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Turkic history

February 16, 2024

Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples.

Origins edit

Turks were an important political identity of Eurasia. They first appeared at Inner Eurasian steppes and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, West Asia, Siberia, and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that Proto-Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of Eurasian equestrian pastoral nomadic culture.[1]

Türk was first used as a political identity in history during the Göktürk Khaganate period.[2] The old Turkic script was invented by Göktürks as well.[3] The ruling Ashina clan origins are disputed.[4]

 
Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural, Göktürk, 7th century CE, Mongolia.

Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of world history. The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and Western cultures to the East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development (Manichaeism, Judaism, Buddhism, Orthodox, Nestorian Christianity and Islam).

The beginning of Turkic history edit

3rd century BC edit

 
Map of Asia, 200 BC

4th century edit

5th century edit

Middle Ages/Turks edit

6th century edit

 
Map of the Asia, 565 AD
 
Map of the Asia, 600 AD

7th century edit

Central Asia edit

Eastern Europe edit

8th century edit

Inner Asia edit

 
Replica of Bilge Khagan's memorial complex in Turkey.

Eastern Europe edit

9th century edit

 
Map of the Khazar Khanate at its greatest extent.
 
Reconstruction of a lamellar helmet that is being considered as an Avar lamellar helmet from Niederstotzingen, Dated 560–600 AD.[16]

Central Asia edit

Eastern Europe edit

Asia and Africa edit

10th century edit

Central Asia edit

Eastern Europe edit

Asia and Africa edit

11th century edit

 
Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under Mahmud.
 
Mahmud of Ghazni and his court.
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The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.

Central Asia edit

Eastern Europe edit

Asia edit

South Asia edit

12th century edit

Asia edit

Iran and Central Asia edit

South Asia edit

Eastern Europe edit

 
Cuman battle mask, c. 13th century

13th century edit

 
Cuman–Kipchak confederation, c. 1200 CE
 
Statue of Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237) in Alanya, Turkey
 
Spread of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century

Asia and the Middle East edit

Central Asia edit

South Asia edit

14th century edit

15th century edit

Asia edit

Central Asia edit

Eastern Europe edit

Modern era (1500 CE – present) edit

16th century edit

Eastern Europe edit

Central Asia edit

Asia edit

South Asia edit

Africa edit

17th century edit

Eastern Europe edit

Asia edit

Central Asia edit

South Asia edit

18th century edit

 
A contemporary court portrait of Nader Shah, a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe, who established Afsharid Iran.

Eastern Europe edit

Asia edit

Central Asia edit

Africa edit

19th century edit

Eastern Europe edit

Central Asia edit

South Asia edit

Africa edit

20th century edit

21st century edit

 
A miniature showing the march of Suleiman the Magnificent to Nakhchivan.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g. Weishu 100, Suishu 84, Jiu Tangshu 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking Khitans; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the Mongols[11]
  2. ^ Curta states "The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II, grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk."[23]

Turkish books edit

  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
  • Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
  • Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
  • Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
  • O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
  • Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
  • A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
  • Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
  • M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
  • Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
  • A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
  • B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books edit

  • R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
  • DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
  • Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
  • M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
  • E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
  • M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
  • W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
  • L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
  • Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
  • H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Johanson, Lars, ed. (2021), "Historical Backgrounds", Turkic, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–142, doi:10.1017/9781139016704.006, ISBN 978-0-521-86535-7, S2CID 265386317, retrieved 2022-07-16
  2. ^ West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
  3. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
  4. ^ Christian 1998, p. 249.
  5. ^ Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Vol. 110 "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North [Modun] subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. [...] It was when the Han had just stabilized the Central Region, [...]. [i.e. 202 BCE]"
  6. ^ Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99
  7. ^ Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.
  8. ^ Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.
  9. ^ Hyun Jin Kim: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.
  10. ^ Peter B. Golden: Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples in Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140
  11. ^ Xu (2005) p. 175-176, 184
  12. ^ Xin Tangshu vol. 219 "Shiwei" txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."
  13. ^ Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."
  14. ^ Werner, Heinrich Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004 abstract. p. 25
  15. ^ "Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi". Story and History (in Turkish). 18 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  16. ^ Kubik, Adam (2008). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Histïria I Swiat. 7: 151.
  17. ^ Song Lian et al., History of Yuan, "Vol. 118" "阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the Wild Goose Pass's Shatuo
  18. ^ Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
  19. ^ Аристов Н. А. (2003). Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен (PDF). Бишкек: Илим. В. М. Плоских. p. 103. ISBN 5-8355-1297-X.
  20. ^ Очир А. (2016). Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов (PDF). Элиста: КИГИ РАН. Э. П. Бакаева, К. В. Орлова. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1.
  21. ^ Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization" The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, ISBN 975-6782-56-0
  22. ^ Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
  23. ^ Curta 2019, p. 176.
  24. ^ Guimon 2021, p. 362.
  25. ^ Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (2016). "Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1): 88. doi:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003. S2CID 146919944. hal-03427697.
  26. ^ Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (23 October 2023). "Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1): 85. doi:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003. S2CID 146919944.
  27. ^ Sandman, Erika. A Grammar of Wutun (PDF) (PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.
  28. ^ Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.). Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators. "The Salar Khazui System". Central Asiatic Journal, Volumes 43–44 (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz. 43: 212.
  29. ^ Kinney, Drew H. (2016). (PDF). Eastern Mediterranean Policy Note. 10: 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11.

Sources edit

  • Adas, Michael (2001). Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. American Historical Association/Temple University Press.
  • Bailey, Harold W. (1985). Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts, VII. Cambridge University Press. JSTOR 312539. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  • Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  • Christian, David (1998). A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Blackwell.
  • Curta, Florin (2019). "Oghuz, Pechenegs, and Cumans: Nomads of Medieval Eastern Europe?". Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 152–178.
  • Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. (First paperback edition)
  • Geng, Shimin [耿世民] (2005). [On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language]. Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi 语言与翻译（汉文版） [Language and Translation] (2). ISSN 1001-0823. OCLC 123501525. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
  • Guimon, Timofey V. (2021). Historical Writing of Early Rus (c. 1000–c. 1400) in a Comparative Perspective. Brill.
  • Harmatta, János (1 January 1994). "Conclusion". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. pp. 485–492. ISBN 978-9231028465. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  • Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2353-2. The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba).
  • Jankowski, Henryk [in Polish] (2006). Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. Handbuch der Orientalistik [HdO], 8: Central Asia; 15. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15433-9.
  • Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal. 59 (1–2): 101–132. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101. ISSN 0008-9192. JSTOR 10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101.

February 16, 2024
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Turkic history news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article appears to contradict another article Please discuss at the talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved March 2022 This article appears to contradict the article Turkic peoples Please discuss at the talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples Contents 1 Origins 2 The beginning of Turkic history 2 1 3rd century BC 2 2 4th century 2 3 5th century 3 Middle Ages Turks 3 1 6th century 4 7th century 4 1 Central Asia 4 2 Eastern Europe 5 8th century 5 1 Inner Asia 5 2 Eastern Europe 6 9th century 6 1 Central Asia 6 2 Eastern Europe 6 3 Asia and Africa 7 10th century 7 1 Central Asia 7 2 Eastern Europe 7 3 Asia and Africa 8 11th century 8 1 Central Asia 8 2 Eastern Europe 8 3 Asia 8 4 South Asia 9 12th century 9 1 Asia 9 2 Iran and Central Asia 9 3 South Asia 9 4 Eastern Europe 10 13th century 10 1 Asia and the Middle East 10 2 Central Asia 10 3 South Asia 10 4 14th century 10 5 15th century 10 5 1 Asia 10 5 2 Central Asia 10 5 3 Eastern Europe 11 Modern era 1500 CE present 11 1 16th century 11 1 1 Eastern Europe 11 1 2 Central Asia 11 1 3 Asia 11 1 4 South Asia 11 1 5 Africa 11 2 17th century 11 2 1 Eastern Europe 11 2 2 Asia 11 2 3 Central Asia 11 2 4 South Asia 11 3 18th century 11 3 1 Eastern Europe 11 3 2 Asia 11 3 3 Central Asia 11 3 4 Africa 11 4 19th century 11 4 1 Eastern Europe 11 4 2 Central Asia 11 4 3 South Asia 11 4 4 Africa 11 5 20th century 11 6 21st century 12 Notes 12 1 Turkish books 12 2 English and foreign books 13 See also 14 References 15 SourcesOrigins editTurks were an important political identity of Eurasia They first appeared at Inner Eurasian steppes and migrated to many various regions such as Central Asia West Asia Siberia and Eastern Europe and participated in many local civilizations there It is not yet known when where and how the Turks formed as a population identity However it is predicted that Proto Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of Eurasian equestrian pastoral nomadic culture 1 Turk was first used as a political identity in history during the Gokturk Khaganate period 2 The old Turkic script was invented by Gokturks as well 3 The ruling Ashina clan origins are disputed 4 nbsp Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural Gokturk 7th century CE Mongolia Although there are debates about its inception the history of the Turks is an important part of world history The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and Western cultures to the East Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after Tengrism and they helped their spread and development Manichaeism Judaism Buddhism Orthodox Nestorian Christianity and Islam The beginning of Turkic history edit3rd century BC edit 240 BC Great Wall of China built to protect the nation against Inner Asian nomads c 202 BC Xiongnu chanyu Modu conquered the Hunyu 渾庾 Qushe 屈射 Dingling 丁零 Gekun 鬲昆 and Xinli 薪犁 5 The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic speaking Tiele people respectively as Hegu 6 and Xue 7 8 The Dingling were also proposed to be early Proto Turkic people 9 10 or ancestors of Tungusic speakers among the Shiwei a 12 13 or related to Na Dene and Yeniseian speakers 14 nbsp Map of Asia 200 BC4th century edit 395 Migration Period5th century edit 461 sabir people around siberia 480 Pre Bulgarians between the Caspian Sea and the DanubeMiddle Ages Turks edit6th century edit nbsp Map of the Asia 565 AD540 The re emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in the Ergenekon epic 15 551 Establishment of the First Turkic Khaganate 552 Gokturks revolt against Rouran domination 565 Defeat of the Hephthalites on their war with Gokturks 582 Separation of the First Turkic Khaganate nbsp Map of the Asia 600 AD7th century editCentral Asia edit 630 Eastern Turkic Khanate came under Chinese domination Western Turkic Khanate came under Chinese influence 639 Turkic prince Ashina Jiesheshuai s attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor s palace 659 Western Turkic Khaganate came under Chinese rule 674 The appearance of Turkic mercenaries Mamluks in Arab armies 681 Second Turkic Khaganate established 699 The establishment of the Turgesh Khanate in present day Kyrgyzstan Eastern Europe edit 626 627 Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius request for help from the Khazars the Khazars invasion of the Caucasus by defeating the Sassanids 630 Khazars settlement in the Don Volga basin which was affiliated to the Western Turkic Khaganate and the establishment of the Great Bulgarian Khanate in the north of the Black Sea 651 652 War of the Arab Empire and the Khazars who overthrew the Sassanids and captured all of Iran 678 The division of the Great Bulgarian Khanate by the westward pressure of the Khazars8th century editInner Asia edit nbsp Replica of Bilge Khagan s memorial complex in Turkey 705 715 Arabs take Transoxiana 720 735 Orkhon Monuments in Otuken 721 737 Turgesh attack against Arabs 744 The destruction of the Second Turkic Khanate by the rebellious Uyghurs Karluks and Basmyls 745 Establishment of the Uyghur Khaganate independent khanate of Kimeks in what is today Kazakhstan 750 The strengthening of Arab Turkish relations after the Abbasids came to the head of the Arab Empire 751 The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the Karluks in the Battle of Talas the conversion of the Karluks to Islam 762 Uyghur Khaganate aided Tang dynasty in China in suppressing the An Lu Shan uprising 765 Adoption of the Mani religion by the Uyghur Khan Bogu 766 The dissolution of the Turgesh Khanate by the Karluks of the Uyghur Khanate the establishment of the autonomous Karluk Khanate the laying of the foundations of the Oghuz Yabgu State by the Oghuzes who escaped from the Karluks and migrated to the vicinity of the Caspian and Aral lakes 789 795 Fight for the throne and decline in the Uyghur KhaganateEastern Europe edit 713 737 Khazar Arab War Khazar loss of Caucasus 716 The first written agreement of the Danube Bulgarian Khanate with the Byzantine Empire and the start of taxation 717 718 Aid of the Bulgarians to Byzantium against the Arab Siege of Constantinople 740 Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the Khazars 745 775 Bulgarian Byzantine relations tense 764 Invasion of the Caucasus and western Iran by the Khazars defeating the Abbasids 780 Founding of Volga Bulgaria 792 After the Battle of Markeli Byzantium began to pay taxes to the Bulgarians again 9th century edit nbsp Map of the Khazar Khanate at its greatest extent nbsp Reconstruction of a lamellar helmet that is being considered as an Avar lamellar helmet from Niederstotzingen Dated 560 600 AD 16 Central Asia edit 821 Uighurs repulse Tibetans 832 The Uighur Khaganate plunged into turmoil 840 The collapse of the Uyghur Khanate as a result of the attack of the Kyrgyz people the establishment of the Kyrgyz Khaganate the escape of the Uyghurs to the southwest the Karluks who did not recognize the Kyrgyz sovereignty declared their independence and laid the foundation of the Karakhanid State 848 The establishment of the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom of the Uyghurs who migrated to the South West 856 The establishment of the Karahoca Uyghur Kingdom by another Uyghur branch that migrated to the southwest Eastern Europe edit 860 The Russians who expanded to the south reached Kiev in the Khazar Khaganate 861 Migration of Pechenegs around Sri Darya to the north of the Black Sea under the pressure of Oghuzes Kimeks and Karluks 880 The formation of the Kimek Kipchak confederation 889 The advance of the Pechenegs in the north of the Black Sea to the west under the pressure of the Khazars and Kipchaks 892 The Pechenegs advancing to the west forced the Hungarians from the Dnieper to migrate beyond the Carpathians forming an agreement with the Byzantine Empire Asia and Africa edit 833 842 The increasing influence of Turkish slave soldiers in the Abbasid palace during Caliph Mutasim s reign 836 The relocation of the Abbasid capital from Baghdad to Samerra where the Turkish slave garrison was located 868 Tulunid sovereignty over Egypt Syria Palestine and the north of Iraq but still remain within the Abbasid Caliphate10th century editCentral Asia edit 923 The establishment of the Later Tang dynasty by the Shatuo Turks descended from the Gokturks in the north of China 924 The destruction of the Kyrgyz State by the Mongol Khtai the end of the Turkic rule in Otuken the migration of the Kyrgyz to their present homeland 934 With Satuk Bugra Khan s acceptance of Islam the Karakhanid State adopt the religion of Islam 979 The Shatuo Turks came under the domination of the Han Chinese Northern Song dynasty the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come the Ongud Turks 17 18 The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols 19 20 21 22 990 999 The Karakhanid State destroyed the Samanid Empire Transoxiana came under Turkic rule after 300 years Eastern Europe edit 920 Russo Pecheneg War 922 Visit of Ibn Fadlan as ambassador to the Bulgarian Khanate of Idil which converted to Islam 940 Russian Byzantine alliance against Khazars Khazars lose Crimea 943 Pechenegs allied with the Russians against the Byzantine Empire 965 Oghuz Yabgu State s alliance with the Russians against the Khazars 968 972 Pechenegs attacks on the Russians 969 The capture of the Khazar capital by the Russian king Svyatoslav I the withdrawal of the Khazars to the north of the Caucasus 985 Oghuz Yabgu State s alliance with the Russians against the Volga Bulgarian State 986 Settlements of the Seljuks in the south of Kazakhstan by breaking away from the Oghuz Yabgu StateAsia and Africa edit 905 The end of the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt by the Abbasids 935 Another Turkic dynasty the Ikhshidid dynasty seized power in Egypt and dominated Syria Palestine Hejaz and northern Sudan 977 Sabuktigin establishs Ghaznavid dynasty in Khorasan modern day Afghanistan 969 Termination of the rule of the Ikhshidid dynasty by the Fatimid State11th century edit nbsp Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under Mahmud nbsp Mahmud of Ghazni and his court nbsp nbsp 1100KARAKHANIDKHANATEKIEVANRUS CumansPechenegsKyrgyzsFATIMIDCALIPHATEGEORGIAXI XIAJurchenKimeksKHITAN EMPIREQOCHOGHAZNAVIDEMPIRECHOLAEMPIREWESTERNCHALUKYASPAGANDALIKHMERMALAYUPALAEMPIRESELJUKEMPIRESONGDYNASTYSULTANATEOF RUMGO RYEO class notpageimage The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100 Central Asia edit 1030 Ghaznavid Empire reaches to its greatest extent under Mahmud of Ghazni 1036 The Kansu Uyghur Kingdom came under the rule of the Mongolian Tankut Kingdom 1042 The division of the Karakhanid State into East and West 1050 The destruction of the Kimek Khanate by the invasion of the Kipchaks 1089 Samarkand centered Western Karakhanid State entered the Seljuk nationality 1091 The Eastern Karakhanid State based in Kashgar became subject to the Seljuks 1092 As a result of the Great Seljuk State being dragged into internal turmoil the two Karakhanid states became independent again Eastern Europe edit 1016 The destruction of the Khazar Khaganate by the Russians and the Byzantine Empire 1037 Settlement of Pechenegs defeated by the Russians in Romania 1061 1068 The Kipchaks who defeated the Russians captured the north of the Black Sea and Ukraine 1091 After the Battle of Manzikert the Pechenegs who attacked the Byzantine Empire which was in turmoil were destroyed by the Byzantine Kipchak alliance around Enez 1093 Cuman Kipchak Confederation decisive defeat of the Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stuhna River b 24 Asia edit 1038 Establishment of the Seljuk State in Khorasan 1040 In the Battle of Dandanaqan the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids and spread towards Persia 1048 The Seljuks who defeated the Byzantine Georgian alliance at the Battle of Kapetron entered Eastern Anatolia 1055 Seljuks conquer Baghdad and seize the Abbasid Caliphate 1064 Seljuks conquer Ani Castle and break the Armenian Georgian resistance 1071 The Oghuz Turcomans who have defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert started settlements at Anatolia citation needed 1072 Establishment of Danishmend Principality in Sivas as subordinate to Great Seljuks 1077 Establishment of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum whose capital is Iznik as subordinate to the Great Seljuks 1081 The construction of the navy on the Aegean coast of the Caka Principality and the establishment of the Turkish Naval Forces 1085 Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State 1092 As a result of the murder of Sultan Meliksah by the Order of Assassins the Great Seljuk State was dragged into internal turmoil 1096 The destruction of the pioneers of the First Crusade by the Anatolian Seljuk State in Iznik 1096 1099 As a result of the First Crusade Iznik and Western Anatolia were taken back by Byzantium and Crusader statelets were formed on the Syrian and Palestinian coasts South Asia edit 1001 1027 The expeditions of Mahmud of Ghazni the ruler of the Ghaznavids in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty and Islam to the north of India 1037 1059 The struggle of the Ghaznavids with the Seljuk Empire resulted into Khorasan and Iran being dominated by the Seljuks 1059 Peace treaty between Ghaznavids and Seljuks 1079 1080 Ghaznavids s defeat of the Ghurid dynasty which gained power in Afghanistan12th century editAsia edit 1100 The Danishmends defeated the Principality of Antakya in Malatya and definitively stopped the Crusaders advance to Southeastern Anatolia 1101 The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State and the Danishmends by the Crusaders in Kastamonu and Merzifon 1104 The Great Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders in Harran and blocked their advance to the Euphrates 1104 Establishment of Boruogullari Atabey in Damascus 1105 1128 Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in Syria the resistance of Damascus and Aleppo to the Crusader sieges 1127 Establishment of Zengi Atabeylik in Mosul 1127 1174 The struggle of the Zengid s with the Crusaders 1144 The conquest of Urfa by the Zengid s 1144 Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in Erbil 1147 1149 Organized after the fall of Urfa in the Second Crusade the Anatolian Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders German army in Eskisehir and Ladik the Zengid s repelled the Crusaders Siege of Damascus 1150 The elimination of the Urfa County one of the four Crusader states by the Zengids 1154 Elimination of the Boriogullari Atabey by the Zengids 1173 1178 The Anatolian Seljuk State became the only power in Anatolia by capturing all the lands of the Danishmends 1174 1183 Salahaddin Ayyubi s Ending Zengid sovereignty in Syria 1176 The defeat of the Byzantines by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the Battle of Myriokephalon the finalization of the Seljuk sovereignty in Anatolia 1190 The invasion of Konya by the German arm of the Crusaders in the Third Crusade the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in SilifkeIran and Central Asia edit 1092 1118 Internal turmoil and emergence of semi independent atabeyliks within the Great Seljuk State 1132 The Mongolian Karahitays started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the Qocho 1134 Karahitays overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids 1137 Karahitays overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia 1141 The collapse of the Great Seljuk State which was defeated by the Karahitays in the Battle of Qatwan 1154 1157 Dissolution of the Great Seljuk State after the rebellion of the Oghuzs the independence of the Khorezmshahs State 1182 1194 The Khwarazmshahs conquered Transoxiana by defeating Iran Khorasan and Karahitays 1188 The elimination of the Kerman Seljuk State one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State by the Oghuzes 1194 The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State by the Khwarazmshahs State South Asia edit 1135 The Seljuk army re entering Ghazni and taxing the Ghaznavids again 1148 1151 Great destruction caused by the Ghurids after capturing Ghazni 1152 Seljuks capture of Ghazni from Ghurids 1157 1163 With the disintegration of the Great Seljuk State Ghazni and Afghanistan fell back into the hands of the Ghurids 1186 The conquest of the Ghaznavid State which continued to dominate Punjab with Lahore as its capital caused by the Ghurids Eastern Europe edit nbsp Cuman battle mask c 13th century1111 1116 Kipchak tribes defeated by the Russians 1123 Georgians supported by Kipchaks expel Great Seljuks from Tbilisi 1150 The Kipchaks regain their strength in the Dnieper 1154 The Kipchaks who repulsed the Russians re established their dominance around Kharkiv 1157 1174 Conflicts between Volga Bulgarian and Russians 1174 1185 Military successes of the Kipchaks against the Russians 1200 The dissolution of the Kimek Kipchak confederation13th century edit nbsp Cuman Kipchak confederation c 1200 CE nbsp Statue of Kayqubad I r 1220 1237 in Alanya Turkey nbsp Spread of the Mongol Empire in the 13th centuryAsia and the Middle East edit 1202 The expansion of the Anatolian Seljuk State to Eastern Anatolia by eliminating the Saltuklu Principality 1207 The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Mediterranean with the conquest of Antalya 1214 The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Black Sea with the conquest of Sinop 1228 Elimination of the Menguclu Principality by the Anatolian Seljuk State 1230 The Khorezmshahs who escaped from the Mongol invasion and advanced to Anatolia were stopped by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the Battle of Yassicemen 1239 The revolt of Baba Ishak weakened the Anatolian Seljuk State 1243 The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State by the Mongols in the Battle of Kosedag 1250 The seizure of power by the Turkish origin Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt putting an end to the Ayyubids Nureddin Bey laid the foundations of the principality in Karaman 1299 Founding of the Ottoman StateCentral Asia edit 1212 The elimination of the Karakhanids who ruled in Fergana by the Khwarazmshahs State South Asia edit 1206 Establishment of Delhi Sultanate by Turkic origin slave commanders 1236 Delhi Sultanate s dominance of all of northern India Kashmir and Bangladesh 1290 Turko Afghan origin Khalji dynasty seized power in the Delhi Sultanate14th century edit 1320 1424 Tughluk Dynasty in Delhi established and ruled most of the India 1346 The Ottomans entered Europe 1361 Conquest of Edirne by the Ottomans occurred 1370 The Salars are desended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying Amdo Tibetan women during the early Ming dynasty 25 26 27 28 1370 Timur s seizure of power establishment of Timurid Empire 1382 Tokhtamysh leads the Golden Horde s Army and sets Moscow on fire 1389 Battle of Kosovo Ottoman domination in the Balkans 1389 1403 Reign of Bayezid 1398 Timur s military expedition to India15th century edit Asia edit 1402 Battle of Ankara between Timur and Bayezid I 1406 Re emergence of Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu people on the stage of history 1453 Conquest of Istanbul by Mehmed the Conqueror 1453 1504 The golden age of the Akkoyunlu state Central Asia edit 1405 Timur s death 1405 1447 Arrival of Shahruh in Herat 1447 1449 Ulugh Beg 1456 Establishment of the Kazakh KhanateEastern Europe edit 1430 Crimean Khanate formed 1445 Establishment of the Khanate of Kazan 1462 1505 Astrakhan Khanate Kazakh khanate created 1473 Sultan Husayn Bayqara Timurid RenaissanceModern era 1500 CE present edit16th century edit Eastern Europe edit 1502 The Crimean Khanate s destruction of the Golden Horde State 1552 Russia s annexation of the Kazan Khanate 1556 The annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate by Russia 1557 Russia s annexation of the Nogai Khanate 1571 Crimean Khanate burns Moscow 1580 1598 Russia s elimination of the Siberian KhanateCentral Asia edit 1500 Muhammed Shaybani and Uzbeks in Transoxiana 1510 The defeat of Muhammed Shaybani by Shah IsmailAsia edit 1502 Ismail s establishment of the Safavid dynasty in Iran 1514 The Battle of Caldiran the settlement of the Ottomans in Eastern Anatolia 1516 Battle of Ridaniye Ottomans taking Syria and Palestine from the Mamluk State 1517 Ottoman domination in Hijaz 1534 Ottomans taking Iraq from Safavids 1538 Ottoman domination in Yemen 1551 Ottoman rule reaching Qatar and Oman 1578 Ottomans reaching the Caspian Sea 1590 Ottoman conquest of the entire Caucasus and Western IranSouth Asia edit 1526 Establishment of the Mughal EmpireAfrica edit 1516 Establishment of Ottoman administration in Algeria 1516 1517 The Ottomans destruction of the Mamluk State Ottoman domination in Egypt 1551 Beginning of Ottoman rule in Libya 1557 Establishment of the Abyssinian Province by the Ottomans 1574 Beginning of Ottoman rule in Tunisia 1577 The spread of Ottoman rule in Fezzan 1576 1580 Ottoman influence in Morocco17th century edit Eastern Europe edit 1600 The defeat of the Siberian Khanate 1606 The Treaty of Zitvatorok which symbolized the Ottoman Empire s peak 1683 Siege of Vienna by the Ottomans 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz The decline of the Ottomans Asia edit Central Asia edit 1605 Russian invasion of Yenisey 1615 1650 The struggle of the Yenisei Kyrgyz people against the Russians 1620 Russia s annexation of Yakut lands 1628 Dolgan s domination by Russia 1628 1630 Another Mongolian tribe the Kalmyks who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols trampled on Kazakhstan and settled in the Volga region 1634 1642 Russia s suppression of the Yakut revolts 1639 Russia s Reaching the Pacific Ocean 1680 Mongol capture East Turkestan end of Chagatai KhanateSouth Asia edit 1628 1658 Shah Jahan emperor of India 1658 1707 Aurangzeb emperor of India 18th century edit nbsp A contemporary court portrait of Nader Shah a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe who established Afsharid Iran Eastern Europe edit 1742 1775 Pugachev War in Russia Tatar uprising 1783 Annexation of Crimea by the Russians Asia edit 1717 1730 Tulip Era of the Ottomans 1736 1747 Nader Shah of Turkoman origin established Afsharid Empire owning the identity of Turkic Afshar tribes 1794 Qajar dynasty founded in Iran by a Turk Central Asia edit 1709 Establishment of Kokand Khanate 1709 1718 The Dzungarian Kazakh Khanate Conflict 1718 The division of the Kazakh Khanate into three kingdoms 1721 Russia s annexation of Khakassia 1731 The minor part of the Kazakh Khanate came under Russian protection 1740 1747 Iranian domination in the Khiva Khanate 1755 1759 The Manchu Dynasty which took over the administration in China seized East Turkestan which was in the hands of the Dzungarians 1755 Tuva under the rule of the Manchu Dynasty which seized power in China 1756 Russia s capture of the Altai region 1785 Manghud s takeover of the Bukhara KhanateAfrica edit 1705 The Huseyni Dynasty appointed in Tunisia which was a part of the Ottoman Empire 1798 1799 Egypt expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte Turkish French conflicts 19th century edit Eastern Europe edit 1829 Greece s independence 1878 Treaty of Berlin Serbia Montenegro Romania gaining their independence Bulgaria gaining autonomy 1881 Greek annexation of Thessaly 1881 Ataturk s birth 1885 Bulgaria s annexation of Eastern Rumelia 1813 Russia s annexation of Dagestan and Azerbaijan 1827 Russian domination of the Balkars 1828 Karachays entry into Russian domination 1828 Russia s annexation of Yerevan and Nakhchivan 1829 Russia s annexation of Akhaltsikhe 1839 Tanzimat Edict in the Ottoman Empire 1876 The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire legislated Central Asia edit 1820 The Great Juz of the Kazakh Khanate came under the rule of the Kokand Khanate 1847 The lands of the Kazakh Khanate completely passed into the hands of Russia 1851 1854 The defeat of the Khiva Khanate to the Russians 1864 The start of Russian expeditions to West Turkestan 1865 Establishment of Kashgar Khanate in East Turkestan 1866 The Emirate of Bukhara came under Russian rule 1868 The Kokand Khanate came under Russian rule 1871 Russian occupation of Lake Balkhash 1873 The Khiva Khanate came under Russian rule 1876 Russia s annexation of the Khanate of Kokand 1877 1878 China s elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar 1881 1884 Russia s annexation of TurkmenistanSouth Asia edit 1805 The Mughal State came under the auspices of the British who defeated the Maratha Confederation 1857 The British overthrow the Mughal StateAfrica edit 1807 British abolish slave trade Royal Navy patrol around Africa to intercept slave ships 1822 Sudan s entry into Ottoman rule 1830 1842 French invasion of Algeria 1831 1840 Ottoman Egyptian struggle Egypt gaining autonomy 1869 Opening of the Suez Canal 1881 Second French invasion of Algeria 1882 British invasion of Egypt 1885 Italian invasion of Habesh 1885 End of Turkish rule in Sudan 1888 British invasion of Somalia end of Turkish presence in Horn of Africa20th century edit 1905 Beginning of Jadidism movements 1910 1920 Alash Horda Government of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz 1911 1912 Invasion of Tripoli by Italy 1912 Balkan wars 1915 1916 Gallipoli campaign 1917 Turkistan s declaration of autonomy 1918 The Armistice of Mudros was signed between Turkey and the Allied Powers 1919 1922 The Turkish War of Independence took place 1919 1928 Basmachi Uprising against the Soviet Union 1921 1944 Tuvan People s Republic 1922 Turkish victory over Greeks 1923 Turkey proclaimed to be a Republic 1932 1934 East Turkestan Islamic Republic of Uyghurs in China 1938 Ataturk s death 1944 Short lived East Turkestan Republic established with the help of the Russian army 1955 Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Declaring Xinjiang East Turkistan an autonomous region 1971 European withdrawal from Central Asia 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1983 The declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1988 The beginning of the Azeri Armenian conflict 1990 Soviet invasion of Baku 1991 The collapse of the USSR and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States 1992 Admission of the CIS Turkic republics to the UN Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan 1992 The first Turkic Speaking Countries Summit was held in Ankara on 30 October 1992 1993 The occupation of a region of Azerbaijan by the Armenians 1993 In 1993 the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in Almaty which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries 1993 The first Turkic Congress which was a cultural economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities 21st century edit 2005 Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan 2005 Kazakh leader Nursultan Nazarbayev s proposal to establish a common market in Central Asia in his address to the nation 2005 Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan 2006 Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline put into service 2007 The first meeting of riparian countries to determine the status of the Caspian Sea 2008 Establishment of the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries between Turkey Azerbaijan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on 21 November 2008 2009 Establishment of Organization of Turkic States 2013 Gezi Park protests 2016 Turkish coup attempt by Peace at Home Council 29 nbsp A miniature showing the march of Suleiman the Magnificent to Nakhchivan Notes edit Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources e g Weishu 100 Suishu 84 Jiu Tangshu 199 to be relatives to para Mongolic speaking Khitans the sub tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the Mongols 11 Curta states The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk 23 Turkish books edit Ibrahim Kafesoglu Turk Milli Kulturu Ankara 1983 Zeki Velidi Togan Umumi Turk Tarihine Giris Istanbul 1970 Faruk Sumer Oguzlar Istanbul 1980 Bahaeddin Ogel Islamiyetten Once Turk Kultur Tarihi Ankara 1962 Bahaeddin Ogel Turk Kultur Tarihine Giris Istanbul 1978 Bahaeddin Ogel Buyuk Hun Imparatorlugu Tarihi Ankara 1981 Cecen Anil Tarihte Turk Devletleri Istanbul 1986 O Esad Arseven Turk Sanat Tarihi Istanbul 1955 Muharrem Ergin Orhun Abideleri Istanbul 1977 Erol Gungor Tarihte Turkler Istanbul 1989 Abdulkadir Inan Eski Turk Dini Tarihi Istanbul 1976 A Nimet Kurat Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Turk Kavimleri ve Devletleri Ankara 1972 Huseyin Namik Orkun Eski Turk Yazitlari Istanbul 1986 Huseyin Namik Orkun Turk Tarihi Ankara 1946 Osman Turan Turk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi Istanbul 1978 Bahaeddin Ogel Turk Mitolojisi Ankara 1971 Yusuf Hikmet Bayur Hindistan Tarihi Ankara 1946 Ibrahim Kafesoglu Selcuklu Tarihi Istanbul 1972 Ibrahim Kafesoglu Harzemsahlar Devleti Tarihi Ankara 1956 M Altay Koymen Buyuk Selcuklu Imparatorlugu Tarihi Ankara 1954 Cagatay Ulucay Ilk Musluman Turk Devletleri Istanbul 1977 Faruk Sumer Karakoyunlular Ankara 1984 A N Kurat Pecenek Tarihi Istanbul 1937 B Yenilmez Yenilmez Rize 2002 English and foreign books edit R Grousset L Empire des steppes Paris 1960 Turkce cevirisi Resat Uzmen Bozkir Imparatorlugu 1996 DE Guignes Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols Paris 1756 Jean Paul Roux Historie des Turcs 1984 Jean Paul Roux Timur 1994 Fayard Paris Historie des Turcs 1984 D Sinor Aspects of Altaic Civilization 1963 M Barthold Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansion Londra 1968 E Berl Historie de l Europe d Attila a Tamerlan Paris 1946 M A Czaplicka The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day Oxford 1918 W Eberhard Kultur und Siedlung der Randvolker China 1942 L Hambis La Haute Asie Paris 1953 Hammer Purgstall Von Historie de l Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu a nos jours Paris 1835 H H Howorth History of the Mongols Londra 1876 Jean Paul Roux Turklerin Tarihi Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yil 2004See also editOutline of the Ottoman EmpireReferences edit Johanson Lars ed 2021 Historical Backgrounds Turkic Cambridge Language Surveys Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 114 142 doi 10 1017 9781139016704 006 ISBN 978 0 521 86535 7 S2CID 265386317 retrieved 2022 07 16 West Barbara A 19 May 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Infobase Publishing p 829 ISBN 978 1 4381 1913 7 The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth century Sigfried J de Laet Joachim Herrmann 1996 History of Humanity From the seventh century B C to the seventh century A D p 478 Christian 1998 p 249 Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Vol 110 後北服渾庾 屈射 丁零 鬲昆 薪犁之國 是時漢初定中國 translation Later in the North Modun subdued the Hunyu Qushe Dingling Gekun and Xinli It was when the Han had just stabilized the Central Region i e 202 BCE Pulleyblank E G The Name of the Kirghiz Central Asiatic Journal 34 no 1 2 1990 p 99 Pulleyblank Central Asia and Non Chinese Peoples of Ancient China p VII 21 26 Duan Dingling Gaoju and Tiele p 370 Hyun Jin Kim The Huns Rome and the Birth of Europe Cambridge University Press 2013 pp 175 176 Peter B Golden Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples in Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World Ed Victor H Mair University of Hawaii Press 2006 p 140 Xu 2005 p 175 176 184 Xin Tangshu vol 219 Shiwei txt 室韋 契丹别種 東胡之北邊 蓋丁零苗裔也 translation by Xu 2005 176 The Shiwei who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu were probably the descendants of the Dingling Their language was the same as that of the Mohe Xu Elina Qian Historical Development of the Pre Dynastic Khitan University of Helsinki 2005 p 176 quote The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen and identified as Tungus speakers Werner Heinrich Zur jenissejisch indianischen Urverwandtschaft Harrassowitz Verlag 2004 abstract p 25 Gecmisten Gunumuze Turk Tarihi Story and History in Turkish 18 December 2020 Retrieved 18 December 2020 Kubik Adam 2008 The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets Historia i Swiat nr 7 2018 141 156 Histiria I Swiat 7 151 Song Lian et al History of Yuan Vol 118 阿剌兀思剔吉忽里 汪古部人 係出沙陀雁門之後 Alawusi Tijihuli a man of the Ongud tribe descendant s of the Wild Goose Pass s Shatuo Paulillo Mauricio White Tatars The Problem of the Ongũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia orientalia patristica oecumenica Ed Tang Winkler 2013 pp 237 252 Aristov N A 2003 Trudy po istorii i etnicheskomu sostavu tyurkskih plemen PDF Bishkek Ilim V M Ploskih p 103 ISBN 5 8355 1297 X Ochir A 2016 Mongolskie etnonimy voprosy proishozhdeniya i etnicheskogo sostava mongolskih narodov PDF Elista KIGI RAN E P Bakaeva K V Orlova pp 133 135 ISBN 978 5 903833 93 1 Ozkan Izgi The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization The Turks Ankara 2002 p 98 ISBN 975 6782 56 0 Paulillo Mauricio White Tatars The Problem of the Ongũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia orientalia patristica oecumenica Ed Tang Winkler 2013 pp 237 252 Curta 2019 p 176 Guimon 2021 p 362 Sandman Erika Simon Camille 2016 Tibetan as a model language in the Amdo Sprachbund evidence from Salar and Wutun Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 3 1 88 doi 10 1515 jsall 2016 0003 S2CID 146919944 hal 03427697 Sandman Erika Simon Camille 23 October 2023 Tibetan as a model language in the Amdo Sprachbund Evidence from Salar and Wutun Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 3 1 85 doi 10 1515 jsall 2016 0003 S2CID 146919944 Sandman Erika A Grammar of Wutun PDF PhD Thesis Department of World Cultures thesis University of Helsinki p 15 Han Deyan 1999 Mostaert Antoine ed Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart translators The Salar Khazui System Central Asiatic Journal Volumes 43 44 2 ed O Harrassowitz 43 212 Kinney Drew H 2016 Civilian Actors in the Turkish Military Drama of July 2016 PDF Eastern Mediterranean Policy Note 10 1 10 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 10 11 Sources editAdas Michael 2001 Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History American Historical Association Temple University Press Bailey Harold W 1985 Indo Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts VII Cambridge University Press JSTOR 312539 Retrieved 30 May 2015 Beckwith Christopher I 16 March 2009 Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 13589 2 Retrieved 30 May 2015 Christian David 1998 A history of Russia Central Asia and Mongolia Vol 1 Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire Blackwell Curta Florin 2019 Oghuz Pechenegs and Cumans Nomads of Medieval Eastern Europe Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1300 Vol 1 Brill pp 152 178 Di Cosmo Nicola 2004 Ancient China and its Enemies The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History Cambridge University Press First paperback edition Geng Shimin 耿世民 2005 阿尔泰共同语 匈奴语探讨 On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi 语言与翻译 汉文版 Language and Translation 2 ISSN 1001 0823 OCLC 123501525 Archived from the original on 25 February 2012 Guimon Timofey V 2021 Historical Writing of Early Rus c 1000 c 1400 in a Comparative Perspective Brill Harmatta Janos 1 January 1994 Conclusion In Harmatta Janos ed History of Civilizations of Central Asia The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations 700 B C to A D 250 UNESCO pp 485 492 ISBN 978 9231028465 Retrieved 29 May 2015 Hucker Charles O 1975 China s Imperial Past An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 2353 2 The proto Turkic Hsiung nu were now challenged by other alien groups proto Tibetans proto Mongol tribes called the Hsien pi and separate proto Turks called To pa Toba Jankowski Henryk in Polish 2006 Historical Etymological Dictionary of Pre Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea Handbuch der Orientalistik HdO 8 Central Asia 15 Brill ISBN 978 90 04 15433 9 Lee Joo Yup 2016 The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post Mongol Central Asia Central Asiatic Journal 59 1 2 101 132 doi 10 13173 centasiaj 59 1 2 0101 ISSN 0008 9192 JSTOR 10 13173 centasiaj 59 1 2 0101 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turkic history amp oldid 1200539313, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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