have been produced both animated and live action the first being Droids and Ewoks in 1985 The Mandalorian the first live action series to take place in the Star Wars universe has spawned multiple spinoffs and inspired other live action series to be created Confirmed upcoming live action series include Ahsoka Skeleton Crew The Acolyte and Lando SeriesSeasonsEpisodesOriginally releasedNetworkAnimated seriesDroids113September 7 1985 June 7 1986 1985 09 07 1986 06 07 ABCEwoks226September 7 1985 December 13 1986 1985 09 07 1986 12 13 The Clone Wars7133October 3 2008 May 4 2020 2008 10 03 2020 05 04 Cartoon Network Netflix Disney Rebels475October 3 2014 March 5 2018 2014 10 03 2018 03 05 Disney XDResistance240October 7 2018 January 26 2020 2018 10 07 2020 01 26 Disney ChannelThe Bad Batch232May 4 2021 present 2021 05 04 present Disney Visions218September 22 2021 present 2021 09 22 present Tales of the Jedi16October 26 2022 present 2022 10 26 present Young Jedi Adventures17May 4 2023 present 2023 05 04 present Disney Disney JuniorAnimated micro series and shortsClone Wars325November 7 2003 March 25 2005 2003 11 07 2005 03 25 Cartoon NetworkBlips18May 3 September 4 2017 2017 05 03 2017 09 04 YouTubeForces of Destiny232July 3 2017 May 25 2018 2017 07 03 2018 05 25 Galaxy of Adventures255November 30 2018 October 2 2020 2018 11 30 2020 10 02 Roll Out116August 9 2019 April 1 2020 2019 08 09 2020 04 01 Galaxy of Creatures224October 14 2021 February 21 2023 2021 10 14 2023 02 21 StarWarsKids comGalactic Pals112April 12 November 1 2022 2022 04 12 2022 11 01 Zen Grogu and Dust Bunnies Short1November 12 2022 2022 11 12 Disney Live action seriesThe Mandalorian324November 12 2019 present 2019 11 12 present Disney The Book of Boba Fett17December 29 2021 February 9 2022 2021 12 29 2022 02 09 Obi Wan Kenobi16May 27 June 22 2022 2022 05 27 2022 06 22 Andor112September 21 2022 present 2022 09 21 present Game showsJedi Temple Challenge110June 10 August 5 2020 2020 06 10 2020 08 05 StarWarsKids com Films and specials Film U S release date Director s Teleplay by Story by Producer s NetworkStar Wars Holiday Special November 17 1978 1978 11 17 Steve Binder Pat Proft Leonard Ripps Bruce Vilanch Rod Warren and Mitzie Welch Joe Layton Jeff Starsh Ken Welch and Mitzie Welch CBSThe Ewok Adventure November 25 1984 1984 11 25 John Korty Bob Carrau George Lucas Thomas G Smith and Patricia Rose Duignan ABCEwoks The Battle for Endor November 24 1985 1985 11 24 Jim Wheat and Ken Wheat Thomas G Smith and Ian BryceFictional timelineSee also Star Wars in other media Legends fictional timeline The Star Wars canon fictional universe spans multiple eras of which three are focused around each of the film trilogies The following eras were defined in January 2021 114 and further refined and expanded in April 2023 115 Dawn of the Jedi The time of the first Jedi It includes James Mangold s untitled film 115 The Old Republic 115 The High Republic The era of the High Republic set 200 years before the prequel trilogy It includes the media released in The High Republic literary material the animated Young Jedi Adventures and the upcoming live action The Acolyte 114 Fall of the Jedi The era of the prequel trilogy g in which the democratic Galactic Republic is corrupted by the Supreme Chancellor Palpatine who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious After orchestrating the Clone Wars between the Republic and a Separatist confederation Palpatine exterminates the Jedi Order overthrows the Republic and establishes the totalitarian Galactic Empire 117 118 It includes the prequel trilogy films and the animated The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi 114 Reign of the Empire The era after the prequel trilogy exploring the reign of the Empire It includes the animated The Bad Batch Solo A Star Wars Story 114 and Obi Wan Kenobi Age of Rebellion The era of the original trilogy h in which the Empire is fought by the Rebel Alliance in a Galactic Civil War that spans several years climaxing with the death of the Emperor and fall of the Empire 120 121 It includes the animated Star Wars Rebels Andor Rogue One and the original trilogy films 114 115 The New Republic The era after the original trilogy set during the formative years of the New Republic following the fall of the Empire It includes The Mandalorian and its spin off series The Book of Boba Fett and Ahsoka as well as the upcoming Skeleton Crew 114 115 Rise of the First Order The era of the sequel trilogy i in which the remnants of the Empire have reformed as the First Order 123 Heroes of the former Rebellion aided by the New Republic lead the Resistance against the oppressive regime and its rulers the mysterious being known as Snoke and the revived Palpatine 124 It includes the animated Star Wars Resistance and the sequel trilogy films 114 115 New Jedi Order Rey Skywalker begins to train a new generation of Jedi It includes Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy s untitled film 115 The Expanded Universe of spin off media depicts different levels of continuity which were deemed non canonical and rebranded as Legends on April 25 2014 to make most subsequent works align to the episodic films The Clone Wars film and television series 2 Other mediaMain article Star Wars in other media From 1976 to 2014 the term Expanded Universe EU was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling material set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films including novels comics and video games 125 Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 2014 when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label 125 with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game The Old Republic the only Legends material to still be produced The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films the animated film The Clone Wars 2008 and its companion animated series All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the story group announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise 2 Multiple comics series from Marvel and novels published by Del Rey were produced after the announcement Print media Star Wars in print predates the release of the first film with the November 1976 novelization of Star Wars initially subtitled From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker Credited to Lucas it was ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster 126 The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics Star Wars 7 in January 1978 the first six issues being an adaptation of the film followed by Foster s sequel novel Splinter of the Mind s Eye the following month Novels Further information List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn authored the Thrawn trilogy which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise in the early 1990s After penning the novelization of the original film Foster followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind s Eye 1978 The novelizations of The Empire Strikes Back 1980 by Donald F Glut and Return of the Jedi 1983 by James Kahn followed as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy 1979 1980 by Brian Daley 127 and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian trilogy 1983 by L Neil Smith 128 129 Timothy Zahn s bestselling Thrawn trilogy 1991 1993 reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn Mara Jade Talon Karrde and Gilad Pellaeon 130 131 132 133 The first novel Heir to the Empire reached 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list 134 and the series finds Luke Leia and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire 135 In The Courtship of Princess Leia 1994 by Dave Wolverton set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes but she and Han ultimately marry 136 137 Steve Perry s Shadows of the Empire 1996 set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game 138 139 The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor another popular character who would appear in multiple other works 138 140 Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy 1994 by Kevin J Anderson 141 142 the 14 book Young Jedi Knights series 1995 1998 by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta 142 143 and the X wing series 1996 2012 by Michael A Stackpole and Aaron Allston 144 145 146 Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 releasing what would become a 19 installment novel series called The New Jedi Order 1999 2003 Written by multiple authors the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy 147 148 The bestselling multi author series Legacy of the Force 2006 2008 chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia s son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force among his evil deeds he kills Luke s wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith Although no longer canon the story is paralleled in The Force Awakens with Han and Leia s son Ben Solo who becomes the evil Kylo Ren 149 150 151 152 Three series set in the prequel era were published by Scholastic for younger audiences the 18 book Jedi Apprentice 1999 2002 chronicles the adventures of Obi Wan Kenobi and his master Qui Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace the 11 book Jedi Quest 2001 2004 follows Obi Wan and his own apprentice Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones and the 10 book The Last of the Jedi 2005 2008 set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith features Obi Wan and the last few surviving Jedi In 2019 a new prequel era novel starring Qui Gon and the young Obi Wan was published by Del Rey under the title Star Wars Master and Apprentice 153 Although Thrawn had been designated a Legends character in 2014 he was reintroduced into the canon in 2016 for the third season of the Rebels animated series with Zahn returning to write more novels based on the character and set in the new canon 154 155 Comics Main articles Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 156 157 158 159 Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series 160 From 1985 to 1987 the animated children s series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel s Star Comics line 161 162 163 According to Marvel comics former Editor In Chief Jim Shooter the strong sales of Star Wars comics saved Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978 164 Marvel s Star Wars series was one of the industry s top selling titles in 1979 and 1980 165 The only downside for Marvel was that the 100 000 copy sales quota was surpassed quickly allowing Lippincott to renegotiate the royalty arrangements from a position of strength 166 In the late 1980s Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire series 1991 1995 167 Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy including Tales of the Jedi 1993 1998 X wing Rogue Squadron 1995 1998 Star Wars Republic 1998 2006 Star Wars Tales 1999 2005 Star Wars Empire 2002 2006 and Knights of the Old Republic 2006 2010 168 169 After Disney s acquisition of Lucasfilm it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics 170 whose parent company Marvel Entertainment Disney had purchased in 2009 171 Launched in 2015 the first three publications were titled Star Wars Darth Vader and the limited series Princess Leia 172 173 174 First announced as Project Luminous at Star Wars Celebration in April 2019 the Star Wars The High Republic publishing initiative were revealed in a press conference in February 2020 Involving the majority of the then current officially licensed publishers a new era set 200 years before the Skywalker Saga was explored in various books and comics Including ongoing titles by Marvel and IDW Publishing written by Cavan Scott and Daniel Jose Older respectively 175 Audio Soundtracks and singles Further information Music of Star Wars John Williams composed the soundtracks for the nine episodic films he has stated that he will retire from the franchise with The Rise of Skywalker 176 He also composed Han Solo s theme for Solo A Star Wars Story John Powell adapted and composed the rest of the score 177 Michael Giacchino composed the score of Rogue One 177 Ludwig Goransson scored and composed the music of The Mandalorian 178 Williams also created the main theme for Galaxy s Edge 179 Audio novels Further information The Story of Star Wars and List of Star Wars books The first Star Wars audio work is The Story of Star Wars an LP using audio samples from the original film and a new narration to retell the story released in 1977 Most later printed novels were adapted into audio novels usually released on cassette tape and re released on CD As of 2019 audio only novels have been released not directly based on printed media 180 Radio Further information Star Wars radio Radio adaptations of the films were also produced Lucas a fan of the NPR affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC FM for US 1 The production used John Williams s original film score along with Ben Burtt s sound effects 181 182 The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 adapting the original 1977 film into 13 episodes 183 181 182 Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles 183 181 The overwhelming success led to a 10 episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back debuted in 1983 184 Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars reprising his role as Lando Calrissian citation needed In 1983 Buena Vista Records released an original 30 minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell written by Daley 182 185 In the 1990s Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas the three part Dark Empire saga Tales of the Jedi Dark Lords of the Sith the Dark Forces trilogy and Crimson Empire 1998 185 Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 episodes in 1996 featuring Daniels 181 185 Video games Further information Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The Star Wars franchise has spawned over one hundred 186 computer video and board games dating back to some of the earliest home consoles Some are based directly on the movie material while others rely heavily on the non canonical Expanded Universe rebranded as Star Wars Legends and removed from the canon in 2014 Star Wars games have gone through three significant development eras marked by a change in leadership among the developers the early licensed games those developed after the creation of LucasArts and those created after the closure of the Lucasfilm division by Disney and the transfer of the license to Electronic Arts Early licensed games 1979 1993 The first officially licensed electronic Star Wars game was Kenner s 1979 table top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command 187 188 In 1982 Parker Brothers published the first Star Wars video game for the Atari 2600 Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back 189 followed soon the year later by Star Wars Jedi Arena the first video game to depict lightsaber combat They were followed in 1983 by Atari s rail shooter arcade game Star Wars with vector graphics to replicate the Death Star trench run scene from the 1977 film 190 The next game Star Wars Return of the Jedi 1984 has more traditional raster graphics 191 while the following Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back 1985 has vector graphics 192 Platform games were made for the Nintendo Entertainment System including the Japan exclusive Star Wars 1987 an international Star Wars 1991 and Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back 1992 Super Star Wars 1992 was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System with two sequels over the next two years LucasArts and modern self published games 1993 2014 Main article LucasArts Lucasfilm founded its own video game company in 1982 becoming best known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games but as George Lucas took more interest in the increasing success of the video game market he wanted to have more creative control over the games and founded his own development company LucasArts Improved graphics allowed games to tell complex narratives which allowed for the retelling of the films and eventually original narratives set in the same continuity with voice overs and CGI cutscenes In 1993 LucasArts released Star Wars X Wing the first self published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulator based on the franchise 193 It was one of the bestselling video games of 1993 and established its own series of games 193 The Rogue Squadron series was released between 1998 and 2003 also focusing on space battles set during the films Dark Forces 1995 a hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy 194 was the first Star Wars first person shooter 195 It featured gameplay and graphical features not then common in other games made possible by LucasArts custom designed game engine the Jedi 195 194 196 197 The game was well received 198 199 200 and it was followed by four sequels 201 202 The series introduced Kyle Katarn who would appear in multiple games novels and comics 203 Katarn is a former stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and becomes a Jedi 195 204 205 a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the sequel trilogy films 149 A massively multiplayer online role playing game Star Wars Galaxies was in operation from 2003 until 2011 After Disney bought Lucasfilm LucasArts ceased its role as a developer in 2013 although it still operates as a licensor 206 EA Star Wars 2014 present Following its acquisition of the franchise Disney reassigned video game rights to Electronic Arts Games made during this era are considered canonical and feature more influence from the Star Wars filmmakers Disney partnered with Lenovo to create the augmented reality video game Jedi Challenges released in November 2017 207 208 In August 2018 it was announced that Zynga would publish free to play Star Wars mobile games 209 The Battlefront games received a canonical reboot with Star Wars Battlefront in November 2015 which was followed by a sequel Battlefront II in November 2017 A single player action adventure game Star Wars Jedi Fallen Order with an original story and cast of characters was released in November 2019 A space combat game titled Star Wars Squadrons which builds upon the space battles from Battlefront was released in October 2020 Theme park attractions Main article List of Star Wars theme parks attractions In addition to the Disneyland ride Star Tours 1987 and its successor Star Tours The Adventures Continue 2011 many live attractions have been held at Disney parks including the traveling exhibition Where Science Meets Imagination the Space Mountain spin off Hyperspace Mountain a walkthrough Launch Bay and the night time A Galactic Spectacular An immersive themed area called Galaxy s Edge 2019 opened at Disneyland and opened at Walt Disney World in mid 2019 210 A themed hotel Star Wars Galactic Starcruiser is currently under construction at Walt Disney World 211 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Title Park s Opening date Closing dateStar Tours Disneyland January 9 1987 1987 01 09 July 27 2010 2010 07 27 Tokyo Disneyland July 12 1989 1989 07 12 April 2 2012 2012 04 02 Disney s Hollywood Studios December 15 1989 1989 12 15 September 7 2010 2010 09 07 Disneyland Paris April 12 1992 1992 04 12 March 16 2016 2016 03 16 Star Wars Weekends Disney s Hollywood Studios 1997 1997 November 2015 2015 Star Wars Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 2005 2005 10 19 March 23 2014 2014 03 23 Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 2006 2006 19 01 November 15 2015 2015 11 15 Disney s Hollywood Studios October 9 2007 2007 10 09 October 5 2015 2015 10 05 Star Tours The Adventures Continue Disney s Hollywood Studios May 20 2011 2011 05 20 N A Operating Disneyland June 3 2011 2011 06 03 Tokyo Disneyland May 7 2013 2013 05 07 Disneyland Paris March 26 2017 2017 03 26 Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 2015 2015 11 14 May 31 2017 2017 05 31 Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 2016 2016 06 11 N A Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 2017 2017 05 07 Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 2015 2015 11 16 Disney s Hollywood Studios December 4 2015 2015 12 04 Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 2016 2016 06 16 Jedi Training Trials of the Temple Disney s Hollywood Studios December 1 2015 2015 12 01 Disneyland December 8 2015 2015 12 08 Disneyland Paris July 11 2015 2015 07 11 Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 2016 2016 06 25 Star Wars A Galactic Spectacular Disney s Hollywood Studios June 17 2016 2016 06 17 Star Wars Galaxy s Edge Disneyland May 31 2019 2019 05 31 Disney s Hollywood Studios August 29 2019 2019 08 29 Star Wars Millennium Falcon Smugglers Run Disneyland May 31 2019 2019 05 31 Disney s Hollywood Studios August 29 2019 2019 08 29 Star Wars Rise of the Resistance Disney s Hollywood Studios December 5 2019 2019 12 05 Disneyland January 17 2020 2020 01 17 Multimedia projects A multimedia project involves works released across multiple types of media Shadows of the Empire 1996 was a multimedia project set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry a comic book series a video game and action figures 138 139 The Force Unleashed 2008 2010 was a similar project set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope that included a novel a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel a graphic novel a role playing game supplement and toys 212 213 Merchandising Main articles Kenner Star Wars action figures List of Kenner Star Wars action figures Star Wars The Vintage Collection Lego Star Wars Star Wars trading card and Star Wars role playing games George Lucas made much of his fortune by retaining his rights to the franchise s merchandising The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world While filming the original 1977 film George Lucas decided to take a 500 000 pay cut to his salary as director in exchange for full ownership of the franchise s merchandising rights By 1987 the first three films have made US 2 6 billion in merchandising revenue 214 By 2012 the first six films produced approximately US 20 billion in merchandising revenue 215 Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the original film and today the original figures are highly valuable Since the 1990s Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga Pez dispensers began to be produced in 1997 216 Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego history 217 Lego has produced animated parody short films and mini series to promote their Star Wars sets 218 The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed bestsellers 219 220 In 1977 the board game Star Wars Escape from the Death Star was released 221 j A Star Wars Monopoly and themed versions of Trivial Pursuit and Battleship were released in 1997 with updated versions released in subsequent years The board game Risk has been adapted in two editions by Hasbro The Clone Wars Edition 2005 223 and the Original Trilogy Edition 2006 224 Three Star Wars tabletop role playing games have been developed a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s Star Wars Trading Cards have been published since the first blue series by Topps in 1977 225 Dozens of series have been produced with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States Each card series are of film stills or original art Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare promos such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II floating Yoda P3 card often commanding US 1 000 or more While most base or common card sets are plentiful many insert or chase cards are very rare 226 From 1995 until 2001 Decipher Inc had the license for created and produced the Star Wars Customizable Card Game ThemesSee also Star Wars sources and analogues Star Wars features elements such as knighthood chivalry and Jungian archetypes such as the shadow 227 There are also many references to Christianity such as in the appearance of Darth Maul whose design draws heavily from traditional depictions of the devil 228 Anakin was conceived of a virgin birth and is assumed to be the Chosen One a messianic individual However unlike Jesus Anakin falls from grace remaining evil as Darth Vader until Return of the Jedi According to Adam Driver sequel trilogy villain Kylo Ren who idolizes Vader believes he is doing what he thinks is right 229 George Lucas has said that the theme of the saga is redemption 230 The saga draws heavily from the hero s journey an archetypical template developed by comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell 228 Each character primarily Anakin Luke and Rey follows the steps of the cycle or undergoes its reversal becoming the villain 231 A defining step of the journey is Atonement with the Father 232 Obi Wan s loss of a father figure could have impacted his relationship with Anakin 233 whom both Obi Wan and Palpatine are fatherlike mentors to 234 Luke s discovery that Vader is his father has strong repercussions on the saga and is regarded as one of the most influential plot twists in cinema 235 Supreme Leader Snoke encourages Kylo Ren to kill his father Han Solo 229 Kylo uses the fact that Rey is an orphan to tempt her into joining the dark side 236 According to Inverse the final scene in The Last Jedi which depicts servant children playing with a toy of Luke and one boy using the Force symbolizes that the Force can be found in people with humble beginnings 237 Historical influences Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise launched in 1977 focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship Battles featuring the Ewoks and Gungans against the Empire and Trade Federation respectively represent the clash between a primitive society and a more advanced one similar to the Vietnam American War 238 239 Darth Vader s design was initially inspired by Samurai armor and also incorporated a German military helmet 240 241 Originally Lucas conceived of the Sith as a group that served the Emperor in the same way that the Schutzstaffel served Adolf Hitler this was condensed into one character in the form of Vader 242 Stormtroopers borrow the name of World War I German shock troopers Imperial officers wear uniforms resembling those of German forces during World War II 243 and political and security officers resemble the black clad SS down to the stylized silver death s head on their caps World War II terms were used for names in the films e g the planets Kessel a term that refers to a group of encircled forces and Hoth after a German general who served on the snow laden Eastern Front 244 Shots of the commanders looking through AT AT walker viewscreens in The Empire Strikes Back resemble tank interiors 245 and space battles in the original film were based on World War I and World War II dogfights 246 Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Hitler s role before appointing himself Fuhrer 243 Lucas has also drawn parallels to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar Napoleon Bonaparte and politicians like Richard Nixon 247 248 k The Great Jedi Purge mirrors the events of the Night of the Long Knives 250 The corruption of the Galactic Republic is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire 251 252 On the inspiration for the First Order formed from the ashes of the Empire The Force Awakens director J J Abrams spoke of conversations the writers had about how the Nazis could have escaped to Argentina after WWII and started working together again 123 The aerial warfare of WWII inspired the space fights The flag and iconography of the Empire resembles those of the Nazi Party and Germany during its rule Cultural impactMain article Cultural impact of Star Wars The lightsaber and the blaster are iconic elements of the franchise The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on popular culture 253 with references to its fictional universe deeply embedded in everyday life 254 Phrases like evil empire and May the Force be with you have become part of the popular lexicon 255 The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier 256 enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people 257 The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s making science fiction films a mainstream genre 258 The widespread impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages with popular examples including Hardware Wars Spaceballs The Family Guy Trilogy and Robot Chicken Star Wars In 1989 the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U S National Film Registry as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant 259 The Empire Strikes Back was selected in 2010 260 261 and Return of the Jedi was selected in 2021 262 35 mm reels of the 1997 Special Editions were the versions initially presented for preservation because of the difficulty of transferring from the original prints 263 264 but it was later revealed that the Library possesses a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical releases 265 Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox and was credited for reinvigorating the company Within three weeks of the film s release the studio s stock price doubled to a record high Prior to 1977 20th Century Fox s greatest annual profits were 37 million while in 1977 the company broke that record by posting a profit of 79 million 246 The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate 266 Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films switching the focus of Hollywood made films from deep meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict themes and irony to sprawling special effects laden blockbusters as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways Before Star Wars special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s 267 The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state of the art special effects in the late 1970s 266 Along with Jaws Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important 268 257 It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did 256 Film critic Roger Ebert wrote in his book The Great Movies Like The Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane Star Wars was a technical watershed that influenced many of the movies that came after It began a new generation of special effects and high energy motion pictures The film was one of the first films to link genres together to invent a new high concept genre for filmmakers to build upon 269 Finally along with Steven Spielberg s Jaws it shifted the film industry s focus away from personal filmmaking of the 1970s and towards fast paced big budget blockbusters for younger audiences 246 270 271 Some critics have blamed Star Wars and Jaws for ruining Hollywood by shifting its focus from sophisticated films such as The Godfather Taxi Driver and Annie Hall to films about spectacle and juvenile fantasy and for the industry shift from stand alone one and done films towards blockbuster franchises with multiple sequels and prequels 272 One such critic Peter Biskind complained When all was said and done Lucas and Spielberg returned the 1970s audience grown sophisticated on a diet of European and New Hollywood films to the simplicities of the pre 1960s Golden Age of movies They marched backward through the looking glass 272 273 In an opposing view Tom Shone wrote that through Star Wars and Jaws Lucas and Spielberg didn t betray cinema at all they plugged it back into the grid returning the medium to its roots as a carnival sideshow a magic act one big special effect which was a kind of rebirth 271 The original Star Wars trilogy is widely considered one of the best film trilogies in history 274 Numerous filmmakers have been influenced by Star Wars including Damon Lindelof Dean Devlin Roland Emmerich John Lasseter 275 David Fincher Joss Whedon John Singleton Kevin Smith 269 and later Star Wars directors J J Abrams and Gareth Edwards 276 Lucas s concept of a used universe particularly influenced Ridley Scott s Blade Runner 1982 and Alien 1979 James Cameron s Aliens 1986 as well as The Terminator 1984 George Miller s Mad Max 2 1981 and Peter Jackson s The Lord of the Rings trilogy 2001 2003 269 Christopher Nolan cited Star Wars as an influence when making the 2010 blockbuster film Inception 277 Fan works Main article Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy In recent years this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films In 2002 Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues however the contest was initially open only to parodies mockumentaries and documentaries Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in universe fiction entries 278 Lucasfilm has allowed but not endorsed the creation of fan fiction as long as it does not attempt to make a profit 279 Academia As the characters and the storyline of the original trilogy are so well known educators have used the films in the classroom as a learning resource For example a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students storytelling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio visual scenery to enhance their performance 280 Others have used the films to encourage second level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype lightsabers 281 Similarly psychiatrists in New Zealand and the U S have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology 282 283 See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal Science fiction portal501st Legion Architecture of Star Wars Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of space science fiction franchises List of Star Wars characters List of Star Wars creatures List of Star Wars planets and moons Music of Star Wars Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars documentaries Star Wars The High Republic The Force The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars Wookieepedia the Star Wars WikiNotes The film s release was preceded by its novelization in November 1976 a b Later titled Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope Most existing spin off media was made non canon and rebranded as Legends in April 2014 2 Lucas started by researching the inspiration behind Alex Raymond s Flash Gordon comic leading him to the works of author Edgar Rice Burroughs the John Carter of Mars series in particular 73 Played by Jake Lloyd as a child in Episode I Each film was released two days later in the U S The prequels feature a relatively sleek and new design aesthetic in comparison to the original trilogy 116 The original trilogy depicts the galaxy as dirty and grimy in George Lucas s depiction of a used universe 119 The sequel trilogy made a return to what J J Abrams called the wonderful preposterousness of practical effects that were used to create the original trilogy 122 Not to be confused with the board game with the same name published in 1990 222 In his early drafts Lucas used the plot point of a dictator staying in power with the support of the military In his comment made in the prequel trilogy era Lucas attributed this to Nixon s supposed intention to defy the 22nd Amendment 249 but the president resigned and never ran for a third term References Booker M Keith 2020 Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts Rowman amp Littlefield p 390 ISBN 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